ا ا a particle introducing direct and indirect questions; أم ― ا a - am in alternative questions; أم ―سواء ا sawā’un a ― am no matter whether - or; أ و a-wa particle indicating or implying doubt: or? perhaps?(atau/apakah) اَوتشك في ذلك (tašukku) you wouldn't doubt it, would you? do you perhaps doubt it? or do you doubt it? اَلا alā and اَما a-mā intensifying interjections introducing sentences: verily, truly, indeed, oh yes, etc., اَلا فانظروا (fa-nẓurū) oh, do look! why, look! اَما انه (innahū) why, he is ... ! 1آب āb2 August = Agustus (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) 2اب see ابو 3اب abba u to long, yearn, (إلى وطنه ilā waṯanihi for one's homeland) 4ابيب look up alphabetically اباتي (It. abate) abātī abbot (Chr.) ابالة ibāla, ibbāla bundle, bale يا ابت see ابو ابجد abjad alphabet ابجدي abjadī alphabetic(al); ابجديات elementary facts, simple truths │ الحروف الابجديةthe letters of the alphabet ابد abada (ابود ubūd) to stay, linger (ب at a place); ― i u to roam in a state of wildness, run wild, be shy, shy away, run away (animal, game) II to make lasting or permanent, perpetuate, eternize (هـ s.th.) V to be perpetuated, become lasting or permanentl; to return to a state of wildness ابد abad pl. آباد ābād endless, eternal duration, eternity; ابدا abadan always, forever; ever, (with neg.) never (in the future), not at all, on no account; (alone, without negation) never! not at all! By no means! │ على الأبد، إلى الأبد and أبد الدهر abada d-dahri forever; ابد الآبدين abada l-abadīn and إلى ابد الآبدين ilā abadi l-a. forever and ever ابدي abadi everlasting, eternal, endless الابدي al-abadī eternity ابدي abadīya infinite duration, endless time, eternity آبد ābid wild, untamed آبدة ābida pl. اوابد awābid2 unusual thing, prodigious event │ اوابد الدنيا a. ad-dunyā the Wonders of the World مؤبد mu'abbad eternal, endless, everlasting │سجن مؤبد (sijn) life imprisonment 1ابر abara i u (abr) to prick, sting II to pollinate (هـ a palm tree) ابرة ibra pl. ابر ibar needle, pln; indicator (of an instrument); shot, injection (med.);sting, prick │ حقنه ابرة ḥaqanahu ibratan to give s.o. an injection; ابرة الراعى i. ar-rā‘ī geranium (bot.); ابرة مغناطيسية (magnāṯīsīya) magnetic needle; شغل الابرة šug1 al-i. needlework مئبر mi'bar needlecase; pack needle 2آبار ābār see بئر ابريشية abrašīya and ابروشية abrūšīya pl. -āt diocese, bishoprie (Chr.); parish (Chr.) ابرميس abramīs, ابراميس bream (zool.) ابريز pure gold 1 ابريسم ibrīsam, ibrīsim silk ابريق ibrīq pl. اباريق abārīq2 pitcher, jug ابريل abril April ابزن abzan pl. ابازن abāzin2 washbowl ابزيم ibzīm pl. ابازم abāzim2 buckle, clasp ابض ubḍ pl. آباض ābāḍ and مأبض ma’biḍ pl. مآبض ma’ābiḍ2 hollow of the knee, popliteal space ابط V to take or carry under one's arm (هـ s.th.); to put one's arm (هـ, ه around s.o., around s.th.), hold in one's arm (هـ, ه s.th.) ابط ibṯ pl. آباط ābāṯ m. and f. armpit ابق abaqa i (اباق ibāq) to escape, run away (a slave from his master) ابق abaq a kind of hemp آبق ābiq pl. اباق ubbāq runaway, escaped; a fugitive 1ابل ibil (coll.) camel 2ابالة ibāla, ibbāla bundle, bale ابليز iblīz alluvial deposits (of the Nile) ابليس iblīs pl. ابالسة abālisa devil, Satan 1ابن II to celebrate, praise, eulogize (ه a deceased person), deliver a funeral oration (ه in praise of s.o.) ابنة ubna passive pederasty ابان ibbān time: ابان ibbāna during, في ابان at the time of, during تأبين ta’bīn commemoration (of a deceased person) │حفلة تأبين ḥaflat at-t. commemorative celebration (in honor of a deceased person) مأبون ma’būn catamite; weakling, mollycoddle, sissy; scoundrel 2ابن see 1بن ابنوس abnūs ebony ابه abaha and abiha a (abh) to pay attention (ل, also ب to), heed (ل, also ب s.th.), take notice (ل, also ب of) │امر لا يؤبه له (yu'bahu) an insignificant, unimportant matter V to display proud, haughty manners; to turn away, keep one's distance, remain aloof (عن from), look down (عن upon), think o.s. far above (عن s.o. or s.th.) ابهة ubbaha splendor, pomp, ostentation, pageantry; pride اب ab pl. آباء aba' father (also eccl.): ancestor, forefather: يا ابت yā abati O my father! الابوان al-abawān the parents, father and mother; ابونا abūnā reverend father, form of address and title of a priest (Chr). │ابا عن جد aban ‘an jaddin handed down from father to son, as s.th. inherited from forefathers; ابو سعن abū su’n marabou; ابو النوم abū n-naum poppy; ابو الهول abū l-haul the Sphinx; ابو اليقظان abū l-yaqẓān rooster, cock ابوة ubūwa fatherhood, paternity ابوي abawī paternal, fatherly ابونيت ebonite ابونيه (Fr. abonné) abūneh pl. -āt subscription; subscription card (e.g., for public conveyances, a concert season, etc.) ابى abā a (اباء ibā’, اباءة ibā’a) to refuse, decline; to turn down, reject, scorn, disdain (هـ s.th.): to deny (على هـ s.o. s.th.) │ ابى الا أن يفعله (illā an yaf’alahū) he insisted on doing it; ابى الله إلا أن God willed that ... V to refuse, decline اباء ibā’, اباءة ibā’a rejection; dislike, distaste, aversion, disdain; pride ابي abīy disdainful, scornful: proud, lofty, lofty-minded آب ābin pl. اباة ubāh reserved, standoffish; unwilling, reluctant, grudging ابيب abīb the eleventh month of the Coptic calendar 2 ابيقوري abīqūrī Epicurean ابيقوري abīqūriya Epicureanism اترج utrujj and اترنج utrunj citron (Citrus medica; bot.) آتشجي (Turk. ateşçi) ātešgī fireman, stoker مأتم ma’tam pl. مآتم ma’ātim2 obsequies, funeral ceremony 1اتان atān pl. آتن ātun, اتن utun, utn female donkey, she-ass 2اتون atūn, attūn pl. اتن utun, اتاتن atātīn2 kiln, furnace, oven اتاوة itāwa pl. اتاوى atāwā duty, tax, tribute اتوبيس (Fr.) otobīs autobus, bus اتوماتيكي (Fr.) otomātīkī automatic اتومبيل boyl lIالىd اتوموبيل (Fr.) otomobīl automobile اتى atā i (اتيان ityān, اتى aty, مأتاة to come (ه or الى to; على over s.o.), arrive (هـ or الى at); ب اتى to bring, bring forward, produce, advance, accomplish or achieve s.th.; اتى ه ب to bring, give or offer s.o. s.th.; to do, perform (هـ a deed), carry out, execute (هـ e.g., movements); to commit, perpetrate (هـ a sin, a. crime); to mention (على s.th.); to finish off (على s.th., also s.o.); to finish, complete, carry through, dispose, settle, wind up, conclude, terminate, bring to a close (على s.th.); to destroy, annihilate, eradicate, wipe out (على s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away (على s.th.), do away (على with); to use up, exhaust (also a subject), present exhaustively, in great detail (على s.th.), elaborate (على on s.th.) │ كما يأتي as follows; اتى على آخره (ākhirihī) to complete, finish s.th.; to spend or use up the last of s.th.; اتى على الأخضر واليابس to destroy everything, wreak havoc; اتى البيوت من ابوابها s.th. in the right way, knock on the right door;يؤتى من قبل yu’ta min qibali is undermined, weakened, ruined by III to offer furnish, give, afford (ب to s.o. s.th.), provide, supply (ب s.o. with); to be propitious, be favorable (ه for s.o.), favor (ه s.o.); to turn out well (. for s.o.), be in favor (ه of); to suit, befit, become (ه s.o.), be appropriate (ه for s.o.); to agree (ه with s.o.; food) │اتاه كل شيء (kullu šai’in) everything was in his favor, turned out well for him, came his way IV to bring (هـ s.o. s.th.); to give (هـ s.o. s.th.); to grant (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), bestow (هـ upon s.o. s.th.) │آتى الزكاة (zakāta) to give alms V to originate, stem, derive, spring, arise, result (عن from); to end (عن with), result (عن in); to get (الى to), arrive (الى at); to be easy to do, be feasible without difficulty, be attainable, go well, progress; to go about s.th. (فى) gently, cautiously X to ask to come, induce to come (ه s.o.) مأتى ma’tan pl. مآت ma’ātin place where s.th. comes from; place at which one arrives; access; pl. مآت place of origin; origin, source, provenance; place where one has been or to which one has come; place where s.th. starts, where s.th. ends آت ātin coming, next; following │ الأسبوع الآتي (usbū‘) the coming week, next week; كالآتي as follows موات mu’ātin, muwātin favorable, propitious, opportune, convenient, suitable اث aṯṯa u I a (اثاثة aṯāṯa) to be luxuriant, grow profusely (hair, plants) II to fix up, prepare (هـ s.th.); to furnish (هـ an apartment) V to be or become rich, wealthy, to prosper; to be furnished اثاث aṯāṯ furniture, furnishings (of an apartment, of a room) تأثيث ta’ṯīṯ furnishing اث aṯṯ, اثاث aṯīṯ abundant, luxuriant, profusely growing (hair, plants) اثر aṯara u i (aṯr, اثارة aṯāra) to transmit, pass along, report, relate (هـ s.th., عن from, or based on the authority of, s.o.) II to affect, influence (في or على s.o., s.th.), act (في or على upon), produce an effect, make an impression, have influence (في or على on); to induce (phys.) IV to prefer (هـ على s.th. to), like (هـ s.th.) more (على than); to have a predilection, a liking (هـ for), like (هـ s.th.), be fond (هـ of); to choose, deem wise or advisable (ان to do s.th.); to adore (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) │آثر نفسه بالخير (nafsahū bi-l-kair) to wish o.s. well, hope for the best for o.s. V to be impressed, be influenced; to let o.s. be impressed, be impressible; to be moved, be touched (ب or ل by, also من); to be excited, be stimulated; to be affected (ب by, said of materials, e.g., iron by acid); to be induced (phys.); to follow in s.o.’s (ه) tracks, follow s.o.’s example, emulate (ه s.o.); to pursue, follow up (هـ a question, a problem); to perceive, feel (هـ s.th.) X to claim a monopoly; to possess alone, with the exclusion of others, monopolize (ب s.th.); to appropriate (ب s.th.), take exclusive possession (ب of); to preoccupy (هـ s.th.), engross (هـ the attention) │استأثر الله به the Lord has taken him unto Himself اثر aṯar pl. آثار āṯār track, trace, vestige; sign, mark; touch; impression, effect, action, influence (في on); tradition (relating the deeds and utterances of Mohammed and his Companions); work (of art, esp. of literature); ancient monument; آثار antiquities; remnants, vestiges; (religious) relics │علم الآثار ‘ilm al-a. archeology; دار الآثار museum of antiquities; لا اثر له (aṯara) ineffective, ineffectnal; بأثر رجعي (raj‘ī) with retroactive force (jur.); اصبح اثرا بعد عين aṣbaḥa aṯaran ba‘da ‘ainin to be destroyed, be wiped out, leave nothing but memory behind; اعاده اثرا بعد عين (a‘adahū) to destroy s.th. completely ; على اثره, في اثره (also fī iṯrihī) on his (its) track, at his heels, after him; immediately afterwards, presently, thereupon; ;'11 j. immediately afterwards, presently اثر iṯra (prep.) immediately after, right after اثري aṯarī archeologic(a1); archeologist (also آثاري āṯārī); old, ancient, antique │ عالم اثري archeologist; لغة اثرية (luga) dead language اثر aṯir egoistic, selfish اثرة aṯara selfishness, egoism اثير aṯīr favored, preferred (عند by s.o.), in favor (عند with s.o.); select, exquisite, noble; see also alphabetically اثارة aṯāra remainder, remnant; faint trace, vestige مأثرة ma’ṯara, ma’ṯura pl. مآثر ma’āṯir2 exploit, feat, glorious deed تأثير ta’ṯīr action, effect, influence, impression (في, على on); effectiveness, efficacy; induction (phys.) تأثيري ta’ṯīrī produced by induction, inductive, inductional, induced (phys.) إيثار īṯār preference; altruism; predilection; love, affection تأثر ta’aṯṯur being influenced; agitation, emotion, feeling; excitability, sensitivity; (pl. -āt) feeling, sensation, perception │ سريع التأثر easily impressed, impressible, sensitive تأثري ta’aṯṯurī: المذهب التأثري (madhab)the impressionistic movement تأثرية ta’atturīya impressionism استئثار isti’tār arrogation of a monopoly; monopolization; presumption, presumptuousness; exclusive power مأثور ma’tūr transmitted, handed down │ قول مأثور(qaul) and كلمة مأثورة (kalima) proverb مؤثر mu’attir affecting, acting upon; effective; impressive; moving, touching, pathetic; (pl. -āt) influencing factor, influence 2أثير look up alphabetically أثفية utfīya pl. أثاف atāfin trivet, tripod (in &ncient times: &ny one of the three stones supporting a cooking pot near the fire) │ ثالثة الأثافي that which rounds out a number, caps s.th., puts the lid on s.th., the crowning touch اثل atala i to consolidate, strengthen II to become rich V to be consolidated, be strengthened; to become rich اثل atl pl. اثول utūl (coll.; n. un. pl. atalat) tamarisk (bot.) اثيل atīl and مؤثل mu’attal deep-rooted; of noble origin, highborn اثم atima a (itm, atam, مأثم ma’tam) to sin, err, slip V to eschew sin, shun evil; to restrain o.s. hold back اثم itm pl. آثام ātām sin, offense, misdeed, crime مأثم ma’tam pl. مآثم sin, offense, misdeed, crime تأثيم sin, offense, misdeed, crime آثم ātim pl. اثمة atama and اثيم atīm pl. اثماء atmā’ sinful, criminal, wicked, evil; sinner اثمد itmid antimony اثير atīr ether اثينا atīnā Athens اثيوبيا atyūbiyā Ethiopia اثيوبي atyūbī Ethiopian; (pl.-ūn) an Ethiopian │ البلاد الاثيوبيةEthiopia اج ajja u i (اجيج ajīj) to burn, blaze, flame (fire) II to light, kindle, start (هـ a fire) V = I ماء اجاج mā’ ujāj bitter, salty water اجاج ajjāj burning, blazing, hot متأجج muta’ajjij burning, blazing, flaming اجبية ajabīya horologium (Copt.-Chr.) 2أجر ajara u (ajr) to reward, recompense, remunerate (هـ s.o.) II to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease (هـ s.th.); (with nafsahū) to hire s.o. out IV to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease (هـ s.th.); to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease (هـ s.th.), take a lease, (هـ on); to hire, engage, take on (ه s.o.), engage the services (ه of s.o.) X to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease (هـ.th.), take a lease (هـ on); to charter (هـ a vessel); to hire, engage, take on (ه s.o.), engage the service (ه of s.o.) اجر ajr pl. اجور ujūr wages, pay, honorarium, recompense, emolument, remuneration; price, rate, fee │ اجور السفر u. as-safar fares اجرة ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate, fee; fixed rate, (official) charge; postage │ اجرة البريد postage; اجرة النقل u. an-naql transport charges, freight(age), carriage, cartage اجير ajīr pl. اجراء ujarā’ hireling; workman, laborer, day laborer; employee اجيرة ajīra working woman, factory girl, female laborer; woman employee تأجير ta’jīr letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease; lease│ مشروع التأجير والإعارة (i‘āra) Lend-Lease Act ايجار ījār pl. -āt rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease│ للإيجار for rent, to let اجارة ijāra pl. -āt rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease استئجار isti’jār rent, lease, tenure مأجور ma’jūr paid, salaried, on the payroll, gainfully employed; employee; mercenary, venal, hired, bribed مؤجر mu’ajjir pl. -ūn landlord, lessor مستأجر musta’jir leaseholder, lessee, tenant; employer 5 2آجر ājurr (n. un. ة) baked brick اجزاجي see جزء اجزاخانة see جزء اجاص ijjāṣ pear اجل ajala a (ajal) to hesitate, tarry, linger II to delay, postpone, put off, defer, adjourn (هـ الى s.th. till) V to be postponed, be deferred, be adjourned (مؤجر till, to) X to request postponement (هـ of s.th.); to seek to delay (هـ s.th.) اجل ajal yes, indeed! certainly! by all means! لأجل li-ajli or من اجل min ajli because of, on account of, for the sake of; for │ لأجل أنin order that, that, so that; من أجل هذا therefore, for that reason, on this account اجل ajal pl. آجال ājāl appointed time, date, deadline; instant of death; respite, delay│بالأجل on credit (com.); قصير الأجل short-term, short-time; short-lived: إلى أجل غير مسمى (gairi musammā) for an indefinite period, sine die, until further notice تأجيل ta’jīl delay, postponement, adjournment, deferment, respite; appointment of a time or date آجل ājil delayed, protracted; deferred; later, future (as opposed to عاجل)│ عاجلا او آجلا’ājilan au ājilan, في عاجله او آجله sooner or later, now or later on; في العاجل والآجل now and in the future الآجلة al-ājila the life to come, the hereafter مؤجل mu’ajjal delayed, late, postponed, deferred; fixed in time, deadlined اجمة ajama, coll. اجم ajam pl. -āt, اجم ujum, آجام ājām thicket, jungle, forest: reeds, canebrake اجمية ajamiya malaria│ بعوضة الأجمية ba‘ūḍat al-a. anopheles آجن ājin brackish (water) اجندة ajanda notebook اح aḥḥa u (aḥḥ) to cough احد II to make into one, unite, unify (هـ s.th.) VIII اتحد see وحد احد aḥad, f. احدى one: somebody, someone, anybody, anyone (esp. in negative sentences and questions); الأحد the One (God); Sunday│احدهم aḥaduhum every one of them; يوم الأحد yaum al-a. Sunday; أحد السعف a. as-sa‘af Palm Sunday; أحد العنصرة a. al-‘anṣara Whitsunday; آحد الألوف āḥād al-ulūf a few thousand (2-9000; as distinguished from عشرات الألوف and مئات الألوف) احدي aḥadī dominical, Sunday (adj.) احدية aḥadīya unity, oneness الآحد al-āḥād the units (math.) 1 احن aḥina a (aḥan) to bate (على s.o.) احنة iḥna pl. احن iḥan old feud, deep-rooted hatred 2 احين see اوح اخ see اخو اخت see اخو اخذ aḳaḍa u (aḳḍ) to take (من هـ s.th. from or out of): to take (هـ s.th.) along: to get, receive, obtain (من هـ s.th. from); to take up, seize (هـ s.th.); to grab (ب s.o., s.th.), take hold of (ب): to perceive, notice (ه s.o., said of the eye); to gather, understand, infer, deduce (من هـ s.th. from), read (هـ s.th.) between the lines (من of); to grip, captivate, thrill, spellbind (ب s.o.); to take up, acquire, make one's own (ب s.th., e.g., a method); to keep, adhere (ب to), observe, take over, adopt, embrace, follow, copy, imitate (ب s.th.); to accept (ب s.th.); to take, lead (الى ب s.o. to); to admonish, urge, drive (ب ه s.o. to do s.th.); to enjoin, impose (ب ه on s.o. s.th.); to take away (ه على from s.o. s.th.), strip, deprive (ه على s.o. of), cut off, bar (ه على s.o. from); to reproach, hlame (ه على s.o. for); to hold against s.o. (على) that ... (ان), fix the blame (على on s.o., ان for the fact that); to obligate (ب على s.o. to); to learn (على or عن from s.o., هـ s.th.), acquire knowledge (على or عن from s.o.), أخذ العلم عنه ('ilm) to study under s.o.; to begin, start (في or ب with s.th. or s.th., with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.), prepare, set out, be about (في or ب to do s.th.) │ أخذ أبهته (uhbatahū) to make preparations, prepare o.s., get ready; أخذ مأخذ فلان (ma’ḳad) to adopt the same course as s.o. else, follow s.o.’s example; أخذ منه مأخذا to seize s.o., take possession of s.o. (a sensation, or the like); أخذ مجراه (majrāhu) to take its course; أخذ مجلسه (majlisahū) to take one's seat, sit down; أخذ خذره (ḥidrahū) to be on one's guard; أخذه بالحسنى (ḥusnā) to be friendly, be nice to s.o.; أخذ بخاطره (bi-ḳāṯirihī) to show o.s. complaisant toward s.o., try to please s.o.; أخذ بذنبه (bi-danbihi) to punish s.o. for his offense; أخذ رأيه (ra'yahū) to ask s.o.’s opinion, consult s.o.; أخذ الرأي عليه (uḳida r-ra'yu) the matter was put to a vote; أخذ بأسباب (bi-asbābi) to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g., أخذ بأسباب الحضارة الأروبية (ḥaḍāra) to adopt European culture; أخذ بالشدة (šidda) to deal with s.o. severely, give s.o. a rough time; أخذ عليه طريقه to obstruct s.o.’s way, hinder s.o. from moving on; أخذ على عاتقه to shoulder s.th., take s.th. upon o.s.; أخذ العدة ل (‘udda) to prepare, set out, get ready to do s.th.; أخذ عليه عهدا (‘ahdan) to put s.o. under an obligation, impose a commitment on s.o.; أخذ على (حين) غرة uḳida ‘alā (ḥīni) girratin to be taken by surprise, be caught unawares; أخذ بالمقابلة (muqābala) to repay like for like; شيء يأخذ القلوب s.th. which captivates the heart, a fascinating, thrilling thing; أخذنا المطر (maṯarū) we got caught in the rain; أخذ بناصره (bi-nāṣirihi) to help s.o., stand by s.o., take care of s.o., look after s.o.; أخذ نفسه (nafasahū) to draw breath; أخذ عليه أنفاسه to take s.o.’s breath away; أخذ النوم (naum) sleep overwhelmed him; أخذ بيده (bi-yadihī) to help s.o., stand by s.o. II to lay under a spell, enchant, bewitch (ه s.o.) III to censure, blame (ب, على ه s.o. for s.th.); to punish (ب, على ه s.o. for); to hold s.th. (على) against s.o. (ه), resent (على s.th. ه, in s.o.)│ لا تؤاخذني lā tu’āḳidnī pardon me! forgive me! no offense, I hope! VIII اتخذ ittaḳada to take (ه s.th.); to take on, assume (هـ s.th.); to take up, occupy (هـ s.th.); to pass, adopt (هـ e.g., a resolution); to take, single out, have in mind (هـ هـ, ه ه s.o. or s.th. as); to make use (هـ of s.th.), use (هـ s.th.); to imitate, affect (هـ e.g., s.o.’s manner of speaking); to make (من هـ s.th. out of s.o. or s.th.)│ اتخذ شكلا (šaklan) to take on a form or shape; اتخذ موقفا (mauqifan) to take an attitude, assume a position; اتخذ التدابير الازمة to take the necessary measures; اتخذ قرارا (qarāran) to pass or adopt a resolution; اتخذ المواقع الجديدة to take up new positions (troops) أخذ aḳd acceptance, reception; seizure; taking out, taking away, removal, etc.│ أخذ الرأي a. ar-ra'y voting, vote; أخذ ورد (wa-radd) discussion, debate, dispute, argument; شيء لا يقبل أخذا ولا ردا (yaqbalu) an indisputable matter; أخذ وعطاء (wa-‘aṯā’) give-and-take; traffic, trade; dealings, relations (esp. business, commercial); discussion, debate; fight, battle أخذة uḳda spell, charm أخيذ aḳīd prisoner of war أخيذة aḳīda booty, spoils أخاذ aḳḳād captivating, fascinating, thrilling مأخذ ma’ḳad pl. مآخذ ma’āḳid2 place from which one takes s.th., source; O wall socket, outlet (el.); adoption, borrowing, loan; manner of acting, mode of procedure, approach; pl. مآخذ source references, bibliography (in booke); reprehensible points, faults, flaws, defects, shortcomings│ المأخذ الأقرب the simplest, easiest approach; قريب المأخذ easy to handle or to use; see wao aḳada (middle of paragraph) مؤاخذة mu’āḳada objection, exception; censure, blame│ لا مؤاخذة! (mu’āḳadata) pardon me! no offense, I hope! أخذ ma’ḳūd taken, seized; taken by surprise, caught, trapped; surprised; taken (ب with), fascinated (ب by); مأخوذ به in force, valid مأخوذات ma’ḳūdāt receipts, takings, returns (com.) اخر II to delay, put off, defer, postpone, adjourn (هـ s.th.); to hinder, impede, obstruct, hold up (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), slow down, retard (هـ s.th.); to draw out, delay (عن s.th. beyond its appointed time); to put back (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), shelve (هـ s.th.); to set back (هـ a watch, a clock); to suspend, discharge, dismiss, remove (ه s.o. from an office) V to be late; to be delayed, fall or lag behind (عن), tarry, linger, hesitate; to default (عن on), be behindhand, be in arrears (عن with), be behind (عن in); to hesitate (عن with); to be suspended (from service), be discharged, be dismissed│ لم يتأخر بعد ذلك من ان after that, he did not hesitate long before he …, presently, he ... آخر āḳir pl. -ūn, -āt, اواخر awaḳir2 last, ultimate, utmost, extreme; end, close, conclusion; foot, bottom (of a paper); الآخر and الآخرة the hereafter│ الدار الآخرة the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting abode; الى آخرهilā ākīirihī and so forth, et cetera; آخر الأمر āḳir l-amri eventually, finally, in the end, after all; آخر الدهر āḳir d-dahri forever; آخر الزمان a. az-zamān time at which the Day of Judgment is to be expected, the end of the world; عن آخره to the last, down to the grass roots, entirely, completely, e.g., دمر عن آخره (dummira) to be completely destroyed, be wiped off the map; من آخره from behind, from the rear; ما له آخر endless, infinite; في آخر الآخر after all, last of all; اواخر الشهر a. aš-šahr the end of the month, the last ten days of the month; اخيرا وليس آخرا last but not least الآخرة al-āḳira the hereafter آخر āḳar 2, f. اخرى uḳrā, pl. comm. اخر uḳar 2 (and آخرون āḳarūn or اخريات respectively) another, one more, الآخر the other│ مرة اخرى (marratan) once more; هي الأخرى, هو الآخر he also, she also, he in turn, she in turn, انا الآخر I also; ان كانت الأخرى (in kānat) otherwise; من آن الى آخر from time to time; من سنة الى اخرى (sana) from year to year; بين فترة واخرى (fatra) once in a while, from time to time; اخرى―آونة (awinatan) sometimes -- sometimes, at times -- at times الأخرى al-uḳrā the hereafter اخروي uḳrawī of or relating to the life to come or the hereafter اخير aḳīr last; latest; rearmost; the second of two; اخيرا eventually, finally, in the end, after all, at last; recently, the other day; الأول―الاخير the former—the latter│ اخيرا وليس آخراlast but not least مئخار mi’ḳār palm which retains its fruit into the winter تأخير ta’ḳīr delay, deferment, postponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving تأخر.f ta’aḳḳar delay, lag, retardation; hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowness, tardiness; backwardness, underdevelopment (of a country) مؤخر mu’aḳḳar rear part, tail, end; atern (of a ship); remainder, balance (of a sum, to be paid later); مؤخرا mu’aḳḳaran recently, lately, the other day; at last, finally, eventually مؤخرة mu’aḳḳara rear, rear guard (of an army); rear positions or lines (mil.); stern (of a ship) متأخر muta’aḳḳir delayed, belated, late; occurring later (عن than); behind, behindhand in arrears; backward, underdeveloped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter; المتأخرون the later, or modern, authors, writers, or the like (as opposed to المتقدمون); المتأخرات arrears, balance of a سum remaining due after previous payment│ البلدان المتأخرة (buldān) the underdeveloped countries اخطبوط uḳṯubūṯ octopus اخو III to fraternize, associate as brothers (ه with s.o.) V to act or show o.s. as a brother or friend VI to fraternize, associate as brothers اخ aḳ pl. اخو iḳwa, اخوان iḳwān brother; fellow man, neighbor; friend; pl. اخوان specif., brethren or members of an order; الإخوان religious brotherhood of the Wahabi sect, militant in character, established by Ibn Sa‘ūd in 1910│ يا أخي my dear friend! اخو ثقة aḳū tiqa trustworthy, reliable; اخ شقيق brother through both father and mother, brother-german اخت uḳt pl. اخوات aḳawāt sister; (gram.) cognate; counterpart│ اختها the other (of two), its mate, its counterpart (after a fem. noun) خوي ḳuwaiy little brother اخوي aḳawi brotherly, fraternal اخوية aḳawīya brotherhood (as a religious association) اخاء iḳā’, اخوة uḳūwa brotherhood, brotherliness, fraternity اخاوة iḳāwa fraternization, fraternity, brotherliness تآخ ta’āḳin fraternization اخور aḳūr barn, stable اد adda u i to befall, afflict (ه a.o.) امر اد amr idd a terrible, evil, horrible thing ادب aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, well-mannered, cultured, urbane, have refined tastes; ― adaba i (adb) to invite (to a party or banquet, ه s.o.), entertain (ه s.o.)│ ادب مأدبة (ma'duba) to arrange a banquet, give a formal dinner II to refine, educate (ه s.o.); to discipline, punish, ehastise (ه s.o.) IV to invite as a guest (ه s.o.) V to receive a fine education; to be well-bred, well-educated, cultured, have refined tastes; to show o.s. polite, courteous, civil, urbane; to educate o.s., refine one’s tastes (ب by, through); to let o.s. be guided (ب by)│ تأدب بأدبه (bi-adabihi) to follow s.o.’s moral example ادب adab pl. آداب ādab culture, refinement; good breeding, good manners, social graces, decorum, decency, propriety, seemliness; humanity, humaneness; the humanities; belles-lettres│بيت الأدب toilet, water closet; قليل الأدب and عديم الأدب ill-mannered, ill-bred, impolite, uncivil; الأدب العامي (‘āmmī) popular literature; رجال الأدب literati, men of letters; كلية الآداب kullīyat al-ā. (= faculté des lettres) college of arts; آداب rules, rules of conduct, e.g., آداب السلوك rules of decorum, etiquette; الآداب decency, morals ادبيadabī moral, ethic(al); literary│ واجب ادبي moral obligation; ادبيا وماديا adabiyan wa-māddīyan morally and physically; الفلسفة الأدبية (falsafa) ethics, moral science ادبيات adabīyāt lliterature, belles-lettres ادبخانة adabḳāna pl. -āt toilet, water closet اديب adīb pl. ادباء udabā’ cultured, refined, educated; well.bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane; a. man of culture and refined tastes; man of letters, writer, author اديبة adība authoress, writer مأدبة ma’duba pl. مآدب ma’ādib banquet, formal dinner تأديب ta’dīb education; discipline; punishment, chastisement; disciplinary punishment│مجلس التأديب majlis at-t. disciplinary board تأديبي ta'dībī disciplinary; punitive, retaliatory│ قضية تأديبية(qaḍīya) disciplinary action تأدب ta’addub good breeding, good manners, civility, politeness, courteousness, tact آدب ādib host مؤدب mu’addib pl. -ūn educator; teacher in a Koranic school (Tun.); ― mu'addab well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane ادرة udra scrotal hernia ادرنة adirna2 Edirne, Adrianople (city in NW Turkey) الادياتيك (Fr. adriatique) al-adriyātīk and بحر الادياتيك baḥr al-a. the Adriatic Sea 1 ادم adama i (adm) to take some additional food (هـ with the bread), enrich (هـ the bread) with some extra food or condiment ادام idām anything eaten with bread; shortening, fatty ingredient 2ادم adam, adama skin اديم adīm skin; surface; tanned skin, leather│اديم الأرض a. al-arḍ the surface of the earth ادام addām tanner 3آدم ādam2 Adam│ابن آدم human being آدمي ādamī human; humane; poor, inferior, meager; (pl. -ūn, (اوادم awadim2) human being آدمية ādamīya humaneness, humanity; humanism اداة adāh pl. ادوات adawāt tool; instrument; utensil, implement, device, appliance; apparatus; (gram.) particle│ اداة الحكم a. al-ḥukm machinery of government; اداة التعريف definite article (gram.); اداة التنفيذية (tanfīdīya) executive agency; pl. materials, equipment, gear, ادوات حربية (ḥarbīya) war material; ادواوت احطياطية (iḥtiyāṯīya) stand-by equipment (techn.); ادوات منزلية (manzilīya) household utensils, household effects الأدون al-adōn (Hebr.) the Lord; Mr. ... (Isr.) ادى II to convey, take, bring, lead, steer, channel (هـ, ه ب s.o., s.th., الى to), see that s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه or ب) gets to (الى); to bring about, cause, effect, produce (الى s.th.); to lead, contribute, be conducive (الى to a result); to amount, come practically (الى to); to tend (الى to), aim (الى at); to carry out, execute, discharge (هـ s.th.); to perform (هـ a ritual, etc.); to do (واجبه wājibahū one’s duty); to fulfill (وظيفة a function, رسالة a mission); to accomplish (مأمورية a task); to take (يمينا an oath; امتحانا an examination); to render (خدمة ḳidmatan a service, ل or الى to s.o.; هـ e.g., a meaning, a musical composition, etc.)│ادى (salām) to greet, salute V to lead, be conducive, contribute (الى to results); to be carried out, be performed, be accomplished; to 10 arrive (إلى at), be lead (إلى to) X to demand, claim (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.) اداء adā’ pl. -āt (as verbal noun of II) rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a duty), realization, effectuation, accomplishment (of a task); rendition, reading (e.g., of a musical composition); fulfillment; payment│ حسن الأداء ḥusn al-a. good rendition (of a work of art, of a musical composition) تأدية ta’diya rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a duty), realization effectuation; accomplishment (of a task); fulfillment; payment مؤدى mu’addan assignment, task, function; sense, meaning, signification, import, underlying idea اذ id 1. (introducing a verbal clause) (and) then; إذ ذاك id dāka (also written إذاك) then, at that time, at the same time, in doing so; 2. (conj.; temp. and caus.) as, when; since, as, the more so as, because; اذ ان id anna since, as, in view of the fact that; for, because 1 اذا 1. (introducing a nominal clause the subject of which may he expressed by ب with foll. genit.) and then, and all of a sudden; (with noun in nominative case or with ب) there was … and all of a sudden there was …; 2. (conj.) when; if, whenever; whether, if (introducing indirect questions); اذا ما when, whenever; الا اذا (illā) unless if not; except when 2 اذا (اذن) idan then, therefore, in that case, hence, consequently آذار ādār2 March (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) 1اذن adina a to listen (إلى to s.o..); to allow, permit (في ل s.o. s.th.); to hear, learn (ب of s.th.), be informed (ب about) II to call (ب to), esp. to call to prayer (بالصلاة); to crow (rooster) IV to announce, make known (ب s.th., ب ه to s.o. s.th.), inform, notify (ه s.o.); to call to prayer; to call upon s.o. (ه), urge, admonish, exhort (ه s.o..) to do s.th. (ب); to herald (ب or هـ s.th.); to foreshadow (ب s.th.); to be on the verge (ان of doing s.th..)│ آذن بالسقوط (بالزوال) (zawāl) to show signs of the imminent downfall (end); آذن الليل بانتصاف (lailu bi-ntiṣāf) it was close to midnight V to herald, announce (ب s.th.) X to ask permission (في to do s.th., rarely ب); to ask permission to enter (على s.o.'s house), have o.s. announced (على to s.o.); to take leave (من of s.o.), say good-by (من to) اذن idn permission, authorization; باذن الله if God choose, God willing; (pl. اذون udūn, اذونات udūnāt) (postal) order│ اذن البريد pl. اذونات البريد postal money order; اذن البوسته do. اذن udun, udn pl. آذان ādan ear; handle (of a cup)│ التهاب الاذن الوسطى (wusṯā) middle-ear infection, otitis media (med.) اذان adān call to prayer اذنية udaina little ear; ear lobe مأذنة ma’dana, مئذنة midana pl. مآذن ma’ādin2 minaret ايذان idān declaration, proclamation, announcement (ب of s.th..)│ ايذنا بانتهاء الحديث indicating that the conversation is (was) ended مأذون ma’dūun authorized; slave with limited legal rights (Isl. Law); = مأذون شرعي (šar‘ī) official authorized by the cadi to perform civil marriages (Isl. Law) مأذونية ma’dūnīya leave, furlough (mil. Syr.); license, franchise (Syr.) مؤذن mu’addin muezzin, announcer of the hour of prayer اذن idan see 2اذا اذى adiya a to suffer damage, be harmed IV to hs.rm, hurt, wrong (ه s.o.); to molest, annoy, irritate, trouble (ه s.o.)│لا يؤذي lā yu’dī innocuous, harmless, inoffensive V to suffer damage, be wronged; to feel offended, be hurt اذى adan, اذاة adāh, اذية adīya damage, harm; injury; trouble, annoyance, grievance, wrong, offense, insult اذاية idāya damage, harm, harmfulness, noxiousness ايذاء īdā’ harm, damage, prejudice; offense,. hurt; grievance, nuisance مؤذ mu’din hurtful, harmful, injurious, detrimental, prejudicial; annoying, irksome, troublesome; painful, hurting, offensive, insulting اراتيقي arātīqī and اراتيكي pl. اراتقة arātiqa a heretic (Chr.) آرامى ārāmī Aramaean; Aramaic ارب ariba a (arab) to be skillful, proficient (ب in s.th.); -- araba i to tighten (هـ a knot) III to try to outwit (ه s.o.) ارب arab pl. آراب ārāb wish (في for), desire, need (في of s.th.); purpose. aim, goal, end ارب irb pl. آراب ārāb limb│مزقه اربا اربا (mazzaqahū) to tear s.th. to pieces or to shreds اربة irba skill, resourcefulness, cleverness, smartness اربة urba pl. ارب urab knot, bow اريب arīb skillful, resourceful, clever, intelligent مأرب ma’rab pl. مآرب ma’ārib2 wish, desire; object of desire, purpose, aim, goal, end اربيل arbīl Erbil (the ancient Arbela, city in N Iraq) ارتوازي artuwaāzī artesian (well) 1ارث II to sow dissension (بين between, among) 2ارث irt inheritance, heritage; estate (of inheritance) ارثوذكسي urtūduksī orthodox; الارثوذكسية the Orthodox Church الروم الارثوذكسي ar=rūm al-urtūduksī the Greek Orthodox Church ارج arija a (araj, اريج arīj) to be fragrant V do. ارج araj fragrance, sweet smell ارج arij fragrant, sweet-smelling اريج arīj fragrance, sweet smell ارجح II ta’arjaḥa to rock, swing متأرجح muta'arjiḥ fluctuating الارجنتين al-arjantīn Argentina ارجوان urjuwān purple ارجوان urjuwānī purple(-colored) ارجوز popular spelling (eg.) of قره جوز ’aragōz (q.v.); Punch (in a Punch and Judy show) ارخ II to date (هـ a letter, and the like, ب with a date); to write the history of s.th. (هـ) تاريخ ta'rīḳ dating (of a letter, etc.); ta'rīḳ pl. تواريخ tawārīḳ2 date; time; history; chronicle, annals│ تاريخ الحياة t. al-ḥayāh biography; curriculum vitae; تاريخ عام (‘āmm) world history; علماء التاريخ the historians تاريخي tārīḳī historic(al) مؤرخ mu'arriḳ pl. -ūn historiographer, historian, chronicler, annalist; -- mu’arraḳ dated ارخبيل arḳabīl archipelago ارخن (άρχων) pl. اراخنة arāḳina archon, pl. notables (Chr.-Copt.) اردب irdabb (now usually pronounced ardabb)pl. ارادب arādib2 ardeb, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1981) اردبة irdabba cesspool الاردن al-urdunn Jordan (river and country) اردني urdunni Jordanian│ المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية al-mamlaka al-u. al-hāšimīya the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (official designation) اردواز (Fr. ardoise) arduwāz slate 1 ارز arz (n. un. ة) cedar 2 ارز aruzz rice ارس arasa i (ars) to till the land اريس irrīs and arīs peasant, farmer ارستقراطي aristuqrāṯī aristocratic; ristocrat ارستقراطية aristuqrāṯīya aristocracy ارسطو arisṯū Aristotle ارش arš indemnity, amercement, fine, penalty; blood money (for the shedding of blood; Isl. Law) ارشي ابسقوبس (Gr. ὰρχιεπίσϰοπος) archbishop ارشيدوق (Fr. archiduc) archduke, ارشيدوقة archduchess ارض arḍ f., pl. اراض arāḍīn, اراضون arāḍūn earth; land, country, region, area; terrain, ground, soil│ الارض السفلى (suflā) the nether world; الارض المقدسة (muqaddasa) the Holy Land, Palestine ارضي arḍī terrestrial, of the earth; soil-, land- (in compounds); situated on or near the ground, ground (adj.); earthly; underground, subterranean ارضي شوكي arḍī šaukī artichoke ارض araḍ (coll.; n. un. ة) termite; woodworm ارضية arḍīya pl. -āt floor; ground (also, e.g., of a printed fabric, of a painting); ground floor, first floor (tun.); storage, warehouse charges ارضروم arḍurum2 Erzurum (city in NE Turkey) ارطة (also اورطة) urṯa pl. ارط uraṯ (اورط) battalion (formerly, Eg.; mil.) ارطقة arṯaqa pl. -āt heresy (Chr.) تاريع see ريع ارغن urgun pl. اراغن aragin2 organ (mus. instr.) ارول urgūl, argūl a wind instrument (related to the clarinet, consisting of two pipes of unequal length) ارق ariqa a to find no sleep II to make sleepless (ه s.o.), prevent s.o. (ه) from sleeping ارق araq sleeplessness, insomnia اريكة arika pl. ارائك arā’ik2 couch, sofa; throne اركيلة argīla pl. اراكيل arāgīl2 (syr.) water pipe, narghile ارلندي irlandī Irish 1 ارم arama i to bite ارم urram molar teeth│ حرق الارم (ḥarraqa) to gnash one's teeth (in anger) ارومة arūma, urūma root, origin; stump of a tree مئرم mi'ram root (of a tooth) 2 آرامārām (= ارام) pl. of رئم ri'm) white antelopes الارمن al-arman the Armenians ارمني armanī Armenian (adj. and n.) ارمينيا armēniyā Armenia الارناوط al-arnāwuṯ the Albanians ارناوطي arnāwuṯī Albanian ارنب arnab f., pl. ارانب arānib2 hare; rabbit│ارنب هندي (hindī) guinea pig ارنبة arnaba female hare, doe│ ارنبة الانف a. al-anf tip of the nose; nose, muzzle (of an animal) ارنيك (Turk. örnek) urnīk pl. ارانيك arānīk2 pattern, model; form, blank اروبا urubbā Europe اروبي urubbī European (adj. and n.) 1ارى ary honey 2آرى ārī Aryan آرية ārīya Aryanism اريحا arīḥā Jericho از azza u i (ازيز aziz) to simmer; to hum, buzz; to whiz, hiss; to fizzle; to wheeze ازيز azīz hum(ming), buzz(ing); whizzing, whizz, whistle (e.g., of bullets) 1 ازب azaba i (azb) to flow, run (water) مئزاب mi'zāb pl. مآزيب ma'āzīb2 and ميزاب mīzāb pl. ميازيب mayāzīb2 drain; gutter, eaves trough 2ازب izb dumpy, pudgy, stocky; small man الازبك al-uzbak the Uzbeks ازر azara i (azr) to surround (هـ s.th.) II to clothe (ه s.o. with an ازار izār q.v.); to cover, wrap up (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to strengthen, brace (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) III to help (ه s.o.); to support, back up, strengthen (ه s.o.) V and VIII to put on an izār (see below), wrap s.o. in an izār VI to help each other; to rally, unite, join forces ازر azr strength│ شد ازره šadda azrahū or شد من ازره (min azrihi) to help, support, encourage s.o., back s.o. up; šadda azruhū to be energetic, vigorous, lusty, courageous ازار izār m. and f., pl. ازر uzur loincloth; wrap, shawl; wrapper, covering, cover مئزر mi’zar pl. مآزر ma’āzīr2 apron; wrapper, covering, cover مؤازرة mu’āzara support, aid, assistance, backing تآزر ta’āzur mutual assistance ازف azila a (awaf, ازوف uzūf) to come, approach, draw near (a time) ازق azaqa i (azq) to be narrow V do. مأزق ma'ziq pl. مآزق ma’āziq2 narrow passageway, narrow pass, strait, bottle-neck; predicament, fix, dilemma, critical situation, also مأزق حرج (ḥarij) ازل azl pl. آزال āzāl eternity (without beginning), sempiternity ازلي azali eternal, sempiternal ازلية azalīya sempiternity, eternity ازم V to be or become critical, come to a head (situation, relations) ازمة azma pl. azamāt emergency; crisis│ ازمة وزارية (wizāriya) cabinet crisis تأزم ta'azzum: تأزم الحالة t. al-hāla critical development, aggravation of the situation مأزوم ma'zūm victim of a crisis ازمير izmīr2 Izmir (formerly Smyrna, sea-port in W Turkey) ازميل izmīl pl. ازاميل azāmīl 2 chisel ازوت (Engl.) azōt azote, nitrogen ازوتي azōtī nitrogenous ازى III to be opposite s.th. (ه), face (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) ازاء izā’a (prep.) opposite, face to face with, facing; in front of; in the face of (e.g., of a situation); as compared with; بازاء bi-izā’i opposite, face to face with, facing; in front of; على ازاء ‘alā izā’i in the face of (e.g., of a situation) 1آس ās myrtle 2آس pl. -āt ace (playing card) 3آس II to found, establish, set up (هـ s.th.), lay the foundation (هـ for) V to be founded, be established, he set up اس foundation, basis; exponent of a power (math.) اس asās pl. اسس usus foundation (also, of a building), fundament, groundwork, ground, basis; keynote. Tonic (mus.)│على اساس (with foll. genit.) on the basis of, on the strength of, on account of, according to; لا اساس له من الصحة (asāsa, ṣiḥḥa) completely unfounded (news, rumor) اساسي asāsī fundamental, basic; elementary; essential; principal, chief, main│حجر اسود (ḥajar) cornerstone, foundation stone اساسيات asāsīyāt fundamentals, principles تأسيس ta'sīs founding, foundation, establishment, setting up, institution; grounding, laying of the substructure (arch.); pl. -āt facilities, utilities; institutions تأسيس ta'sīsī founding; foundational, fundamental│ مجلس تأسيسي (majlis) constituent assembly مؤسس mu'assis founder مؤسسة mu’assasa pl. -āt foundation, establishment; firm (com.); institution; organization الاسبان al-asbān, al-isbān the Spaniards اسباني isbānī Spanish; (pl. -ūn) Spaniard اسبانخ isbānaḳ spinach اسبانيا isbāniyā Spain اسبداج isbidāj and اسبيداج isbīdāj white lead, ceruse اسبرتو (It. spirito) isbirto alcohol اسبليطة isbalīṯa epaulet است see 1ست استاتيكي istātīkī static (el.) استاد (Fr. stade) istād stadium استاذ ustād pl. اساتذة asātida master; teacher; professor (academic title); form of address to intellectuals (lawyers, journalists, officials, writers and poets); ledger (com.)│ الاستاذ الأعظم (a‘ẓam) Grand Master (of a lodge); الاستاذ الأكبر title of the Rector of Al Azhar University; استاذ كرسي (kursī; Eg.) and استاذ بكرسي (Syr.) full professor; استاذ بلا كرسي (Syr.) associate professor; استاذ متفرغ (mutafarrig;Eg.) part-time professor (holding an office outside the university); استاذ مساعد (musā‘id) assistant professor (Eg.; Syr.); استاذ زائر (Eg.; Syr.) visiting professor; اساتذة في الجدل (jadal) they are masters of disputation استاذية ustādīya mastership; professorship, professorate استانبول istanbūl2 Istanbul, Constantinople استانبولي istanbūlī of Istanbul الآستانة al-āsitāna, الاستانة al-astāna, al-istāna Constantinople, Istanbul استبرق istabraq brocade استراتيجي istrātījī strategic استرالي usturālī Australian استراليا usturālīyā Australia استرليني istarlīnī sterling│ جنيه استرليني pound sterling; منطقة الاسترليني minṯaqat al-i. sterling area استمارة see امر استوبة (It. stoppa) tow, oakum; cotton waste استوديو (It.-Engl. studio) istūdiyō pl. استوديوهات istūdiyōhāt studio; atelier استوكهولم istokholm Stockholm استونيا (Engl.) istōniyā Estonia استياتيت I istiyātīt steatite, soapstone (min.) اسوج look up alphabetically اسد X to display the courage of a lion (على against) اسد asad pl. اسد usud, usd, اسود usūd, آساد āsād lion; Leo (astron.)│ داء الاسد leontiasis (med.) 1اسر asara i (asr) to bind, fetter, shackle, chain (ه s.o.); to capture, take prisoner (ه s.o.); to captivate, fascinate, hold spellbound (ه s.o.), absorb, arrest (هـ the attention) X to surrender, give s.o. up as prisoner اسر asr (leather) strap, thong; capture; captivity│شدة الاسر šiddat al-a. vigor, energy اسرة usra pl. اسر usar, -āt family; dynasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives; -- asirra see سرير باسره bi-asrihī entirely, completely, altogether, جاءوا باسرهم all of them came, they came one and all اسار isār (leather) strap, thong; captivity; captivation, enthrallment│ وقع في اساره to be subjected to s.th., fall into the clutches of s.th. اسير asīr pl. اسراء usarā2, اسرى asrā, اسارى asārā prisoner, captive, prisoner of war اسيرة asīra pl. -āt female prisoner, slave girl آسر āsir winning, captivating, fascinating; captor مأسور ma’sūr captivated, fascinated, enthralled (ب by) 2اسرة asirra see سرير 3مأسورة look up alphabetically اسرائيل isrā’īl2 Israel│ بنو اسرائيل banū i. the Israelites; دولة اسرائيلية daulat i. the State of Israel اسرائيلي isrā’īlī Israelitish; Israelite; Israeli (adj, and n.); اسرائيليات Judaica اسرافيل isrāfīl 2 Israfil, the angel who will sound the trumpet on the day of Resurrection اسرب usrub lead (metal) اسطانبول isṯanbūl2 Istanbul, Constantinople اسطبل isṯabl pl. -āt stable, barn اسطبة (It. stoppa) usṯubba tow, oakum اسطرلاب asṯurlāb astrolabe اسطقس isṯaqīs pl. -āt element اسطوانات usṯuwāna pl. -āt column (arch.); cylinder (math.; of an engine); phonograph record; -- pl. اساطين asāṯīn2 high-ranking, prominent personalities; stars, celebrities, authorities, masters (e.g., of art: اساطين الفن a. al-fann) اسطوانى usṯuwānī cylindric(al) اسطورة usṯūra pl. اساطير asāṯīr legend, fable, tale, myth, saga اسطوري usṯūrī fabulous, mythical, legendary اسطول usṯūl pl. اساطيل asāṯīl2 fleet; squadron □ اسطى usṯā (colloq. for استاذ) pl. اسطوات usṯawāt master; foreman, overseer; also form of address to those in lower callings, e.g., to a cab driver, coachman, etc. اسف asifa a (asaf) to regret (على or ل s.th.), feel sorry (على for), be sad (على about) V do اسف asaf grief, sorrow, chagrin, regret│ وا اسفاه! wā asafāh! Oh, what a pity! it's too bad! ويا للاسف wa-yā lal-asafi (or only للاسف) unfortunately; مع الاسف and بكل اسف bi-kulli asafin do. اسف asifa and اسيف asīf regretful, sorry, sad, grieved, distressed تأسف ta'assuf regret آسف āsif regretful, sorry, sad│ تركته غير آسف (gaira āsifin) I left him without regret, I was only too glad to leave him مأسوف عليه ma’sūf ‘alaihi mourned (esp. of a dead person, = the late lamented) مؤسف mu’sif distressing, sad, regrettable متأسف muta’assif sad, sorry, regretful; متأسف! sorry! اسفاناخ isfānāk and اسفانخ isfānaḳ spinach│ اسفاناخ رومي (rūmī) garden orach (Atriplex hortensis, bot.) اسفلت asfalt asphalt اسفنج isfanj,isfunj sponge اسفنجي isfanjī spongy; porous اسفندان isfindān maple (bot.) اسفيداج isfīdāj; white lead, ceruse اسفين isfīn pl. اسافين asāfīn2 wedge اسقربوطي isqarbūṯī: مرض اسقربوطي (maraḍ) scurvy (med.) اسقف usquf pl. اساقفة asāqifa, اساقف asāqif2 bishop│ رئيس الاساقفة archbishop اسقفي usqufī Episcopal اسقفية usqufīya episcopate, bishopric اسقمري usqumrī, isqumrī mackerel (zool.) اسقيل isqīl an Oriental variety of sea onion (Scilla) اسكتش (Engl.) isketš sketch اسكتلندا iskotlandā Scotland اسكتلندي iskotlandī Scottish, Scotch اسكلة iskila pl. اساكل asākil2 seaport, commercial center (in the East) اسكملة iskamla stool, footstool اسكندرونة iskandarūna2 Iskenderon (formerly Alexandretta, seaport in S Turkey) الاسكندرية al-iskandarīya Alexandria (city in N Egypt) اسكندينافيا iskandināfīya Scandinavia اسل II to sharpen, point, taper (هـ s.th.) اسل asal (coll.) rush (bot.) اسلة asaIa pl. -āt thorn, spike, prong; point (also, e.g., of a pen = nib); tip of the tongue الحروف الاسلية al-ḥurūf al-asalīya the letters ز, س and ص اسيل asīl smooth│ خد اسيل (ḳadd) smooth cheek اسالة asāla eliptic, oval form مؤسل mu’assal pointed, tapered اسلامبولي (variant of استانبولي) islāmbūlī of Istanbul اسلانده islandā Iceland اسم see 1سم اسمانجوني asmanjūnī sky-blue, azure, cerulean اسمره asmara Asmara (capital of Eritrea) اسمنت asmant, ismant cement اسمنتي asmantī cement (adj.) اسن asana i u and asina a to become brackish (water) آسن āsin brackish (اسو and اسى) اسا asā u (asw, اسا asan) to nurse, treat (هـ a wound); to make peace (بين between, among); -- اسى asiya (اسى, اسا asan) to be sad, grieved, distressed II to console, comfort (ه s.o.); to nurse (ه a patient) III to share (one’s worldly possessions, ه with s.o.), be charitable (ه to s.o.); to assist, support (ه s.o.); to console, comfort (ه s.o.); to treat, cure (هـ s.th., medically) V to be consoled, find solace VI to share the worldly possessions; to assist one another, give mutual assistance اسى asan grief, sorrow, distress اسوة uswa, iswa example, model, pattern│اسوة ب uswatan bi following the model or pattern of; along the lines of; in the same manner as, just as, like مأساة ma’sāh pl. مآس ma’āsin trogedy, drama تأسية ta’siya consolation, comfort مواساة muwāsāh (for mu’āsāh) consolation; charity; beneficence أسوار iswār, uswār pl. أساور asāwir2, أساورة asāwira bracelet, bangle أسوان aswān Aswan (city in S Egypt) اسوج asūj Sweden اسوجي asūjī Swedish اسى see اسو آسيا āsiyā Asia│ آسيا الصغرى (ṣugrā) Asia Minor آسيوي āsiyawī Asiatic, Asian (adj. and n.) اسيوط asyūt2 Asyūt (city in central Egypt) اشب V to be mixed, heterogeneous, motley (a crowd) اشابة ušāba pl. اشائب ašā’ib2 mixed, motley crowd اشببيلية išbīliya2 Seville (city in SW Spain) اشبين išbīn pl. اشابين see شبن اشر ašara u (ašr) to sow (هـ s.th.); -- i to file, sharpen with a file (هـ s.th.) II to mark, indicate, state, enter, record (هـ s.th.); to grant a visa; to provide with a visa (على s.th.) اشر ašar liveliness, high spirits, exuberance; wildness; insolence, impertinence اشر ašir lively, sprightly, in high spirits, exuberant; wild; insolent, impertinent, arrogant مئشار minšār pl. مواشير mawāšīr2 saw تأشير ta’šīr issuance of an official endorsement; official endorsement; visa تأشيرة ta’šīra pl. -āt visa│ تأشيرة مرور t. murūr or تأشيرة اجتياز transit visa مؤشر mu’aššir indicator, needle (of a measuring instrument) مؤشر mu’aššar jagged, serrated; marked, designated (ب by, with) اشفى išfā pl. اشاف ašāfin awl, punch اشنان ušnān potash; saltwort (Salsola kali; bot.) اشنة ušna moss اشور ašūr Assyria اشوري ašūrī Assyrian (adj. and n.) اصيص aṣīṣ pl. اصص uṣūṣ flowerpot اصد II to close, shut (a door, etc.) اصر iṣr pl. آصار āṣār covenant, compact, contract; load, encumbrance, burden; sin; pl. آصار bonds, ties آصرة āṣira pl. اواصر awāṣir2 bond, tie (fig. e.g., اواصر الولاء a. al-walā’i bonds of friendship); obligation, commitment اصطبل iṣṯabl pl. -āt stable, barn اصفهان iṣfahān2 Isfahan (city in W central Iran) اصل aṣula u (اصالة aṣala) to be or become firmly rooted; to be firmly established; to be of noble origin II to found (هـ s.th.), give s.th. (هـ) a firm foundation, establish the foundation or origin of (هـ) V to be or become firmly rooted, deep-rooted, ingrained; to take root, be or become firmly established; to derive one's origin (من from) X to uproot, root out, extirpate, exterminate, annihilate (هـ s.th.); to remove (هـ an organ by a surgical operation)│ استأصل شأفته(ša’fatahū) to eradicate s.th., eliminate s.th. radically اصل pl. اصول root; trunk (of a tree); origin, source; cause, reason; descent, lineage, stock (esp., one of a noble character); foundation, fundament, basis; the origins! (e.g., of s book); pl. اصول principles, fundamentals, rudiments, elements (e.g., of a science); rules; basic rules, principles, axioms; real estate, landed property; assets (fin.); -- اصلا aṣlan originally, primarily; (with neg.) by no means, not at all, not in the least│في الأصل originally, at first; اصول الفقه u. al-fiqh the 4 foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, i.e., Koran, Sunna, qiyās (analogy) and ijmā‘ (consensus); اصول وخصوم assets and liabilities; اصول مضاعفة (muḍā‘afa) double-entry bookkeeping; حسب الأصول (ḥasaba) properly, in conformity with regulations اصلي original, primary, primal, initial; genuine, authentic, pure; basic, fundamental, principel, chief, main│ الثمن الأصلي (taman) cost price; الجهات الأصلية (jihāt) the cardinal points (of the compass); عدد اصلي (‘adad) cardinal number; عضو اصلي (‘uḍw) regular member اصولي uṣūlī in accordance with the rules, conforming to prevailing principles; traditional, usual; legist اصيل pl. اصلاء uṣalā’2 of pure, noble origin; original, authentic, genuine; pure; proper, actual; firm, solid; sound, reasonable, sensible; of strong, unswerving character; steadfast; deep-rooted; native, indigenous│ الأصل الأصيل the actual reason; اصيل الرأي of sound, unerring judgment اصيل pl. آصال āṣāl, اصائل aṣā’il2 time before sunset, late afternoon اصالة aṣāla firmness, steadfastness, strength of character; nobility of descent, purity of origin; aṣālatan immediately, directly, personally│ اصالة الرأي a. ar-ra’y clarity and firmness of judgment; judiciousness; بالاصالة عن نفسه spontaneously, of one's own accord, in one's own name, personally, privately (as opposed to بالنيابة عن غيره); اصال ونيابة aṣālatan wa-niyābatan directly and indirectly تأصيلة ta’ṣīla pedigree, genealeogy تأصل ta’aṣṣu1 deep-rootedness استئصال isti’ṣāl extirpation, extermination, (radical) elimination; removal by surgery متأصل muta’aṣṣil deep-rooted, deep-seated; chronic (illness) اطيط aṯīṯ the mooning bray of a camel 1اطر aṯara i u (aṯr) and II to bend, curve (هـ s.th.) اطار iṯār pl. -āt, اطرuṯur frame (also, of eyeglasses); tire (of a wheel); hoop (of a barrel, etc.) اطارة iṯāra rim, felly (of a wheel) اطاري iṯārī framelike, hoop-shaped 2اطرية see طرى اطرغلة uṯrugulla a variety of pigeon اطرون aṯrūn = نطرون الاطلانتيك, الاطلانطيك al-aṯlantīk, al-aṯlanṯīq the Atlantic اطلانطيكي aṯlanṯīqī and اطلانطي aṯlanṯī Atlantic اطلس aṯlas2 satin; (pl. اطالس aṯālis2 atlas, volume of geographical maps اطلسي aṯlasī Atlantic اطلنطي aṯlanṯī Atlantic│ الحلف الاطلنطيthe Atlantic Pact اطوم aṯūm sea turtle اغا agā, آغا āgā pl. اغوات agawāt aga, lord, master, sir; eunuch, harem chamberlain الاغريق al-igrīq, الاغارقة al-agāriqa the Greeks اغريقي igrīqī Greek, Grecian (adj. and n.) اغسطس agustus August (month) افّ V to grumble, mutter in complaint (من about) افّ uff dirt (in the ears or under the nails), earwax, cerumen افّ uff interj. expressing anger or displeasure افف afaf displeasure; grumbling, grumble الافرنج al-ifranj the Franks, the Europeans│ بلاد الافرنج Europe افرنجي ifranjī European افرنسي ifransī French; الافرنسية the French language; الافرنسيون the French افريز ifrīz pl. افاريز afārīz2 frieze; edge; curb; sidewalk│افريز المحطة i. al-maḥaṯṯa platform (of a railroad station); افريز الحائط molding (arch.) افريقا afrīqā f. and افريقيا ifrīqiyā, now usually pronounced afrīqiyā f. Africa│ افريقيا الشمالية (šamālīya) North Africa افريقي ifrīqī, now usually pronounced afrīqī African; (pl. -ūn, افارقة afāriqa) an African آفرين āfirīn bravo! well done! افسنتين ifsantīn, ifsintīn wormwood, absinthe (Artemisia absinthium; bot.) افشين ifšīn pl. افاشين afāšīn2 litany (Chr.) الافغان al-afgān the Afghans; Afghanistan افغانستان afgānistān Afghanistan افغاني afgānī Afghan (adj. and n.) افق ufq, ufuq pl. آفاق āfāq horizon; range of vision, field of vision; pl. distant lands, faraway countries, remote regions; provinces, interior of the country (as distinguished from the capital)│ آفاق الأرض a. al-arḍ the remotest parts of the earth; آفاق البلاد a. al-bilād the outlying portions of the country; شذاذ الآفاق šuddad al-a. foreigners, travelers افقي ufqī horizontal آفاقي āfāqī coming from a distant country or region افاق affāq wandering, roving, roaming; tramp, vagabond افك afaka i (afk) and afika a (ifk, afk, afak, افوك ufūk) to lie, tell a lie افك ifk and افيكة afīka pl. افائك afā’ik2 lie, untruth, falsehood افاك affak liar, lying افل afala u i (افول ufūl) to go down, set (stars) افول ufūl setting (of stars) آفل āfil transitory, passing افلاطون aflāṯūn2 Plato افن afan stupidity افين afīn and مأفون ma’fūn stupid, foolish, fatuous; fool افندي afandī pl. -īya gentleman (when referring to non-Europeans wearing Western clothes and the tarboosh); (after the name) a title of respect (eg.); افندم! afandim! Sir! (eg.) afandim? (I beg your) pardon? What did you say? 20 افوكاتو (It. avvocato) avokātō advocate, lawyer, attorney│الافوكاتو العمومي representative of the attorney general (= Fr. avocat général) افيون afyūn opium│روح الافيون al-a. laudanum اقة uqqa pl. -āt oka, a weight, in Eg. = 1.24s kg, in Syr. = 1.2s2 kg مؤقت see وقت اقحوان uqhūwān pl. اقاحى aqāḥī daisy اقرباذين aqrabādīn composite medicament│ علم الاقرباذين ‘ilm al-a. pharmaceutics, pharmacology اقرباذيني aqrabādīnī pharmaceutic(al) اقيط aqīṯ cottage cheese اقليد iqlīd look up alphabetically اقلم aqlama to acclimate, acclimatize, adapt, adjust II ta'aqlama to acclimatize (o.s.) اقليم iqlīm pl. اقاليم aqiilim2 climate; area, region; province, district; administrative district (Eg.; = مديرية); الاقاليم country, provinces (as distinguished from the city) اقليمي iqlīmī climatic; regional, local; territorial│المياه الاقليمية (miyāh) territorial waters اقليد iqlīd pl. اقاليد aqālīd2 key اقليدس iqlīdis Euclid اقنوم uqnūm pl. اقانيم aqānīm2 hypostasis, divine person within the Trinity (Chr.); constitutive element اقونة (Gr. είκών) iqūna icon (Chr.) اقيانوسية uqyanūsiya Oceania اكادى akkādī Akkadian اكاديمية akādīmīya academy اكتوبر okctober October اكد II to assure (هـ ل s.o. of, ان that); to give assurance (هـ ل s.o. of); to confirm (هـ s.th. a view) V to be or become convinced, convince o.s. (من s.th.); to reassure o.s., make sure (من of s.th.); to be sure (من of); to be urgent, imperative, requisite تأكيد ta'kīd pl. -āt assurance; confirmation; emphasis; بالتأكيد most certainly! of course! تأكد ta’akkud assurance, reassurance أكيد akīd certain, sure; firm (resolve); definite (desire); urgent, imperative (need); أكيدا akīdan certainly! surely! مؤكد mu’akkad certain, definite, sure; confirmed متأكد muta'akkid convinced (من of) 1 اكر akara i (akr) to plow, till, cultivate (هـ the land) اكار akkār pl. -ūn, اكرة akara plowman 2 اكرة ukra pl. اكر ukar ball (for playing) اكزيما ekzēmā eczema (med.) اشعة اكس aši‘‘at iks X-rays اكسترا extra اكسجين oksižēn oxygen اكسير iksīr elixir اكف akuff see كف اكل akala u (akl, مأكل ma’kal) to eat (هـ s.th.); to eat up, consume, swallow, devour, destroy (هـ s.th.); to eat, gnaw (هـ at), 21 eat away, corrode, erode (هـ s.th.); to spend unlawfully (هـ s.th.). enrich o.s. feather one's nest (هـ with)│ اكل عليه الدهر وشرب (dahru, šariba) to be old and worn out, be timeworn; اكل الربا (ribā) to take usurious interest; يعلم من اين تؤكل الكتف ya‘lamu min aina tu’kalu l-katif he knows how to tackle the matter properly; اكله جلده (jهlduhū) his skin itched; اكل في الصحن (ṣaḥn) to eat off a plate; اكل حقه (ḥaqqahū) to encroach upon s.o.’s right II and IV to give s.o. (ه) s.th. (هـ) to eat, feed (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) III to eat, dine (ه with s.o.) V to be devoured, be consumed; to be eaten away, corrode, undergo corrosion; to become old, worn, timeworn, full of cracks; to be destroyed by corrosion VI = V اكل akl food; meal, repast; fodder, feed│ غرفة الاكلgurfat al-a. dining room; (eg.) اكل البحر a. al-baḥr land washed away by the sea or the Nile (as opposed to طرح البحر) اكل ukul, ukl food; fruit│ آتى اكله to bear fruit اكلة akla pl. akalāt meal, repast; -- ukla bite, morsel ○ اكال ukāl prurigo, itch eruption (med.) اكال akkāl, اكيل akīl, اكول akūl voracious, gluttonous; hearty eater, gourmand, glutton مأكل ma’kal pl. مآكل ma’ākil2 food, eats تأكل ta’akkul wear; corrosion; erosion (geol.) تآكل ta’ākul wear; corrosion; erosion (geol.) ائتكل i’tikāl erosion (geol.) آكل ākil eater آكلة ākila gangrenous sore مأكول ma’kūl eatable, edible; pl. مأكولات food, foodstuffs, eatables, edibles مؤاكل mu’ākil table companion متأكل muta’akkil and متآكل muta’ākil corroded; eroded; worn, timeworn; full of cracks; rusty, rust-eaten اكليروس iklīrūs clergy (Chr.) اكليروسية iklīrūsīya clericalism اكليركي iklīrikī cleric(al) اكلينيكي iklīnīkī clinical اكمة akama pl. -āt, اكام ikām, اكم ukum, آكام ākām (coll. اكم akam) hill; reef; heap, pile│وراء الاكمة ما وراءها (warā’a) something's fishy! there is more to it than meets the eye ال ill pact, covenant; blood relationship, consanguinity 1 الا a-lā and اما a-mā see│a 2 الاalā see 1الو 3 الا allā (= ان لا an lā) lest, that ... not, in order that ... not, so as not to 4 الا illā (=ان ل in lā) unless if not; except, save; (after negation:) only, but, not until│الا ان illā anna except that ..., yet, however, nevertheless (also introducing main clauses); الا اذا illā idā unless, if not; except when; والا wa-illā (and if not =) otherwise, orelae; الا وهو illā wa-huwa (with a preceding negation) unless he ..., except that he ... ; وما هي الا ان wa-mā hiya illā an (with following verb in perf.) it was not long until ... ; presently, forthwith; وما هي الا ان ... حتى wa-ma hiya illā an ... ḥattā no sooner had he ... than .... e.g..... فما هي الا أن هم حتى فعل (hamma) he had no sooner made his plan than he carried it out الاسكا alaska Alaska الاى alay and آلاى ālay pl. -āt regiment 22 1 الب alaba u i (alb) to gather, join forces, rally II to incite (على ه s.o. against) V to rally, band together, plot, conspire (على against) 2 جبال الالب jibal al-alb the Alps الالبان al-albān the Albanians البانيا albāniyā Albania الخ abbreviation of الى آخره ilā āḳirihī and so on, etc. الذى alladī f. التى allatī, pl. m. الذين alladīna f. اللاتى allātī, اللواتى allawātī, اللائى allā’ī (relative pronoun) he who, that which; who, which, that│بعد اللتيا والتى ba‘da l-lutayyā wa-llatī after lengthy discussions, after much ado الزاس (Fr. Alsace) alzās2 Alsace (region of NE France) الس II to belittle, disparage (على s.o.) 2الف alf pl. الوف ulūf, آلاف ālāf thousand; millennium│الوف مؤلف (mu’allafa) or آلاف مؤلفة thousands and thousands; عشرات الالوف ašarāt al-u. tens of thousands; مآت الالوف mi’āt al-u. hundreds of thousands الفى alfī: عيد الفى (‘īd) millennial celebration, millenary 2الف alif name of the letter│من الفه الى يائه from beginning to end, from A to Z; يعرف الفه وياءه (wa-yā’ahū) he knows it from A to Z; الف باء ABC 3 الف alifa a (alf) to be acquainted, familiar, conversant (هـ with s.th.); to be on intimate terms (ه with s.o.); to be or get accustomed, used, habituated (هـ to); to like (هـ s.th.), be fond of (هـ); to become tame II to accustom, habituate (هـ ه s.o. to s.th.); to tame, domesticate (هـ an animal); to form (هـ e,g., a committee, a government); to unite, join, combine, put together (بين different things); to compile, compose, write (هـ a book) V to be composed, be made up, consist (من of); to be united, be combined VI to be attuned to each other, be in tune, be in harmony; to harmonize (مع with) VIII to be united, be linked, be connected; to be on familiar, intimate terms (ب with); to form a. coalition (pol.); to fit, سuit (مع s.th.), go well, agree, harmonize (مع with); to be well-ordered, neat, tidy X to seek the intimacy, court the friendship (ه of s.o.) الف ilf pl. الاف ullāf intimate; close friend, intimate, confidant; lover الف ulfa familiarity, intimacy; friendship, love, affection; union, concord, harmony, congeniality اليف alīf familiar, intimate; tame, domesticated (animal); friendly, amicable, genial; (pl. الائف alā’if2) intimate, close friend, associate, companion الوف alūf familiar, intimate; tame, domesticated (animal); attached, devoted, faithful مألف ma'laf object of familiarity تأليف ta’līf formation (e.g., of a government); union, junction, combination (بين of separate things); literary work; composition, compilation, writing (of a book, of an article); (pl. تآليف ta’ālīf2, تواليف) work, book, publication تآلف ta’āluf harmony; familiarity, intimacy, mutual affection; comradeship, camaraderie ائتلاف I’tilāf concord, harmony; agreement (مع with); union; coalition, entente (pol.) ائتلافي I’tilāfī coalition- (in compounds)│ وزارة ائتلافية coalition cabinet الف ma’lūf familiar, accustomed; usual, customary; custom, usage 23 مؤلف mu’allif pl. -ūn author, writer; -- mu’allaf composed, consisting, made up (من of); written, compiled; (pl. -āt) book, publication; see also 1الف alf متآلف muta’ālif harmonious الق alaqa i, (alq) to shine, radiate, flash, glitter, glisten V and VIII do. الق alaq brightness, brilliance الاق allāq bright, shining, brilliant, radiant; glittering, flashing, sparkling تألق ta’alluq glow, radiance, effulgence متألق mula’alliq bright, shining, brilliant, radiant الكتروني elektrōnī electronic│عقل الكتروني (‘aql) electronic computer 2الم alima a (alam) to be in pain, feel pain; to suffer (y from s.th.) II and IV to cause pain or suffering (ه to s.o.), pain, ache, hurt (ه s.o.) V = I; to complain الم alam pl. آلام ālām pain, ache, suffering, agony│آلام نفسانية (nafsānīya) mental agony; اسبوع الآلام usbū‘ al-a. Passion Week (Chr.) اليم alīm aching, sore; sad, grievous, painful, excruciating; hurting تألم ta’allum sensation of pain, pain, ache مؤلم mu’allim aching, painful; sad, grievous, distressing متألم muta’allim aching, painful; in pain, suffering, deeply afflicted; tormented 2 الام ilā-mā see الى الماس almās (al sometimes interpreted as definite article) diamond الالمان al-almān the Germans الماني almānī German; (pl. -ūn, المان almān) a German المانيا almāniyā Germany المانية almānīya German character or characteristics, Germanity اله II to deify (ه s.o.), make a god of s.o. (ه) V to become a deity, a godhead; to deify o.s. اله, الاه ilāh pl. آلهة āliha god, deity, godhead الاهة ilaha pl. -āt goddess الهي, الاهي ilāhī divine, of God; theological; الالاهيات al-ilāhīyāt theological, spiritual concerns علم الالاهيات ‘i1m al-i. theology الله allāh Allah, God (as the One and Only)│لله درك li-llāh darruka exclamation of admiration and praise, see در اللهم allāhumma O God!│ اللهم الا (illā) unless, were it not that, except that, or at best (after a negative statement); اللهم اذا (idā) at least if or when; if only; اللهم نعم (na‘am) by God, yes! Most certainly! الوهية ulūhīya divine power, divinity تأليه ta’līh deification, apotheosis آله ālih (pagan) god آلهة āliha pl. -āt goddess آلهي ālihī divine متأله muta’allih divine, heavenly اللاهوت etc., see لاهوت 1(آلو) الا alā u to neglect or fail to do, not to do (في s.th.), desist, refrain (في from s.th.)│ لا يألو جهدا في(jahdan) he will go to any length, he spares no effort, goes out of his way for IV to swear│آلى على نفسه ان he promised himself that he ... ايلاء īlā’ oath 1آلو (Fr. hallo) hello! الومنيا alūminyā and الومنيوم aluminyom aluminum 24 lالى ilā (prep.) to, toward; up to, as far as; till, until; الى ان (conj.) until│الى آخره (āḳirihī) and so forth, et cetera; الى ذلك besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition to that; الى غد till tomorrow! اللقاء الى (liqā’) good-by! الام ilāma (= الى ما) up to where! how far! الى متى till when! how long! اليك عني (‘annī) get away from me! away with you! الى جانب ذلك (jānibi d.) besides, moreover, in addition to that; هذا الى ان moreover, furthermore; الى غير ذلك (gair d.) and the like; وما اليه and the like, et cetera; ومن اليه (اليهم) (wa-man) and other people like that; اليك (addressing the reader) now here you have ... ; here is (are) ... ; following is (are) ..., e.g., والى القارئ ما in the following, the reader will find what ... ; اسلوب عبراني الى العربية (uslūb ‘ibrānī) a style of Hebrew approximating Arabic; لا الى هذا ولا الى ذاك neither this way nor that way, belonging to neither group; الامر اليك it’s up to you, the decision is yours 2آلاء (pl. of الى ilan) benefits, blessings 3الية alya, ilya pl. alayāt fat tail (of a sheep); buttock الياذة iliyāda Iliad 1ام am or? (introducing the second member of an alternative question) 2امة ama pl. اماء imā’, اموات amawāt bondmaid, slave girl 3ام amma u (amm) to go, betake o.s., repair (هـ to a place), go to see (ه s.o.); -- (امامة imāma) to lead the way, lead by one’s example (ه s.i.); to lead (ه s.o.) in prayer; -- (امومة umūma) to be or become a mother II to nationalize (هـ s.th.) V to go, betake o.s. repair (هـ to a place), go to see (ه s.o.) VIII to follow the example (ب of s.o.) ام umm pl. امهات ummahāt mother; source, origin; basis, foundation; original, original version (of a book); the gist, essence of s.th.; pl. امهات matrix (typ.)│ ام الحبر u. al-ḥibr cuttlefish squid; ام الحسن u. al-ḥasan (magr.) nightingale; ام الخلول u. al-ḳulūl river mussel (zool.); ام درمان u. durmān Omdurman (city in central Sudan, opposite Khartoum); ام الراس u. ar-ra's skull, brain; cerebral membrane, meninges; ام اربع واربعين u. arba‘ wa-arba‘īn centipede; ام شملة u. šamla(ta) this world, the worldly pleasures; بام العين bi-u. l-‘ain or بام عينه with one’s own eyes; ام القرآن and ام القرآن the first sura of the Koran; ام القرى u. al-qura Mecca; ام الكتاب also: the original text of the Book from which Koranic revelation derives; the uncontested portions of the Koran; ام الوطن u. al-waṯan capital, metropolis; امهات الحوادث the most important events; امهات الحروف matrix (typ.); امهات المسائل the main problems; امهات المسائل the principal virtues امة umma pl. امم umam nation, people; generation│امة محمد Mohammed's community, the Mohammedans; الامم المتحدة (muttaḥida) the United Nations امي ummī maternal, motherly; illiterate uneducated; (pl. -ūn) an illiterate امية ummīya ignorance; illiteracy; see also under 2اموى اممي umamī international امومة umūma motherhood; motherliness, maternity امام amāma (prep.) in front of; in the presence of│الى الامام (amāmi) to the front, forward, onward, ahead; لم يكن الا ان (illā an) he had no other alternative but to ... ; وقف امامه (waqafa) to oppose, resist, stop, check s.th. امامى amāmī front, fore-, anterior, forward, foremost│نقطة امامية (nuqṯa) outpost 25 امام imām pl. ائمة a’imma imam, prayer leader; leader; master; plumb line امامة imāma imamah, function or office of the prayer leader; imamate; leading position; precedence تأميم ta’mīm pl. -āt nationalization 1اما a-mā see│a 2اما ammā (with foll . ف fa) as to, as for, as far as... is concerned; but; yet, however, on the other hand│اما بعد (ba‘du) (a formular phrase linking introduction and actual subject of a book or letter, approx.:) now then …, now to our topic: ... 3اما immā if; اما -- واما be it -- or, either – or (also اما -- او) امبراطور imbrāṯūr emperor امبراطوري imbrāṯūrī imperialist(ic) امبراطورية imbrātūrīya empire, imperium; imperialism امبير ambīr pl. امابير amābīr2 ampere (el.) امبيق imbiq = انبيق امت amt crookedness, curvedness, curvation, curvature; weakness امد amad pl. آماد āmād end, terminus, extremity; period, stretch or span of time, time; distance│منذ امد بعيد for a long time (past); قصير الامد short-dated; of short duration, short-lived; short-term امر amara u (amr) to order, command, bid, instruct (ه s.i. ب to do s.th.), commission, charge, entrust (ه s.o. ب with s.th. or to do s.th.); -- amara, amura u (امارة imāra) to become an emir II to invest with authority, make an emir (ه s.o., على over) III to ask s.o. 's (ه) advice, consult (ه s.o.) V to come to power; to set o.s. up as lord and master; to behave like an emir; to assume an imperious attitude; to be imperious, domineering VI to take counsel, deliberate together, confer, consult with each other; to plot, conspire (على against) VIII to deliberate, take counsel) (ب about); to conspire, plot, hatch a plot (ب against s.o.)│ ائتمر بامره to carry out s.o.’s orders امر amr 1. pl. اوامر awāmir2 order, command, instruction (ب to do s.th.); ordinance, decree; power, authority; (gram.) imperative│ امر عال (‘ālin) royal decree (formerly, Eg.); امر علي (‘alīy) decree, edict of the Bey (formerly, Tun.); امر قانوني ordinance having the force of law (Tun.); الامر والنهي (wa-nnahy) pl. الاوامر والنواهي (lit.: command and interdiction, i.e.) sovereign power; full power(s), supreme authority; امر توريد (delivery) order (com.); تحت امرك at your disposal, at your service. -- 2. pl. امور umūr matter, affair, concern, business│امر واقع (accomplished) fact; امر معروف common knowledge; في اول الامر at first, in the beginning; لامر ما (amrin) for some reason or other; اليس الامر كذلك isn't it so? اما والامر كذلك (ammā wa-l-amru) things being as they are, there will, no doubt, ...; مهما يكن من امر (min amrin) whatever may happen; however things may be; هو بين امرين he has two possibilities (or alternatives); الامر الذى which (introducing a relative clause the antecedent of which is another clause); قضى امره qudiya amruhu it's all over with him; in the latter and similar phrases, امره is a frequent paraphrase of "he" امر immar simple-minded, stupid امرة imra power, influence, authority, command│امرته under his command امارة amāra pl. -āt, امائر amā’ir2 sign, token, indication, symptom, mark, characteristic 26 امارة imāra position or rank of an emir; princely bearing or manners; principality, emirate; authority, power│امارة البحر i. al-baḥr office or jurisdiction of an admiral, admiralty; امارات ساحل عمان (i. s. ‘ummān) Trucial Oman امير amīr pl. امراء umarā’ commander; prince, emir; title of princes of a ruling house; tribal chief│ امير الاى(alay) commander of a regiment (formerly, Eg.; approx.: colonel; as a naval rank, approx.: captain); امير الامراء approx.: major general (Tun.); امير البحار (Eg. 1939) approx.: admiral, كبير امراء البحار (Eg. 1939) approx.: fleet admiral; امير البحر a. al-baḥr admiral (when referring to a non-Arab officer of this rank; Eg. 1939 approx.: vice-admiral); امير البحر الاكبر or امير البحار الاعظم fleet admiral (when referring to a non-Arab officer of this rank); امير اللواء a. al-liwā’ (Ir., since 1933) brigadier; امير لواء العسة a. l. al-‘assa commandant of the Bey's palace guard (formerly, Tun.); امير المؤمنين a. al-mu’minīn Commander of the Faithful, Caliph اميرة amīr pl. -āt princess اميري amīrī (and □ ميري mīrī) goverment(a1), state-owned, state, public│ ارض اميري (arḍ) government land (Syr.); المطبعة الاميرية government press امار ammār constantly urging, always demanding (ب to do s.th.); inciting, instigating│ النفس الامارة بالسوء (nafs, sū’) the baser self (of man) that incites to evil تأمور ta’mūr soul, mind, spirit; pericardium (anat.)│التهاب التأمور pericarditis (med.) مؤامرة mu’āmara pl. -āt deliberation, counsel, conference; plot, conspiracy تأمر ta’ammur imperiousness, domineeringness; imperious deportment, overbearing manners تآمر ta’āmur joint consultation, counsel, deliberation, conference; plot, conspiracy ائتمار i’timār deliberation, counsel, conference; plot, conspiracy استئمارة isti’māra (frequently written استمارة) form, blank آمر āmir commander; lord, master; orderer, purchaser, customer, client│ الآمر الناهى absolute master, vested with unlimited authority مأمور ma’mūr commissioned, charged; commissioner; civil officer, official, esp., one in executive capacity; the head of a markaz and qism (Eg.)│ مأمور البوليس commissioner of police; مأمور التفلسة (taflīsa) receiver (in bankruptcy; jur.); مأمور m. al-ḥaraka traffic manager (railroad); مأمور التصفية m. al-taṣfīya receiver (in equity, in bankruptcy; jur.) مأمورية ma’mūrīya pl. -āt order, instruction; errand; task, assignment, mission; commission; commissioner's office, administrative branch of a government agency, e.g., مأمورية قضائية (qaḍā’īya) judicial commission charged with jurisdiction in outlying communities (Eg.) متآمرون muta’āmirūn, conspirators, plotters مؤتمون mu’tamirūn conspirators, plotters; members of a congress, convention, or conference, conferees مؤتمر mu’tamar pl. -āt conference; convention, congress│مؤتمر الصلح m. aṣ-ṣulḥ peace conference امرك II ta’amraka to become Americanized, adopt the American way of life, imitate the Americans تأمرك ta’amruk Americanization امرلس amarillis amaryllis (bot.) امريكا amrīkā (formerly, also امريقا) America│ امريكا الجنوبية (janūbīya) South America 27 امريكي amrīkī American; (pl. -ūn) an American الامريكان al-amrīkān the Americans امريكاني amrīkānī American; (pl. -ūn) an American امس amsu (but acc. امسا amsan) the day past, yesterday; the immediate past, recent time; -- amsi (adv.) yesterday; recently, lately, not long ago│ بالامس bi-l-amsi yesterday; not long ago; امس الاول a. l-awwal two days ago, the day before yesterday امسية umsīya pl. -āt, اماسى amāsīy evening امستردام amstirdām Amsterdam امشير amšīr the sixth month of the Coptic calendar امع imma‘ and امعة imma‘a characterless person; opportunist, timeserver امل amala u (amal) to hope (هـ or ب for), entertain hopes (هـ or ب of) II to hope; to expect (من هـ s.th. of s.o.); to raise hope. (ه in s.o.), hold out hope. (ه for s.o.), give (ه s.o.) reason to hope or expect│ امله خيرا (ḳairan) to let s.o. hope for the best V to look attentively (هـ, في at), regard, contemplate (هـ, في s.th.); to meditate; to consider, think over, ponder (هـ, في s.th.), reflect (هـ, في on) امل amal pl. آمال āmāl hope, expectation (في of s.th., also ب)│ امل كاذب fallacious hope مأمل ma’mal pl. مآمل ma’amil2 hope تأمل ta’ammul pl. -āt consideration; contemplation; pl. تأملات meditations آمل āmil hopeful مؤمل mu’ammil hopeful مأمول ma’mūl hoped for, expected متأمل muta’ammil contemplative, meditative, reflective; pensive, wistful, musing امن amuna u (امانة amāna) to be faithful, reliable, trustworthy; -- amina a (amn, امان amān) to be safe, feel safe (من or هـ from) II to reassure (ه s.o.), set s.o.’s (ه) mind at rest; to assure, ensure, safeguard, guarantee, warrant, bear out, confirm, corroborate (على, هـ s.th.); to insure (ضد الحريق against fire); to entrust (ه to s.o., على s.th.); to say "amen" (على to s.th.) IV to believe (ب in) VIII to trust (ه s.o.), have confidence, have faith (ه in); to entrust (على ه s.o. with, to s.o s.th.) X = VIII; to ask for protection, for a promise of security, for indemnity (ه s.o.) امن amn safety; peace, security, protection│الامن العام (‘āmm) public safety; رجال الامن the police امان amān security, safety; peace; shelter, protection; clemency, quarter (mil.); safeguarding, assurance of protection; indemnity, immunity from punishment│في امان الله (a valedictory phrase) in God's protection! امين amīn pl. امناء umanā’2 reliable, trustworthy, loyal, faithful, upright, honest; safe, secure; authorized representative or agent; trustee; guarantor (على of); chief, head; superintendent, curator, custodian, guardian, keeper; chamberlain; master of a guild (Tun.); (mil.) approx.: quartermaster-sergeant (Eg. 1939)│ الامين الاول (awwal) Lord Chamberlain (formerly, at the Eg. Court); كبير الامناء approx.: Chief Master of Ceremonies (ibid.); امين المخزن a. al-maḳzan warehouse superintendent; stock clerk; امين سر الدولة a. sirr ad-daula and امين السر a. as-sirr permanent secretary of state (Sy,.); امين الصندوق a. aṣ-ṣundūq and امين المال treasurer; cashier; امين العاصمة mayor (esp. Ir.); امين عام (‘āmm) secretary general; امين المكتب a. al-maktab (formerly) a subaltern rank in the Eg. navy (1939) 28 آمين āmīn amen! امانة amāna reliability, trustworthiness; loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, fealty; integrity, honesty; confidence, trust, good faith; deposition in trust; trusteeship; (pl. -āt) s.th. deposited in trust, a deposit, trust, charge; secretariat│امانة الصندوق a. aṣ-ṣundūq treasury department; امانة عامة (‘āmma) secretariat general; محزن الامانات maḳzan al-a. baggage checkroom مأمن ma’man place of safety, safe place تأمين ta’mīn securing, protection; assurance; safeguarding; reassurance; ensuring; guaranty, warranty; security, surety; insurance│ تأمين اجتماعي (ijtimā’ī) social security; تأمين ضد الحريق (ḍidda) fire insurance; تأمين على الحياة (ḥayāh) life insurance ايمان iman faith, belief (ب in) ائتمان I’timān trust, confidence; credit استئمان isti’mān trust, confidence آمن āmin peaceful مأمون ma’mūn reliable, trustworthy مؤمن عليه mu’amman ‘alaihi insured مؤمن mu’min believing, faithful; believer مؤتمن mu’taman entrusted (على with); confidant; sequestrator (jur.) امنيبوس omnibus omnibus, bus 1اموى amawī of or like a bondmaid or handmaid 2اموي umawī Ommiad (adj.) بنو امية banū umayya the Ommiads اميبا amībā amoebae اميرال amīrāl admiral اميركا, اميركه amērikā, amērika America اميرالية amīrālīya admiralty 1ان an (conj.) that; -- in 1. (conj.) if; وان wa-in although, even though, even if; وان – ان be it -- or (be it); الا illā (= ان لا) look up alphabetically 2. (particle) not, esp. in the phrase ان هو الا in huwa illā (f. ان هي الا) it is nothing but, it is no more than 2ان anna (conj.) that; بما انه bi-mā annahū since he (it), because he (it); على انه ‘alā annahū while he (it), whereas he (it); introducing a main clause: however, yet; وذلك انه that is to say, namely, to wit; -- innā (intensifying particle introducing a nominal clause) verily, truly (in most cases not translated in English) انما innamā but, but then; yet, however; rather, on the contrary 3ان anna i (انين anīn, تأنان ta’nān) to groan, moan (من at) انة anna pl. -āt moan, groan│ انات وآهات wails and laments انين anīn plaintive sound, wail; groan, moan(ing) انا ana I اناني anānī egotistic; egoistic(al), selfish انانية anānīya egoism, selfishness الاناضل al-anāḍul Anatolia اناناس anānas pineapple انب II to blame, censure, reprehend, upbraid (ه s.o.) تأنيب ta’nīb blame, censure, rebuke انبا (pronounced ambā) Abba, a high ecclesiastic title of the Coptic Church, preceding the names of metropolitans, bishops, patriarchs, and saints (< Άββα) انبار anbār pl. انابر anābir2, انابير anābīr2 warehouse, storehouse, storeroom 29 انباشي (Turk. onbaşı) onbašī a mil. rank: corporal (formerly, Eg.); وكيل انباشي approx.: private first class (Eg.) انبوب, انبوبة see نب انبيق inbīq alembic انت an-ta, f. anti thou, you (2nd pers. sing.); pl. m. انتم antum, f. انتن antunna you (2nd pers. pl. and polite form of address); dual انتما antumā both of you انتذا anta-dā it’s you! انتيكخانة antīkḳāna museum انتيكة antīka pl. -āt (eg.) old, old-fashioned, outmoded انتمون antimūn antimony انث anuta u (انوثة unūta) to be or become feminine, womanly, womanish, effeminate II to make feminine; to effeminate, make effeminate; to put into the feminine form (gram.) V to become feminine (also gram.) انثى untā pl. اناث ināt, اناثى anātā feminine; female; a female (of animals); الانثيان al-untayān the testicles انثوى untawī womanly, female, women's (in compounds); effeminate, womanish انوثة unūta femininity, womanliness تأنيث ta’nīt the feminine, feminine form (gram.) مؤنث mu’annat (gram.) feminine (adj.) انثروبولوجيا antrōbōlōjiyā anthropology انجاص injās (syr.) pear انجلترا (It. Inghilterra) ingilterā England الانجليز al-ingəlīz the English انجليزى ingəlīzī English; Englishman انجيل injil pl. اناجيل anajīl2 gospel انجيلى injīlī evangelical; evangelist انجيلية injīlīya evangelical creed الاندلس al-andalus Spain اندونيسيا indūnīsiyā Indonesia انس anisa a and anusa u (uns) to be companionable, sociable, nice, friendly, genial; انس به to like s.o.’s company, like to be together with s.o.; to be or get on intimate terms (ب or الى with s.o.); to be used, accustomed, habituated (الى to); to perceive, notice, find (هـ a quality, في, من in s.o.); to sense, feel, make out, recognize (هـ s.th., في in, at)│ انس لحديثه(li-ḥadītihī) to like to listen to s.o. II to put at ease; to tame III to be friendly, nice (ه to s.o.); to entertain, amuse (ه s.o.) IV to keep s.o. (ه) company; to entertain, delight, amuse (ه s.o.); to perceive, discern, make out (with the eyes; هـ s.th.); to sense (هـ s.th.); to find, see, notice, observe, e.g., آنس فيه الكفاية he saw that be was duly qualified, that he was a capable man V to become incarnate (Son of God) X to be sociable, companionable; to get on familiar terms, become intimate; to become tame; to be friendly, nice, kind (ه to s.o.); to accommodate o.s., accustom o.s., settle down; to be familiar, familiarize o.s., acquaint o.s. (ب or الى with); to inform o.s., gather information (ب ahout); to take into consideration, take into account, bring into play (ب s.th.), draw upon s.th. (ب); to listen (ل to s.th.), heed (ب an opinion) انس uns sociability; intimacy, familiarity, friendly atmosphere انسى unsī: كعب انسى (ka‘b) talus, inner anklebone (anat.) انس ins (coll.) man, mankind, human race انسي insī human; human being ناس nās (coll.) and اناس unās people ناسوت nāsūt mankind, humanity 30 اناسى anāsīy (pl.) people, human beings, humans انيس anīs close, intimate; close friend; friendly, kind, affable, civil, polite, courteous انسان insan man, human being│ انسان العين i. al-‘ain pupil (of the eye) انسانة insāna woman انسانى insānī human; humane; humanitarian, philanthropist انسانية insānīya humanity, humaneness; politeness, civility; mankind, the human race مؤانسة mu’ānasa intimacy, familiarity, friendliness, geniality, cordiality; sociability; conviviality ايناس īnās exhilaration; friendliness, geniality; familiarity, intimacy, cordiality; sociability تأنس ta’annus incarnation (Chr.) ائتناس I’tinās social life, sociability آنسة ānisa pl. -āt, اوانس awānis2 young lady, miss مأنوس ma’nūs familiar, accustomed مستأنس musta’nis tame انش (Engl.) inš inch انشوجة (It. acciuga) anšūga (eg.) anchovy انطاكية anṯākiya2 Antioch (ancient city in Syria; now Antakya, in S Turkey) انطولوجى onṯōlōjī ontologic(al) (philos.) انف anifa a (anaf) to disdain, scorn (من s.th., ان to do s.th.); to reject haughtily (هـ s.th.) X to resume, renew, recommence (هـ s.th.); (jur.) to appeal (هـ a sentence) انف anf pl. آناف ānāf, انوف unūf nose; spur (of a mountain); pride│ رغم انفه ragma anfihi in defiance of him, to spite him; كسر انفه (anfahū) to humiliate s.o., to put s.o.'s nose out of joint; شامح الانف stuck-up, haughty, proud انفى anfī nasal انفة anafa pride; rejection; disdain (من of s.th.) انوف anūf proud, haughty, stuck-up, supercilious, disdainful استئناف isti’nāf fresh start, recommencement, renewal, resumption, reopening (also, of a legal case); appeal (jur.)│ قدم استئنافا (qaddama) to appeal, make an appeal (jur.) استئنافى isti’nāfī of appeal, appellate; استئنافيا isti’nāfīyan by appeal آنف ānif preceding, above│ آنف الذكر (dikr) preceding, above, above-mentioned; آنفا ānifan previously, above, in the foregoing مؤتنف mu’tanaf primordial, virginal state; beginning انفرس (Fr. Anvers) anvers Antwerp (city in N Belgium) انفلونزا influwanzā influenza, grippe انق aniqa a to be neat, trim, smart, spruce, comely, pretty; to be happy (ب about), be delighted (ب by) IV to please (ه s.o.)│يؤنقه الشيء (šai’u) he likes the thing V to apply o.s. eagerly and meticulously (فى to); to be meticulous, fastidious, finical; to be chic, elegant اناقة anāqa elegance انيق anīq neat, trim, spruce, comely, pretty; elegant, chic انوق anūq Egyptian vulture (Neophron perenopterus)│ اعز من بيض الانوق a‘azz2 min baiḍi l-a. (lit.: rarer than the eggs of a vulture, i.e.) approx.: scarcer than hens’ teeth (proverbially for s.th. rare) تأنق ta’annuq elegance 31 مؤنق mu’anniq, مونق mūniq pretty, comely, winsome, nice, pleasing متأنق muta’anniq chic, elegant انقره anqara Ankara انقليس anqalīs eel آنك ānuk lead (metal) انكشارى inkišārī pl. -īya Janizary انكلترا, انكلترة (It. Inghilterra) ingilterā, ingiltera England انكلوسكسون al-anglosaksūn the Anglo-Saxons انكلوسكسونية al-anglosaksūnīya Anglo-Saxondom الانكليز al-inglīz the Engliah انكليزى inglīzī English; Englishman انكليس ankalīs eel الانام al-anām and الآنام (coll.) mankind, the human race انموذج unmūdaj model, pattern; type, example; sample, specimen انمون anamūn anemone (bot.) 1انى anā i to mature, become ripe; to draw near, approach, come (esp. time)│ انى له ان it is (high) time that he; esp. in negative statements: الم يأن a-lam ya'ni? isn't it about time ...? V to act slowly, proceed unhurriedly, bide one's time, be patient X to take one's time, hesitate (فى in, with); to wait انى anan pl. آناء ānā’ (span of) time, period│ فى آناء الليل(laili) all night long; آناء الليل واطراف النهار ānā’a l-laili wa-aṯrāfa n-nahār by day and by night اناة anāh deliberateness; perseverance, patience│ طول الاناة ṯūl al-a. long-suffering, great patience; طويل الاناة long-suffering (adj.) اناء inā’ pl. آنية āniya, اوانawānin2 vessel, container, receptacle│ آنية الطعام a.. aṯ-ṯa‘ām table utensils, dishes; mess kit تأن ta’annin slowness, deliberateness متأن muta’annin slow, unhurried, deliberate 2 انى annā (interrog. part.) where ... from? why is it that ... ? why? Where? (place and direction); how? wherever; however│ وانى له الا ... (allā) and why shouldn't he ... ? انيسون anīsūn, آنيسون aniseed انيميا anīmiyā anemia│○ انيميا خبيثة pernicious anemia (med.) آه āhi! آها āhan! (interj.) oh! اهب II to prepare, make ready, equip (ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. for) V to be ready, be prepared; to prepare o.s., get ready; to equip s.o., be equipped (ل for) اهبة uhba pl. اهب uhab preparation, preparedness, readiness, alertness; equipment, outfit, gear│ اهبة الحرب u. al-ḥarb military equipment; على اهبة الرحيل ready to set out; على اهبة الاستعداد fully prepared; on the alert (mil.); أخذ اهبته to make one's preparations, get ready اهاب ihāb skin, hide تأهب ta’ahhub preparedness, readiness; (pl. -āt) preparation متأهب muta’ahhib ready, prepared اهل ahala u (اهول uhūl) to take a wife, get married; -- ahila a to be on familiar terms (ب with); -- pas. uhila to be inhabited, be populated (region, place) II to make fit or suited, to fit, qualify (ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. for); to make possible (هـ ل for s.o. s.th.), enable (هـ ل s.o. to do s.th.), make accessible (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.); to welcome (ب s.o.) V to be or become fit, suited, qualified (ل for s.th.); to 32 take a wife; to marry, get married X to deserve merit (هـ s.th.), be worthy (هـ of) اهل ahl pl. –ūn, اهال ahālin relatives, folks, family; kin, kinfolk; wife; (with foll. genit.) people, members, followers, adherents, possessors, etc.; inhabitants; deserving, worthy (ل of s.th.); fit, suited, qualified (ل for); pl. الأهلون, الأهالى the natives, the native population│ اهل البيت a. al-bait members (of the house, i.e.) of the family; the Prophet's family; اهل الدار the people living in the house; اهل الحرفة a. al-ḥirfa people of the trade; اهل الحلف a. al-ḥilf people pledged by oath, members of a sworn confederacy; اهل الخبرة a. al-ḳibra people of experience, experts; اهل السفسطة a. al-safsata Sophists; اهل السنة a. as-sunna the adherents of the Sunna, the Sunnis; اهل المدر والوبر a. al-madar wa-l-wabar the resident population and the nomads; اهل الوجاهة a. al-wajāha people of rank and high social standing; اهلا وسهلا ahlan wa-sahlan welcome! اهلا بك ahlan bika welcome to youl له في دارنا اهل he is a welcome guest in our house اهلي ahlī domestic, family (adj.); native, resident; indigenous; home, national│ بنك اهلي national bank (Eg.); حرب اهلية (ḥarb) civil war; محكمة اهلية (maḥkama) indigenous court (Eg.); القضاء الأهلي (qaḍā’) jurisdiction of indigenous courts; الإنتاج الأهلي (intāj) domestic production; وقف اهلي (waqf) family wakf اهلية ahlīya aptitude, fitness, suitableness, competence; qualification │ الأهلية القانونية the civil rights; كامل الأهلية legally competent; عديم الأهلية legally incompetent, under tutelage آهل ahil and مأهول ma’hūl inhabited, populated (region, place) مؤهلات mu’ahhilāt qualifications, abilities, aptitudes متأهل muta’ahhil married مستأهل musta’hil worthy, deserving, meriting; entitled اهليلج ihlīlaj myrobalan, emblic (fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.; bot.); ellipse (geom.) اهليلجي ihlīlajī elliptic(al) او au or; (with foll. subj.) unless except that 1(اوب) آب āba u (aub, اوبة auba, اياب iyab) to return; ب آب to catch, contract, suffer, incur s.th., be in for s.th., be left with, get one’s share of من كل اوب min kulli aubin from all sides or directions; من كل اوب وصوب (ṣaubin) do. اوبة auba return اياب iyāb return │ ذهابا وايابا dahāban wa-iyaban there and back; back and forth, up and down مآب ma’āb place to which one returns; (used as verbal noun:) return │ ذهوب ومآب coming and going 2آب look up alphabetically اوبرا and اوبرا (It. opera) ōpərā opera; opera house اوبريت (Fr.) ōpərēt operetta اوت (Fr. août) August (month; mağr.) اوتوبيس (Fr. autobus) otobīs autobus, bus اوتجراف (Fr.) otogrāf pl. -āt autograph اوتوقراطي oṯūqrāṯī autocratic اوتوماتيكي (Fr.) otomātīkī automatic اوتوموبيل (Fr.) otombīl automobile اوتيل (Fr.) ōtēl pl. -āt hotel اوج auj highest point, acme, pinnacle; culmination, climax; apogee (astron.); peak (fig.; of power. of fame) 33 آح āḥ albumen, eggwhite O آحين āḥīn albumin (اود) آد āda u (aud) to bend, flex, curve, crook (هـ s.th.); to burden, oppress, weigh down (هـ s.o.); -- اود awida a (awad) to bend; to be bent V to bend; to bow اودة auda burden, load اود awad: قام باوده to provide for s.o.’s needs, stand by s.o. in time of need; أقام اوده (awadahū) do.; to support s.o., furnish s.o. with the means of subsistence اوار uwār heat, blaze; thirst اوربا urubbā Europe اوربي urubbī Europesn اورشليم ūrušalīm2 Jerusalem اورطة (= ارطة) urṯa pl. ارط uraṯ battalion (formerly, Eg.; mil.) اورغوي uruguwāy Uruguay اوركسترا (It.) arkestrā orchestra اورنيك (Turk. örnek) urnīk pl. ارانيك arānīk2 sample, specimen; model, pattern; form, blank اوروبا urubbā, اوروﭙا Europe اوروبي urubbī Europesn اوروجواي uruguwāy Uruguay اوز II (eg.) to ridicule (على s.o.), make fun of s.o. (على) اوز iwazz (col1.; n. un.) goose, geese آس ās myrtle; see also alphabetically اوستراليا usturāliyā Australia اوستريا (It.) austriyā Austria اوسلو Oslo اوسطى ūsṯā see اسطى اوشية ūšīya pl. اواش awāšin prayer, oration (Copt.-Chr.) آفة āfa pl. -āt harm, hurt, damage, ruin, bane, evil; epidemic, plague; plant epidemic مؤوف ma’ūf stricken by an epidemic اوفرول (Engl.) ovirōl overalls l(اوق) آق āqa u to bring s.o. (على) bad luck, cause discomfort or hardship (على to) II to burden (ه s.o.) with s.th. unpleasant, troublesome or difficult 2اوقة see اقة 3اويقات uwaiqāt (dimin. of اوقات) short times; good times اويقيانس, اويقيانوس oqiyānus, oqiyānūs ocean اوقية ūqīya pl. -āt ounce, a weight of varying magnitude (Eg.: 37.44 g; Aleppo 320 g; Jerusalem 240 g; Beirut 213.3 g) اوكازيون (Fr. occasion) okazyōn clearing sale, special sale اوكرانيا ukrānīya Ukraine اوكسجين (Fr. oxygène) oksižēn oxygen (اول) آل āla u (aul, مآل ma’āl) to return, revert (الى to); to go back, be attributed, be attributable (الى to), spring, derive (الى from); to lead, conduce, tend (الى to), result eventually (الى in); to come or go eventually (الى to s.o.), pass into the hands of (الى) │ آل الأمر الى the long and the short of it was that ... ; آل به المطاف الى (maṯāfu) he eventually got to the point where ... II to interpret, explain (هـ s.th.) آل āl family, relatives, kinsfolk, clan; companions, partisans, people; mirage, fatamorgana آلة āla pl. -āt instrument, utensil; tool; apparatus; device, implement, appliance; machine│ آلات الحس ā. al-ḥiss sensory organs; آلة بخارية (buḳārīya) steam engine; آلة الجر ā. al-jarr tractor; آلة جهنمية (jahannamīya) infernal machine; آلة حربية (ḥarbīya) instrument of war; آلة التحريك 34 motor, engine; آلة حاسبة calculating machine; آلة الحياكة a. al-ḥiyāka power loom; آلة الخياطة sewing machine; آلة راديو radio; آلة رافعة hoisting machine, crane, derrick; pump; آلة التسخين and آلة مسخنة (musaḳḳina) heater; آلة التصوير (photographic) camera; آلة الطباعة printing press; آلة الغسل a. al-gasl washing machine; آلة التفريخ incubator; آلة الاستقبال receiver, receiving set (radio); آلة مقطرة (muqaṯṯira) distilling apparatus, still; آلة الكتابة and آلة كاتبة typewriter; آلة لعب القمار a. la‘b al-qimār slot machine; آلة موسيقية (mūsīqīya) musical instrument; آلة التنبيه alarm; siren horn (of an automobile); آلة صماء (ṣammā’) (fig.) tool, creature, puppet آلى ālī mechanic(al); mechanized; motorized; instrumental; organic│ محراث آلي (miḥrat) motor plow; القوات الآلية (quwāt) motorized troops; حركة آلية (ḥaraka) a mechanical movement آلية ālīya mechanics آلاتى ālātī pl. آلاتية ālātīya (eg.) musician; singer اول awwal2, f. اولى ūlā, pl. m. -ūn, اوائل awā’il2 first; foremost, most important, principal, chief, main; first part, beginning; (with def. article also) earlier, previous, former; see a1so under ولى│ الانسان الاول (insān) primitive man; طبيب اول physician-in-chief; الاوائل, الاولون the forebears, forefathers, ancestors; اوائل الشهر a. aš-šahr the first ten days of a month, beginning of a month; لاول مرة li-awwali marratin or للمرة الاولى for the first time; من اوله, من اوائله since its beginnings, from the very beginning; من اوله الى آخره (āḳirihī) from beginning to end, from A to Z; اول الامر awwala l-amr at first, in the beginning; الاول فالاول each time the first available; اول ما (awwala) the moment when, just when; at the very outset of; اكثر من الاول (aḳtara) more than before اولا awwalan first, firstly, in the first place; at first, in the beginning│ اولا باول and اولا فأولا by and by, gradually, one after the other, one by one; اولا واخيرا and اولا وآخرا (āḳiran) first and I~st, altogether; simply and solely, merely اولى awwalī prime, primary, primordial, original, initial, first; elemental, fundamental, basic, principal, chief, main; elementary; primitive, pristine, primeval│ مدرسة اولية (madrasa) elementary school, grade school; مواد اولية (mawādd) raw materials; عدد اولى (‘adad) prime number; فاتورة اولية (fātūra) pro forma invoice اولية awwalīya pl. -āt fundamental truth, axiom; primary constituent, essential component, element; precedence; priority ايل ayyil, iyyal, uyyal pl. ايائل ayā’il2 stag ايالة iyāla pl. -āt province; regency ايلولة ailūla title deed (jur.) مآل ma’āl end; outcome, final issue, upshot; result, consequence│ في الحال وفي المآل at present and in the future تأويل ta’wīl pl. -āt interpretation, explanation اولاء ulā’i, اولئك, اولائك ulā’ika these; those, pl. of the demonstr. pron. ذا and ذلك اولمبى olimbī Olympic│ الالعاب الاولمبيةthe Olympic games اولمبياد olimbiyād Olympiad اولو ulū (pl. of ذو) owners, possessors, people (with foll.genit.: of)│ اولو الامرu. l-amr rulers, powerful leaders; اولو الحل والعقد u. l-ḥall wa-l-'aqd (lit.: masters of solving and binding) do.; اولو الشأن u. š-ša’n the responsible people 1اوام uwām thirst 2اوم ohm (el.) 35 اومنيبوس omnībūs omnibus, bus 1آن ān time; الآن al-āna now│ فى آن and فى آن واحد at the same time, simultaneously; من آن الى آخر (āḳara) from time to time; ما بين آن وآخر (wa-āḳara) and آنا بعد آن sometimes, at times, now and then: once in a while; آنا فآنا gradually, by and by, little by little; آنا -- وآونة (āwinatan) sometimes -- sometimes, at times -- at times; قبل الآن qabla l-āna before, previously, formerly; للآن li-l-āna and حتى الآن ḥattā l-āna until now, hitherto, so far; بعد الآن ba‘da l-āna from now on, henceforth, in the future; من الآن فصاعدا min al-āna fa-ṣā‘idan do. آنئذ āna’idin that day, at that time, then آنذاك ānadāka that day, at that time, then اون aun calmness, serenity, gentleness اوان awān pl. آونة āwina time│ قبل اوانه prematurely; في اوانه at the right time, timely, seasonably, في غير اوانه at the wrong time, untimely, unseasonably; بين الآونة from time to time; بين الآونة والاخرى (uḳrā) and آونة وأخرى (āwinatan, uḳrā) at times, sometimes; آونة – وأخرى sometimes – sometimes, at times – at times; فات الاوان (fāta) it is too late; آن الاوان (āna) the time has come, it is time (ل for, to do s.th.) 2 ايوانlook up alphabetically اونباشى onbašī corporal, see انباشى (اوه) آه āha u and II to moan, sigh V to moan, sigh; to sigh with admiration (ل over), exclaim “ah!” اوه awwah (interj.) oh! آه āhi, آهـāhan, اواه awwāhi oh! آهة āha pl. -āt sigh, moan; pl. آهات sighs of admiration; rapturous exclamations تأوه ta’awwuh moaning. sighing; admiring exclamation; plaintive sound, wail اوى awā i to seek refuge, seek shelter (الى at a place); to go (الى to bed); to betake o.s., repair (الى to a place); to shelter, house, put up, lodge, accommodate, receive as a guest (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II to shelter, lodge, put up, accommodate, receive as a guest (ه s.o.) IV to seek shelter (الى at a place), to retire (الى to a place); to betake o.s., repair (الى to a place); to shelter, house, put up, lodge, accommodate (ه s.o.) ايواء īwā’ accommodation, lodging, housing, sheltering مأوى ma’wan pl. مآو ma’āwin place of refuge, retreat, shelter; abode; resting place; dwelling, habitation│ مأوى ليلى (lailī) shelter for the night; doss house ابن آوى ibn āwā pl. بنات آوى banāt a. jackal 1آية āya, coll. آي āy, pl. -āt sign, token, mark; miracle; wonder, marvel, prodigy; model, exemplar, paragon, masterpiece (فى of, e.g., of organization, etc.); Koranic verse, آي الذكر الحكيم (āy ad-dikr) the verses of the Koran; passage (in a book), utterance, saying, word; آيات (with foll. genit.) moat solemn assurances (of love, of gratitude) 2اى ay that is (to say), i.e.; namely, to wit 3اى ī yes (with foll. والله yes indeed! Yes, by God!) 4اى ayy, f. اية ayya (with foll. genit. or suffix) which? what? what kind of? Whoever, whosoever; any, every, no matter what ... ; (with neg.) no; ايما ayyumā whatever, whatsoever│اية كانت, ايا كان ayyan kāna, ayyatan kānat whoever he (or she) is, no matter who he (or she) is; اي من كان ayyu man kāna whoever it may be, whosoever; على اي حال (ayyi ḥālin) in any case, at any 36 rate, at all events, by all means; اى واحد ayyu wāḥidin any one; ان له شأنا اى شأن inna lahū ša’nan ayya ša’nin it is of the greatest importance (lit.: it is of importance, and of what importance!); اعجب به ايما اعجاب u‘jiba bihi ayyama i‘jābin how much he admired him! he admired him greatly; اقبل عليه ايما اقبال aqbala ‘alaihi ayyama iqbālin he showed the greatest interest in it ايا iyyā with nominal suffix to express the accusative│اياك ان take care not to ..., be careful not to ...; اياك من, اياك و beware of ... ! واياك (dial. wayyāk), واياه (wayyāh) with you, with him ايار see 2اير ايد II to back, support (ه, s.o., هـ a claim, an aspiration, etc.); to confirm, corroborate, endorse (هـ news, a. judgment, etc.) V = pass. of II تأييد ta’yīd corroboration, confirmation, endorsement, backing, support ايدروجين (Fr. Hydrogène) idrožēn hydrogen قنبلة ايدروجينية (qunbula) hydrogen bomb 1اير air pl. ايور uyūr penis 2ايار ayyār2 May (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.) ايران īrān Iran, Persia ايرانى īrānī Iranian, Persian; (pl. -ūn) a Persian, an Iranian ايرلندا irlandā Ireland ايرلندى irlandī Irish; (pl. -ūn) Irishman ايريال (Engl.) ēriyāl aerial, antenna ايزيس īzīs Isis ايس ayisa a (اياس iyās) to despair (من of s.th.) اياس iyās despair ايشرب (Fr. écharp,) sash (ايض) آض āḍa i to return, revert (الى to s.th.); to become (الى s.th.) ايضا aiḍan also, too, as well, likewise, equally; again; in addition, besides, moreover ايطاليا īṯālīyā Italy ايطالى īṯālī Italian; (pl. -ūn) an Italian ايقونة (Gr. είκών) īqūna and ايقونية īqūnīya pl. -āt icon (Chr.) ايك aik (coll.; n. un. ة) thicket, jungle 1 ايل and ايالة see اول 2 ايلول ailūl2 September (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.) 3 ايلولة ailūla title deed (jur.) (ايم) آم āma i: آم من زوجته (zaujatihī) to lose one's wife, become or be a widower, آمت من زوجها (zaujiha) to lose one’s husband, become or be a widow ايمة aima, ايوم uyūm and تأيم ta’ayyum widowhood ايم ayyim pl. ايائم ayā’im2, ايامى ayāmā widower, widow ايوم aiwam2 see يوم ايما ayyumā see 4اي ayy 1(اين) آن āna i to come, approach, draw near (time)│ آن الاوان (awān) the time has come: آن له ان it’s time for him to ... آن see اون اين aina where? (= at or to what place?)│ من اين min aina where … from? الى اين where? (= to what place?) اين نحن من how far we still are from … worlds separate us from ... (fig.); اين هذا من ذاك what is this compared with that! 37 الاين al-ainu the where; space (philos.) اينما ainamā wherever ايان ayyāna when? (conj.) when 2 اينII to ionize (هـ s.th.) V to be ionized (el.) ايون iyōn pl. -āt ion تأيين ta’yīn ionization متأين muta’ayyin ionized ايه īhi, īha, īhin (interj.) well! now then! All right! ايها ayyuhā, with fem. also ايتها ayyatuhā (vocative particle) O ... ! ايوب ayyūb2 Job الايوبيون al-ayyūbīyūn the Ayubites ايوم aiwam2 see يوم 1 ايونsee 2اين 2 ايوان īwān pl. -āt recess-like sitting room with a raised floor, usually opening on the main room or courtyard through an arcade; estrade ب 1ب abbreviation of باب chapter 1ب bi (prep.) in, at, on (place and time); with (indicating connection, association, attendance); with, through, by means of (designating instrumentality or agency, also with pass. = by); for (= at the price of); by (= to the amount of); by (introducing an oath)│بالليل bi-l-lail at (by) night, بالنهار bi-n-nahār during the daytime, by day; شمالا بشرق šamālan bi-šarqin northeast; فبها ونعمت fa-bihā wa-ni’mat in that case it’s all right; ليس بي ان it is not my intention to ... ; هذا بذاك hādā bi-dāka now we are even, we are quits; قبل مجيئه بساعة (majī’ihī) an hour before his arrival; ب “with” frequently gives causative meaning to a verb, e.g., نهض بشيء (lit.: to rise with s.tا., i.e.) to boost, further, promote s.th.; بلغ به الى to cause s.o. to arrive at, lead s.o. to; for its use as copula after negations, etc., see grammar; بلا bi-lā without; بما ان bi-mā anna in view of the fact that; since, as, inasmuch as, because; بما فيه bi-mā fīhi including باء bā’ name of the letter ب بابا bābā pl. بابوات bābawāt, باباوات pope; papa, father, daddy بابوى bābawī, باباوى papal بابوية bābawīya papacy 1 بأبأba’ba’a to say “papa” (child) 2بؤبؤ bu’bu’ root, source, origin; core, heart, inmost part; pupil of the eye, also بؤبؤ لعين b. al-‘ain بابل bābil2 Babel, Babylon بابلى bābilī Babylonian بابه bābih the second month of the Coptic calendar بابوج bābūj pl. بوابج bawābij2 slipper بابور bābūr pl. -āt, بوابير bawābīr2 (=وابور) locomotive, engine; steamship, steamer بابونج bābūnaj camomile (bot.) باتسته bati.ta batiste باثولوجى batōlōjī pathologic(al) باثولوجيا batōlōjiyā pathology باذنجان bādijān and بيذنجان baidinjān (coll.; n. un. ة pl. -āt eggplant, aubergine 38 1بار bār pl. -āt bar; taproom 2بأر ba’ara a to dig a well بئر bi'r f., pl. آبار ābār, بئار bi’ār well, spring بؤرة bu’ra pl. بؤر bu’ar center, seat (fig.); site; pit; abyss باراشوت (Fr. parachute) bārāšūt parachute باراغواى bārāguwāy Paraguay باربوني see بربونى باركيه (Fr.) barkēh parquet, parquetry floor بارنامج see برنامج بارة bāra pl. -āt para (coin) بارود bārūd saltpeter; gunpowder بارودة bārūda pl. بواريد bawārīd2 rifle, carbine باريس bārīs2 Paris باريسى bārīsī Parisian باز bāz pl. بيزان bīzān and بأز ba’z pl. بؤوز bu’ūz, بئزان bi’zān falcon بازار bāzār pl. –āt bazaar بازلت bāzalt basalt بازوبند bāzūband bracelet بؤس ba’usa u (بأس ba’s) to be strong, brave, intrepid; -- بئس ba’isa a (بؤس bu’s) to be miserable, wretched VI to feign misery or distress VIII to be sad, worried, grieved بئس الرجل bi’sa r-rajulu what an evil man! بأس ba’s strength, fortitude, courage, intrepidity (as verbal noun of بؤس ba’usa); harm, hurt, injury, impairment, detriment, wrong│ شديد البأسcourageous, brave, intrepid; لا بأس (ba’sa) there is no objection to it; unobjectionable; not bad, rather important, considerable, e.g., كميات لا بأس بها (kammīyāt) considerable quantities; لا بأس (ba'sa) never mind! it doesn't matter! it's all right! لا بأس ان it doesn't matter that ... ; اى بأس؟ ayyu ba'sin? what does it matter! what of it! ليس عليه بأس من (ba’sun) he will be none the worse for ... ; لا بأس عليك (ba’sa) it won't do you any harm! don't worry! don't be afraid بنات بئس banātu bi's calamities, adversities, misfortunes بئس bu’s, بأساء ba’sā’, بؤس bu’ūs and بؤسى bu’sā pl. ابؤس ab’us misery, wretchedness, suffering, distress بئيس ba’īs pl. بؤساء bu’asā’2 miserable, wretched بائس bā’is miserable, wretched باستيل (Fr.) bastē1 pastel باسل bāsīl bacilli باش bāš senior, chief (in compounds) باشجاويش bašcāwīš and باشجاويش approx.: master sergeant (formerly, Eg.) باشحكيم bāšḥakīm physician-in-chief باشريش bāšrayyis a naval rank, approx.: petty officer 3rd class (Eg.) باشكاتب bāškātib chief clerk باشمفتى bāšmuftī chief mufti (Tun.) باشمفتش bāamšmufattiš chief inspector باشمهندس bāšmuhandis chief engineer باشا bāšā pl. باشوات bāšawāt (باشاوات) pasha باشق bāšaq, bāšiq pl. بواشق bawāšiq2 sparrow hawk الباشقرد al-bāšqird the Bashkirs باشكير see بشكير باص (Engl.) bāṣ pl. -āt bus, autobus باطون bātūn concrete, béton 39 باغة bāgā celluloid; tortoise shell الباكستان al-bākistān Pakistan باكستانى bākistānī Pakistani (adj. and n.) 1بال bāl whale (zool.) 2بالة bala pl. -āt bundle, bale بالطو balṯō pl. بالطوات balṯowāt, بلاطي balātī overcoat; paletot بالو (It. ballo ball, dance بالون bālūn) balloon جزر الباليار juzur al-bāliyār the Balearic Islands باليه (Fr.) bālēh ballet باميا and بامية bāmiya gumbo, okra (Hibiscus esculentus L., bot., a popular vegetable in Egypt) بان see بون شاشة بانورامية šāša bānōrāmīya (= Fr. écran panoramique) cinemascope screen بؤونة ba’ūna the tenth month of the Coptic calendar باى bāy, f. باية bāya pl. -āt formerly, in Tunisia, a title after the names of the members of the Bey's family دار الباى dār al-bāy (formerly) the Tunisian government ببر babr pl. ببور bubūr tiger ببغاء babgā2 (and babbayā’2) pl. ببغاوات babgāwāt parrot بت batta u i (batt) to cut off, sever (هـ s.th.); to complete, finish, achieve, accomplish, carry out (هـ s.th.); to fix, settle, determine (هـ s.th.), decide (هـ s.th., فى on s.th.) II to adjudge, adjudicate, award (هـ s.th.) VII to be cut off; to be finished, be done; to be decided│قد انبت الامر بينه وبينهم it's all over between him and them, they are through with each other بت batt settlement, decision; بتا battan definitely, once and for all بتة batta pl. -āt adjudication, award; final decision; البتة al-battata and بتة battatan definitely, positively, decidedly, esp. with negations: absolutely not, definitely not بتى battī definite, definitive بتية battiya, bittīya pl. بتاتى batātīy barrel; tub بتاتا batātan decidedly, definitely, positively, categorically, unquestionably, absolutely تبتيت tabtīt adjudication, award بات bātt definite, definitive│منع بات (man‘) categorical interdiction 1بتر batara u (batr) to cut off, sever (هـ s.th.); to amputate (هـ s.th.); to mutilate, render fragmentarily (هـ a text) VII to be cut off, be severed, be amputated بتر batr cutting off, severance, separation; amputation ابتر abtar2 curtailed, docked, clipped, trimmed; imperfect, defective, incomplete; without offspring بتار battār cutting, sharp باتر bātir cutting, sharp مبتور mabtūr broken, abrupt, unconnected; fragmentary, incomplete 2بتراء bitrā’2, batrā’2 Petra (ancient city of Edomites and Nabataeans; ruins now in SW Jordan) بترك batrak patriarch بترول batrūl, bitrōl petroleum ابتع abta‘2 an assonant intensifier of اجمع ajma‘2 all, altogether, whole, entire باتع bāti‘ strong; full, whole, entire 40 بتك II to cut off (هـ s.th.) 1 بتل batala i u (batl) and II to cut off, sever (هـ s.th.); to make final, close, settle, make conclusive, clinch (هـ s.th.) V to retire from the world and devote one's life to God (الى الله); to be pious, chaste and self-denying; to live in chastity VII to be cut off, be curtailed, be docked بتول batūl virgin; البتول the Virgin Mary بتولي batūlī virginal بتولية batūlīya virginity متبتل mutabattil an ascetic, a. recluse; a pious, godly man 2بتولا batūlā birch tree بث batta (batt) to spread, unroll, unfold (هـ s.th., e.g., a rug); to scatter, disperse (هـ s.th.); to disseminate, propagate, spread (هـ s.th., e.g., a spirit, an ideology, a doctrine); to sprinkle (هـ هـ s.th. on); to let s.o. (ه, also ل) in on s.th. (هـ, esp. on a secret); to broadcast, transmit by radio │بث العيون to peer around; بث الألغام to plant, or lay, mines IV to let (ه s.o.) in on a secret (هـ) VII to be spread; to be scattered بث batta spreading, dissemina.tion, propagation; grief, sorrow بثر batara i (batira a) and V to break out with pimples or pustules (skin) بثر batr pl. بثور butūr (n. un. بثرة batra pl. batarāt) pimples, pustules بثر batir, بثير batīr pustulate, pimpled بثق bataqa i u (with النهر an-nahra) to open flood gates so that the river will overflow its banks VII to break forth, burst out, well out, pour out, gush out; to emanate, proceed, spring (من or عن from) انبثاق outpouring, effusion, outpour, outburst; emanation بجح bajiḥa a (bajaḥ) to rejoice (ب at) V to vaunt, flaunt (ب s.th.), boast, brag (ب of) تبجح tabajjuj bragging, braggery متبجح mutabajjij braggart بجدة bajda, bujda root, source. heart, essence, basis│بجدة الأمر the heart of the matter, the actual state of affairs, the true facts; هو ابن بجدتها (ibn bujdatihā) he knows the job from the ground up, he is the right man for it ابجر abiar2 obese, corpulent بجس bajasa u i (bajs) and II to open a passage (for the water), cause (the water) to flow V and VII to flow freely, pour forth copiously, gush out بجس bajs, بجيس bajīs flowing freely, streaming بجع baja‘ (n. un. ة) pelican بجل II to honor, revere, venerate, treat with deference (ه s.o.), show respect (هـ to s.o.); to give precedence (على هـ or ه to s.o. or s.th. over) V to be honored, be revered, be venerated بجل bajal syphilis (ir.) تبجيل tabjīl veneration, reverence; deference, respect مبجل mubajjal revered, respected; venerable بجم bajama i (bajm, بجوم bujūm) to be speechless, dumfounded بجن II to clinch (هـ a nail) بح baḥḥa a (baḥḥ, بحح baḥaḥ, بحوح buḥūḥ, بحاح baḥāḥ, بحوحة buḥūḥa, بحاحة baḥāḥa) to be or become hoarse, be raucous, husky, harsh (voice) II and IV to make hoarse (ه s.o.) بحة buḥḥa hoarseness ابح abaḥḥ2 hoarse مبحوح mabḥūḥ hoarse 41 بحبح II tabaḥbaḥa to be prosperous, live in easy circumstances; to enjoy o.s. have a good time بحبوح baḥbūḥ gay, merry بحبوحة buḥbūḥa middle; life of ease and comfort, prosperity, affluence│ في بحبوحة amidst مبحبح mubaḥbaḥ well-to-do, prosperous; enjoying an easy, comfortable life بحت baḥt pure, unmixed, sheer; exclusive, also بحت الأمر; بحتا baḥan merely, solely, purely, exclusively, nothing but ... بحتر buḥtur stocky, pudgy, thickset بحتري buḥturī stocky, pudgy, thickset بحث baḥata a (baḥt) to look, search (هـ or عن for s.th.), seek (هـ or عن s.th.); to do research; to investigate, examine, study, explore (هـ or عن s.th., less frequently with في or على), look into (هـ or عن); to discuss (هـ a subject, a question) III to discuss (ه with s.o., في a question) VI to have a discussion, discuss together; to confer, have a talk (مع with s.o., في about) بحث baḥt pl. بحوث buḥūt, بحوثات, ابحاث abḥāt search (عن for), quest (عن of); examination, study; research; investigation, exploration; discussion; treatise; (pl. ابحاث) study, scientific report (في on) بحاث baḥḥāt scholar, research worker بحاثة baḥḥāta eminent scholar مبحث mabḥāt pl. مباحث mabāḥit subject, theme, field of investigation or discussion, object of research; research, study, examination; investigation مباحثة mubāḥata pl. -āt negotiation, parley, conference, talk, discussion باحث bāḥit pl. -ūn and بحاث buḥḥāt scholar, research worker; examiner, investigator بحثر baḥtara to disperse, scatter (هـ s.th.); to waste, squander, dissipate (هـ s.th.) II tabaḥtara pass. of I بحثر baḥtara waste, dissipation مبحثر mubaḥtir squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift 1بحر baḥira a to be startled, be bewildered (with fright) 1بحر II to travel by sea, make a voyage IV do.; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile) V to penetrate deeply, delve (في into); to study thoroughly (في a subject) X = V بحر baḥr pl. بحار biḥār, بحور, buḥūr, ابحار abḥār, ابحر abḥur sea; large river; a noble., or great, man (whose magnanimity or knowledge is comparable to the vastness of the sea); meter (poet.) │ في بحر in the course of, during, في بحر سنتين (sanatain) in the course of two years, within two years; البحر الأبيض المتوسط (abyaḍ, mutawassiṯ) the Mediterranean (sometimes shortened to البحر الأبيض); بحر البلطيق b. al-balṯīq the Baltic Sea; بحر الجنوب b. al-janūb the South Seas; البحر الأحمر the Red Sea (also بحر القلزم b. al-qulzum); بحر القزر b. al-ḳazar the Caspian Sea (also البحر الكسبياتي); بحر الروم b. ar-rūm the Mediterranean; البحر الأسود (aswad) the Black Sea; بحر الظلمات b. aẓ-ẓulumāt the هـtlantic; بحر لوط b. lūṯ and البحر الميت (mayyit) the Dead Sea; بحر النيل (eg.) the Nile البحرين al-baḥrain the Bahrein Islands بحراني baḥrānī of the Bahrein Islands; البحارنة al-baḥārina the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands بحري baḥrī sea (adj.), marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, baḥrīya (with foll. genit.) north 42 of; (pl. -ūn, ة) sailor, seaman, mariner│بحري ماهر approx.: seaman apprentice (Eg.); القوات البحرية (qūwāt) the naval forces; نباتات بحرية (nabātāt) marine flora, water plants بحرية baḥrīya navy بحرة baḥra pond, pool بحار baḥḥār pl. -ūn, بحارة baḥḥāra seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. بحارة crew (of a ship, of an airplane) بحيرة buḥaira pl. -āt, بحائر baḥā’ir2 lake; (tun.)'vegetable garden, truck garden بحران buḥrān crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy) تبحر tabaḥḥur deep penetration, delving (في into a subject), thorough study (في of) متبحر mutabaḥḥir thoroughly familiar (في with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating بحلق baḥlaqa: بحلق عينيه (‘ainaihi) to stare, gaze (في at) 1بخ بخ baḳ baḳ excellent! well done! Bravo! 2بخ baḳḳa u (baḳḳ) to snore; to spout, spurt, squirt (هـ s.th.); to sprinkle, splatter (ب هـ s.th. with) بخاخة baḳḳāḳa nozzle بخيخة buḳḳēḳa squirt, syringe مبخة mibaḳḳa nozzle بخت baḳt luck; a kind of lottery│ قليل البخت unIucky; سوء البخت bad luck بخيت baḳīt lucky, fortunate مبخوت mabḳūt lucky, fortunate بختر II tabaḳtara to strut, prance بخر II to vaporize, evaporate (هـ s.th.); to fumigate (هـ s.th.); to disinfect (هـ s.th.); to perfume with incense, expose to aromatic smoke (هـ s.th.) V to evaporate (water); to volatilize, tum into smoke or haze; to perfume 0.8., or be perfumed, with incense بخار buḳār pl. -āt, ابخرة abḳira vapor, fume; steam بخاري buḳārī steam (adj.), steam-driven بخور baḳūr incense; frankincense│ بخور مريم b. maryam cyclamen (bot.) ابخر abḳar2 suffering from halitosis مبخرة mabḳara pl. مباخر mabāḳir2 (also -āt) censer; thurible; fumigator تبخير tabḳīr fumigation تبخر tabaḳḳur evaporation, vaporization باخرة balfira pl. بواخر bawāḳir2 steamer, steamship بويخرة buwaiḳira small steamboat بخس baḳasa a (baks) to decrease, diminish, reduce (هـ s.th.); to lessen (e.g., قيمته qīmatahū the value of s.th.); to disregard, neglect, fail to heed (هـ s.th.) بخس baḳs too little, too low; very low (price) باخس baḳis small, little, trifling, unimportant بخشيش baḳšīš pl. بخاشيش baḳāšīš 2 tip, gratuity بخع baḳa‘a a (baḳ‘) with نفسه : to kill o.s. (with grief, anger, rage) ابخق abḳaq2 f. بخقاء baḳqā’2 one-eyed بخل baḳila a (baḳal), baḳula u (buḳl) to be niggardly, be stingy (ب with s.th., عن or على with regard to s.o.), scrimp (عن, على s.o., ب for), stint (ب in, عن or على s.o.), withhold (عن, على from s.o., ب s.th.) VI to give reluctantly, grudgingly (عن, على to s.o., y s.th.) بخل buḳl avarice, cupidity, greed 43 بخيل baḳīl pl. بخلاء avaricious, greedy; miser, skinflint مبخلة mabḳala cause of avarice, that which arouses avarice or greed بخنق buḳnuq pl. بخانق baḳāniq2 kerchief, veil (to cover the head) بد badda u (budd) to distribute, spread, disperse II to divide, distribute, spread, scatter, disperse (هـ •.th.); to remove, eliminate (هـ s.th.); to waste, squander, fritter away, dissipate (هـ s.th.) V pass. of II; X to be independent, proceed independently (ب in, e.g., in one's opinion, i.e., to be opinionated, obstinate, head-strong); to possess alone monopolize (هـ s.th.); to take possession (هـ of s.o.), seize, grip, overwhelm, overcome (هـ s.o.; said of a feeling, of an impulse); to dispose arbitrarily, highhandedly (ب of s.th.); to rule despotically, tyrannically, autocratically (ب over) بد budd way out, escape│ اذا لم يكن بد من ان (buddun) if it is inevitable that ... ; لا بد (budda) definitely, certainly, inevitably, without fail; by all means; لا بد من it is necessary, inescapable, unavoidable, inevitable, لا بد له منه he simply must do it, he can't get around it; من كل بد min kulli buddin in any case, at any rate اباديد abādīd 2 (pl.) scattered تبديد tabdīd scattering, dispersal, dispersion; removal, elimination; waste, dissipation استبداد istibdād arbitrariness, high-handedness; despotism; autocracy; absolutism استبدادي istibdādī arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, despotic; استبداديات istibdādīyāt arbitrary acts مبدد mubaddid scatterer, disperser; squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift مستبد mustabidd arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, tyrannical, despotic; autocrat, tyrant, despot│مستبد برأيه (bira’yihī) opinionated, obstinate, headstrong بدأ bada’a a (بدأ bad’) to begin, start (ب or في with s.th., هـ s.th.; ه with s.o.; with foll. imperf.: to do s.th. or doing s.th. respectively); to set in, begin, start, arise, spring up, crop up II to put (هـ s.th., على before s.th. else), give precedence or priority (هـ to s.th., على over s.th. else) III to begin, start (ب s.th., ه with regard to s.o.), make the first step, take the initiative or lead (ب in s.th., ه toward s.o.) e.g., بادأه بالكلام (kalām) to accost s.o., speak first to s.o. IV to do or produce first (هـ s.th.). bring out (هـ s.th. new)│ ما يبدئ وما يعيدmā yubdi’u wa-mā yu‘īd he can't think of a blessed thing to say; يبدئ ويعيد he says or does everything conceivable VIII to begin, start (ب with s.th.) بدء bad’ beginning, start│منذ البدء from the (very) beginning; فعله عودا وبدءا (‘audan wa-bad’an) عوده على بدئه (‘audahū ‘alā bad’ihī) or عودا الى بدء (ilā bad’in) he did it all over again, he began anew بدأة bad’a, بديئة badī’a, بداية bidāya beginning, start│في بداية الأمر in the beginning, at first بداءة badā’a beginning, start; first step, first instance│ بداءة بدء badā’ata bad’in right at the outset, at the very beginning بدائي budā’ī primitive مبدأ mabda' pl. مبادئ mabādi’2 beginning, start, starting point; basis, foundation; principle; invention; pl. principles, convictions (of a person); ideology; rudiments. fundamental concepts, elements│ كتب المبادئkutub al-m. elementary books 44 مبدئي mabda’ī original, initial; fundamental, basic; مبدئيا mabda’īyan originally; in principle ابتدائي ibtidā’ī beginning, start; novitiate (Chr.)│ ابتداء من ibtidā’an min from, beginning ... , as of (with foll. date) ابتدائي ibtidā’ī initial; preparatory, elementary, primary; of first instance (jur.); original, primitive│محكمة ابتدائية (maḥkama) court of first instance; التعليم الابتدائى elementary education; مدرسة ابتدائية (madrasa) lower grades of a high school, approx.: junior high school (as distinguished from ثانوية); شهادة ابتدائية (šahāda) approx.: junior high school graduation certificate بادئ bādi’ beginning, starting│ بادئ الأمر badi'a l-amr and في بادئ الأمر in the beginning, at first; في بادئ الرأي right away, without thinking twice, unhesitatingly; بادئ ذي بدء badi’a dī bad’in above all, first of all, in the first place, primarily; البادئ ذكره al-badi’u dikruhu (the person or thing) mentioned at the outset, the first-mentioned مبتدئ mubtadi’ beginning; beginner; novice (Chr.) مبتدأ mubtada' beginning, start; (gram.) subject of 8 nominal clause 1بدر badara u to come unexpectedly, by surprise; to escape (من s.o.; e.g., words in excitement) III to come to s.o.’s (ه) mind, occur to s.o. (t) all of a sudden, strike s.o. (idea, notion); to embark, enter (الى upon s.th.) or set out (الى to do s.th.) without delay; to rush, hurry (الى to s.o., to a place); to hurry up (", with s.th.), بادر الى with foll. verbal noun: to do s.th. promptly, without delay, hasten to do s.th.; to fall upon s.o (ه) with (ب), accost, assail, surprise (ب ه s.o. with s.th.; e.g., بادره بكلام غليظ to snap rudely at s.o.); to react, respond (الى to s.th.)│ بادر الى انجاز الوعد (injāzi l-wa‘d) to set out to fulfill a promise VI تبادر الى الذهن (dihn) to suggest itself strongly, be obvious; to appear at first glance as if (أن); تبادر الى ذهني أن (dihnī) it occurred to me all of a sudden that ... ; تبادر الى الفهم (fahm) to be immediately understood VIII to hurry, rush, hasten (هـ to); to get ahead of s.o. (ه), anticipate, forestall (ه s.o.)│ابتدرها قائلا before she could say a word he exclaimed ... بدر badr, pl. بدور budūr full moon بدرة badra pl. badarāt, بدار bidār huge amount of money (formerly = 10,000 dirhams)│بدرات الأموال enormous sums of money بدار badārī hurry! quick! مبادرة mubādara undertaking, enterprise بادرة bādira pl. بوادر bawadir2 herald, harbinger, precursor, forerunner, first indication, sign; unforeseen act; stirring, impulse, fit (e.g., of rage); blunder, mistake; بوادر stirrings, impulses│بادرة خير b. ḳairin a good, or generous, impulse 2 بيدر baidar pl. بيادر bayādir 2 threshing floor بدروم and بدرون (Turk. bodrum) badrūm, badrūn pl. -āt basement بدع bada‘a a (bad‘) to introduce, originate, start, do for the first time (هـ s.th.), be the first to do s.th. (هـ); to devise, contrive, invent (هـ s.th.) II to accuse of heresy (ه s.o.) IV = I; to create (هـ s.th.); to achieve unique, excellent results (في in); to be amazing, outstanding (في in s.th.) VIII to invent, contrive, devise, think up (هـ s.th.) X to regard as novel, as unprecedented (هـ s.th.) بدع bad‘ innovation, novelty; creation│بدعا وعودا bad‘an wa-‘audan repeatedly 45 بدع bid‘ pl. ابداع abdā‘ innovator; new, original; unprecedented, novel│لا بدع lā bid‘a no wonder! لا بدع ان lā bid‘a an no wonder that ... ; بدع من s.th. else than; unlike, different from بدعة bid‘a pl. بدع bida‘ innovation. novelty; heretical doctrine, heresy; pl. creations (of fashion, of art)│ اهل البدع ahl al-b. heretics بديع badi', بدع bud‘ unprecedented, marvelous, wonderful, amazing, admirable, singular, unique; creator│ علم البديع ‘ilm al-b. the art or science of metaphors and (in general) of good style بديعة badī‘a pl. بدائع badā’i‘2 an astonishing, amazing thing, a marvel, a wonder; original creation بديعي badī‘ī rhetorical ابدع abda‘2 more amazing, more exceptional; of even greater originality ابداع ibdā‘ creation, fashioning, shaping; a marvelous, unique achievement; uniqueness, singularity, originality; creative ability O ابداعي ibdā‘ī romantic (lit.) O ابداعية ibdā‘īya romanticism (lit.) مبدع mubdi‘ producing, creating; creative; creator; exceptional, unique, outstanding (in an achievement, esp. of an artist) مبتدع mubtadi‘ innovator; creator; heretic بيدق look up alphabetically بدل badala u to replace (ب هـ s.th. by), exchange (ب هـ s.th. for) II to change, alter (هـ هـ s.th. to), convert (هـ هـ s.th. into); to substitute (هـ for s.th., ب or من s.th.), exchange, give in exchange (هـ s.th., ب or من for); to change (هـ s.th.) III to exchange (هـ ه with s.o. s.th.) IV to replace (ب هـ s.th. by), exchange (ب هـ for s.th. s.th. else); to compensate (هـ ب ه s.o. for s.th. with s.th. else), give s.o. (ه) s. th. (هـ) in exchange for (ب) V to change; to be exchanged VI to exchange (هـ s.th., also words, views, greetings) X to exchange, receive in exchange, trade, barter (ب هـ and هـ ب s.th. for); to replace (هـ ب and هـ ب s.th. by), substitute (ب هـ and هـ ب for s.th. s.th. else) بدم badal pl. ابدال abdāl substitute, alternate, replacement; equivalent. compensation, setoff; reimbursement, recompense, allowance; price. rate; (gram.) appositional substantive standing for another substantive│بدل الجراية b. al-jirāya allowance for food; بدل السفرية b. as-safarīya travel allowance; بدل الاشتراك subscription rate; بدل التمثيل expense account, expense allowance بدل badala (prep.) inetead of, in place of, in lieu of بدلا من badalan min in place of, instead of, in lieu of بدلة badla pl. badalāt, بدل bidal suit (of clothes); costume│بدلة الحمام b. al-ḥammām bathing suit; بدلة رسمية (rasmīya) uniform; بدلة تشريفاتية (tašrīfātīya) full-dreas uniform بدلية badalīya compensation, smart money بدال badāla (prep.) instead of, بدال ما (conj.) instead of (being, doing, etc.) بديل badīl pl. بدلاء budalā’ 2 substitute, alternate (عن or من for); stand-in, double (theat.); (f. ة) serving as a replacement or substitute│ مفرزة بديلة (mafraza) reserve detachment (mil.) بدال baddāl grocer; money-changer بدالة baddāla culvert; pipeline; telephone exchange, central □ مبادل mabādil2 see بدل تبديل tabdīl change, alteration 46 مبادلة mubādala pl. -āt exchange│ مبادلات تجارية (tijārīya) commercial exchange, trade relations ابدال ibdāl exchange, interchange, replacement (ب by), substitution (ب of); change; phonetic change تبدل tabaddul change, shift, turn; transformation; transmutation, conversion تبادل tabādul (mutual) exchange│ تبادل السلام t. as-salam exchange of greetings, تبادل الخواطر thought transference, telepathy استبدال istibdāl exchange, replacement, substitution مبدل mubdil: مبدل الاسطوانات m. al-usṯuwānāt automatic record changer متبادل mutabādil mutual, reciprocal بدن baduna u and badana u to be fat, corpulent بدن badan pl. ابدان abdān, ابدن abdun body, trunk, torso بدني badani bodily, corporal, physical, somatic بدانة badāna corpulence, obesity بدين badīn pl. بدن budun stout, corpulent, fat, obese بدونة budūna corpulence, obesity بادن bādin pl. بدن budn stout, corpulent, fat, obese بده badaha a to come, descend suddenly (ه upon s.o.), befall unexpectedly (ه s.o.); to surprise (ه s.o.) with s.th. (ب) III to appear suddenly, unexpectedly (ب ه before s.o. with s.th.) VIII to extemporize, improvise, do offhand, on the spur of the moment (هـ s.th.) بداهة badāha spontaneity, spontaneous occurrence, impulse; simple, natural way, naturalness, matter-of-factness; بداهة badāhatan and بالبداهة all by itself, spontaneously بديهة badīha s.th. sudden or unexpected; improvisation; impulse, inspiration, spontaneous intuition; intuitive understanding or insight, empathy, instinctive grasp, perceptive faculty│على البداهية all by itself, spontaneously; offhand; حاضر البديهة quick-witted, quick at repartee; بديهة حاضرة presence of mind بديهي badīhī and بدهي badahī intuitive, self-evident, a priori (adj.) بديهية badīhīya pl. -āt an axiom, a fundamental or self-evident truth; truism, commonplace, platitude بدائه badii'ih' fundamental or selfevident truths (بدو) بدا badā u to appear, show, become evident, clear, plain or manifest, come to light; to be obvious; to seem good, acceptable, proper (ل to s.o.) III to shaw, display, evince, manifest, reveal, declare openly│بادى بالعداوة (‘adāwa) to show open hostility IV to disclose, reveal, manifest, show, display, evince (هـ s.th.), to demonstrate, bring out, bring to light, make visible (هـ s.th.); to express, utter, voice (هـ s.th.)│ ابدى رأيه في (ra'yahū) to express one's opinion about; ابدى رغبة (ragbatan) to expreas a wish or desire V = I, to live in the desert VI to pose as a Bedouin بدو badw desert; nomads, Bedouins بدوي badawī Bedouin, nomadic; rural (as distinguished from urban); a Bedouin بدوية badawīya pl. -āt Bedouin woman, Bedouin girl بداة badaJl pl. بدوات badawāt whim, caprice; ill-humor بداوة badāwa and bidāwa desert life, Bedouin life; Bedouinism, nomadism 47 بيداء baidā’2 desert, steppe, wilderness, wild ابداء ibdā’ expression, manifestation, declaration باد bādin apparent, evident, obvious, plain, visible; inhabiting the desert; pl. بداة budāh Bedouins بادية bādiya desert, semidesert, steppe; peasantry; (pl. بواد bawādin) nomads, Bdouins بداية bidāya = بداءة بذ badda u (badd) to get the better of (ه), beat, surpass (s.o.) بذ badd and bādd slovenly, untidy, shabby, filthy, squalid بذاذة badāda slovenliness, untidiness, shabbiness, dirtiness, filth بذأ bada’a a to revile, abuse (على s.o.), rail (على at s.o.); -- بذئ badi’a a, بذؤ badu’a u to be obscene, bawdy بذئ badī’ disgusting, loathsome, nauseous, foul, dirty, obscene, bawdy, ribald بذاء badā’ and بذاءة badā’a obscenity, ribaldry, foulness (of language); disgust, loathing, aversion, contempt بذخ badaḳa a to be haughty, proud بذخ badaḳ luxury, pomp, splendor; haughtiness, pride باذخ bādiḳ pl. بواذخ bawādiḳ2 high, lofty; proud, haughty بذر badara u (badr) to sow, disseminate (هـ s.th., seed, also fig. = to spread) II to waste, squander, dissipate (هـ s.th.) بذر badr pl. بذور budūr, بذار bidār seeds, seed; seedling; pl. بذور pips, pits, stones (of fruit) بذرة badra (n. un.) a seed, a grain; pip, pit, stone (of fruit); germ; (fig.) germ cell (of a development, and the like) بذار bidār seedtime تبذير tabdīr waste, squandering, dissipation مبذر mubaddir squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift بيذق look up alphabetically بذل badala i u (badl) to give or spend freely, generously (هـ s.th.); to sacrifice (هـ s.th.); to expend (هـ s.th.); to offer, grant (هـ s.th.)│ بذل جهده (jahdahū) to take pains; بذل مجهودا do.; بذل كل مساعدة (kulla musā‘adatin) to grant every assistance; بذل المساعى to make efforts; بذل الطاعة ل to obey s.o., defer to s.o.; بذل كل غال (kulla gālin) and بذل الغالى والرخيص في سبيل to spare no effort, go to any length, give everything, pay any price for or in order to; بذل ماء وجهه (mā’a wajhihī) to sacrifice one's honor; (عن فلان or) بذل نفسه دون فلان to sacrifice o.s. for s.o.; بذل وسعه (wus‘ahū) to do one’s utmost, do one’s best V to fritter away one’s fortune, be over-generous; to prostitute o.s. (woman); to display common, vulgar manners VIII to wear out in common service, make trite, vulgar, commonplace, to hackney (هـ s.th.); to abuse (هـ s.th.); to express o.s. in a vulgar manner, use vulgar language; ابتذل نفسه to degrade o.s. demean o.s., sacrifice one's dignity بذل badl giving, spending; sacrifice, surrender, abandonment; expenditure; offering, granting بذلة badla suit (of clothes) مبذل mibdal pl. مباذل mabādil2 slipper; pl. مباذل casual clothing worn around home│فلان في مباذله so-and-so in his private life ابتذال ibtidāl triteners, commonness, commonplaceness; banality; debasement, degradation باذل bādil spender 48 متبذل mutabaddil vulgar, common مبتذل mubtadal trite, hackneyed, banal, common, vulgar; everyday, commonplace (adj.) 2 بر barra (1st pers. perf. barirtu, barartu) a I (birr) to be reverent, dutiful, devoted; to be kind (ه or ب to s.o.); to be charitable, beneficent, do good (ب to s.o.); to obey (ه s.o., esp. God); to treat with reverence, to honor (ب or ه the parents); to be honest, truthful; to be true, valid (sworn statement); to keep (ب a promise, an oath) II to warrant, justify, vindicate; to acquit, absolve, exonerate, exculpate, clear (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.)│ برر وجهه (wajhahū) to justify o.s. by IV to carry out, fulfill (هـ s.th., a promise, an oath) V to justify o.s.; to be justified بر birr reverence, piety; righteousness, probity; godliness, devoutness; kindness; charitable gift بر barr and بار bārr pl. ابرار abrār and بررة barara reverent, dutiful (ب toward), devoted (ب to); pious, godly, upright, righteous.; kind مبرة mabarra pl. -āt and مبار mabar2 good deed, act of charity, benefaction; philanthropic organization; charitable institution, home or hospital set up with private funds تبرير tabrīr justification, vindication بار bārr reverent, faithful and devoted; see also under بر barr above مبرور mabrūr (accepted into the grace of the Lord, i.e.) blessed (said of a deceased person) مبرر mubarrir pl. -āt justification; excuse│لا مبرر له (mubarrira) unjustifiable 2 بر barr land (as opposed to sea), terra firma, mainland; open country; برا barran out, outside│ برا وبحرا barran wa-baḥran by land and sea برى barrī terrestrial, land (adj.); wild (of plants and animals)│ سيارة برية مائية (sayyāra, mā’īya) amphibious vehicle āبرية barrīya pl. برارى barāarīy open country, steppe, desert; see also 1 برأ برانى barrānī outside, outer, exterior, external; foreign, alien بر burr wheat 1 برأ bara’a a (برء bar’) to create (هـ s.th., said of God) برء bar’ creation برية barīya pl. -āt, برايا barāyā creation (= that which is created); creature; see also 2 بر. البارى ~J~I aI-bari' the Creator (God) 2 برئ bari’a a (براءة barā’a) to be or become free, be cleared (من from, esp. from guilt blame, etc., الى toward s.o.); to recover (من from an illness) II to free, clear, acquit, absolve, exculpate (ه s.o., من from suspicion, blame, guilt)│ برأ ساحة الرجل (sāḥata r-rajul) he acquitted the man IV to acquit, absolve, discharge, exculpate (ه s.o.); to cause to recover, cure, heal (ه s.o.)│ ابرأ ذمته (dimmatahū) to clear s.o. or o.s. from guilt, exonerate s.o. or o.s. V to clear o.s. (من from suspicion, from a charge), free o.s. (من from responsibility, etc.), rid o.s. (من of); to declare o.s. innocent, wash one’s hands (من of); to be acquitted X to restore to health, cure, heal (ه s.o.); to free o.s. (من from), rid o.s. (من of) برء bur’ and burū’ convalescence, recovery برئ barī’ pl. ابرياء abriyā’2, براء burā’, birā’ free, exempt (من from), devoid (من of); guiltless, innocent; guileless, harmless; healthy, sound 49 براء barā’ free, exempt (من from)│ ذمته براء من (dimmatuM) he is innocent of ... براءة barā’a being free; disavowal, withdrawal; innocence, guiltlessness; naiveté, guilelessness, artlessness; (pl. -āt) license, diploma, patent│ براءة اختراع patent on an invention; براءة التنفيذ exequatur (a written authorization of a consular officer, issued by the government to which he is accredited); براءة الثقة b. at-tiqa (Tun.) credentials (dipl.); على براءة harmless; without guilt, innocent تبرئة tabri’a freeing, exemption; acquittal, absolution, discharge, exoneration مبارأة mubāra’a mubarat, divorce by mutual consent of husband and wife, either of them waiving all claims by way of compensation (Isl. Law) ابراء ibrā’ acquittal, absolution, release; release of a debtor from his liabilities, remission of debt (Isl. Law) استبراء istibrā’: استبراء الحمل ist. al-ḥamal the ceremony of selecting and purifying the Host before Mass (Copt.-Chr.) براجواى baraguwāy Paraguay البرازيل al-bərāzīl Brazil براسيرى (Fr. brasserie) brāseri beer parlor, taproom براغ Prague برافان (Fr. paravent) baravān folding screen براهما bərahmā Brahma بربة birba and بربا birbā pl. برابى barābī ancient Egyptian temple, temple ruins doting back to ancient Egypt (eg.); labyrinth, maze بربخ barbaḳ pl. برابخ barābiḳ2 water pipe, drain, culvert, sewer pipe بربر barbara to babble noisily (e.g., a large crowd), jabber, mutter, prattle البربر al-barbar the Berbers بربرى barbarī Berber (adj.); barbaric, uncivilized; -- (pl. برابرة barābira) a Berber; a barbarian بربرية barbarīya barbar(ian)ism, barbarity, savagery, cruelty متبربر mutabarbir barbaric, uncivilized بربيس look up alphabetically بربيش barbīš (syr.) tube (of a narghile, of an enema, etc.) بربط barbata to splash, paddle, dabble (in water) بربونى (It. barbone) barbūnī, also بربون red mullet (Mullus barbatus; zool.) بربى see بربة بربيس barbīs barbel (zool.) برتغال burtugāl Portugal برتغالى burtugālī Portuguese برتقال burtuqāl, برتقان burtuqān orange برتقالى burtuqālī, برتقانى burtuqānī orange, orange-colored برثن burtun, pl. براثن barātin claw, talon 1 برج V to display, show, play up her charms (woman); to adorn herself, make herself pretty (woman) 2 برج burj pl. بروج burūj, ابراج abrāj tower; castle; sign of the zodiac│ برج الحمام b. al-ḥamām pigeon house, dovecot; برج المياه b. al-miyāh water tower 2 بارجة bārija pl. بوارج bawārij warship, battleship; barge 1 لعب البرجاسla‘b al-birjās a kind of equestrian contest, joust, tournament 2 البرجيس al-birjīs Jupiter (astron.) برجل barjal pl. براجل barāhil2 compass, (pair of) dividers 50 برجمة burjuma pl. براجم barājim2 knuckle, finger joint برح bariḥa a (براح barāḥ) to leave (هـ or من a place, الى for), depart (هـ from, الى on one’s way to); with neg.: to continue to be (= زال)│ما برح في he is still in ... ; ما برح غنيا (ganīyan) he is still rich; برح الخفاء (ḳafā’) the matter hall come out, has become generally known; غدا وبرح to come and go II to beset, harass, trouble, molest (ب s.o.) III to leave (هـ a place, الى for), depart (هـ from, الى on one's way to) براح departure; cessation, stop; a wide, empty tract of land, vast expanse, vastness; براحا barāḥan openly and plainly, patently تباريح tabārīh2 agonies, torments (e.g., of longing, of passion) مبارحة mubāraḥa departure بارح bāriḥ (showing the left side. i.e.) ill-boding, inauspicious, ominous (as opposed to سانح); البارح al-bāriḥa yesterday البارحة al-bāriḥata yesterday│ الليلة البارحة (lailata) last night; اول البارحة awwala l-b. the day before yesterday. two days ago مبرح mubarriḥ, violent, intense, excruciating, agonizing (esp., of pains) مبرح به mubarraḥ bihi stricken. afflicted, tormented 1 برد barada u to be or become cold; to cool, cool off (also fig.); to feel cold; to cool, chill (هـ s.th.); to soothe. alleviate (هـ pain); -- baruda to be or become cold II to make cold (هـ s.th.); to refrigerate (هـ s.th.); to cool, chill (هـ s.th., also fig.); to soothe, alleviate (هـ pain) V to refresh o.s., cool o.s. off; to be soothed, be alleviated VIII to become cold, cool off برد bard coldness, chilliness, coolness; cooling; alleviation; cold, catarrh برد barad hail, بردة barada (n. un.) hailstone برود barūd collyrium برود burūd coldness, coolness, chilliness; emotional coldness, frigidity برودة burūda coldness, coolness, chilliness; emotional coldness, frigidity│ برودة الدم b. ad-dam cold-bloodedness بردية bardīya ague, feverish chill; see also below برداء buradā’ 2 ague, feverish chill برادة barrāda cold-storage plant; refrigerator, icebox تبريد tabrīd cooling, chilling; cold storage, refrigeration; alleviation, mitigation│جهاد التبريد jahāz at-t. cold-storage plant, refrigerator; غرفة التبريد gurfat at-t. cold-storage room بارد bārid cold; cool, chilly; easy; weak; stupid, inane, silly, dull; dunce, blockhead│الحرب الباردة (ḥarb) the cold war; غنيمة باردة an easy prey; عيش بارد (‘aiš) an easy life; حجة باردة (ḥujja) a weak argument; تبغ بارد (tibg) light, mild tobacco مبرد mubarrid cooling, refreshing; pl. -āt refreshments (beverages, etc.) مبرد mubarrad cooled, chilled 2برد barada u to file (هـ a piece of metal, etc.) براد barrād fitter (of machinery) برادة birāda fitter's trade or work برادة burāda iron filings مبرد mibrad pl. مبارد mabcirid2 file, rasp 3برد burd pl. ابراد abrād garment بردة burda Mohammed's outer garment برداية burdāya curtain, drape 51 4برد IV to send by mail, to mail (هـ a letter) بريد barīd post, mail│البريد الجوى (jawwī) air mail بريدى barīdī postal; messenger, courier; mailman 5بارود look up alphabetically 6بردى bardī, burdī papyrus (bot.) بردية bardīya pl. -āt papyrus│علم البرديات ‘ilm al-b. papyrology برداق bardāq pl. براديق barādīq2 jug, pitcher لعب البردج la‘b al-b. bridge (game) بردخ bardaḳa to polish, burnish (هـ s.th.) □ بردعة = برذعة بردقان = برتقان بردقوش bardaqūš (=مردقوش) marjoram بردورة (Fr. bordure) badūra curbstone, curb برذعة barda‘a pl. براذع barādi‘2 saddle, pack-saddle (for donkeys and camels) براذعى barādi‘ī maker of donkey saddle, saddler برذون birdaun pl. براذين barādīn2 work horse jade, nag 1برز baraza u to come out, show, appear, come into view, emerge; to jut out, protrude, stand out, be prominent (also fig.); to surpass, excel (على s.o.) II to cause to come out, bring out, expose, show, set off, accentuate (هـ s.th.); to excel, surpass (فى على s.o. in), stand out (فى for), distinguish o.s. (في by) III to meet in combat or duel (ه s.o.); to compete in a contest (ه with s.o.) IV to cause to come out, bring out, expose, make manifest (هـ s.th.); to publish, bring out (هـ a book, etc.); to present, show (هـ e.g., an identity card) V to evacuate the bowels VI to vie, contend بروز burūz prominence, projection, protrusion براز birāz excrement, feces; competition, contest, match (in sports); duel بريزة buraiza (birēza; eg.) ten-piaster coin ابرز abraz2 more marked, more distinctive; more prominent مبارزة mubāraza competition, contest, match, esp. in sports; duel; fencing ابراز ibrāz bringing out, displaying, setting off, accentuation; production; presentation بارز bāriz protruding, projecting, salient; raised, embossed, in relief; marked, distinct, conspicuous; prominent (personality) مبرز mubarriz surpassing (على s.o.), superior (على to s.o.); winner. victor (in contest) مبارز mubāriz competitor, contender; combatant, fighter; fencer 2بريز (Fr. prise) brīz pl. -āt (plug) socket, wall-plug, outlet (syr.); بريزة barīza pl. برائز barā’iz2 do. (eg.) 2ابريز look up alphabetically 2برزان barazān trumpet برزخ barzaḳ pl. برازخ barāziḳ interval, gap, break, partition, bar, obstruction; isthmus برزوق burzūq sidewalk 1برسام birsām pleurisy 2ابريسم look up alphabetically 3برسيم birsīm clover, specif., berseem, Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum bot.) 1برش burš pl. ابراش abrāš mat ابرش abraš2 spotted, speckled 52 1برش look up alphabetically برشت birišt: بيض برشت (baiḍ) soft-boiled eggs برشلونة baršīlōna Barcelona (seaport in NE Spain) برشم baršama to stare, gaze (الى at s.th.); to rivet (هـ s.th.) برشمة baršama riveting برشام buršām and برشان (n. un. ة) pl. -āt wafer; Host (Chr.) برشامة buršāma rivet برشامجى buršāmjī riveter برشمجية buršamjīya riveting 1برص bariṣa a (baraṣ) to be a leper برص burṣ wall gecko (Tarentola mauritanica, zool.) برص baraṣ leprosy ابراص abraṣ2 leprous; leper│سام ابرص sāmm a. wall gecko 2برصة burṣa stock exchange برض baraḍa u (بروض burūḍ) to germinate, sprout (plant) برطوز barṯūz: برطوز البحرية b. a1-baḥrīya forecastle, crew quarters (on a merchant vessel) برطع barṯa‘a (برطعة barṯa‘a) to gallop برطل barṯala (برطلة barṯala) to bribe (ه s.o.) II tabarṯala to take bribes, be venal برطيل birṯīl pl. براطيل barāṯīl2 bribe 1برطم barṯama to rave, talk irrationally برطوم burṯūm, barṯūm trunk of an elephant 2برطمان barṯamān pl. -āt (syr. eg.) tall earthen or glass vessel (for preserves, oil. etc.) برع bara‘a a to surpass excel (ه s.o.); (also baru‘a u) to distinguish o.s., be skilful, proficient V to contribute. Give, donate (ب s.th.); to undertake (voluntarily, ب s.th.). volunteer (ب or), be prepared, willing (ب to do s.th.); to be ready, be on hand (ب with) براعة barā‘a skill, proficiency; efficiency, capability, capacity بروعة burū‘a superior skill, outstanding proficiency تبرع tabarru‘ pl. -āt gift, donation; contribution بارع bāri‘ skilled, skillful, proficient, capable. efficient; brilliant, outstanding (work of art) برعم bar‘ama to bud, burgeon, sprout برعم bur‘um pl. براعم barā‘im2 and برعوم bur‘ūm pl. براعيم bard'im' bud, burgeon; blossom, flower برغوث burgūt pl. براغيث barāgīt2 f1ea; pl. براغيث (syr.) small silver coins│ برغوث البحر b. a1-baḥr shrimp (zool.) برغش bargaš (coll.; n. un. ة) gnat(s), midge(s) برغل burgul cooked, parched and crushed wheat, served together with other food (eg., syr.) برغى (Turk. بورغى burğų) burgī pl. براغى barāgī screw برفير birfīr pl. برافير barāfīr2 purple بروفة look up alphabetically 1برق baraqa u to shine, glitter, sparkle, flash│ برقت السماء (samā’u) there was lightning IV = I; to emit bolts of lightning (cloud); to flash up, light up; to brighten (face); to cable, wire, telegraph (الى to) برق barq pl. بروق burūq lightning; flash of lightning; telegraph│ برق خلب (ḳullab) lightning without a downpour, used fig. e.g.. of s.o. given to making promises without ever living up to them 53 برقى barqī telegraphic, telegraph- (in compounds) برقية barqīya pl. -āt telegram, wire, cable بريق barīq pl. برائق barā’iq2 glitter, shine, gloss, luster│ذو بريق معدني (ma‘dinī) lustered, coated with metallic luster براق burāq Alborak, name of the creature on which Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens (معراج) براق barrāq shining, lustrous, sparkling, flashing, glittering, twinkling مبرق mabraq glitter, flash│فى مبرق الصبح fī m. iṣ-ṣbḥ with the first rays of the morning sun بارق bāriq: بارق b. al-amal glimpse of hope بارقة bāriqa pl. بوارق bawāriq2 gleam, twinkle مبرق mubriq: مبرق كاتب teletype 2 البرقة al-barqa Cyrenaica (region of E Libya) 3 ابريق look up alphabetically 4 استبرق look up alphabetically برقش barqaša (برقش barqš) to variegate, paint or daub with many colors (هـ s.th.); to embellish (هـ s.th.; قوله one’s speech) II tabargaša reflex. and pass. of I برقش birqiš finch برقش barqaša colorful medley, variety, variegation مبرقش mubarqaš colorful, variegated, many-colored برقع barqa‘a to veil, drape (هـ, s.o., s.th.) II tabarqa‘a to put on a veil, veil o.s. برقع burqu‘ pl. براقع barāqi‘2 veil (worn by women; long, leaving the eyes exposed) برقوق barqūq (coll.; n. un. ة) plum 1برك baraka u to kneel down II and IV to make (هـ the camel) kneel down II to invoke a blessing (على or فى on s.th., ل on s.th.) III to bless (فى or ه s.th., also ل or على), invoke a blessing on; to give one's blessing (هـ to s.th.), sanction (هـ s.th.) V to be blessed (ب by); to enjoy (ب s.th.), find pleasure, delight (ب in); to ask s.o.’s (ب) blessing VI to be blessed, be praised; ... تبارك tabāraka ... God bless …! X to be blessed بركة birka pl. برك birak pond, small lake; puddle, pool│ بركة السباحة b. as-sibāḥa swimming pool بركة baraka pl. -āt blessing, benediction│ قلة البركةqillat al-b. misfortune, bad luck ابرك abrak2 more blessed تبريك tabrīk pl. -āt good wish; blessing, benediction مبارك mubārak blessed, fortunate, lucky 2 براريك barārīk2 (mor.) barracks بركار birkār compass, (pair of) divideers بركان burkān pl. براكين barākīn2 volcano بركانى burkānī volcanic برلمان barlamān parliament برلمانى barlamānī parliamentary برلمانية barlamānīya parliamentarianism برلنتى (It. brillante) brillantī brilliant, diamond برلين barlīn Berlin 1برم barima a (baram) to be or become weary, tired (ب of), be fed up, be bored (ب with), find annoying, wearisome (ب s.th.) V to feel annoyed (ب by), be displeased (ب with); to be fed up (ب with), be sick and tired (بof, also من); to be impatient, discontented, dissatisfied; to grieve, be pained 54 برم barim weary, tired (ب of), disgusted (ب at, with); dissatisfied, discontented تبرم tabarrum weariness, boredom, disgust; discontent, dissatisfaction; uneasiness, discomfort, annoyance متبرم mutabarrim cross, peevish, vexed, annoyed 2برم barama u (barm) to twist, twine (هـ a rope); to shape (هـ s.th.) round and long; to roll up (هـ the sleeves); to settle, establish, confirm (هـ s.th.) IV to twist, twine (هـ a rope); to settle, establish, confirm (هـ s.th.); to conclude (هـ a pact); to confirm (هـ a judicial judgment); to ratify (هـ a treaty, a bill) VII to be settled, be established, be confirmed; to be twisted, be twined برامة barrāma pl. -āt drilling machine بريم barīm rope; string, cord, twine بريمة barrīma pl. –āt drill, borer, gimlet, auger, bit; ○ corkscrew برم ○ بريمية barrīmīya spirochete ابرام ibrām settlement, establishment; confirmation; conclusion (of a pact, etc.); ratification│محكمة النقض والابرام maḥkamat an-naqḍ wa-l-i. Court of Cassation (Eg.) مبروم mabrūm:○سلك مبروم (silk) wire rope, cable مبرم mubram firm, strong; irrevocable, definitely established; confirmed, ratified│قضاء مبرم (qaḍā’) inescapable fate; بصورة مبرمة irrevocably 3برمة burma pl. برم buram, برام birām earthenware pot برما burmā Burma برمائى barmā’ī amphibious│دبابة برمائية (dabbāba) amphibious tank (mil.) ○ برمائية barmā’īya amphibian برماننت (Engl.) barmanant permanent wave│ برماننت على الباردcold wave (in hair) برمق barmaq pl. برامق barāmiq2 baluster; spike (of a wheel) برمهات baramhāt the seventh month of the Coptic calendar برمنكهام Birmingham برمودة barmūda the eighth month of the Coptic calendar برميل barmīl pl. براميل barāmīl2 barrel; keg, cask; tun برنية barnīya pl. برانى barānīy clay vessel برنامج barnāmaj pl. برامج barāmij2 program, plan, schedule; roster, list, index; curriculum برنجك burunjuk gauze, crepe 1برنس burnus pl. برانس barānis2 (also برنوس barnūs, burnūs pl. برانيس baranīs2) burnoose, hooded cloak; casula, chasuble (of Coptic priests)│ برنس الحمام b. al-ḥammām bathrobe برانسى barānisī pl. -īya maker of burnooses 2جبال البرانس jibāl al-barānis the Pyrenees برنس brins prince برنسيسة brinsēsa princess برنط II tabarnaṯa to wear a hat برنطية burnaiṯa pl. -āt, برانيط barānīt2 (European) hat (men’s and women’s); lamp shade برهة burha pl. burahāt, بره burah a while, a time; short time; instant, moment; برهة burllatan a little while│ برهتين (after two moments =) in a short time □ برهم barham (syr.) = مرهم marham برهمن barahman pl. براهمة barāhima Brahman 55 برهمية barahmīya Brahmanism برهن barhana to prove, demonstrate (على or عن s.th.) برهن burhān pl. براهين barāhīn2 proof برهنة barhana proving, demonstration بروة bawa waste, scrap بروتستانتي brotostantī Protestant; (pl. -ūn) a Protestant بروتستانتية brotostantīya Protestantism بروتستو (It. protesto) brotostō protest (of a bill of exchange) بورتوكول brotokōl protocol بروتون proton بوجرام brogrām program بروجى burūjī pl. -īya trumpeter, bugler بروز barwaza to frame برواز barwāz, birwāz pl. براويز barāwīz2 frame بروسيا (It. Prussia) burūsiyā Prussia بروسي burūsī Prussian بروفة and بروﭬـة (It. prova) brōva, brōfa pl. -āt test. experiment; proof sheet; rehearsal برونز (Fr.) bronz bronze برونزى bronzi bronze, bronzy│ العصر البرونزى (‘aṣr) the Bronze Age 1برى barā i (bary) to trim, shape (هـ s.th.), nib (هـ a pen), sharpen (هـ a pencil); to scratch off, scrape off (هـ s.th.); to exhaust, tire out, wear out, emaciate, enervate (ه s.o.), sap the strength of (ه) III to vie, compete (ه with s.o.). try to outstrip (ه s.o.) VI to vie, compete, contend, be rivals; to meet in a contest, try each other’s strength (esp. in games and sports) VII to be trimmed, be nibbed, be sharpened; to defy, oppose (ل s.o.); to undertake, take in hand (ل s.th.), set out to do s.th. (ل), enter, embark (ل upon); to break forth (من from); to get going; to break out, lot fly, explode (with words, esp. in anger or excitement) برى baran dust, earth براية barrāya, براية الافلام b. al-aqlām pencil sharpener مبراة mibrāh pocketknife مباراة mubārāh pl. مباريات mubārayāt contest tournament, match (in games and sports); competition, rivalry بار: اعط القوس باريها a‘ṯi l-qausa bāriyahā give the bow to him who knows how to shape it, i.e. always ask an expert متبار mutabārin participant in a contest, contestant, contender; competitor, rival 2برية see 1برأ and 2بر بريطانيا barīṯāniyā, biriṯāniyā Britain, بريطانيا الكبرى (uẓmā) Great Britain بريطاني barīṯānī, biriṯānī British; Britannic 1بز bazza u (bazz) to take away, steal, wrest, snatch (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.). rob, strip (هـ ه s.o. of s.th.); to defeat, beat, outstrip, excel (ه s.o.), triumph, be victorious (ه over) VIII to take away, steal, pilfer (هـ s.th.); to take away, snatch (هـ money, من from s.o.); to rob, fleece (ه s.o.)│ابتز اموال الناس to lift money out of people’s pockets, relieve people of their money ابتزاز ibtizāz theft, robbery; fleecing, robbing (of s.o.) 2بز bazza u to bud, burgeon بز buzz, bizz pl. بزاز bizāz, ابزاز abzāz nipple, mammilla (of the female breast); teat, female breast 56 3بز bazz pl. بزوز buzūz linen; cloth, dry goods بزة bizza clothing, clothes, attire; uniform│بزة رسمية (rasmīya) uniform بزاز bazzāz draper, cloth merchant بزازة bizāza cloth trade بزبوز bazbūz pl. بزابيز bazābīz2 nozzle, spout بزر bazara i (bazr) to sow بزر bizr pl. بزور buzūr seed(s); pl. ابزار abzār and ابازير abāzīr2 spice بزرة bizra (n. un.) seed; kernel, pip, pit, stone (of fruit); germ بزار bazzār seedsman بزيرة buzaira pl. -āt spore (bot.) بزغ bazaga u to break forth, come out; to dawn (day); to rise (sun) بزوغ buzūg appearance, emergence; rise (of the sun) بزق bazaqa u (bazq) to spit بزاق buzāq spit, spittle, saliva بزاقة bazzāqa snail; cobra مبزقة mibzaqa pl. مبازق mabāziq2 spittoon, cuspidor 1 بزلbazala u (bazl) to split (هـ s.th.); to pierce (هـ s.th.), make a hole (هـ in); to tap,broach (هـ s.th.; a cask); to puncture, tap (ه s.o.; med.); to clear, filter (هـ a liquid) بزل bazl puncture, tapping, paracentesis (med.) بزال buzāl bung (of a cask) مبزل mibzal pl. مبازل mabazil 2 spile, spigot, tap; cock, faucet 2 بزلة (It. piselli) bizilla and بزلا green peas ابزيم ibzīm pl. ابازم abāzim2 buckle, clasp بزموت bizmūt bismuth بزنطى bizanṯī Byzantine باز bāzin pl. بزاة buzāh, بواز bawāzin, بيزان bīzān falcon بس bass and بسة bassa pl. بساس bassās cat بسأ basa’a a (بسء bas’) to treat amicably (ب s.o.); to be intimate, be on familiar terms (ب with) بسارابيا besārābiyā Bessarabia بسباس basbās, بسباسة basbāsa (eg.) mace (bot.); (magr.) fennel بسبوسة basbāsa (eg.) pastry made of flour, melted butter, sugar and oil بستيلية (Fr.) bastīliya pastilles, lozenges 1بستان bustān pl. بساتين basātīn2 garden بستانى bustānī gardener; garden (adj.); horticultural بستنة bastana gardening, horticulture 2 بستون (Fr. piston) bistōn, بستن (Engl.) bistan pl. بساتن basātin2 piston 3 بستون (It. bastone) bastūnī spades (suit of playing cards) بسخة basḳa Easter; Passion Week (Chr.) بسر basara u (بسور busūr) to scowl, frown; -- basara u (basr) and VIII to begin too early (هـ with), take premature action, be rash (هـ in s.th.) بسر busr (n. un. ة) pl. بسار bisār unripe dates باسور bāsūr pl. بواسير bawāsīr2 hemorrhoids بسط basaṯ u (basṯ) to spread, spread out (هـ s.th.); to level, flatten (هـ s.th.); to enlarge, expand (هـ s.th.); to stretch out, extend (هـ s.th.); to unfold, unroll (هـ s.th.); to grant, offer, present (هـ s.th.); to submit, state, set forth, expound, explain (هـ s.th., ل or على to s.o.); to flog (ه s.o.; Nejd); to please delight (ه s.o.)│ بسط ذراعيه (dirā‘aihi) to spread one’s arms; 57 بسط يد المساعدة ل (yada l-musā‘ada) to extend helping hand to s.o.; بسط المائدة to lay the table; -- basuṯa u (بساطة basāta) to be simple, openhearted, frank, candid II to spread, spread out, extend, expand (هـ s.th.); to level, flatten (هـ s.th.); to simplify, make simple (هـ s.th.) III to set forth, state, expound, explain; to be sincere (ب ه with s.th. about or in s.th.), confess frankly (ب ه to s.o. s.th.) V to be spread, be unrolled, be spread out, be extended; to speak at great length (فى about), enlarge (فى on), treat exhaustively, expound in detail (فى a theme); to be friendly, communicative, sociable, behave unceremoniously, be completely at ease│ تبسط في الحديث to talk freely, without formality VII to spread, extend, expand (intr.); to be glad, be delighted, be or become happy بسط basṯ, extension, spreading, unrolling, unfolding; presentation, statement, explanation, exposition; cheering, delighting, delectation; amusement; (Eg.) numerator (of a fraction)│ بسط اليد b. al-yad avarice, greed, cupidity بسطة basṯa extension, extent, expanse; size, magnitude; skill, capability, abilities; excess, abundance; (pl. -āt) statement, exposition, presentation; -- (pl. بساط bisāṯ) landing (of staircase); estrade, dais, platform (eg.) بساط bisāṯ pl. -āt, ابسطة absiṯa, بسط busuṯ carpet, rug│ بساط الرحمة b. ar-raḥma winding sheet, shroud; مسألة (وضع or) طرح على بساط البحث (mas‘alata, baḥtan) to raise a question, bring a question on the carpet, also على بساط المناقشة (b. il-munāqaša) for discussion; طوى البساط بما فيه to bring the matter to an end, settle it once and for all بسيط basīṯ pl. بسطاء busaṯā’2 simple; plain, uncomplicated; slight, little, modest, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling; البسيط name of a poetical meter; pl. بسطاء simple souls), ingenuous people│بسيط اليدين b. al-yadain (pl. بسط busuṯ) generous, openhanded البسيطة al-basīṯa the earth, the world بسائط basā’iṯ2 elements; simple remedies, medicinal plants; basic facts بساطة basāṯa simplicity, plainness O ابسوطة ubsūṯa pl. اباسيط abāsīṯ2 rim, felly (of a wheel) ابسط absaṯ2 simpler; wider, more extensive تبسيط tabsīṯ simplification انبساط inbisāṯ (n. vic. ة) extensity, extensiveness, extension; expansion, expanse; joy. delight, happiness, gaiety, cheerfulness عضلة باسطة ‘aḍla bāsiṯa extensor (anat.) مبسوط mabsūṯ extended, outstretched; spread out; extensive, large, sizeable; detailed, elaborate (book); cheerful, happy, gay; feeling well, in good health; (tun.) well-to-do منبسط munbasiṯ extending, spreading; gay, happy, cheerful; level surface بسطرمة (Turk.) basṯurma a kind of jerked, salted meat (eg.) البوسفور al-busfūr the Bosporus بسق basaqa a (بسوق busūq) to be high, tall, lofty, towering; to excel, surpass (ه or على s.o.) باسق bāiq high, tall, lofty, towering منبسق munbasiq high, tall, lofty, towering بسكليت (Fr. bicyclette) biskilēt, baskilēt bicycle بسكوت (It. biscotto) baskūt biscuit بسكويت baskawīt biscuit 2بسل basula u (بسالة basāla) to be brave, fearless, intrepid V to scowl, glower X to be reckless, defy death 58 بسالة basāla courage, intrepidity استبسال istibsāl death defiance بسالة bāsil pl. بسلاء busalā’2, بواسل bawāsil2 brave, fearless, intrepid مسبسل mustabsil death-defying, heroic 2 بسلةbisilla peace بسم basam i (basm), V and VIII to smile بسم basma pl. basamāt smile بسام bassām smiling مبسم mabsim, pl. مباسم mabāsim2 mouth; mouthpiece, holder (for cigars, cigarettes, etc.) ابتسام ibtisām and (n. vic.) ابتسامة pl. -āt smile بسمل basmala to utter the invocation بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم “In the name of God, the Benificent, the Merciful” بسمل basmala utterance of the above invocation; the invocation itself بسينة busaina kitty بسيكولوجى psikolōjī psychological(aI) بش bašša a (bašš, بشاشة bašāša) to display a friendly, cheerful, happy mien; to smile; to be friendly (ل to s.o.). give s.o. (ل) a smile بشوش bašūš, baššāš smiling, friendly, cheerful بشاشة bašāša smile; happy mien باش bāšš smiling, happy; friendly, kind بشت bušt (Nejd, Baḥr., Ir.) a kind of cloak, = عباءة ‘abā’a بشتة bišta (eg.) woolen cloak worn by Egyptian peasants 1بشر bašar i, bašira a to rejoice, be delighted, be happy (ب at s.th.) II to announce (as good news; ب ه to s.o. s.th.); to bring news (ب ه to s.o. of s.th.); to spread, propagate, preach (ب s.th.; a religion, a doctrine)│ بشر نفسه ب(nafsahū) to indulge in the happy hope that … IV to rejoice (at good news) X to rejoice, be delighted, be happy (ب at s.th., esp. at good news), welcome, (ب s.th.); to take as good omen (ب s.th.)│ استبشر به خيرا (ḳairan) to regard s.th. as auspicious بشر bišr joy بشر bušr glad tidings بشرى bušrā glad tidings, good news بشارة bišāra pl. -āt, بشائر bašā’ir2 good news, glad tidings; annunciation, prophecy; gospel; بشائر good omens, propitious signs│ عيد البشارة ‘īd al-b. the Annunciation, the Day of Our Lady (Chr.) بشير bašīr pl. بشراء bušarā’2 bring.r of glad tidings, messenger, herald, harbinger, forerunner, precursor; evangelist (Chr.) تبشير tabšīr announcement (of glad tidings); preaching of the Gospel; evangelization, missionary activity تبشيري tabšīrī missionary تباشير tabāšīr2 foretokens, prognostics, omens, first signs or indications, heralds (fig.); beginnings, dawn│ تباشير الفجر t. al-fajr the first shimmer of aurora, the first glimpse of dawn مبشر mubaššir pl. -āt announcer, messenger (of glad tidings); evangelist (Chr.); preacher; missionary (Chr.) مستبشر mustabšir happy, cheerful 2 بشر bašara u to peel (هـ s.th.); to scrape off, shave off, scratch off (هـ s.th.); to grate, shred (هـ s.th.) III to touch (هـ s.th.), be in direct contact (هـ with s.th.); to have sexual intercourse (ه with s.o.); to attend, apply o.s. (ب or ب to s.th.), take up, take in hand, pursue, practice, carry out (هـ s.th., job, a task, etc.) 59 بشر bašar man, human being; men, mankind بشرى bašarī human; human being; epidermal, skin (adj.)│ طبيب بشرى dermatologist بشرة bašara outer skin, epidermis, cuticle; skin; complexion بشرية bašarīya, mankind, human race مبشرة mibšara pl. مباشر mabāšir2 scraper, grater مباشرة mubāšara pursuit, practice; direct, physical cause (Isl. Law); mubāšaratan immediately, directly مبشور mabšūr: جبنة مبشورة (jubna) shredded cheese مباشر mubāšir pl. -ūn direct, immediate; practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; O manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.); (mil.) approx.: staff sergeant (Eg. 1939)│غير مباشر (iṣābāt) directs بشروش bašrūš flamingo بشع baši‘a a (بشاعة bašā‘a) to be ugly, loathsome II to make ugly, disfigure, distort (هـ s.th.); to disparage, run down (هـ s.th.) X to regard as ugly, find ugly or repugnant (هـ s.th.) بشع baši‘ ugly; offensive, disgusting, distasteful, repugnant; unpleasant بشاعة bašā‘a ugly; offensive, disgusting, distasteful, repugnant; unpleasant بشاعة bašā‘a ugliness ابشع abša2 uglier; more repulsive 1باشق look up alphabetically 2بشقه (eg.; Turk. baška; invar.) different بشك VIII to lie, prevaricate بشاك baššāk liar ابتشاك ibtišāk lie, deceit, trickery 1بشكور baškūr pl. بشاكير bašākīr2 poker, fire iron 2بشكير balkir pl. بشاكير bašākīr2 towel بشلة (It.) bišilla pl. -āt bacillus بشم bašima a (bašam) to feel nauseated, be disgusted (من by s.th.), be fed up (من with) IV to nauseate, sicken, disgust (ه s.o.) بشم bašam surfeit, satiety, loathing, disgust بشمار bašmār (tun.) lacework, trimmings بشامرى bašāmirī (tun.) laceworker, lace-maker بشمق bašmaq slipper (worn by fuqahā’ and women) بشنة bašna (magr.) sorghum, millet بشنس bašan the ninth month of the Coptic calendar بشنوقة bašnūqa pl. بشانيق bašānīq2 kerchief tied under the chin (pal.) بشنين bašnīn lotus بص baṣṣa i (baṣṣ, بصيص basīṣ) to glow, sparkle, glitter, shine; -- (eg.) u to look بصة baṣṣ embers بصيص baṣīṣ glow, shine; glimpse, ray (e.g., of hope); lustrous, shining بصائص baṣā’iṣ lustrous, shining; (eg.) spy, detective بصبص baṣbaṣa (بصبصة baṣbaṣa) to wag (بذنبه bi-danabihi its tail); (eg.) to ogle, make sheep’s eyes, cast amorous glances بصخة baṣḳa see بسخة 2بصر baṣura a (baṣar) to look, see; to realize, understand, comprehend, grasp (ب s.th.) II to make (ه s.o.) understand or realize (هـ or ب s.th.), make (ه s.o.) aware (هـ or ب of s.th.); to enlighten 60 (هـ ه or ب ه s.o. on or as to s.th.); to tell, inform (هـ ه or ب ه s.o. about) IV to see (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make out, behold, perceive, discern, notice (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), set eyes on (هـ ه), catch sight of (هـ. ه); to recognize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to reflect (ب on). ponder (ب s.th.) V to look (هـ at), regard (هـ s.th.); to reflect (فى on s.th.), ponder (فى s.th.) X to have the faculty of visual perception, be able to see; to be endowed with reason, be rational, reasonable, intelligent; to reflect (فى on s.th.), ponder (فى s.th.) بصر baṣar pl. ابصار abṣār vision, eye-sight; glance, look; insight; sight, discernment, perception│قصير البصر shortsighted, myopic; لمح البصر lamḥ al-b.glance of the eye; كلمح البصر, في لمح البصر, دون لمح البصر (dūna), في اقل لمح البصر (aqalIa) in the twinkling of an eye, in a moment, in a flash. instantly; على مدى البصر (madā) within sight; له بصر ب فى is knowledgeable, in, h. is familiar with بصرى baṣarī optic(al), visual, ocular بصريات baṣarīyāt optics بصارة basāra perception, discernment; perspicacity, acuteness of the mind, sharp-wittedness بصير baṣīr pl. بصراء buṣarā’2 endowed with eyesight; acutely aware (ب of), having insight (ب into); possessing knowledge or understanding (ب of), discerning, discriminating, versed, knowledgeable, proficient (ب in), acquainted (ب with s.th.); بصيرة baṣīra pl. بصائر (keen) insight, penetration, discernment, understanding, (power of) mental perception, mental vision│عن بصيرة deliberately, knowingly; كان على بصيرة من to have insight into s.th., be informed about s.th.; نافذ البصيرة discerning, clear-sighted, perspicacious, sharp-witted; نفاذ البصيرة nafād al.-b. sharp discernment, perspicacity ابصر abṣar2 more discerning تبصرة tabṣira enlightenment; instruction, information تبصر tabaṣṣur reflection, consideration; penetration, clear-sightedness, perspicacity باصرة bāṣira pl. بواصر bawāṣir2 eye 2 البصرة al-baṣra Basra (port in S Iraq) بصق baṣaqa u to spit (على on s.o.) بصقة baṣqa (n. vic.) expectoration; (expectorated) spit, spittle, saliva بصاق buṣaq spit, spittle, saliva مبصقة mibṣaqa spittoon, cuspidor بصل baṣal (coll.; n. un. ة) onion(s); bulb(s)│ بصل الفار b. al-fa’r sea onion (Scilla verna) بصلى baṣālī bulbous بصيلة buṣaila pl. -āt, بصيلة الشعر b. aš-ša‘r bulb of the hair (anat.) بصم baṣama u (baṣm) to print, imprint (هـ s.th.); to stamp (هـ s.th.); to make, or leave, an imprint (هـ on) بصمة baṣma pl. baṣamāt imprint, impression│ بصمة الختمb. al-ḳatm stamp imprint, stamp; بصمة الاصابع fingerprint بصوة baṣwa embers بض baḍḍ tender-skinned بضع baḍa‘a a (baḍ‘) to cut, slash or slit open (هـ s.th.); to cut up, carve up, dissect, anatomize ( s.th.); to amputate (surg.) II to cut up, carve up, dissect, anatomize III to sleep (ها with a woman) IV to invest capital (هـ) profitably in a commercial enterprise V pass. of n; to trade; to shop, make purchase X to trade 61 بضع baḍ‘ amputation بضع biḍ‘ (commonly, with genit. pl. of f. nouns, بضعة with genit. pl. of m. nouns; in classical Arabic بضع with both genders) some, a few, several بضعة biḍ‘a pl. بضائع baḍā’i‘ piece (of meat); meat; see also biḍ‘ above بضع buḍ‘ vulva بضاعة biḍā‘a pl. بضائع baḍā’i2 goods, merchandise, wares, commodities; that which s.o. has to offer, which he has to &how, with which he is endowed (also attributes, qualities)│ قطار البضاعة freight train; اخرج ما عنده من بضاعة he said what he had intended to say مبضع mibḍa‘ pl. مباضع mabāḍi‘2 dissecting knife, scalpel ابضاع ibḍā‘ mandate for the management of affairs (lsl. Law); partnership in a limited company, capital investment مبضع mubḍi‘ pl. -ūn limited partner (com.) مستبضع mustabḍi‘ manager, managing agent (Isl. Law) بط baṯṯ (n. un. ة) duck; بطة baṯṯa leather flask│ بطة الساق calf (of the leg) بطؤ baṯu’a u (بطء buṯ’, بطاء biṯā’, بطاءة baṯa’a) to he slow; to he slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; to tarry, linger, wait, hesitate II to retard, slow down, delay, hold up (ب على s.o. in s.th.) IV to slow down, decelerate, retard, delay, hold up (هـ s.th.); to he slow, go or drive slowly, slow down; to be late (عن for s.th., in meeting s.o.), keep s.o. (عن) waiting V to be slow, tardy (فى in) VI to he slow, leisurely, unhurried; to go, drive, act or proceed slowly, leisurely; to he slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; to slow down X to find slow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to have to wait a long time (ه for s.o.), be kept waiting (ه by s.o.) بطء buṯ’ slowness, tardiness│ ببطء slowly, leisurely, unhurriedly بطئ baṯI’ pl. بطاء biṯā’ slow, unhurried; slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; tardy, late; sluggish, lazy; slow, gradual, imperceptible│O بطىء التردد b. at-taraddud of low frequency (el.) ابطأ abṯa’2 slower│ ابطأ من غراب نوح (gurābi nūḥ) tardier than Noah’s raven, i.e., slower than a ten years’ itch (proverbially of s.o. who ia very tardy) ابطاء ibṯā’ slowing down, retardation, deceleration, reduction of speed; tarrying, delay; slowness│ دون ابطاء without delay تباطؤ tabātu’ slowness; slowing down, retardation بطارية baṯṯārīya pl. -āt battery (el. and mil.) بطاطا baṯāṯā, بطاطا baṯāṯā sweet potato, yam بطاطس baṯāṯis potatoes بطاقة see بطق بطبط baṯbaṯa (بطبطة baṯbaṯa) to quack (duck) بطح baṯaḥa a (baṯḥ) to prostrate, lay low, fell, throw to the ground, throw down (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V and VII to he prostrated, be laid low; to lie prostrate, sprawl, stretch out; to extend, stretch; to lie ابطح abṯaḥ2 flat, level; (pl. اباطح abāṯiḥ2) basin-shaped valley, wide bed of a wadi بطحاء baṯḥā’ pl. بطاح biṯāḥ, بطحاوات baṯḥawāt basin-shaped valley; plain, level land, flatland, open country; (tun.) public square بطيحة baṯīḥa pl. بطائح baṯā’iḥ wide bed of a stream or wadi; a stagnant, shallow and broad body of water منبطح munbaṯiḥ prostrate; flat, level; level land, plain 62 بطيخ biṯṯīḳ, baṯṯīḳ (n. un. ة) melon, water-melon; baṯṯīḳ hub (of a wheel; syr.) مبطخة mabṯaḳa melon patch 1 بطر baṯira a (baṯar) to be wild, wanton, reckless; to be proud, vain; to be discontented (هـ with s.th.); to disregard (هـ s.th.) IV to make reckless بطر baṯar wantonness, cockiness, arrogance, hubris, pride, vanity اباطرة abāṯira (pl.) bona vivants, playboys, epicures 2البطراء al-baṯrā’ Petra (ancient city of Edomites and Nabataeans; ruins now in SW Jordan) بطرخ baṯraḳ pl. بطارخ baṯāriḳ2 roe (of fish) بطرس buṯrus Peter بطرشيل baṯrašīl and بطرشين baṯrašīn stole (Chr.) بطريق biṯrīq pl. بطارقة baṯāriqa, بطاريق baṯārīq2 patrician; Romaean general; penguin (zool.) بطرك baṯrak, بطريك baṯrīk, بطريرك baṯriyark pl. بطاركة baṯārika Patriarch (as. an ecclesiastic title, Chr.) بطركية baṯrakīya, بطريركية baṯriyarkīya patriarchate (Chr.) بطش baṯaša i u (baṯš) to attack with violence; to bear down on, fall upon s.o. (ب or فى); to knock out (ه s.o.); to hit, strike (ب s.th.). land with a thud (ب on) بطش baṯš strength, power, force, violence; courage, valor, bravery; oppression, tyranny بطشة baṯša impact بطاقة biṯāqa pl. –āt, بطائق baṯā’iq2 slip (of paper), tag; card, calling card; ticket; label│ بطاقة الزيارةcalling card; بطاقة شخصية (šaḳṣīya) and بطاقة التعريف identity card; بطاقة المواد الغذائية b. al-mawādd al-gidā’īya, بطاقة التموين food ration card; بطاقة المعايدة b. al-mu‘āyada greeting card 1 بطل baṯala u (buṯl, بطلان buṯlān) to be or become null, void, invalid, false, untenable, vain, futile, worthless; to be abolished, fall into disuse, become obsolete; to cease, stop, be discontinued; to be inactive. be oat of work II to thwart, foil, frustrate, make ineffective counteract, neutralize, nullify, invalidate (هـ s.th.); to abolish, cancel, annul, suppress (هـ s.th.) IV = II; to talk idly, prattle; to paralyze, immobilize, hold down, pin down (ه the opponent) بطل buṯl nullity; uselessness, futility. vanity; falsity, falseness, untruth بطالة biṯāla and baṯāla idleness, inactivity; free time, time off, holidays, vacations; unemployment بطال baṯṯāl pl. –ūn idle, inactive; unemployed, out of work بطلان buṯlān nullity; uselessness, futility, vanity; falsity, untruth; invalidity ابطال ibṯāl thwarting, frustration, invalidation; ruin, destruction; abolition, cancellation باطل bāṯil nugatory, vain, futile; false, untrue; absurd, groundless, baseless; worthless; invalid, null, void; deception, lie, falsehood; بالباطل and باطلا bāṯila falsely; futilely, in vain; pl. اباطيل abāṯīl2 vanities, trivialities, trifles, flimflam, idle talk, prattle مبطل mubṯil prattler, windbag; liar مبطل mubṯal nugatory, futile, vain متبطل mutabaṯṯil unemployed 2 بطل baṯula u (بطالة baṯāla, بطولة buṯūla) to be brave, be heroic, be a hero بطل baṯal pl. ابطال abṯāl brave, heroic; hero; champion, pioneer; hero, protagonist (of a narrative, etc.), lead, star 63 (of a play); champion (athlet.)│ بطل العالم b. Al-‘alam world champion بطلة baṯala heroine (of a narrative), female lead, star (of a play); woman champion (athlet..) بطالة baṯāla bravery, valor, heroism بطولة buṯūla bravery, valor, heroism; leading role, starring role (theater, film); championship (athlet.)│ البطولة العالمية (‘ālamīya) and بطولة العالم b. al-‘ālam world championship (athlet.); دور البطولة the part or role of the hero, leading role بطالسة baṯālisa Ptolemies بطم buṯm, buṯūm terebinth (bot.) 1 بطن baṯana u (baṯn, بطون bulan) to he hidden, concealed, to hide; -- baṯuna u (بطانة baṯāna) to be paunchy II to line (هـ a garment, ب هـ s.th. with); to cover the inside (ب هـ of s.th. with), hang, face, fill (ب هـ s.th. with) IV to hide, conceal, harbor (هـ s.th.) V to be lined, have a lining (garment); to penetrate, delve (هـ into), become absorbed, engrossed (هـ in) X to penetrate, delve (هـ into), become absorbed, engrossed (هـ in); to try to fathom (هـ s.th.); to fathom (هـ s.th.), get to the bottom of (هـ); to have profound knowledge (هـ of s.th.), know thoroughly, know inside out (هـ s.th.) بطن baṯn pl. بطون buṯūn, ابطن abṯun belly, stomach, abdomen; womb; interior, inside, inner portion; depth│ بطن القدم b. al-qadam sole of the foot; بطن الكف b. al-kaff palm of the hand; رقص البطن and رقص البطون raqṣ al-b. belly dance; فى بطن (baṯni) in, within, in the midst of; فى بطون inside, within, in; ولدت بطنا واحدا (waladat) she gave birth only once; بطنا لظهر (li-ẓahrin) upside down بطنى baṯnī ventral, abdominal بطن baṯin paunchy بطنة biṯna gluttony; overeating, indigestion بطان biṯān pl. ابطنة abṯina girth (of a camel) بطانة biṯāna pl. بطائن baṯā’in2 inside, inner side; lining (of a garment); retinue, suite, entourage│ فى بطانة among, amidst; within بطين baṯīn pl. بطان biṯān and مبطان mibṯān, paunchy, fat, corpulent, stout; gluttonous بطين buṯain ventricle (of the heart; anat.) بطانية baṯṯānīya pl. -āt, بطاطين baṯāṯīn2 cover; blanket; quilt باطن bāṯin pl. بواطن bawāṯin2 inner, interior, inward, inmost, intrinsic; hidden, secret; الباطنة coastal plain of E Oman; باطنا bāṯinan inwardly, secretly│ باطن الكف b. al-kaff palm of the hand; باطن القدم b. al-qadam sole of the foot; فى باطن الامر at bottom, after all, really; بواطن الامر the factors, circumstances or reasons at the bottom of s.th.; بواطن الارض b. al-arḍ the secret depths of the earth باطني bāṯinī internal│ مرض باطني (maraḍ) internal disease; الطب الباطني (ṯibb) internal medicine الباطنية al-bāṯinīya name of a school of thought in Islam, characterized by divining a hidden, secret meaning in the revealed texts مبطون mabṯūn affected with a gastric or intestinal ailment مبطن mubaṯṯan lined; filled (ب with) 2 بطن II (tun.) to full (هـ s.th.) باطان (Span. batán) bāṯān fulling mill باطية bāṯiya pl. بواط bawāṯin pitcher, jug بظ baẓẓa u to spout, gush out, well out بظر baẓr pl. بظور buẓur clitoris (anat.) 64 بعبع bu‘bu‘ pl. بعابع ba‘ābi‘2 bugaboo, bogey بعث ba‘ata a (ba‘t) to send, send out, dispatah (الى ب or هـ, ه s.o. or s.th. to); to forward (الى ب or هـ s.th. to); to delegate (ب or ه الى s.o. to); to emit (ب or هـ s. th.); to evoke, arouse, call forth, awaken (هـ s.th.); to stir up, provoke, bring on (هـ s.th.); to revive, resuscitate (هـ s.th.); to resurrect (ه s.o., من الموت from death); to incite, induce (على to s.th.), instigate, (على s.th.); to cause (على s.th.; e.g., astonishment)│بعث اليه هزة الخوف (hazzat al-ḳauf) to scare the wits out of s.o.; بعث روح الحياة في (rūḥa l-ḥayāh) to breathe life into s.th. or s.o., revive s.th. VII to be Bent out, be emitted, be dispatched, be delegated; to be triggered, be caused, be provoked; to be resurrected (من الموت from death); to originate (من in), come (من from), be caused (من by); to emanate (fragrance); to arise, spring, proceed, develop (من from), grow out of (من); to set out to do s.th. (with foll. imperf.) VIII to send, dispatch (ه s.o.) بعث ba‘t sending out, emission, dispatching, delegation, etc.; resurrection; pl. بعوث bu‘ūt delegations, deputations│حزب البعث ḥizb al-b. approx.: Renaissance Party, a political party with strong socialist tendencies; يوم البعث Day of Resurrection (from the dead) بعثة ba‘ta pl. ba‘atāt delegation, deputation, mission; expedition; student exchange; group of exchange students; revival, rebirth, renaissance, rise│ بعثة عسكرية (‘askarīya) military mission; بعثة دبلوماسية diplomatic mission; بعثة اثرية (atarīya) archaeological expedition; رئيس البعثة ra’īs al-b. chief of mission (dipl.) باعوث bā‘ūt Easter (Chr.) مبعث mab‘at sending, forwarding, dispatch; emission; awakening, arousal; -- (pl. مباعث mabā‘it2) cause; factor باعث bā‘it pl. بواعث bawā‘it2 incentive, inducement, motive, spur, reason, cause, occasion مبعوث mab‘ūt dispatched, delegated; envoy, delegate; representative, deputy (in the Ottoman Empire) منبعث munba‘at source, point of origin بعثر ba‘tara (بعثرة ba‘tara) to scatter, strew around, fling about (هـ s.th.); to disarrange, throw into disorder (هـ s.th.); to squander, waste, dissipate (هـ s.th.) II tabatara pass. مبعثر muba‘tar scattered, widespread بعج ba‘aja a (ba‘j) to slit open (هـ the belly); to groove, dent, notch (هـ s.th.) VII to have indentations or notches; to be bruised, dented, bumpy; to get battered منبعج munba‘ij notched, indented بعد ba‘uda u (bu'd) to be distant, far away, far off; to keep away, keep one’s distance (عن from); to go far beyond (عن), exceed by far (عن s.th.); to be remote, improbable, unlikely│بعد به عن he kept him away from; لا يبعد ان it is not unlikely that ... II to remove (ه s.o.); to banish, exile, expatriate (ه s.o.) III to cause a separation (بين between)│باعد بين فلان وبين الشيء to prevent s.o. from attaining s.th.; باعد بين اجفانه (ajfānihī) to stare wide-eyed IV to remove (هـ s.th.); to take away (هـ s.th.); to eliminate (هـ s.th.), do away with (هـ); to send away, dismiss (ه s.o.); to expatriate, banish, exile (ه s.o.); to exclude, make unlikely, improbable, impossible (هـ s.th.); to go or move far away; to go very far (فى in or with s.th.) VI to be separated, lie apart, lie at some distance from one another; to separate, part company, become estranged; to move away, go away, withdraw, depart (عن from); to keep away, keep one’s distance (عن from); to quit, leave, avoid (عن s.th.); to follow in regular 65 intervals VIII to move or go away; to keep away, withdraw (عن from); to quit, leave, avoid (عن s.th.); to leave out of consideration, disregard (عن s.th.) X to single out, set aside (هـ s.th.); to think remote, farfetched (هـ s.th.); to regard as unlikely (هـ s.th.); to disqualify (ه s.o.) بعد bu‘d remoteness, farness; (pl. ابعاد ab‘ād) distance; dimension; interval (mus.)│ على بعد and على البعد in the distance, far off; على بعد مئة متر at a distance of 100 meters; عن بعد and من بعد from a distance, from afar; ذو ثلاثة ابعاد three-dimensional; قياس الابعاد qiyās al-a. linear measure; بعد الهمة b. al-himma high aspirations, loftiness of purpose; بعد الشقة b. aš-šiqqa wide interval, wide gap; بعد الصيت b. aṣ-ṣīt renown, fame, celebrity; بعد الصوت b. aṣ-ṣaut do.; بعد النظر b. an-naẓar far sightedness, foresight; بعدا bu‘dan li away with ... ! بعد ba‘du then, thereupon; afterwards, later, after that, in the following; still, yet│ فيما بعد afterwards, later; اما بعد see 1اما; هو بعد صغير he is only a small boy, be is still young; لم يأت بعد (ya’ti) he hasn’t come yet بعد ba‘da (prep.) after; in addition to, beside; aside from│ بعد كونه ... (kaunihī) aside from the fact that he is ... ; بعد ذلك afterwards, after that, later (on); besides, moreover; بعد ذاك besides, moreover; بعد ان ba‘da an (conj.) after; اذ (id), بعد ما and من بعد ما (ba‘di) do.; سفه ما بعده سفه (safahun) the height of stupidity بعدئذ ba‘da’idin then, thereafter, thereupon, after that, afterwards بعيد ba‘īd pl. بعداء bu‘adā’, بعد bu‘ud, بعدان ba‘dān, بعاد bi‘ād distant, far away, fur (or from); remote, outlying, out-of-the-way; far-reaching, extensive; farfetched, improbable, unlikely; unusual, strange, odd, queer; incompatible, inconsistent (عن with)│ من بعيد from afar, from a distance; منذ عهد بعيد (‘ahd) along time ago; بعيد الاثر b. al-atar of far-reaching consequence; بعيد التاريخ remote in time, going way back in history, ancient; بعيد الشأر b. aš-ša’w high-minded, bold; بعيد الشقة b. aš-šiqqa far apart; بعيد الغور b. al-gaur deep; unfathomable; بعيد المدى b. al-madā long-distance, long-range; extensive, far-reaching; بعيد النظر b. an-naẓar farsighted; farseeing; بعيد المنال b. al-manāl hardly attainable, hard to get at; ذهب بعيدا to go far away, go to distant land.; تطلع الى بعيد to look off into the distance بعيد bu'aida (prep.) shortly after, soon after ابعد ab‘ad2 pl. اباعد abā‘d2 farther, remoter, more distant; more extensive; less likely, more improbable; pl. اباعد abā‘d2 very distant relative│الشرق الابعد (šarq) the Far East; الابعد the absent one (used as a polite periphrasis for s.o. who is being criticized or blamed for s.th.; also when referring to the 1st and 2nd persons) ابعادية ab‘adīya pl. -āt country estate تبعيد tab‘īd banishment بعاد bi‘ād distance مباعدة mubā‘ada sowing of dissension, estrangement, alienation ابعاد ib‘ād removal, separation, isolation; elimination; expatriation, banishment, deportation تباعد tabā‘ud interdistance; mutual estrangement مبعد mub‘ad deported; deportee متباعد mutabā‘id separate│ في فترات متباعدة (fatarāt) in wide intervals; في فترات متباعدة من الزمن (zaman) at infrequent intervals, from time to time مستبعد mustab‘ad improbable, unlikely 66 1 بعر ba‘r, ba‘ar, droppings, dung (of animals) 2 بعير ba‘īr pl. ابعرة ab‘ira, بعران bu‘ran, اباعر abā‘ir2, بعارين ba‘ārīn2 camel بعزق ba‘zaqa (بعزقة ba‘zaqa) to scatter, dissipate, squander, waste (هـ s.th.) مبعزق muba'ziq squanderer, spendthrift, wastrel بعض II to divide into parts or portions (هـ s.th.) V to be divided, be divisible بعض ba‘ḍ part, portion; one; some, a few; a little of, some of│ بعض العلماء b. al-‘ulamā’ one (or Borne) of the scholars; رفعنا بعضهم فوق بعض (rafa‘na) we have exalted some of them above the others; البعض—البعض الآخر some—some, a few others; بعضهم بعضا one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally; بعضه فى بعض one in the other, within one another; بعض الشيء ba‘ḍa š-šai’ to some extent, somewhat, a little, rather; ماثلة بعض المماثلة (ba‘ḍa l-m.) he resembled him somewhat, to some extent; منذ قرن وبعض قرن (qarn) for the last hundred years and more بعوض ba‘ūḍ (n. un. ة) gnats, mosquitoes تبعيض tab‘īḍ division, partition. portioning بعكوكة bu‘kūka club, society بعل ba‘l the god Baal; land or plants thriving on natural water supply; -- (pl. بعول bu‘ū, بعولة bu‘ūla) lord; husband بعلة ba'w wife بعلى ba‘l, unirrigated (land. plants) بعلبك ba‘lbakk2 Baalbek (ancient Heliopolis, village in E Lebanon) بغت bagata a (bagt, بغتة bagta) to come unexpectedly, descend unawares (ه upon s.o.) III do.; to surprise (. s.o.) VII to be taken by surprise; to be taken aback, be aghast, he nonplused بغتة bagta surprising event, surprise; bagtatan, على بغتة bagtatin all of a sudden, suddenly, surprisingly مباغتة mubāgata sudden arrival, surprising incident or event, surprise; sudden attack, raid بغاث bugāt pl. بغثان bigtan small birds بغادة see بوغادة بغدد II tabagdada to swagger, throw one's weight around, be fresh (properly, to behave like one from Baghdad) بغداد bagdād2 Baghdad بغدادى bagdādī pl. -ūn, بغاددة bagādida a native of Baghdad 1 بغش bagaša a: بغشت السماء (samā’u) there was a light shower بغشة bagša light rain shower 2بغشة bugša = بقشة 3بغاشة bagāša stuffed pastry made of flour, eggs and butter بغض bagiḍa a, baguḍa u (bugḍ, بغاضة bagāḍa) to be hated, hateful, odious II to make (ه s.o.) hateful (الى to s.o.) III to loathe, detest, hate (ه s.o.) IV to loathe, detest, hate (ه s.o.) VI to hate each other بغض bugḍ, بغضة bigḍa and بغضاء bagḍā’2 hatred, hate بغيض bagīḍ, hateful, odious (الى to s.o.), loathsome, abominable تباغض tabāguḍ mutual hatred مبغوض mabgūḍ detested, hateful, odious مبغض mubgiḍ pl. -ūn hater; -- mubgaḍ detested, hateful, odious بغل bagl pl. بغال bigāl, ابغال abgal mule; بغلة bagla pl. bagalāt female mule│ بغال القنطرة b. al-qanṯara the piers of the bridge بغال baggāl pl. -ūn mule driver, muleteer 67 بغى bagā i (بغاء bugā’) to seek, desire, covet, seek to attain (هـ s.th.), wish for s.th. (هـ); -- (bagy) to wrong, treat unjustly (على s.o.) , to oppress (على s.o.), commit outrage (على upon); to whore, fornicate VII ينبغى it is desirable, necessary; it is proper, appropriate, seemly, it ought to be, should be; with له: it behooves him, with عليه: he must, he should, he ought to VIII to seek, desire (هـ s.th.), aspire (هـ to s.th.), strive (هـ for) بغى bagy infringement, outrage, injustice, wrong بغى bagīy pl. بغايا bagāyā whore, prostitute بغية bugya object of desire, wish, desire, bugyata (prep.) with the aim of, for the purpose of بغاء bigā’ prostitution بغاء bugā’ wish(ing), desire, endeavor, effort مبغى mabgan pl. مباغ mabāgin brothel مباغ mabāgin coveted things, desiderata, wishes, desires ابتغاء ibtigā’ desire, wish; ibtigā’a (prep.) for the purpose of باغ bāgin pl. بغاة bugāh desiring, coveting, striving; committing outrages, oppressive, unjust; oppressor, tyrant مبتغى mubtagan aspired goal, aspiration, desire, endeavor, effort بفتة bafta calico, Indian cotton cloth بفتيك biftēk beefsteak 1 بق baqq (n. un. ة) bedbug, chinch│شجرة البق elm (bol.) 2 بق baqqa u (baqq) to give off in abundance بقاق baqqāq garrulous, loquacious, chatterbox, prattler بقبق baqbaqa (بقبقة baqbaqa) to gurgle, bubble, splutter, purl (water); to chatter, prattle بقباق baqbāq garrulous, loquacious, chatterbox, prattler بقبوقة baqbūqa blister (of the skin) بقجة buqja pl. بقج buqaj bundle, pack, package بقدونس baqdūnis, baqdūnas parsley بقر baqara u to split open, rip open, cut open (هـ s.th.) IV do. بقر baqar (coll.) bovines, cattle; n. un. بقرة baqara pl. -āt cow بقرى baqarī bovine, cattle-, cow- (in compounds) بقار baqqār pl. ة cowhand, cowboy بقس baqs box, boxwood (bot.) بقسمات buqsumāt rusk, zwieback; biscuit بقشة buqša Yemenite copper coin بقشيش baqšīš pl. بقاشيش baqāšīš2 present of money; tip, gratuity, baksheesh بقع II to spot, stain, smudge; (هـ s.th.) V to become stained, get smudged; to be spotted, stained بقعة buq‘a pl. بقع buqa‘, بقاع biqā‘ spot, blot, smudge, stain; place, spot, site, plot. patch, lot ابقع abqa‘2 spotted, speckled باقعة bāqi‘a pl. بواقع bawāqi‘ sly dog, shrewd fellow بقل baqala u (baql) to sprout (plant) بقل baql (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. بقول buqūl, ابقال abqāl herbs, potherbs, greens, herbaceous plants, specif., legumes│ الفصيلة البقلية the Leguminosae; البقلة الباردة hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.), البقلة الحمقاء (ḥamqā’) purslane (bot.), البقلة الذهبية (dahabīya) garden orach (bot.), بقلة الخطاطيف celandine (bot.), بقلة الملك b. al-malik common fumitory (bot.) 68 بقال baqqāl pl. -ūn بقالة baqqāla greengrocer; grocer بقالة biqāla the grocery business بقلاوة baqlāwa, بقلاوا a kind of Turkish delight, pastry made of puff paste with honey and almonds or pistachios بقام baqqām brazilwood بقي baqiya a (بقاء baqā’) to remain, stay, continue to be (على in a state or condition); to keep up, maintain (على a state or condition); to be left behind, be left over; to last, continue, go on; (with foll. imperf. or part.) to continue to do s.th., keep doing s.th.; to become│لم يبق طفلا (yabqa ṯiflan) he is no longer a child II to leave, leave over, leave behind (هـ s.th.) IV to make (ه s.o.) stay; to retain, leave unchanged, leave as it is, preserve, maintain, keep up (هـ s.th.); to leave, leave over, leave behind (هـ s.th. ه s.o.); to leave untouched, save, spare (على s.o., s.th., e.g., s.o.’s life) V to remain, stay, continue to be (على in a state or condition); to be left, be left over X to make stay, ask to stay, hold back, detain (ه s.o.); to spare, save, protect (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to preserve (هـ s.th.); to retain, keep (هـ s.th.); to store, put away (هـ s.th.) بقية baqīya pl. بقايا baqāyā remainder, rest; remnant, residue│ بقية الدول b. ad-duwal the remaining countries, the rest of the countries; البقية الباقية (bāqiya) the last remnant بقاء baqā’ remaining, staying, lingering, abiding; continuation, continuance, duration; survival, continuation of existence after life; immortality, eternal life; existence; permanence│دار البقاء the hereafter ابقى abqā more lasting. more durable. more permanent; better preserving; conducive to longer wear. better protecting ابقاء ibqā’ continuation, retention; maintenance, conservation, preservation│ ابقاء الحالة على ما كانت عليه maintenance of the status quo استبقاء istibqā’ continuation, retention; maintenance, conservation, preservation باق bāqin staying; remaining; left; remainder (arith.); lasting, continuing, permanent, unending; surviving; living on; everlasting, eternal (God)│ الباقيات الصالحات the good works متبق mutabaqqin residue, remnant, remainder, rest بك bē (Eg. pronunciation) pl. بكوات bakawāt, بهوات bahawāt bey (title of courtesy; cf. بيك) بكوية bekawīya rank of a bey بكيء bakī’ pl. بكاء bikā’ having or giving little, sparing (e.g., of words) بكاسين bikāsīn bécassine, snipe (zool.) بكالوريا (Fr. baccalauréat) bakālōriyā baccalaureate, bachelor’s degree بكالوريوس bakālōriyūs bachelor (academic degree) بكباشى (Turk. binbaşı) bimbāšī, bikbāšī major (mil; formerly, Eg.) بكت to censure, blame (ه s.o.) تبكيت tabkīt blame, reproach│ تبكيت الضمير remorse بكتيرى baktērī bacterial, caused by bacteria بكتيريا baktēriyā bacteria بكر bakara u to set out early in the morning, get up early; to come early (الى to), be early (الى at) II do.; بكر فى and بكر ب with foll. verbal noun: to do s.th. early, prematurely, ahead of its time III to be ahead of s.o. (ه), anticipate, forestall (ه s.o.) IV = I; VIII to be the first to take (هـ s.th.), be the first to embark (هـ 69 on s.th.); to deflower (ها a girl): to invent (هـ s.th.); to create, originate, start (هـ s.th.) بكر bakr pl. ابكر abkur, بكران bukrān young camel بكر bikr pl. ابكار abkār first-born, eldest; firstling: unprecedented, novel, new; virgin; virginal بكرى bikrī first-born, first بكرية bikrīya primogeniture بكرة bakra and bakara pl. بكر bakar, -āt reel; pulley (mech.); spool, coil; winch, windlass│ خيط بكرة ḳaiṯ b. thread بكرة bakra: على بكرة ابيهم ‘alā bakrati abīhim, عن بكرة ابيهم and عن بكرتهم all without exception, all of them, all together; خرجت الجماهير عن بكرتها the crowd went forth as one man بكرة bukra pl. بكر bukar early morning; بكرة bukratan early in the morning; tomorrow; on the following day, next day بكير bakīr coming early; early, premature; precocious بكور bakūr and باكور bākūr coming early; early, premature; precocious بكور bukūr earliness, prematureness, premature arrival│ بكورى فى العود (‘aud) my early return بكارة bakāara virginity بكارة bakkāra pulley (mech.)│ بكارة مركبة (murakkaba) set of pulleys, block and tackle بكورة bukūra and بكورية bukūrīya primogeniture باكورة bakūra pl. بواكير bawākīr2 firstlings; first results, first fruits; beginning, rise, dawn; (with foll. genit.) initial, early, first; pl. بواكير first signs or indications; initial symptoms; heralds, harbingers (fig.)│ باكورة الفواكه early fruit; كان باكورة اعماله the first thing he did was... ابكر abkar2 rising earlier مبكر mibkār precocious ابتكار ibtikār pl. -āt novelty, innovation; creation; invention; origination, first production; initiative; creativity, originality; pl. ابتكارات specif., creations of fashion, fashion designs باكر bākir early; premature; باكرا bākiran in the morning; early (adv.)│فى الصباح الباكر (ṣabāḥ) early in the morning; الى الباكر till tomorrow باكرة bākira pl. بواكر bawākir2 firstlings, first produce, early fruits, early vegetables; pl. first indications or symptoms, heralds, harbingers مبكر mubakkir doing early; early;│ مبكرا mubakkiran early in the morning, early مبتكر mubtakir creator; creative; inventor; -- mubtakar newly created, novel, new, original; (pl. -āt) creation, specif., fashion creation, invention│ثوب مبتكر (taub) original design, model. dress creation بكرج bakraj pl. بكارج bakārij2 kettle, coffee pot بكسماد, بكسماط, see بقسمات بكل II to buckle, buckle up, button up (هـ s.th.); to fold, cross (هـ the arms) بكلة bukla pl. بكل bukal, -āt buckle بكلاه (It. baccalá) bakalāh codfish بكلوريوس bakalōriyūs bachelor (academic degree) بكم bakima a to be dumb: -- bakuma u to be silent, hold one’s tongue IV to silence (ه s.o.) V to become silent; to become dumb بكم bakam dumbness ابكم abkam2, f. بكماء bakmā’, pl. بكم bukm dumb 70 بكوات and بكوية see بك بكى bakā i (بكاء bukā’, بكى bukan) to cry, weep (على over); to bemoan, lament, bewail (ه s.o.), mourn (ه for) II and IV to make (ه s.o.) cry X to move (ه s.o.) to tears, make (ه s.o.) cry بكاء bakkā’ given to weeping frequently, tearful, lachrymose حائط المبكى ḥā’iṯ al-mabkā the Wailing Wall (in Jerusalem) باكية bākiya pl. بواك bawākin wailing-woman, hired mourner; (eg.) arch, arcade باك bākin pl. بكاة bukāh weeping, crying; weeper, wailer, mourner مبك mubkin, mubakkin, causing tears, tearful; sad, lamentable, deplorable بكين bikīn Peking 1بل bal (also with foll. و wa-) nay, --rather... ; (and) even; but, however, yet 2بل balla u (ball) to moisten, wet, make wet (هـ s.th., ه s.o.);--balla i to recover (من مرض from an illness) II to moisten, wet, make wet (هـ s.th., ه s.o.) IV to recover (من مرض from an illness) V and VIII to be moistened, be wetted; to become wet بل ball moistening, wetting; moisture بل bill recovery, convalescence, recuperation بلة billa moisture, humidity│ ما زاد الطين بلة mā zālda ṯ-ṯīna billatan what made things even worse ... بل balal moisture, humidity; moistness, dampness, wetness بليل balīl a moist, cool wind بليلة balīla (eg.) dish made of stewed maize and sugar ابلال iblāl recovery, convalescence, recuperation بل taballul moistness, dampness, humidity مبلول mablūl, مبلل muballal, مبتل mubtall moist, damp, wet 3بلى billī (from Fr. bille): كرسي بلى (kursī) ball bearing بلا see 2ب بلاتين, ﭙلاتين blātī., plātīn platinum بلاج (Fr. plage) blāž beach بلاجرا balagrā pellagra بلارج balāraj stork بلاستيك (Fr. p1astique) blāstīk plastik بلاط see بلط بلاك (Engl. plug) spark plug (ir.) بلان, بلانة see بلن بلبط balbaṯa to gurgle 1بلبل balbala to disquiet, make uneasy or restive, stir up, rouse, disturb, trouble, confuse (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) II tabalbala to feel uneasy, be anxious; to be or become confused, get all mixed up بلبلة balbala pl. بلابل balābil2 anxiety, uneasiness, concern; confusion, muddle, jumble, chaos بلبال balbāl anxiety, uneasiness, concern بلابل balabil2 anxieties, apprehensions تبلبل tabalbul muddle, confusion│بلبل الالسنة t. al-alsina confusion of tongues (at the tower of Babel) 2بلبل bulbul pl. بلابل balabil2 nightingale بلج balaja u (بلوج bulūj) to shine; to dawn (morning, aurora); -- balija a (balaj) to be happy, be glad (ب about), be delighted (ب at) IV to shine (sun) V and VII = balaja ابلج ablaj2 gay, serene, bright, clear, fair, nice, beautiful انبلاج الفجر inbilāj al-fajr daybreak بلجيكا beljīka Belgium بلجيكى beljīkī Belgian (adj. and n.) بلح balaḥ (coll.; n. un. ة) dates (bot.) بلد baluda u (بلادة balada) to be stupid, idiotic, dull-witted II to acclimatize, habituate (هـ s.th., to a country or region) V pass. of II; to become .tupid, be.otted, lapse into a state of idiocy; to show o.s. from the stupid side VI to feign stupidity بلد balad m. and f., pl. بلاد bilād country; town, city; place, community, village; بلاد country; بلدان buldān countries│ بلاد الحبش b. al-ḥabaš Ethiopia; بلاد الصين b. aṣ-ṣīn China; بلاد الهند b. al-hind India بلدة balda town, city; place, community, village; rural community; township بلدى baladī native, indigenous, home (as opposed to foreign, alien); (fellow) citizen, compatriot, countryman; a native; communal, municipal│ مجلس بلدى (majlis) city council, local council بلدية baladīya pl. -āt township, community, rural community; ward, district (of a city); municipality, municipal council, local authority بليد balīd and ابلد ablad2 stupid, doltish, dull-witted, idiotic بلادة balāda stupidity, silliness تبلد taballud idiocy, dullness, obtuseness, apathy متبلد mutaballid besotted, dull, stupid ابليز look up alphabetically ابليس pl. ابالسة look up alphabetically بلسان ba1asān balsam, balm; balsam tree; black older (bot.) بلسم balsam pl. بلاسم balāsim2 balsam, balm بلسم balsamī balsamic, balmy بلشف balšafa to Bolshevize II tabalšafa to be Bolshevized بلشفة balšafa Bolshevization بلشفى bulšifī pl. بلاشفة balāšifa Bolshevist(ic); Bolshevik, Bolshevist بلشفية bulšifīya Bolshevism بلشون balašūn heron (zool.) 1بلص balaṣa u (balš) and II to extort wring forcibly (من ه from s.o. s.th.); to blackmail (ه s.o.) بلص balṣ extortion, blackmail; forcible imposition of taxes 2بلاص ballāṣ pl. بلاليص balālīṣ2 (eg.) earthenware jar 1بلط II to pave (هـ s.th., with flagstones or tiles) بلاط balāṯ pavement, tiled floor; floor tiles; palace; pl. ابلطة abliṯa floor tiles│البلاط الملكى (malakī) the royal court; حداد البلاط ḥidād al-b. court mourning بلاطة balāṯa floor tile; flagstone, slabstone; paving stone تبليط tablīṯ paving, tile-laying مبلط muballaṯ paved, tiled 2بلوط ballūṯ oak; acorn 3بلطة balta pl. -āt, بلط bulaṯ ax بلطجى balṯajī pl. -īya engineer, sapper, pioneer (mil.); gangster; procurer, panderer, pimp; sponger, hanger-on, parasite 4بلطة balaṯa balata gum 5بلطو (Fr. paletot) balṯō pl. –āt, بلاطى balāṯī paletot, overcoat 6بلطى bulṯī bolti (Tilapia nilotica), a food fish of the Nile بلطيق al-.balṯīq the Baltic countries│ بحر البلطيق baḥr al-b. the Baltic Sea بلوظة bālūẓa hand pres.; (eg.) a kind of cream made of cornstarch, lemon juice and honey, or the like بلع bala‘a and bali‘a a (bal‘) to swallow, swallow up (هـ s.th.); to gulp down (هـ s.th.); to put up (هـ with s.th.), swallow, stomach, brook (هـ s.th.)│ بلع ريقه (rīqahū) lit.: to swallow one’s saliva, i.e., to catch one’s breath, take a little rest, have a break; to restrain o.s., hold back (said of one in a rage) II and IV to make (ه s.o.) swallow (هـ s.th.)│ بلعه ريقه (rīqahū) to grant s.o. a short rest VIII = I بلعة bal‘a large bite, big gulp بلاعة ballā‘a, بلوعة ballū‘a pl. –āt, بلاليع ba1ālī‘2 sink, drain بالوعة bālū‘a pl. –āt, بواليع bawālī‘2 sewer, sink, drain بلعم bul‘um pl. بلاعم balā‘im2 and بلعوم bul‘ūm pl. بلاعيم balā‘īm2 pharynx (anat.); بلعوم gullet, esophagus (anat.) 1بلغ balaga u (بلوغ bulūg) to reach (ه s.o. هـ s.th.), get (هـ, ه to), arrive (هـ at); to come, amount (هـ to), be worth (هـ so and so much); to come to s.o.’s (ه) ears; to attain puberty (boy); to ripen, mature (fruit, or the like); to come of age; to exhaust, wear out (من s.o.); to act (من upon s.o.), have its effect (من on), affect (من s.o.); to go far (فى, من in s.th.), attain a high degree (فى, من of s.th.)│ بلغ به الىto make s.o. or s.th. get to or arrive at, lead or take s.o. or s.th. to, get s.o. or s.th. to the point where, بلغ به الترنح ان (tarannuḥ) he began to reel so violently that ... ; بلغ الامر مبلغ الجد (mablaga l-jidd) the matter became serious; بلغ السيل الزبى b. s-sailu z-zubā the matter reached a climax, things came to a head; بلغ مبلغ الرجال (mablaga r-rijāl) to be sexually mature, attain manhood, come of age; بلغ اشده (ašuddahū) to attain full maturity, come of age; to reach its climax; بلغ فى الشيء مبلغا (mablagan) to attain a high degree of s.th.; حين بلغت بذكرياتي هذا المبلغ (ḥīna, dikrayātī, mablaga) when I had come to this point in my reminiscences; بلغ منه كل مبلغ (kulla mablagin) to work havoc on s.o.; بلغ منتهاه (muntahāhū) to reach its climax, come to a head II to make (ه s.o.) reach or attain (هـ s.th.); to take bring (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.) see that s.th. (هـ) gets (الى to); to convey, transmit, impart, communicate, report (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to inform, notify (هـ ه s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (هـ ه s.o. about); to report (عن about), give an account of (عن); to inform (عن against s.o.), report, denounce (عن s.o.)│ بلغ رسالة to fulfill a mission, بلغه سلامى ballighu salāmī give him my best regards! III to exaggerate (فى in s.th.); to overdo. do too long (فى s.th.); to go to greatest lengths, do one’s utmost (فى in) IV to make (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) reach or attain (الى s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) amount (الى to), raise (هـ an amount, a salary, الى to); to inform, notify (ب or عن s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (ب or عن ه s.o. about); to announce, state, disclose (هـ s.th.); to inform (عن against s.o.), report, denounce (عن s.o.)│ابلغ البوليس ب to report s.th. to the police V to content o.s., be content (ب with); to eke out an existence; to still one’s hunger (ب with), eat (ب s.th.): to b. delivered, be transmitted سمعا لا بلاغا sam‘an lā balāgan! may it be heard but not fulfilled, i.e. God forbid! (used at the mention of s.th. unpleasant) بلغة bulga and بلاغ balāg sufficiency, competency, adequacy (see also 2 بلغة below) بلاغ balāg pl. -āt communication, information, message, report; announcement, proclamation; communiqué; statement; notification (of the police)│بلاغ اخير ultimatum بليغ balīg pl. بلغاء bulagā’ eloquent; intense, lasting, deep, profound (e.g., an impression); serious, grave (e.g., an injury) بلوغ bulūg reaching, attainment, arrival (at); maturity, legal majority بلاغة balāga eloquence; art, of good style, art of composition; literature│ علم البلاغة ‘ilm al-b. rhetoric ابلغ ablag2 intenser, deeper, more lasting; more serious, graver مبلغ mablag pl. مبالغ mabālig2 amount, sum of money; extent, scope, range; (see also examples under بلغ I)│ مبلغ اسمى (ismī) nominal par; المبالغ المودعة (mūda‘a) the deposits (at a bank); ليتبين مبلغ قولى من الجد (li-yatabayyana, qaulī, jidd) in order to find, out to what extent my words were meant seriously تبليغ tablīg pl. -āt conveyance, transmission, delivery (الى to s.o.); information (عن about); report, notification (عن of); communication, announcement, notice│ كتاب التبليغ credentials مبالغة mubalaga pl. -āt exaggeration ابلاغ iblāg conveyance, transmission بالغ bālig extensive, far-reaching; considerable; serious (wound), deep, profound, violent, vehement (feelings), strong, intense; mature; of age, legally major مبلغ muballig bearer (of news), messenger; informer, denouncer; detective 2بلغة bulga, balga pl. -āt, bulag slipper of yellow leather بلغاريا bulgāriyā Bulgaria بلغارى bugārī Bulgarian (adj. and n.) بلغم balgam phlegm; (pl. بلاغم balagim2) expectoration, sputum بلغمى balgamī phlegmatic; phlegmy, mucous بلف balafa i (balf) to bluff II do. بلف balf, بلفة balfa bluff ابلق ablaq2 piebald بلقيس bilqīs2 Muslim name of the Queen of Sheba البلقان al-balqān the Balkans بلقانى balqānī Balkan بلقع balqa‘ and بلقعة balqa‘a pl. بلاقع balāqi‘2 wasteland بلك see بلوك بلكون balkōn balcony 1بلم balam anchovy 2بلم balam pl. ابلام ablām sailing barge (ir.) 3بلم IV to be silent, hold one's tongue بلان ballān bathhouse attendant; name of a plant growing near stagnant waters بلانة ballāna female bathhouse attendant; lady's maid بلنسية balansiya2 Valencia (region and city in E Spain) بلين pl. بلالين look up alphabetically بله baliha a to be stupid, simple-minded VI to feign foolishness, pretend to be stupid X to deem (هـ s.o.) stupid or simple-minded بله balah and بلاهة balāha stupidity, foolishness, simple-mindedness; idiocy, imbecility│بلاهة مبكرة (mubakkira) dementia praecox بله balha let alone, not to speak of, not to mention ابله ablah2 stupid, doltish, dull-witted; idiotic بلهارسيا bilkarsiyā bilharziasis, schistosomiasis (med.) بلهنية bulahniya abundance, wealth, variety (of earthly possessions) 1بلهوان see بهلوان 2□ بلهون bulhōn pl. بلاهين balāhīn2 (= ابو الهول eg.) sphinx (بلو and بلى) بلا balā u (balw, بلاء balā’) to test, try, put to the test (هـ s.o., • s.tb.); to know from long experience (هـ s.th.); to afltict (هـ s.o.); -- بلى baliya a (بلى bilan, بلاء balā’) to be or become old, worn, shabby (clothes); to dwindle away, vanish; to deteriorate, decline, become decrepit; to disintegrate (a corpse), decay, rot, spoil III to care, be concerned (ب or هـ, ه about), be mindful (ب or هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.); to pay attention (ب or هـ to), mind, heed, take into consideration, take into account (ب or هـ s.th.); to take notice (ب of)│ما ابالى mā ubālī, لا ابالى I don’t care! I don’t mind! it's all right with me! لا يبالى (as a relat. clause) unconcerned, heedless, careless, reckless IV to try, test, put to the test (هـ s.o.); to make experienced, harden, inure (ه s.o.; said of trials, experiences); to work havoc (هـ on s.th.); to wear out (هـ s.th.) │ابلى بلاء حسنا (balā’an ḥasanan) to stand the test; to prove o.s. brave (in war) VIII to try, tempt, put to the test (هـ s.o.); to afflict (ب ه s.o. with), visit (ب ه on s.o. s.th.); pass. ubtuliya to become or be afflicted (ب with, by), suffer (ب from) بلى bilan decline, deterioration; decay, putrefaction, decomposition; worn condition; wear; shabbiness بلي balīy worn, old, shabby, threadbare; decrepit, dilapidated, decaying, decomposed, rotten بلية balīya pl. بلايا balāyā trial, tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune, calamity بلاء balā’ trial. tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune; scourge, plague; creditable performance, bravery, gallantry, heroic action│بلاء حسن (ḥasan) favor, blessing, grace (of God); good performance بلوى balwā trial; tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune, calamity; necessity, need│عمت البلوى (‘ammat) it has become a general necessity مبالاة mubālāh consideration, regard, heed, attention│ لا مبالاةlā-mubālāh indifference, unconcern, carelessness ابتلاء ibtilā’ trial, tribulation, affliction, visitation بال bālin old, worn, worn out; shabby, threadbare, ragged, tattered; decrepit, dilapidated; decayed, rotten; obsolete, antiquated مبال mubālin observant, heedful, mindful (ب of)│ غير مبال بheedless of مبتلى mubtalan (less correctly مبتل mubtalin) afflicted (ب with, by), suffering (ب from) بلور II tabalwara to crystalize; to be crystalized; to be covered with crystals بلور ballūr, billaur pl. -āt crystal; crystal glass, flint glass, glass│O بلور صخرى (ṣaḳrī) rock crystal, transparent quartz بلورة billaura (n. un.) pl. -āt crystal; crystal glass, flint glass, glass; tube (radio); crystal, quartz plate (of a detector; radio); (syr., pronounced ballōra) negative (phot.) بلورى ballūrī, billaurī crystalline; crystal (adj.) بلورية ballūrīya, billaurīya pl. -āt lense (opt.) مبلور mubalwar: فواكه مبلورة candied fruits 75 بلوز (Fr. blouse) bəlūz, bəlūza pl. –āt blouse بلوك (Turk. bölük) bulūk pl. -āt company (mil.; Eg.)│ بلوك امينb. amīn (mil.) approx.: quartermaster sergeant (formerly, Eg.) بلون ballūn balloon 1 بلى balā yes, yes indeed, certainly, surely 2 بلى baliya etc., see بلو بلياتشو (It. paglaccio) palyatšō clown, buffoon بلياردو (It. bigliardo) bilyardō billiards بليسيه bilīsēh plissé, pleating 1 بلين ballīn pl. بلالين balālīn2 pallium, liturgical vestment of a bishop worn over the chasuble (Chr.); monk's robe (Copt.•Chr.) 2 بليون balyūn pl. بلايين balayīn (U.S.) billion, (G.B.) milliard; (U.S.) trillion, (G.B.) billion بم bamm lowest string of a musical instrument بمباغ bumbāg, بمباغة bumbāga bow tie بمباى bombāy Bombay بامية look up alphabetically 1 بن V تبنى to adopt as son (ه s.o.); to adopt. embrace (هـ s.th.) ابن ibn pl. ابناء abnā’, بنون banūn son; descendant. scion; offspring, son (of a nation or people)│ ابن آدم pl. بنو آدم (son of Adam) man, human being; ابن آوى ibn āwā jackal; ابن البلد ibn a1-balad local inhabitant, native; ابناء البلد natives, native population; ابن الحرب ibn al-ḥarb warrior; soldier; warlike, bellicose; ابن السبيل wayfarer, wanderer; ابن خمسين سنة 50 years old; ابن ساعته ibn sā‘atihī temporal, transient, passing; ابن صلبه ibn ṣulbihī his own son; ابن عرس ibn ‘irs weasel; بنو ماء السماء banū mā’ as-samā’ the Arsbs; بنو سويف Beni Suef (city in Egypt, S of Cairo) ابنة ibna and بنت bint pl. بنات banāt daughter; بنت girl│ ابنة العم i. al-‘amm (female) cousin; periphrastically for wife: ابنة عمك your wife; بنت الفك b. a1-fikr pl. بنات الافكار thought, idea; بنات الارض b. a1-arḍ insects and worms; بنات بئس b. bi’s calamities, afflictions; بنات الدهر b. ad-dahr do.; بنت الشفه b. aš-šafa word; بنات الصدر b. aṣ-ṣadr worries, fears, anxieties; بنات وردان b. wardāna earth worms, rainworms بني bunaiya my little son بنوة bunuwwa sonship, filiation بنوى banawi filial تبن tabannin adoption (also fig., e.g. of ideas, principles, etc.) 2 بن bunn coffee beans, coffee بنى bunnī coffee-colored, brown بنان banān finger tips│ يشار عليه ببنان (yušāru lit.: he is pointed at with fingers, i.e., he is famous man; انا طوع بنانك anā tau‘a banānika I am at your disposal, I am at your service بنادورة banādōra (syr.; from It. pomodoro) tomato(es) بنارس banāris2 Banaras or Benares (the Holy City of the Hindus, in N India) بنباشى see بكباشى بنت see 1 بن بنتو bintū napoleon, louis d'or (gold coin of 20 francs) بنج II to dope, narcoticize (with banj; ه s.o.); to anesthetize (. s.o.) بنج banj henbane (Hyoscyamus niger; bot); an anesthetic, a narcotic البنجاب al-banjāb the Punjab (region, NW Indian subcontinent) بنجر banjar red beet (eg.) بند band pl. بنود bunūd article, clause, paragraph (of a. la.w, contract, etc.); banner; large body of troops بندر bandar pl. بنادر banādir2 seaport; commercial center; district capital (Eg.); بنادر see also under بنديرة below│ بندر عباس ‘abbās Bandar Abbas (seaport in S Iran) بندورة look up alphabetically بندق bunduq (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. بنادق banādiq2 hazelnut(s), filberts; hazel, hazel tree; بندقة hazelnut, filbert; bullet بندقى bunduqī Venetian sequin بندقية bunduqīya pl. بنادق banādiq2 rifle, gun│ بندقية رش b. rašš shotgun البندقية al.bunduqīya Venice بندقانى bunduqani pl. -ūn, بنادقة banādiqa a Venitian بندوق bundūq pl. بناديق banādīq2 bastard بندورة banadōra (syr.; from It. pomodoro) tomatoes احمر بندورى aḥmar2 banadōrī tomato-red بندول (Fr. pendule) bandūl pendulum بنديرة (Span. bandera) bandēra pl. بنادر banadir2 pennon, flag, banner بنور bannūr (= بلور ballūr) glass بنزهير banzahīr bezoar, bezoar stone بنزين banzīn, benzīn gasoline, benzine بنس (Engl.) pence بنسلين benisilīn penicillin بنسيه (Fr. pensée) banēh pansy (bot.) بنسيون bansiyōn pl. -āt boardinghouse; boarding school بنصر binṣir f., pl. بناصر banāsir2 ring finger بنط bunṯ pl. بنوط bunūṯ point (stock market) بنطلون banṯalūn (from It. pantaloni) pl. –āt trousers, pants بنغازى bangāzī Bengasi (city in NE Libya, capital of Cyrenaica) البنغال al-bangāl Bengal (region, NE Indian subcontinent) بنفسج banafsaj (coll.; n. un. ة) violet (bot.) بنفسجى banafsajī violetlike, violetish; violet (adj.)│ فوق البنفسجى or وراء البنفسجى ultraviolet بنفش banfaš, banafš amethyst (min.) بنقة binaqa and بنيقة banīqa gore, gusset (of a shirt or garment) 1 بنك bunk root, core, heart, best part│ بنك العمر b. al-‘umr the prime of life, the best years 2بنك bank pl. بنوك bunūk bank, banking house│ بنك التسليف credit bank; بنك التوفير deposit bank; بنك الدم b. ad-dam blood bank; البنك الدولى (daulī) the World Bank 3مبنك mubannak stranded 4محنك مبنك muḥannak mubannak shrewd, sly, astute بنكنوت (Engl.) banknōt banknote بنوة and بنوى see 1بن بنوار (Fr. baignoire) banwār baignoire, theater box of the lowest tier 1بنى bana i (بناء binā’, بنيان bunyān) and VIII to build, erect, construct, set up (هـ s.th.); to build, establish, rest (على هـ s.th. on); to consummate the marriage (بها and عليها with a woman); pass. buniya, ubtuniya to be based, be built, rest (على on)│بنى كلمة على (kalimalan) to give a word an indeclinable ending in (a certain vowel or a vowelless consonant; gram.) V see 1 بن بناء binā’ building, construction, erection, setting up; structure (also, e.g., of an organism), setup, make-up; (pl. ابنية abniya) building, structure, edifice│اعادة البناء i‘ādat al-b. reconstruction; البناء الحر (ḥurr) Freemaaonry; بناء على binā’an ‘alā according to, in accordance with, on the basis of, by virtue of, on the strength of; بناء على هذا accordingly, thus بنائى binā’ī constructional, building (used attributively); architectural; structural بنية binya, bunya pl. بنى binan, bunan structure, setup, make-up; binya build, frame, physique, physical constitution│ضعيف البنية of delicate constitution; صحيح البنية and سليم البنية of sound constitution, healthy; قوي البنية qawīy al-b. husky, sturdy بناء bannā’ pl. -ūn builder; mason; constructive│ بناء حر(ḥurr) Freemason بناية bināya pl. -āt building, structure, edifice بنيان bunyān building, construction, erection, setting up; building, structure, edifice; physique, stature مبنى mabnan pl. مبان mabānin building, construction, erection, setting up; building, structure. edifice; form; foundation, fundament, basis │ الرأى والمبنى (ra’y) content and form تبن tabannin see 1 بن بان bānin pl. بناة bunāh builder مبنى mabnīy built, set up. erected; founded, based, resting (على on); fixed, established; indeclinable; ending indeclinably (على in; gram.) 2 ﭙنى (Engl.) penny بنيو (It. bagno) banyō batb, bathtub بهت bahita a, bahuta u and pass. buhita (baht) to be astonished, amazed, bewildered, startled, perplexed, flabbergasted, speechless; -- bahita to be or become pale, fade (color); -- bahata a to astonish, amaze, bewilder, startle, stagger, flabbergast (ه s.o.); (بهتان buhtān) to slander, defame (ه s.o.) III to come or descend unexpectedly (ه upon s.o.); to startle, stagger, flabbergast (ه s.o.) IV to surprise, astonish, amaze (هـ s.o.) VII = I بهت buht and بهتان buhtān slander, false accusation; lie, untruth بهتة bahta perplexity, amazement, bewilderment, stupefaction باهت bāhit pale, pallid, faded (color); perplexed, aghast مبهوت mabhūt perplexed, astonished, amazed, startled, flabbergasted, aghast بهج bahija a to be glad, he bappy (ب about), he delighted (ب at); -- bahuja u to be beautiful, look wonderful IV to gladden, delight, make happy (ب s.o.) VIII to be glad, be happy (ب about), be delighted (ب at) بهجة bahja splendor, magnificence, beauty, resplendence; joy, delight│بهجة الانظار delight of the eyes, welcome sight بهج bahij, بهيج bahīj magnificent, splendid, beautiful; happy, joyous; delightful مبهجة mabhaja a moment of happiness and joy مباهج mabāhij joys, delights; pleasures, amusements, diversions; splendid things; splendor, pomp, magnificence ابتهاج ibtihāj joy, rejoicing, delight (ب at) مبهج mubhij pleasant, charming, delightful مبتهج mubtahij happy, glad, delighted بهدل bahdala to insult (ه s.o.); to treat contemptuously, meanly (ه s.o.); to expose (ه s.o.) to ridicule, make a laughingstock (ه of s.o.) II tabahdala pass. of I بهدلة bahdala insult, affront, abuse, outrage; meanness; triteness, insipidity مبهدل mubahdal maltreated, oppressed, miserable بهر bahara a (bahr) and IV to glitter, shine; to dazzle, overwhelm (ه s.o., هـ s.o.’s eyes)│ شيء يبهر الابصارa dazzling, overwhelming thing; -- pass. buhira to be out of breath, to pant VII to be dazzled, blinded; to be smitten with blindness; to. be out of breath VIII to flaunt, parade, show off, present in a dazzling light (ب s.th.) بهر bahr deception, dazzlement (ب by) بهر buhr difficult respiration, labored breathing بهر bahra (n. vic.) being dazzled, dazzlement بهرة buhra middle, center│ فى بهرة ... amidst ابهر abhar2 more brilliant, more magnificent ابهر abhar2 aorta (anat.) بهار bahār pl. -āt spice ابتهار ibtihār dazzling display, show (ب of s.th.) باهر bāhir dazzling, brilliant, splendid مبهور mabhūr breathless, out of breath, panting بهرج bahraja (بهرج bahraja) to adorn, deck out, dress up showily; to give a deceptive brightness (هـ to); to glamorize (هـ s.th.); to reject as false (ه a witness); to fake, counterfeit (هـ s.th.) II tabahraja to adorn o.s., spruce o.s. up, dress up; to be fake بهرج bahraj false, spurious, fake, sham, worthless, bad; counterfeit money; tinsel, frippery, cheap finery; trash, cheap stuff بهرجة bahraja empty show, hollow pomp بهرجان bahrajan tinsel, frippery مبهرج mubahraj showy, tawdry, gaudy, ornate, ostentatious; trashy, rubbishy, cheap, inartistic بهريز bahrīz (eg.) a soup بهظ bahaza a (bahz) to oppress weigh down (ه s.o.; a load, work), weigh heavily (هـ on s.o.) IV do. باهظ bāhiẓ heavy, oppressive, trying; excessive, exorbitant, enormous; expensive, costly بهق bahaq a kind of lichen (bot.); herpetic eruption, tetter; vitiligo alba, a mild form of leprosy (med.) بهل bahala a (bahl) to curse (ه s.o.) V and VI to curse one another VIII to supplicate, pray humbly (to God) ابهل abhal savin (Juniperus sabina; bot.) ابتهال ibtihāl supplication, prayer باهل bāhil pl. بهل buhl, buhhal free, independent بهلول buhlūl, bahlūl pl. بهاليل bahālīl2 buffoon, jester, clown, fool بهلوان bahlawān pl. -āt, -īya acrobat, tumbler, equilibrist, ropedancer, tightrope walker بهلوانى bahlawānī acrobatic│حركات بهلوانية (ḥarakāt) acrobatics; antics, capers of a tumbler; طيران بهلوانى (ṯayarān) aerial acrobatics, stunt flying بهم IV to make obscure, dubious, unintelligible (هـ s.th.) V and X to be obscure, ambiguous, unintelligible (على to s.o.) بهمة bahma lamb, sheep بهيم bahīm pl. بهم buhum jet-black بهيمة bahīma pl. بهائم bahā’im beast, animal, quadruped; pl. livestock, cattle, (large) domestic animals بهيمى bahīmī animal, bestial, brutish بهيمية bahīmīya brutishness, bestiality, brutality ابهام ibhām obscurity; vagueness, ambiguity ابهام ibhām pl. اباهيم abāhīm2 thumb; big toe باهم bāhim big toe مبهم mubham obscure, dark, cryptic, doubtful, vague, ambiguous│ عدد مبهم (‘adad) abstract number (math.); O العصب المبهم (‘aṣab) the vagus (anat.); الاسم المبهم (ism) the demonstrative pronoun (gram.) 1(بهو) بها bahā u, bahuwa u and بهى bahiya a (بهاء bahā’) to be beautiful III to vie, compete (ب ه with s.o. in s.th.); to pride o.s. (ب on)و be proud (ب of), boast (ب of, ب ه to s.o. of s.th.) VI to compete with one another; to be proud (ب of), pride o.s. (ب on) بهو bahw pl. ابهاء abhā’ hall; parlor, drawing room, reception hall بهى bahīy beautiful, magnificent, splendid; brilliant, radiant, shining بهاء bahā’ beauty, magnificence, splendor; brilliancy بهائى bahā’ī Bahai (adj.); (pl. -ūn) an adherent of the Bahai sect, a Bahai ابهى abhā more splendid, more brilliant مباهاة mubāhāh and تباه tabāhin pride, vainglory, boastfulness 2بهوات see بك (بوء) باء bā’a u to come again, return; to come back (ب with s.th.), bring back, yield, bring in (ب s.th.)│باء بالخيبة or بالفشل (ḳaiba, fašal) to fail II to provide accommodations (ل and ه for s.o., هـ at a place), put up (ل or ه s.o., هـ at)│بوأ مكانا (makānan) to take a place, settle down, live or stay at a place IV to provide accommodations (ه for s.o., هـ at a place); to settle down, reside, live (ب at a place) V to settle down (هـ at a place), occupy (مركزا markazan a place), hold (مقاما maqāman a position)│تبوأ مكانا (makānan) to gain ground, become generally accepted; تبوأ العرش (‘arš) to ascend the throne; تبوأ الحكم (ḥukm) to come to power, take over power بيئة bī’a pl. -āt (usually pronounced bai’a) pl. -āt residence, domicile, seat; situation; surroundings, environment, milieu; home, habitat مباءة mabā’a place to which s.th. comes; abode, dwelling, habitation تبوء tabawwu’: تبوء العرش t. al-‘arš accession to the throne بوب II to divide into chapters or sections (هـ s.th.); to arrange in groups, arrange systematically, class, classify (هـ s.th.) باب bāb pl. ابواب abwāb, بيبان bībān door;; gate; opening, gateway; entrance; chapter, section, column, rubric; group, class, category; field, domain (fig.)│الباب العالى the Sublime Porte; باب المندب b. al-mandab Bab el Mandeb (strait between SW Arabia and Africa; geogr.); على الابواب near, imminent; فتح بابا جديدا to open up a new way, a new possibility; فتح باب futiḥa bāb ... was (were) begun, ... got under way; قفل باب الشيء (qafala) to put an end to s.th., terminate, close s.th.; من باب الفضل (b. il-faḍl) as a favor; من باب اولى(aulā) with all the more reason, the more so; فى هذا الباب about this matter, about this; من باب الضرورة ان (b. iḍ-ḍarūra) it is necessary that ... ; هذا ليس من باب الصدفة (b. iṣ-ṣudfa) that’s no coincidence; كان من باب or دخل في باب (with foll. genit.) to belong to, fall under; فريد في بابه unique of its kind; طلع على باب الله to pursue one's livelihood, earn one’s bread 80 بابة bāba pl. -āt kind, sort, class, category بواب bawwāb pl. -ūn doorman, gatekeeper بوابة biwāba office of gatekeeper بوابة bawwāba pl. -āt (large) gate, portal│بوابة القنطرة b. al-qanṯara lock gate تبويب tabwīb division into chapters, sectioning, classification, systematic arrangement, grouping مبوب mubawwab arranged in groups, classed, classified بوبلين boblīn poplin بوبينة (Fr. bobine) bobīna spool, reel بويت see بيت بوتاسا, بوتاس (It. potasa) būtāsā, būtās potash بوتقة būtaqa (usually pronounced bautaqa) crucible, melting pot│في بوتقة الزمان (zamān) in the melting pot of time بوجية (Fr. bougie) bužīh pl. -āt spark plug (eg.) (بوح) باح bāḥa u (bauḥ) to become known, be revealed, be divulged, leak out (secret); to reveal, disclose, divulge (هـ or ب s.th., a secret; الى and ل to s.o.) IV to disclose, reveal (هـ or ب s.th., ل to s.o.); to release, abandon, make public property, declare ownerless (هـ s.th.); to permit, allow, leave (s.th., ل to s.o.); to justify, warrant (هـ s.th.) X to reveal (هـ s.th.); to regard as public property, as ownerless, as fair game; to deem permissible, lawful (هـ s.th.); to hurt (حرمته ḥurmatahū s.o.’s honor); to take possession (هـ of), appropriate, take as booty (هـ s.th.); to seize, confiscate (هـ s.th.)│استباح دمه (damahū) to proscribe, outlaw s.o. بوح bauḥ divulgence, disclosure (of a secret); confession بوح būḥ wide, open space; courtyard; hall باحة bāḥa pl. -āt wide, open space; open place, square, plaza; courtyard; hall اباحة ibāḥa divulgence, disclosure (of a secret); permission, authorization; licentiousness اباحى ibāḥī licentious, unrestrained, uninhibited; anarchist; freethinker اباحية ibāḥīya freethinking, libertinism; anarchism استباحة istibāḥa appropriation, capture, seizure; spoliation, confiscation مباح mubāḥ permitted, allowed, permissible; legal, lawful, licit, legitimate; open to everyone, permitted for all, free; ownerless (1.1. Law); indifferent (said of actions for which neither reward nor punishment is to be expected, but which are permissible, pl. مباحات indifferent, permissible actions, Isl. Law) (بوخ) باخ bāḳa u to abate, subside, let up, decrease; to die, go out (fire); to fade, bleach; to spoil, rot (e.g., meat) II to spoil (هـ s.th.) بواخ buwāḳ evaporation, exhalation, vapor, steam تبويخ tabwīḳ: تبويخ النكتة an-nukta the spoiling of the point of a story □ بايخ bāyiḳ spoiled, bad; vapid, insipid, stale (also, e.g., of a joke) بوخارست būḳārest Bucharest بودرة (Fr. poudre) būdra powder بودقة būdaqa pl. بوادق bawādiq2 crucible, melting pot بوذا būdā Buddha بوذى būdī Buddhistic; Buddhist بوذية būdīya Buddhism (بور) بار bāra u (baur, بوار bawār) to perish; to lie fallow, be uncultivated (land); to be futile, unsuccessful, unprofitable, lead to nothing (work); to be unsalable, be dead stock (merchandise)│بارت البنات (bint) the girl could not get a husband II to let lie fallow (هـ land); to make unprofitable, useless (هـ s.th.) IV to destroy بور būr uncultivated, fallow│ ارض بور (arḍ), pl. اراض بور (arāḍin) fallow land, wasteland بوار bawār perdition, ruin│ دار البوار hell بائر bā’ir uncultivated, fallow (land) بورانى baurānī (eg.) a vegetable stew بور سعيد būr sa‘īd Port Said (seaport in NE Egypt) بور سودان būr sūdān Port Sudan (seaport in NE Sudan) بورتوريكو burturīkū Puerto Rico بورتغال burtugāl Portugal بورصة būrṣa pl. -āt stock exhange بور فؤاد Port Fuad (seaport in NE Egypt, opposite Port Said) بورق bauraq borax بورما burma Burma 1 بورى (Turk. boru) būrī trumpet, bugle بوروجى biūjī pl. -īya trumpeter, bugler 2 بورى būrī (pl. بوارى bawārī) striped mullet (Mugil cephalus; zool.) 3 بوريه (Fr.) būrēh purée 1 بوز II to pout, sulk, look glum, sullen بوز būz pl. ابواز abwāz muzzle, snout تبويزة tabwīza sullen mien مبوز mubawwaz sullen, glum 2 بوز būz, بوزة bum ice cream 3 بوزةbūza a beerlike beverage 4 بازbāz pl. ابواز abwāz, بيزان bīzān falcon 1بوس būs bus 2بوس)) باس bāsa u (baus) to kiss (ه s.o.) بوسة bausa, būsa kiss بوستو (It. busto) bustū corset بوسطة, بوستة (It. posta) busṯa, busta post, mail البوسفور al-busfūr the Bosporus باش (بوش) bāša u (bauš) to be boisterous, shout, roar (crowd) II do. بوش bauš pl. اوباش aubāš (for ابواش) mob. rabble 1بوص būṣ (coll.; n. un. ة) reed بوصة būṣa pl. -āt inch 2بوص būṣ pl. ابواص abwāṣ, linen or silk fabric بوصلة (It. bussola) bōṣla compass بوطة būṯa crucible, melting pot بوظة būẓa a beerlike beverage 1بوع bū‘ metatarsal bone (anat.)│لا يعرف الكوع من البوع hث wouldn’t know his knee from his elbow (proverbially, of a stupid person) 2باع bā‘ pl. ابواع abwā‘ the span of the outspread arms, fathom; in Eg. today = 4 ḍirā‘ mi‘mārīya = 3 m│ طويل الباع mighty, powerful; capable, able; knowledgeable; generous, liberal; قصير الباع powerless, helpless, impotent, weak, incapable; niggardly, stingy; قصير الباع impotence, weakness; incapability (عن of); بالباع والذراع with might and main 1بوغ II to surprise 1باغة bāga celluloid; tortoise shell بوغادة būgāda and بوغاضة būgāḍa potash, lye بوغاز būgāz pl. بواغيز bawāgīiz2 strait(s); harbor│ بوغاز الدردنيلthe Dardanelles بوفيه (Fr. buffet) būfēh buffet; bar; sideboard بوق II to blow the trumpet بوق būq pl. -āt, ابواق abwāq trumpet, bugle; fanfare; horn (of an automobile, of a gramophone); acoustic signaling device; megaphone; mouthpiece, spokesman; duplicity, treachery, betrayal│ بوق الصوت b. aṣ-ṣaut or بوق الراديو loudspeaker (radio); O بوق رحمى (raḥimi) oviduct, Fallopian tube (anat.) بواق bawwāq trumpeter, bugler باقة bāqa bundle; bunch of flowers, nosegay, bouquet بائقة bā’iqa pl. بوائق bawā’iq2 misfortune, calamity بوقال būqāl, بوقالة būqala pl. بواقيل bawāqīl2 vessel without handles, mug بوكسفورد boksəford patrol wagon, paddy wagon, Black Maria بوكسكاف (Engl.) bokəkāf box calf 1(بول) بال bāl u (baul) and V to make water, urinate IV to be diuretic X to cause to urinate بول baul pl. ابوال abwāl urine│ مرض البول السكرى maraḍ al-b. as-sukarī diabetes بولى baulī uric, urinary, urinous│ المسالك البولية the urinary passages; الامراض البولية diseases of the kidney and urinary bladder; تسمم بولى (tasammum) uremia (med.) بيلة bīla: O بيلة آحانية (āḥīnīya) albuminuria; O بيلة دموية (damawīya) hematuria (med.) بوالة bawwāla public lavatory مبولة mabwala pl. مباول mabāwil2 urinal; a diuretic; -- mibwala chamber pot; toilet, water closet استبوال istibwāl: O استبوال ist. ad-dam uremia (med.) 2 بال bāl state, condition; heart, mind; notice, regard, attention│ذو بال significant, notable, considerable, important, serious, grave; فراغ البال farāg al-b. leisure; مشغول البال anxious, uneasy, concerned, worried.; طويل البال long-suffering, patient; ما باله ... (with verb) why is it that he (it) ... ? why ... ? ما بالك how about you? what do you think? خلا باله ḳalā bāluhū his mind is at rest, he has no worries; خطر بباله it occurred to him, it came to his mind; اعطى (القى، جعل) باله الى (ل) (a‘ṯā, alqā, ja‘ala) to turn one’s mind to, give one’s attention to, pay attention to, take into account, be mindful of, bear in mind, heed s.th.; لم يلق لقولى بالا lam yulqi li-qaulī bālan he didn't pay any attention to what I said; لا يقل عنه بالا (yaqillu) no less significant than this 3بول būl postage stamp 4بال bāl whale (zool.) 5بالة look up alphabetically □ بولاد būlād (= فولاذ) steel بولصة see بوليسة بولاق būlāq2 a district of Cairo بولندة bōlanda Poland بولندى bōlandī Polish; (pl. -ūn) Pole بولو bōlō polo بولونيا (It. Polonia) būlūniya Poland بولوني būlūnī Polish; Pole 1بوليس (Fr. police) būlīs police│بوليس الآداب vice squad; البوليس الجنائى (jinā’ī) criminal police; البوليس الحربى (ḥarbī) military police; البوليس السرى (sirrī) secret police; بوليس المرور traffic police رواية بوليسية riwāya būlīsīya detective story 2بوليسة and بوليصة (Fr. police) būlīsā, būlīṣa pl. بوالص bawāliṣ2, بوالس bawālis2 certificate of insurance, policy│بوليسة الشحن b. aš-šaḥn bill of lading بوليفيا būlīfiyā Bolivia بوليفى būlīfī Bolivian O داء البولينا dā’ al-baulīnā uremia بوم būm (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. ابوام abwām owl 1بون baun, būn interval, distance; difference 2بان coll.; n. un. ة) ben tree (Moringa; bot.; horse-radish tree (Moringa oleifera; bot.); Egyptian willow (Salix aegyptiaca L.; bot.) بونسايرس Buenos Aires بونى (Engl.) bōnī pl. بوانى bawānī pony باه bāh coitus; sexual potency; sexuality بوهيميا (Engl.) bōhīmiyā Bohemia بوهيمي bōhēmī Bohemian (adj. and n.) بوهيمية bōhēmīya Bohemianism, Bohemian life بؤونة ba’ūna the tenth month of the Coptic year بوية (Turk. boya) bōya paint; shoe polish بويجى, بوياجى (eg.) boyagī house painter, painter; shoeshine, bootblack بية bayya = باية look up alphabetically بيئة see بوء بيادة biyāda infantry (Eg.) بيادى biyādī infantryman, foot soldier بيان, بيانة, بيانو biyān, biyāna, biyānō pl. بيانات biyānāt piano 1بيب bīb pipe, tube; feed pipe, spout (of a reservoir or tank) 2بيبة bība (Western) smoking pipe (بيت) بات bāta i (مبيت mabīt) to pass or spend the night; to stay overnight; to become; to be (فى in a situation); with foll. imperf.: to get into a situation. Get to the point where; to continue to do s.th., go on or keep doing s.th., stick to s.th. II to brood (by night; هـ about s.th.); to contrive, hatch (هـ an evil plan, ل against s.o.), plot (ل against s.o.); to put up for the night (ه s.o.)│بيت فى الصف (ṣaff; eg.) to flunk, fail promotion (pupil) IV to put up for the night (ه s.o.) بيت bait pl. بيوت buyūt, بيوتات buyūtāt house, building; tent (of nomads); room; apartment, flat; (garden) bed; family; case, box, covering, sheath; pl. بيوتات large, respectable houses; respectable families; (pl. ابيات abyāt) verse│ بيت الابرة b. al-ibra (navigator’s) compass; اهل البيت ahl al-b. family, specif., the family of the Prophet; اهل البيوتات people from good, respectable families; بيوتات تجارية (tijārīya) commercial houses; البيت الحرام (ḥaram) the Kaaba; بيت الخلاء b. al-ḳalā’ and بيت الادب b. al-adab toilet, water closet; بيت الداء origin or seat of the disease; بيت ريفى (rīfī) country house; بيت القصيدة and بيت القصيد (the essential, principal verse of the kasidah, i.e.) the quintessence; the gist, the essential, the hit of s.th.; s.th. that stands out from the rest, the right thing; بيت لحم baitalaḥm2 Bethlehem; البيت الملك the ruling house; بيت المال treasure house; fisc, treasury, exchequer (Isl. Law); (Tun.) administration of vacant Muslim states بيتى baitī domestic, private, home, of the house, house- (in compounds); domesticated (animals); home made بويت buwait pl. -āt small house; small tent بيات bayyāt pl. -ūn and بياتة bayyāta boarder (student); (pl. -ūn) pupil of a boarding school (tun.) بيوت bayyūt stale, old مبيت mabīt overnight stop, overnight stay; shelter for the night بائت bā’it stale, old; (eg.) not promoted, فى الصف (ṣaff) in school مبيت mubayyit plotter, schemer, intrigant بيجاما bījāmā and بيجامة bījāma pajama 1(بيد) باد bāda i to perish, die, pass away, become extinct IV to destroy, exterminate, extirpate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) بيد ان baida anna although, whereas; (esp., introducing a sentence:) yet, however, but, ... though بيداء baidā’2 pl. بيد bīd, بيداوات baidawāt desert, steppe, wilderness ابادة ibāda annihilation, extermination, eradication, extirpation بائد bā’id passing, transitory, temporal; past, bygone مبيد mubīd destructive, annihilative; (pl. -āt) means of extermination│ مبيدات حشرية (ḥašarīya) insecticides 2 بيادة look up alphabetically بيدر baidar pl. بيادر bayādir2 threshing floor بيدق baidaq (and بيذق) pl. بيادق bayādiq2 pawn (in chess) بيذنجان see باذنجان alphabetically 1□ بيارة bayyāra pl. -āt (pal.) irrigation wheel; plantation 2بيرا, بيرة (It. birra) bīrā, bīra beer│مصنع البيرا maṣna‘ al-b. brewery بيرق bairaq pl. بايرق bayāriq2 flag, banner, standard بيرقدار bairaqdār color-bearer, standard-bearer جبال البيرنيه (Fr. Pyrénées) jibāl al-bīrinēh the Pyrenees 1بيرو bērū Peru 2بيرو (Fr. bureau) bīrō pl. -āt office, bureau بيروت bairūt2 Beirut (capital of Lebanon) بيروتى bairūtī pl. بوارتة bawārita, بيارتة bayārita a native or inhabitant of Beirut بيروقراطى bīruqrāṯī bureaucratic بيروقراطية bīrūqrāṯīya bureaucracy; red tape بيزنطيا bīzanṯiyā Byzantium بيزنطي bīzanṯī Byzantine بيسون bīsōn bison (بيض) باض bāḍa i to lay eggs (also هـ); to stay, settle down, be or become resident (ب at a place)│ باض بالمكان وفرخ (wa-farraḳa) to be born and grow up in a place; to establish itself and spread (plague) II to make white, paint white, whitewash, whiten (هـ s.th.); to bleach, blanch (هـ s.th., textiles, laundry, rice, etc.); to tin, tinplate (هـ s.th.); to make a fair copy (هـ of s.th.)│ بيض الوجه(wajhahū) to make s.o. appear blameless, in a favorable light, to whitewash, exculpate, vindicate, justify s.o., play s.o. up, make much of s.o.; to honor s.o., show honor to s.o.; بيض الله وجهه may God make him happy! لا يبيض من صحيفته this doesn't show him in a favorable light V pass. of II; IX to be or become white بيض baiḍ pl. بيوض buyūḍ eggs بيضة baiḍa (n. un.) pl. -āt egg; testicle; helmet; main part, substance, essence│ بيضة الديك b. ad-dīik (the egg of a rooster i.e.) an impossible or extraordinary thing; بيضة البلد b. al-balad a man held in high esteem in his community; فى بيضة النهار (b. in-nahār) in broad daylight; بيضة الصيف b. aṣ-ṣaif the hottest part of the summer; بيضة الاسلام the territory or pale of Islam; الدفاع عن بيضة الدين, 85 عن بيضة الوطن (b. id-dīn, b. il-waṯan) defense of the faith, of the country; بيضة الخدر b. al-ḳidr a woman seluded from the outside world, a chaste, respectable woman بيضى baiḍī, بيضوى baiḍawī and بيضاوى baiḍāwī egg-shaped, oviform, oval, ovate بييضة buyaiḍa and بويضة buwaiḍa pl. -āt small egg, ovule; ovum بياض bayāḍ white, whiteness: whitewash; -- (pl. -āt) barren, desolate, uncultivated land, wasteland: gap, blank space (in a manuscript); blank; leucoma (med.); linen, pl. بياضات linen goods, linens; (syr.) milk, butter, and eggs│ بياض البيت b. al-bait white of egg, albumen: بياض العين b. al-‘ain the white of the eye: بياض النهار b. an-nahār daylight, (acc.) by day, during the daytime; بياض يومه وسواد ليله bayāḍa yaumihi wa-sawāda lailihi by day and by night: بياض الوجه b. al-wajh tine character, good reputation; سمك بياض samak b. a Nile fish (eg.); على بياض blank, free from writing, printing or marks, uninscribed; (ارتدى or) لبس البياض (labisa, irtada) to dress in white بيوض bayūḍ pl. بيض buyūḍ, bīḍ (egg-) laying ابيض abyaḍ2, f. بيضاء baiḍā’2, pl. بيض bīḍ white; bright; clean, shiny, polished; blameless, noble, sincere (character); empty, blank (sheet of paper); pl. البيضان al-bīḍān the white race; الابيض white of egg, albumen│ ارض بيضاء (arḍ) barren, uncultivated land, wasteland; ثورة بيضاء (ṯaura) peaceful, bloodless revolution; الخيط الابيض (ḳaiṯ) first light of dawn; الذهب الابيض (dahab) platinum; بالسلاح الابيض with cold steel; صحيفته بيضاء (ṣaḥīfatuhū) his reputation is good: he has noble de.ds to his credit, he has a noble character; صحف بيضاء (ṣuḥuf) noble, glorious deeds: اكذوبة بيضاء (ukdūba) white lie, fih: ليلة بيضاء (laila) a sleepless night, a night spent awake: الموت الابيض (maut) natural death; يد بيضاء (yad) beneficent hand, benefaction مبيض mabīḍ, mibyaḍ ovary (anat.) تبييضة tabyīḍa fair copy O ابيضاض ibyiḍāḍ leukemia (med.) بائض bā’iḍ pl. بوائض bawā’iḍ2 (egg-) laying مبيض mubayyiḍ pl. -ūn whitewasher; bleacher; tinner; copyist, transcriber (of fair copy) مبيضة mubayyaḍa fair copy بيطر baiṯara to practice veterinary science; to shoe (هـ a horse) بيطار baiṯar pl. بياطرة bayātira veterinarian; farrier بيطرى baiṯarī veterinary│الطب البيطرى (ṯibb) veterinary medicine; طبيب بيطرى veterinarian بيطرة baiṯara veterinary science; farriery 1(بيع) باع bā‘a i (bai‘,مبيع mabī‘) to sell (هـ s.th., ه or ل to s.o., ب for a price) III to make a contract (ه with s.o.); to pay homage (ه to s.o.); to acknowledge as sovereign or leader (ه s.o.), pledge allegiance (ه to) IV to offer for sale (هـ s.th.) VI to agree on the terms of a sale, conclude a bargain VII to be sold, be for sale VIII to buy, purchase (من هـ s.th. from s.o. and هـ ه from s.o. s.th.)│ لا ابتاع منه ولا ابيعه (abtā‘u, abī‘uhū) I don't trust him بيع bai‘ pl. بيوع buyū‘,بيوعات buyū‘āt sale│للبيع for sale; جبرية (بيوعات or) بيوع (jabrīya) forced sales, compulsory sale by auction: بيع بالجملة (jumla) wholesale sale; بيع بالخيار (ḳiyār) optional sale (Isl. Law); بيع لآخر راغب (li-āḳir rāgibīn) sale to the highest bidder; بيع العينة b. al-‘īna credit operation (Isl. Law) بيعة bai‘a agreement, arrangement; business deal, commercial transaction, bargain; sale; purchase; homage│على البيعة into the bargain بياع bayyā‘ salesman, merchant, dealer, commission agent, middleman مبيع mabī‘ sale, pl. -āt sales (esp. on the stock market) مبايعة mubāya‘a pl. -āt conclusion of contract; homage; pledge of allegiance; transaction ابتياع ibtiyā‘ purchase بائع bā’i‘2 pl. باعة bā‘a seller, vendor; dealer, merchant; salesman بائعة bā’i‘a saleswoman مبيع mabī‘ and مباع mubā‘ sold مبتاع mubtā‘ buyer, purchaser 2 بيعة bai‘a pl. -āt, بيع biya‘ (Chr.) church; synagogue بيك bē (eg.), bēg, bēk pl. بيكوات bēgawāt (syr.) bey (title of courtesy); cf. بك بيكوية bīkawīya rank of bey بيكار bīkār compass, (pair of) dividers بيكباشى see بكباشى بيكه (Fr.) bīkeh plqué (fabric) 1بيل (Fr. bille) bīl ball│كرسى بيل kursī b. ball bearing 2بيلة bīla see بول بيلسان bailasān black elder (bot.) بيلهارسيا bilharsiyā bilharziasis, schistosomiasis (med.) بيليه (Fr. bille) bīlya pl. -āt little ball, marble بيمارستان bīmāristān hospltal; lunatic asylum 1(بين) بان bāna i (بيان bayān) to be or become plain, evident, come out, come to light; to be clear (ل to s.o.); (بين bain, بينونة bainūna) to part, be separated (من from) II to make clear, plain, visible, evident (هـ s.th.); to announce (هـ s.th.); to state (هـ s.th.); to show, demonstrate (هـ s.th.); to explain, expound, elucidate (هـ s.th.), throw light (هـ on) III to part, go away (ه from), leave (ه s.o.); to differ, be different (هـ, ه from), be unlike s.th. (هـ); to contradict (هـ s.th.), be contrary (هـ to); to conflict, be at variance, be inconsistent (هـ with s.th.) IV to explain, expound, elucidate (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.); to separate, sift, distinguish (من هـ s.th. from); to be clear, plain, evident V to be or become clear, intelligible (ل to s.o.); to turn out, prove in the end, appear, become evident; to follow (من from), be explained (من by); to be clearly distinguished (من from); to seek to ascertain (هـ s.th.), try to get at the mct8 (هـ of); to eye or examine critically, scrutinize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to look, peer (هـ at); to see through s.th. (هـ), see clearly, perceive, notice, discover, find out (هـ s.th.); to distinguish (من هـ s.th. from) VI to differ, be different, be opposed, be contrary; to vary greatly, differ widely; to vary, differ, fluctuate (بين between two amounts or limits) X to be or become clear, plain, evident; to Bee, know, perceive, notice (هـ s.th.); pass. ustubīna to follow clearly, be clearly seen (من from) بين bain separation, division; interval; difference│ذات البين enmity, disunion, discord; فى البين meantime, meanwhile بين baina (prep.) or فيما بين fī-ma b. between; among, amidst│بين – و – either -- or, partly -- partly, e.g., كان القوم بين صامت ومتكلم (ṣāmitin wa-mutakallimin) the crowd was divided among those who were silent and those who talked; بين يديه (yadaihi) in front of him, before him, in his presence; with him. on him, in his possession, e.g., لا سلاح بين يديه (silāḥa) he hasn’t got a weapon on him, he is unarmed; فيما بين ذلك meanwhile, in the meantime; فيما بينى وبين نفسى in my heart, at heart, inwardly; بين ذراعيه in his arms; من بينهم min bainihim from among them, from their midst; بين بين something between, a cross, a mixture, a combination; neither good nor bad, medium, tolerable; شيء بين بين something between, a cross, a mixture, a combination; بين وقت وآخر (waqt, āḳar), بين فترة وأخرى (fatra, uḳrā) at times, from time to time ما بين mā-baina look up alphabetically بينا bainā, بينما bainamā (conj.) while; whereas بين bayyin clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent; (pl. ابنياء abyinā’2) eloquent بيان bayān pl. -āt clearness, plainness, patency, obviousness; statement, declaration, announcement; manifestation; explanation, elucidation, illustration; information, news; (official) report. (official) statement; enumeration, index, list; eloquence; البيان the Koran; see also alphabetically│بيان الحقيقة correction (journ.); غني عن البيان (ganīy) self-explanatory, self-evident; علم البيان ‘ilm al-b. rhetoric; عطف البيان ‘aṯf al-b. explicative apposition (gram.) بيانى bayānī explanatory, illustrative; rhetorical بينة bayyina pl. -āt clear proof, indisputable evidence; evidence (Isl. Law); a document serving &8 evidence│بينة ظرفية (ẓarfīya) circumstantial evidence; على بينة as has been proved; كان على بينة من to be fully aware of; to he well-informed, well-posted, up-to-date about ابين abyan2 clearer, more distinct, more obvious تبيان tibyān exposition, demonstration, explanation, illustration تبيين tabyīn and ابانة ibāna exposition, demonstration, explanation, illustration تباين tabayun difference, unlikeness, dissimilarity, disparity تباينى tabāyunī different, differing, conflicting بائن bā’in clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent; final, irrevocable (divorce; Isl. Law); of great length│بائن الطول b. aṯ-ṯūl towering, of unusual height (person) بائنة bā’ina bride’s dowry مبيونة mabyūna distance مبين mubīn clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent│الكتاب المبين the Koran متباين mutabāyin dissimilar, unlike, differential, differing, varying 2بيان, بيانة look up alphabetically بينباشى see بكباشى بينتو see بنتو بيه bēh = بك 1بيوريه (Engl.) biyūrē purée 2بيوريه (Fr. pyorrhée) biyōrēh pyorrhea (med.) ت 1ت abbreviation of تلفون telephone 2ت ta (particle introducing oaths) by, تالله ta-llāhi by God! تاء tā’ name of the letterت تابوت tābūt pl. توابيت tawābīt2 box, case, chest, coffer; casket, coffin, sarcophagus│تابوت العهد t. al-‘ahd ark of the covenant; تابوت رفع المياه t. raf‘ al-miyāh Archimedean screw; تابوت الساقية t. as-āqiya scoop wheel, Persian wheel تابيوكا tābiyōkā tapioca تأتأ ta’ta’a to stammer (with fright) تاج see توج تؤدة see وأد 1تأر IV اتأر البصر (baṣara) to stare (ه or الى at s.o.) 2تارة see تور تازة tāza (= طازة) fresh, tender, new تاك taka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ذاك dāka (dual nom. تانك tānika, genit., acc. تينك tainika) توأم, توءم tau’am, f. ة, pl. توائم tawā’im2 twin التاميز at-tāmīz the Thames تاى tay (tun., alg.) tea│تاى احمر black tea تايور tāyōr and تايير tāyēr (Fr. tailleur) pl. -āt ladies’ tailored suit, tailleur تب tabba i (tabb, تبب tabab, تباب tabāb) to perish, be destroyed X to stabilize, be stabilized, be or become stable; to be settled, established, well-ordered, regular, normal; to progress well│استتب له الامر everything went well with him تبا له tabban lahū may evil befall him! may he perish! استتباب istitbāb normalcy, regularity, orderliness, order; stability; favorable course or development التبت at-tibt Tibet تبر tabara i (tabr) to destroy, annihilate (هـ s.th.) تبر tibr raw metal; gold dust, gold nuggets; ore تبار tabār ruin, destruction تبرية tibrīya dandruff تبريز tabrīz2 Tabriz (city in NW Iran, capital of Azerbaijan province) تبع tabi‘a a (taba‘,تباعة tabā‘a) to follow, succeed (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), come after s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to trail, track (هـ, ه s.o., s.th) go after s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to walk behind s.o. (ه); to pursue (هـ s.th.); to keep, adhere, stick (هـ to s.th.), observe (هـ s.th; to follow, take (هـ a road), enter upon (هـ a road or course); to comply (هـ with s.th.); to belong, pertain (هـ to); to be subordinate, be attached (ه to s.o.), be under s.o.’s (ه) authority or command, be under s.o. (ه)│تبع الدروس (durūsa) to attend classes regularly III to follow (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.; also = to keep one's mind or eyes on, e.g., on a development); to agree, concur (ه with s.o., على in s.th.), be in agreement or conformity (هـ, على with); to pursue, chase, follow up (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to continue (هـ s.th.; سيره sairahū on one’s way), go on (هـ with or in) IV to cause to succeed or follow (in time, rank, etc.); to place (ه s.o.) under s.o.’s (ه) authority or command, subordinate (ه ه to s.o. s.o., هـ هـ to s.th. s.th.) V to follow (هـ s.th., esp. fig.: a topic, a development, the news, etc., = to watch, study); to pursue, trail, track (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to trace (هـ s.th.); to be subordinate (هـ, ه to), be attached (ه to s.o.) VI to follow in succession, be successive or consecutive, come or happen successively; to form an uninterrupted sequence VIII to follow, succeed (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), come after (هـ, ه); to make (هـ s.th.) be succeeded or followed (ب by s.th. else); to prosecute (ه s.o.), take legal action (ه against); to follow, obey, heed, observe, bear in mind (هـ s.th.); to pursue (هـ s.th.); to examine, investigate, study (هـ s.th.); pass. uttubi‘a to have or find followers, adherents (على for s.th., e.g., for an idea)│اتبع سياسة (siyāsatan) to pursue a policy; اتبع يمينه (yamīnahū) to keep (to the) right X to make (ه s.o.) follow, ask (ه s.o.) to follow; to seduce (ه s.o.); to have as its consequence, engender, entail (هـ s.th.); to subordinate to o.s., make subservient to o.s. (هـ s.th.) تبع taba‘ succession; subordinateness, dependency: following. Followers; subordinate, subservient (ل to s.th.): بالتبع successively, consecutively; تبعا ل taba‘an li according to, in accordance with, pursuant to, in observance of; due to, in consequence of, as the result of; (pl. اتباع atbā‘) follower, companion, adherent, partisan; subject, national, citizen; appertaining, appurtenant, pertinent, incident تبعى taba‘ī: عقوبة تبعية (‘uqūba) incidental punishment (jur.) تبعة tabi‘a pl. -āt consequence; responsibility, irresponsibleness│القى التبعة على (alqā) to make s.o. or s.th. responsible تبيع tabī‘ pl. تباع tibā‘ following attached, attending, adjunct; -- (pl. تبائع tabā’i‘2) follower, adherent, partisan; aide, help, assistant, attendant, servant تبعية taba‘īya pl. -āt subordination, subjection; subordinateness, dependency; citizenship, nationality; بالتبعية subsequently, afterwards; consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly تباعا tibā‘an in succession, successively, consecutively, one after the other, one by one متابعة mutāba‘a following, pursuing, pursuit, prosecution; continuation اتباع itbā‘ (gram.) intensification by repeating a word with its initial consonant changed, such as katīr batīr تتبع tatabu‘ following (esp. fig., of an argument, of a development, see V above); pursuit; prosecution; succession, course│التتبع التاريخى the course of history; تتبعات عدلية (‘adlīya) legal action, prosecution تتابع tatābu‘ sucession; relay (athlet.); بالتتابع consecutively, successively, in succession; serially, in serialized form اتباع ittibā‘ following; pursuit (e.g., of a policy); adherence (to), compliance (with), observance (of); اتباعا ل ittibā‘an li according to, in accordance or conformity with, pursuant to, in observance of O اتباعى ittibā‘ī classical O اتباعية ittibā‘īya classicism تابع tābi‘ pl. تبعة taba‘a, تباع tubbā‘ following, succeeding, subsequent; subsidiary, dependent; minor, secondary; subordinate (ل to s.o.), under s.o. (ل); belonging (ل to); subject to s.o.’s (ل) authority or competence; adherent (ل to) following (ل s.o. or s.th.); -- (pl. اتباع atbā‘) adherent, follower, partisan; subject, citizen, national; subordinate, servant; factotum; (pl. توابع) appositive (gram.); appendix, addendum, supplement; O function (math.)│ الدول التابعة (duwal) the satellite countries تابعة tābi‘a pl. توابع tawābi‘2 female attendant, woman servant; a female demon who accompanies women; appurtenance, dependency; consequence, effect, result; responsibility; pl. توابع dependencies, dependent territories; O satellites (pol.), = الدول التوابع (duwal) the satellite countries تابعية tābi‘īya nationality, citizenship متبوع matbū‘ followed, succeeded (ب by); one to whom service or obedience is rendered, a leader, a principal (as distinguished from تابع subordinate) 90 متتابع mutatābi‘ successive, consecutive متبع muttaba‘ observed, adhered to, complied with (e.g. regulation, custom); followed, traveled (road, course) تبغ tibg pl. تبوغ tubūg tobaooo تبل tabala i to consume, waste, make sick (ه s.o.; said of love) II, III and توبل taubala to spice, season (هـ s.th) تابل tābal, tābil pl. توابل tawābil2 coriander (bot.); spice, condiment, seasoning تبولة tabbūla (syr., leb.) a kind of salad made of bulgur, parsley, mint, onion, lemon juice, spices, and oil متبول matbūl (Iove-)sick, weak, ravaged, consumed متبل mutabbal spiced, seasoned, flavored; (syr., leb.) stuffed with a mixture of rice, chopped meat and various spices, e.g., بذنجان متبل stuffed eggplant تبلوه (Fr. tableau) tablōh pl. -āt a painting تبن tibn straw تبنى tibnī straw-colored, flaxen تبان tabbān straw vendor درب التابنة darb at-tabbāna the Milky Way متبن matban pl. متابن matābin2 straw-stack تبيوكا tabiyōkā tapioca 1التتر at-tatar and التتار at-tatar the Tatars تترى tatarī Tatarian; Tatar تترى tatra (from وتر) one after the other, successively, in succession تتك titik trigger تتن tutun tobacco تتنوس tetanūs tetanus (med.) تجر tajara u and VIII to trade, do business; to deal (فى or ب in s.th.) III do. (ه with s.o.) تجارة tijāra commerce; traffic, trade; merchandise تجارى tijārī commercial, mercantile, trade, trading, business, (used attributively); commercialized│بيت تجارى (bait) commercial house, business house; الحركة التجارية (ḥaraka) trade, traffic; شركة تجارية (širka) trading company; اتفاق تجارى (ittifāq) trade agreement متجر matjar pl. متاجر matājir2 bussiness, transaction, dealing; merchandise; store, shop متجرى matjar commercial, trade, trading, business (used attributively) اتجار ittijār trade, business (ب in s.th) تاجر tājir pl. تجار tujjār, tijār merchant, trader, businessman, dealer, tradesman│ تاجر الجملةt. al-jumla wholesale dealer; تاجر التجزئة t. at-tajzi’a and تاجر القطاعى t. al-qiṯā‘ī retailer بضاعة تاجرة biḍā‘a tājira salable, marketable merchandise تجاه tujāha (prep.) in front of, opposite, face to face with, facing تحت taḥta (prep.) under; below, beneath, underneath│ تحت (tajriba) on probation; in an experimental state; تحت التحضير in preparation; تحت الحفظ (ḥifẓ) in custody, under guard; تحت السداد (sadād), تحت التسديد due, outstanding, unsettled, unpaid (com.); تحت السلاح under arms; تحت سمعهم (sam‘ihim) in their hearing, for them to hear; تحت التسوية (taswiya) outstanding, unpaid, unsettled (com.); تحت اشراف (išrāfi) under the patronage or superintendence of; تحت الشعور subconscious; تحت تصرفه (taṣarrufihī) at his disposal; تحت الطبع (ṯab‘) in press; تحت عنوان (‘unwāni) under the title of; تحت اعيننا (a‘yuninā) before our eyes; تحت التمرين in training; تحت اليد (yad) in hand, at hand, available, handy; تحت يده in his power; من تحت min taḥt from under, from beneath; under تحت taḥtu (adv.) below, beneath, underneath تحتانى taḥtānī lower, under- (in compounds)│ ملابس تحتانيةunderwear تحف IV to present (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. with s.th) تحفة tuḥfa pl. تحف tuḥaf gift, present; gem (fig.), curiosity, rarity, article of virtu, objet d'art; work of art│تحفة فنية (fannīya) unique work of art متحف matḥaf pl. متاحف matāḥif2 museum│ متحف الشمع m. aš-šam‘ waxworks تخ taḳḳa u to become sour, ferment (dough) 1 تختpl. tuḳūt bed, couch; bench; seat; sofa; chest, case, box, coffer, cabinet; wardrobe; platform, dais; band, orchestra│ تخت الملكt. al-mulk throne; royal residence, capital; تخت المملكة t. al-mamlaka capital (of a country) تخت روان, تختروان taḳtaruwān, taḳtarawān mule-borne litter 2 تختة taḳta board; desk; blackboard تختخ taḳtaḳa to rot, decay 1 تخم taḳima a to suffer from indigestion, feel sick from overeating IV to surfeit, satiate (ه s.o.) to give (ه s.o.) indigestion, make sick (ه s.o.); to overstuff, cloy (ه the stomach) VIII = I تخمة tuḳama, tuḳma pl. تخم, -āt indigestion, dyspeptic متخوم matḳūm suffering from indigestion, dyspeptic 2 تخمtaḳama i to fix the limits of (هـ), delimit, limit, confine, bound (هـ s.th.) III to border (هـ on), be adjacent (هـ to s.th.) تخم taḳm pl. تخوم tuḳūm boundary, border, borderline, limit متاخم mutāḳm neighboring, adjacent تدمر tadmur2, usually pronounced tudmur2 Palmyra (ancient city of Syria, now a small village) تدمرى tadmurī, usually pronounced tudmurī anyone│ لا تدمرىnobody, not a living soul ترابيزة (eg.; tarābēza) pl. -āt table تراخوما trāḳōmā trachoma (med.) تراس (Fr. terrasse) terās terrace ترام, ترامواى trām, tramwāy tramway ترب tariba a to be or become dusty, covered with dust II and IV to cover with dust or earth (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) III to be s.o.’s (ه) mate or comrade, be of the same age (ه as s.o.) V to be dusty, be covered with dust ترب tirb pl. اتراب atrāb person of the same age, contemporary, mate, companion, comrade ترب tarib dusty, dust-covered تربة turba pl. ترب turab dust; earth, dirt; ground (also fig.); soil; grave, tomb; graveyard, cemetery, burial ground تربى turabī pl. -īya (eg.) gravedigger تراب turāb pl. اتربة atriba, تربان tirbān dust, earth, dirt; ground, soil ترابى turābī dusty; dustlike, powdery; earthlike, earthy; dust-colored, gray O ترابة turāba cement تريبة tarība pl. ترائب tarā’ib2 chest, thorax متربة matraba poverty, misery, destitution; (pl. متارب matārib2) dirt quarry مترب mutrib dusty, dust-covered تربس tarbasa (= دربس) to bolt (هـ a door) ترباس tirbās pl. ترابيس tarābis2, ترابس tarābis2 bolt, l&tch (of a door or window) تربنتين tarbantīn turpentine تربيزة (eg.) tarabēza table تربين trbīn pl. -āt turbine تراث see وترث ترتر tirtir gold and silver spangles (eg.) ترجم tarjama to translate (هـ s.th. عن from one language الى to another); to interpret (هـ s.th.); to treat (هـ of s.th.) by way of explanation, expound (هـ s.th.); to write a biography (ل of s.o., also ه) ترجم tarjama pl. تراجم tarājim2 translation; interpretation; biography (also ترجمة الحياة); introduction, preface, foreword (of a book)│ الترجمة السبعينية (sab‘īnīya) the Septuagint ترجمان turjumān pl. تراجمة tarājima, تراجيم tarājim2 transla.tor, interpreter ,-:;" mutarjim translator, interpreter; biographer مترجم mutarjam translated│مترجم على الفلم (film) synchronized (film) ترح tariḥa a (taraḥ) and V to grieve, be sad II and IV to grieve, distress (ه s.o.) ترح taraḥ pl. اتراح atrāḥ grief, distress, sadness ترزى tarzī pl. ترزية tarzīya (eg.) tailor ترزية tarziya tailoring 1تراس look up alphabetically 2ترس II to provide with a shield or armor ترس turs pl. اترس atrās, تروس turūs shield; disk of the sun; -- tirs pl. turūs cogwheel, gear│ صندوق التروس ṣundūq al-t. gearbox, transmission; سمك الترس samak at-turs turbot (zool.) مترس matras, mitras pl. متارس matāris2 and متراس mitrās, pl. متاريس matārīs2 bolt, door latch; rampart, bulwark, barricade; esp. pl. متاريس barricades ترسانة tarsāna, ترسحانة tarsḳāna arsenal; shipyard, dockyard ترسكل (Fr. tricycle) tricycle ترسينة (It. terrazzino) tarasīna balcony ترع tari‘a a to be or become full (vessel) IV to fill (هـ s.th., esp. a vessel) ترعة tur‘a pl. ترع tura‘, -āt canal; artificial waterway│ ترعة الايراد t. al-īrād feeder, irrigation canal; ترعة التصريف drainage canal (Eg.); الترعة الشريفة the Residence of the Sultan of Morocco ترغل, ترغلة turgul, turgulla turtledove ترف tarija a to live in opulence, in luxury IV to effeminate (ه s.o.); to provide with opulent means, surround with luxury (ه s.o.) V = I ترف taraf and ترفة turfa luxury, opulence, affluence; effemination ترف tarif opulent, sumptuous, luxurious مترف mutraf living in ease and luxury; sumptuous, luxurious; luxuriously adorned, ornate, overdecorated (ب with) ترفاس tirfās (magr.) truffle (bot.) ترفل tarfala to strut ترقوة tarquwa pl. تراق tarāqin collarbone, clavicle (anat.) 1ترك taraka u (tark) to let be, leave, relinquish, renounce, give up, forswear (هـ s.th.); to desist, refrain, abstain (هـ from s.th.); to leave, quit (ه s.o., هـ a place); to leave out, omit, drop, neglect, pass over, skip (هـ s.th.); to leave (ل or الى هـ s.th. to); to leave behind, leave, bequeath, make over (هـ s.th., ل to s.o.; as a legacy)│ 93 تركه يفعل to let s.o. do s.th.; ترك مكانا الى to leave one place for (another); تركه في ذمته (fī dimmatihī) to leave s.th. in s.o.’s care, leave s.th. to s.o.; تركه على حاله to leave s.th. or s.o. unchanged, leave s.th. or s.o. alone; تركه وشأنه (wa-ša’nahū) to leave s.o. alone, leave s.o. to his own devices III to leave (ه s.o.); to leave alone (ه s.o.); to leave off hostilities (ه against s.o.) ترك tark omission, neglect; relinquishment, abandonment; leaving, leaving behind تركة tarika pl. -āt (also tirka) heritage, legacy, bequest تريكة tarīka pl. ترائك tarā’ik2 old maid, spinster متارك mutāraka truce متروك matrūk pl. -āt heritage, legacy 2ترك II to Turkify, Turkicize (ه s.o.) X to become a Turk, become Turkified, adopt Turkish manners and customs الترك at-turk and الاتراك al-atrāk the Turks تركى turkī Turkish; Turk; التركية at-turkīya theTurkish language تركيا turkiya Turkey تتريك tatrīk Turkification تركستان turkistān2 Turkstan التركمان at-turkumān the Turkmen ترمبيط turumbēt (syr.) pl. -āt (Western) drum; ترمبيطة turumbīṯa (eg.) pl. -āt do.; specif., bass drum ترمبطجى turumbaṯgi (eg.) drummer; bandsman (mil.) ترمس turmus, ترموس turmūs lupine (bot.) ترمومتر termūmitr thermometer ترنج turunj see اترج, اترنج تره tariha a to concern o.s. with trifles ترهة turraha pl. -āt sham, mockery, farce; lie, humbug, hoax ترواده (Fr. Troade) tirwāda Troy تروب (Engl. troop) squad, platoon; squadron│تروب سوارى (sawārī) cavalry squadron (Eg.) ترمبيتجى = ترمبطجى see under ترمبيط above ترياق tiryāq theriaca; antidote تريكو (Fr.) tricot تسعة tis‘a (f. تسع tis‘) nine تسعة عشر tis‘ata ‘ašara, f. تسع عشرة tis‘a ‘ašrata nineteen تسع tus‘ pl. اتساع atsā‘ one ninth, the ninth part تسعون tis‘ūn ninety التاسع at-tāsi‘ the ninth تشرين الاول tišrīn2 al-wwal October, تشرين الثانى t. at-tānī November (Syr., Ir., Leb., Jord.) تشيكوسلوفاكيا tšekoslovākiyā Czechoslovakia تشيلى tšīlī Chile تطوان tiṯwān 2 Tetuēn (city in N Morocco) تع abbreviation of تعالى, see علو تعب ta‘iba a (ta‘ab) to work hard, toil, slave, drudge, wear o.s. out; to be or become tired, weary (من of s.th.) IV to trouble, inconvenience (ه s.o.); to irk, bother, weary, tire, fatigue (ه s.o.) تعب ta‘ab pl. اتعاب at‘āb trouble, exertion, labor, toil, drudgery; burden, nuisance, inconvenience, discomfort, difficulty, hardship; tiredness, weariness, fatigue; pl. اتعاب fees, honorarium تعب ta‘ib and تعبان ta‘bān tired, weary, exhausted 94 متاعب matā‘ib2 troubles, pains, efforts; discomforts, inconveniences, difficulties, troubles; complaints, ailments, ills (attending disease); hardships, strains متعب mut‘ib troublesome, inconvenient, toilsome, laborious; burdensome, irksome, annoying; wearisome, tiresome, tiring; tedious, dull, boring متعب mut‘ab tired, weary تعتع ta‘ta‘a to stammer; to shake (ه s.o.); اتعتع itta‘ta‘a to move, stir تعز ta‘izz2 Taizz (city in S Yemen, seat of government) تعس ta‘asa a, ta‘isa a to fall, perish; to become wretched, miserable; ta‘asa and IV to make unhappy or miserable, ruin (s.o.) تعس ta‘s and تعاسة ta‘āsa wretchedness, misery تعس ta‘is and تعيس ta‘īs pl. تعساء tu‘asā’ wretched, miserable, unfortunate, unhappy متعوس mat‘ūs pl. متاعيس matā‘is wretched, miserable, unfortunate, unhappy تف taffa to spit II to say "phew" تف tuff dirt under the fingernails; تفا لك tuffan laka phew! fie on you! O تفافة taffāfa spittoon, cuspidor تفتا tafettā, تفتاه taffeta تفاح tuffaḥ (call.; n. un. ة) apple(s) تفكة tufka pl. تفك tufak (ir.) gun, rifle تفل tafala u i (tafl) to spit تفل tufl and تفال tufāl spit, spittle, saliva تافل tāfil ill-smelling, malodorous متفلة mitfala spittoon, cuspidor تفه tafiha a (tafah, تفاهة tafāha, تفوه tufūh) to be little, paltry, insignificant; to be flat, tasteless, vapid, insipid تفه tafah and تفه tufūh paltriness, triviality, insignificance تفاهة tafāha paltrineBB, triviality, insignificance flatness, vapidity, insipidity, tastelessness; inanity, stupidity, silliness تفه tafih and تافه tāfih little, paltry, trivial, trifling, insignificant; worthless; commonplace, common, mediocre; flat, tasteless, vapid, insipid; trite, banal تافهة tāfiha pl. توافه tawāfih2 worthless thing; triviality, trifle تقاوى see قوى تقلية see قلى تقن IV to perfect, bring to perfection (هـ s.th; to master, know well (هـ s.th., e.g., a language), be proficient, skillful, well-versed (هـ in s.th.) تقن tiqn skillful, adroit تقانة taqāna firmness, solidity; perfection اتقن atqan2 more perfect, more thorough اتقان itqān perfection; thoroughness, exactitude, precision; thorough skill, proficiency; mastery, command (e.g., of a special field, of a language)│ فى غاية الاتقان to greatest perfection; of excellent workmanship متقن mutqan perfect; exact, precise تقى taqā i to fear (esp. God) VIII see وقى تقى taqīy pl. اتقياء atqiyā’2 God-fearing, godly, devout, pious اتقى atqā more pious تقى tuqan and تقوى taqwā godliness, devoutness, piety 1 تكtakka u to trample down, trample underfoot, crush (هـ s.th.); to intoxicate (ه s.o.; wine) 2 تكtikka pl. تكك tikak waistband (in the upper seam of the trousers) 95 3 تك takka to tick (clock) تكة tikka pl. -āt ticking, ticktock (of a clock), ticking noise 3 تكية look up alphabetically تكوت tukūt pl. of Engl. ticket 1 تكتك taktaka to trample down, trample underfoot (هـ s.th) 2 تكتك taktaka to bubble, simmer (boiling mass) 3 تكتك taktaka to tick (clock) تكتكة taktaka ticking, ticktock (of a clock), ticking noise 4 تكتيك taktīk tactics تكيةtakīya pl. تكايا takāyā monastery (of a Muslim order); hospice; home, asylum (for the invalided or needy) 1 تل tall pl. تلال tilāl, اتلال atlāl, تلول tulūl hill, elevation│ تل ابيبt. abīb Tel Aviv (city in W Israel) 2 تل tull tulle تلاتل talātil2 hardships, troubles, adversities تليد talīd, تالد tālid, تلاد tilād inherited, time-honored, old (possession, property) تلسكوب tiliskūb telescope تلع IV to stretch one's neck; to crane (هـ the neck) تلعة tal‘a pl. تلاع tilā‘ hill, hillside, mountainside; (torrential) stream تليع talī‘ long, outstretched, extended; high, tall تلغراف tiligrāf, taligrāf pl. -āt telegraph; telegram, wire, cable│ارسل تلغرافا الى to send a wire to تلغرافى tiligrāfī, taligrāfī telegraphic تلف talafa a (talaf) to be annihilated, be destroyed; to be or become damaged or spoiled, be ruined, break, get broken, go to pieces II to ruin (هـ s.th.); to wear out, “finish” (ه s.o.) IV to destroy, annihilate (هـ s.th.); to ruin, damage, spoil, break (هـ s.th.); to waste (هـ s.th.) تلف talaf ruin, destruction; ruination, damage, injury, harm.; loss; waste تلفان talfān spoiled; useless, worthless, good-for-nothing متلف matlaf, متلفة matlafa pl. متالف matālif2 desert متلاف mitlāl wastrel; ruinous, harmful, injurious اتلاف itlāf pl. -āt annihilation, destruction; damage, injury, harm تالف tālif ruined, damaged, broken; spoiled, bad متلوف matlūf and متلف mutlaf ruined, damaged, broken; spoiled, bad متلف mutlif annihilator, destroyer; injurer; damaging, ruinous, harmful, injurious, noxious تلفز talfaza to televise, transmit by television تلفزة talfaza television اذاعة تلفازية iḍāfa talfāẓīya television broadcast, telecast O تلفاز tilfāz television set تلفزيون (Fr. télévision) tilivisyōn television تلفن talfana to telephone تلفون tilifūn and تليفون talīfūn pl. –āt telephone تلقاء see لقى تلك tilka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ذلك تلم talam pl. اتلام atlām (plow) furrow تلمذ talmada to take on as, or have for, a pupil or apprentice (ه s.o.); to be or become a pupil or apprentice (ل of s.o., 96 also على), receive one’s schooling or training (على from) II tatalmada to be or become a pupil or apprentice (ل or على يده of s.o.), work as an apprentice (ل or على يده under s.o.) تلمذة talmada school days, college years; apprenticeship; (time of) probation تلماذ tilmād learning, erudition تلميذ tilmīd pl. تلاميذ talāmīd2, تلامذة talamida pupil, student, apprentice; probationer; trainee; disciple│ تلميذ بحرى (baḥrī) approx.: chief warrant W-3 (naval rank; Eg.); تلميذ سفرى (safarī) approx.: chief warrant W-4 (naval rank; Eg.) تلميذة tilmīda pl. –āt girl student تلمسان tilimsān2 Tlemcen (city in NW Algeria) تلمود talmūd Talmud تله taliha a (talah) to be astonished, amazed, perplexed, at a loss تاله tālih and متله mutallah at a loss, bewildered, perplexed│تاله العقل t. al-‘aql absent-minded, distracted (تلا (تلو) talā u (تلو tulūw) to follow, succeed; to ensue; -- (تلاوة tilāwa) to read, read out loud (هـ s.th., على to s.o..); to recite (هـ s.th.) VI to follow one another, be successive تلو tilwa (prep.) after, upon│ارسل كتابا تلو كتاب to send letter after letter تلاوة tilāwa reading; public reading; recital, recitation تال tālin following, succeeding, subsequent, next; بالتالى bi-t-tālī then, later, subsequently; consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly متتال mutatālin successive, consecutive تلى tallī (tun.) tulle تليباثى tilībātī telepathy; telepathic تليس tallīs, tillis pl. تلاليس talālīs2 sack تليفزيون (Fr. télévision) tilīvisyōn television تليفون pl. –āt talīfūn telephone تليفونى talifūnī telephonic, telephone- in compounds) تم tamma i to be or beoome complete, completed, finished, done; to be performed, be accomplished (ل by s.o..); to come to an end, be or become terminated; to come about, be brought about, be effected, be achieved, come to pass, come off, happen, take place, be or become a fact; to be on hand, be there, present itself; to persist (على in); to continue (على s.th. or to do s.th.) II and IV to complete, finish, wind up, conclude, terminate (هـ s.th.); to make complete, supplement, round out, fill up (هـ s.th.); to carry out, execute, perform, accomplish, achieve (هـ s.th.) X to be complete, completed, finished تمام tamām completeness, wholeness, entirety, perfection; full, whole, entire, complete, perfect; separate, independent; تماما tamāman completely, entirely, wholly, perfectly, fully, quite; precisely, exactly│ بدر تمام(badr) and قمر تمام (qamar) full moon; فى تمام الساعة السادسة at 6 o'clock sharp; بتمام معنى الكلمة (ma‘nā l-kalima) in the full sense of the word; بالتمام entirely, completely تميمة tamīma pl. تمائم tamā’im2 amulet اتم atamm2 more complete, more perfect تتمة tatimma completion; supplementation; supplement تتميم tatmīm completion; perfection; consummation, execution, fulfillment, realization, effectuation, accomplishment اتمام itmām completion; perfection; termination, conclusion; consummation, execution, fulfillment, realization, effectuation, accomplishment 97 استتمام istitmām termination, conclusion تام tāmm complete, perfect, entire, consummate; of full value, sterling, genuine تمباك tumbāk Persian tobacco (esp. for the narghile) تمتم tamtama to stammer, mumble, mutter; to recite under one's breath (ب s.th) تمر tamr (coll.; n. un. ة, pl. tamarat, تمور tumūr) dates, esp. dried ones│ تمر هندى (hindī) tamarind (bot.) تمرجى (eg. tamargī), تمورجى, تومرجى pl. -ya male nurse, hospital attendant; تمرجية pl. -āt female nurse تموز look up alphabetically تمساح timsāḥ pl. تماسيح tamāsīḥ2 crocodile تمغة tamga stamp; stamp mark│ورق تمغة waraq t. stamped paper تمن tumman rice تموز tammūz2 July (Syr., Ir., Leb., Jord.) 1 تن tunn tuna (zool.) 2 تينن tinnīn pl. تنانين tanānīn2 sea monster; Draco (astro.); waterspout (meteor.), see also alphabetically تانئ tāni’ pl. تناء tunnā’ resident تنباك tunbāk (pronounced tumbāk) and تنبك tumbak Persian tobacco (esp. for the narghile) تنبال tinbāl pl. تنابيل tanābīl2 short, of small Stature تنبر (Fr. timbre) tambar pl. تنابر tanābir2 stamp (magr.) متنبر mutambar stamped (magr.) تنبل (Turk. tembel) tambal pl. تنابلة tanābila lazy تنجستين (Fr. tungstène) tongəstēn tungsten تندة (It. tenda) tanda awning, roofing, sun roof تنور tannūr pl. تنانير tanānīr2 a kind of baking oven, a pit, usually clay-lined, for baking bread تنورة tannūra (syr., leb.) (lady's) skirt تنس tennis 1 تنك tanak tin plate تنكجى tanakjī tinsmith, whitesmith تنكة tanaka pl. -āt tin container, can, pot, jerry can 2 تانك tānika see تاك alphabetically تنيس tennis تنين tannīn tannin, tannic acid تهته tahtaha to stammer, stutter 1 تهمةtuhma pl. تهم tuham accusation, charge; suspicion; insinuation 2تهامة tihāma2 Tihama, coastal plain along the southwestern and southern shores of the Arabian Peninsula توا tawwan right away, at once, immediately; just (now), this very minute│ للتوli-t-tawwi at once, right away, also with pers. suffix.: لتوى li-tawwī, لتوها li-tawwihā (I have, she has) just ... ; at once, presently, immediately تواليت (Fr. toilette) tuwālēt toilette توأم see تأم (توب) تاب tāba u (توب taub, توبة tauba, متاب matāb) to repent, be penitent, do penance, with عن: to turn from (sin), be converted from, renounce, forswear s.th.; (said of God) to restore to His grace, forgive (على s.o.)│تاب الى الله to turn to God in repentance II to induce to repentance or penitence, make repent (ه s.o.) X to call on s.o. (ه) to repent توبة tauba repentance, penitence, contrition; penance 98 تواب tawwāb doing penance; repentant, penitent, contrite; forgiving, merciful (God) تائب tā’ib repentant, penitent, contrite توبل see تبل توبوغرافيا tobogrāfiyā topography 1 توت tūt mulberry tree; mulberry│توت ارضى (ardī) and توت افرنجى (ifranjī) strawberry; توت شوكى (šaukī) and توت العليق t. al-‘ullaiq raspberry 2 توت tūt the first month of the Coptic calendar توتيا tūtiyā, توتياء tūtiyā’, توتية zinc توج II to crown (ه s.o.; also fig. ب هـ s.th. with) V to be crowned تاج pl. تيجان tījān crown; miter (of a bishop)│تاج العمود t. al-‘amūd capital of a column or pilaster); تاج الكرة t. al-kura calotte تويج tuwaij little crown, coronet تتويج tatwīj crowning, coronation توجو tōgo and توجولند tōgōland (Eg. spelling) Togo (region in W Africa) (توح) تاح see تيح تارة tāratan once; sometimes, at times│تارة – تارة, تارة – طورا (ṯauran), تارة – اخرى (uḳrā) sometimes – sometimes, at times – at other times توراة taurāh Torah, Pentateuch; Old Testament تورﭙيد, توربيد turpīd, turbīd torpedo (sub-marine missile) توربين turbīn pl. -āt turbine تورتة torta pl. -āt pie, tart (توق) تاق tāqa u (tauq, توقان tawaqān) to long., yearn, wish (الى for), hanker (الى after), desire, crave, covet (الى s.th.), strive (الى for), aspire (الى to) توق tauq, توقان tawaqān longing, yearning, craving, desire تواق tawwāq longing, yearning, eager (الى for), craving (الى s.th) تائق tā’iq longing, yearning, eager (الى for), craving (الى s.th) توكة امامية (tōka amāmīya; eg.) belt buckle (mil.) تول tūl tulle تومرجى see تمرجى تون tūn and تونة tūna (zool.) تونج (Turk. tunç) tunj bronze تونسtūnus2 Tunis تونسى tūnisīy pl. توانسة tawānisa Tunisian (adj. and n.) تونية tūniya pl. توانى alb of priests and deacons (Chr.) (توه) تاه tāha u and II = (تيه) تاه tāha i and II توهة tūha daughter تياترو (It. teatro) tiyātrō theater □ تيتل taital pl. تياتل see ثيتل تيتنوس tītānūs tetanus (med.) (تيح) تاح tāḥa i to be destined, be foreordained (by fate, by God; ل to s.o.); to be granted, be given (ل to s.o.) IV to destine, foreordain (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.); to grant, afford, offer (هـ ل s.o. s.th.); pass. utīḥa to be destined, be foreordained, be granted, be given (ل to s.o.)│اتيح له التوفيق (utīḥa) he met with success, he was successful; اتيح له الفرصة (furṣa) he was given the opportunity, he had the chance . تيار tayyār pl. -āt flow, stream, course, current, flood; fall (of a stream); movement, tendency, trend; draft (of air); (el.) current│O تيار مباشر (mubāšir) and تيار مستمر mustamirr) direct current; O تيار متناوب (mutanāwib) and O تيار متغير (mutagayyir) alternating current; O تيار متذبذب mutadabdib) oscillating current (el.); O يار نابض (nābiḍ) pulaoting current; 99 O يار سريع التردد (sarī‘ at-taraddud) high-frequency current; O تياربطيء التردد (baṯī’ at-taraddud) low-frequency current; O تيار عالى الجهد (‘ālī l-jahd) heigh-tension current; O تيار واطئ الجهد (wāṯI’ al-jahd) low-tension current; O تيار ذاتى (dātī) self-induced current O متار matār (Byr.) dynamo, generator تيزة (Turk. teyze) tēza maternal aunt تيس tais pl. اتياس atyās, تيوس tuyūs billy goat اتيس atyās2 foolish, crazy الحمى التيفودية al-hummā t-tīfūdīya typhoid fever تيفوس tīfūs typhus تيك tīka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ذاك dāka 1تيل II (from Turk. tel) to cable, wire, telegraph (syr.) 2تيل tīl hemp; linen 3تيلة tīla fiber, staple 1(تيم) تام tāma I (taim) to become enslaved, enthralled by love; to enslave, make blindly subservient (ه s.o.; through love) II to enslave, enthrall (love; ه s.o.); to make blindly subservient, drive out of his mind, infatuate (ه s.o.; love) متيم mutayyam enslaved, enthralled (by love), infatuated 2 تيماء taimā’ Taima (oasis in NW Arabia) تيمارجى see تمرجى تين tīn (coll.; n. un. ة) fig │تين شوكي (šaukī) fruit of the Indian fig (Opuntia ficusindica Haw.) تينك tainika see تاك alphabetically (تيه) تاه tāha i to get lost, wander about, 1ose one's way, go astray; to stray, wander (thoughts); to escape (من s.o.), slip (من s.o.’s memory); to perish, be destroyed, be lost; to be perplexed, startled, astonished; to be haughty; to swagger, boast, brag (على to s.o.)│تتيه على وجهه ابتسامة asmile flits over his face II to mislead, lead astray (ه s.o.); to distract, divert (ه s.o.); to confuse, confound, bewilder (ه s.o.) IV = II تيه tīh desert, trackless wilderness; maze, labyrinth; haughtiness, pride تياه tayyāh straying, stray, wandering; haughty تيهان taihān2 straying, stray, wandering; perplexed, at a loss, bewildered; proud, hughty تيهاء taihā’2 and matāha a trackless, desolate region; متاهة maze, labyrinth تائه tā’ih straying, stray, wandering, roving, errant; lost in thought, distracted, absent-minded; lost, forlorn; infinite; haughty تيوليب (Engl.) tulip ث ث abbreviation of ثانية second (time unit) ثاء tā’ name of the letter ث ثئب ta’iba a (ثأب ta’b) and VI to yawn ثؤباء tu’abā’ yawning, yawn; fatigue, weariness ثأر ta’ara a (ta’r) to avenge the blood of (ه or ب), take blood revenge (ه for 100 s.o. killed), take vengeance, avenge o.s. (ب ه on s.o. for, also من or ل for) IV and VIII اثأر itta’ara to get one’s revenge, be avenged ثأر ta’r pl. -āt أثآر at’ār, آثار ātār revenge, vengeance, blood revenge; retaliation, reprisal│أخذ ثأره or أخذ بالثأر to take revenge, avenge o.s.; مباراة الثأر mubārāt at-t. return match (sports) ثائر tā’ir avenger ثؤلول tu’lūl and ثؤلولة tu’lūla pl. ثآليل ta’ālīl2 wart ثأى ta’ā scars ثبت tabata u (ثبات tabāt, ثبوت tubūt) to stand firm, be fixed, stationary, immovable, unshakable, firm, strong, stable; to hold out, hold one's ground (ل against s.o. or s.th.), be firm, remain firm (ل toward s.o. or s.th.), withstand, resist, defy (ل s.o. or s.th.); to be established, be proven (fact); to remain, stay (ب at a place); to maintain (على s.th.), keep, stick, adhere (على to s.th.), abide or stand by s.th. (على; e.g., by an agreement); to insist (على on)│ ثبت فى وجهه (fī wajhihī) to hold one’s own against s.o., assert o.s. against s.o. II to fasten, make fast, fix (هـ s.th.); to consolidate, strengthen (هـ s.th.); to stabilize (هـ s.th.); to confirm, corroborate, substantiate (هـ s.th.); to appoint permanently (. s.o.; to an office); to prove, establish (هـ s.th.), demonstrate, show (بان that); to prove guilty, convict (على a defendant); to confirm (Chr.)│ ثبت بصره به(baṣarahu) to fix one’s eyes on, gaze at; ثبت قدميه (qadamaihi) to gain a foothold IV to establish, determine (هـ s.th.); to assert as valid or authentic, affirm (هـ s.th.); to confirm, corroborate, substantiate (هـ s.th.); to prove (على هـ s.th. to s.o.; ل to s.o., ان that); to demonstrate, show (هـ s.th.); to furnish competent evidence (هـ for); to bear witness, attest (هـ to); to acknowledge (هـ s.th., e.g., a qualification, a quality, ل in s.o.), concede (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.); to prove guilty, convict (على a defendant); to enter, record, register, list (فى هـ s.th. in a book, in a rooter, etc.)│ اثبته فى الورق (waraq) to put s.th. down in writing, get s.th. on paper; اثبت الشخص (šaḳṣa) to determine s.o.’s identity, identify s.o.; اثبت شخصيته (šaḳṣīyatahū) to identify o.s., prove one’s identity V to ascertain, verify (فى s.th., هل if), make sure (فى of s.th., هل if); to consider carefully (فى s.th.), proceed with caution (فى in) X to show o.s. stead-fast, persevering; to seek to verify (هـ s.th.), try to make sure (هـ of), seek confirmation of or reassurance with regard to (هـ); to ascertain, verify (هـ s.th.), make sure (هـ of s.th.); to find right, proven or true, see confirmed (هـ s.th.); to regard as authentic (هـ s.th.) ثبت tabt firm, fixed, established; steadfast, unflinching; brave ثبت tabat reliable, trustworthy, credible ثبت tabat pl. اثبات atbāt list, index, roster ثبات tabāt firmness; steadiness, constancy, permanence, stability; certainty, sureness; perseverance, persistence, endurance; continuance, maintenance, retention (على of s.th.), adherence (على to) ثبوت tubūt constancy, immutability, steadiness; permanence, durability; certainty, sureness│ ثبوت الشهرt. aš-šahr the official determination of the beginning of a lunar month اثبت atbat more reliable, firmer, steadier, etc. تثبيت tatbīt consolidation, strengthening; stabilization; confirmation; corroboration, substantiation│ سر التثبيت sirr at-t. the Sacrament of Confirmation (Chr.) اثبات itbāt establishment; assertion; confirmation; affirmation, attestation; demonstration; proof, evidence; 101 registration, entering, listing, recording; documentation, authentication, verification│ شاهد اثبات witness for the prosecution; عبء الاثبات ‘ib’ al-i. burden of proof (jur.) اثباتى itbātī affirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, positive تثبت tatabbut ascertainment; verification, examination, check; careful, cautious procedure, circumspection; interment (of the remains of a saint; Chr.) ثابت tābit firm, fixed, established; stationary, immovable; steady, invariable, constant, stable; permanent, lasting, durable, enduring; confirmed, proven; a constant│ ثابت الجأش t. al-ja’š undismayed, fearless, staunch, steadfast; ثابت العزم t. al-‘azm firmly resolved, determined; املاك ثابتة and أموال ثابتة immovable property, real estate, realty; O ثابت الاتجاه t. al-ittijāh unidirectional, rectified (el.) ثابتة tābita pl. ثوابت tawābit2 fixed star مثبوت matbūt established, confirmed; certain, sure, positive, assured; proven ثبر tabara u to destroy, ruin (ه s.o.); (ثبور tubūr) to perish III to apply o.s. with zeal and perseverance (على to s.th.), persevere, persist (على in) ثبور tubūr ruin, destruction│نادى بالويل والثبور (دعا or) nādā (da‘ā) bi-l-wail wa-t-t. to wail, burst into loud laments مثابرة mutābara persistence, perseverance, endurance; diligence, assiduity ثبط tabaṯa u and II to hold back, keep, prevent (عن ه s.o. from doing s.th.); to hinder, handicap, impede, slow down, set back (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to bring about the failure (هـ of s.th.), frustrate (هـ s.th.) ثبنة tubna pl. ثبن tuban lap, fold of a garment (used as a receptacle) ثبان tibān = ثبنة tubna ثيتل look up alphabetically ثج tajja u to flow coplously ثجاج tajjāj coplously flowing, streaming ثخن taḳuna u to be or become thick, thicken; to be firm, solid, compact IV to wear out, exhaust, weaken (ه s.o.)│اثخنه ضربا (ḍarban) to wallop s.o., give s.o. a sound thrashing; اثخن فى العدو (‘aduw) to massacre the enemy; اثخنه بالجراح to weaken s.o. by inflicting wounds ثخن tiḳan, ثخانة taḳāna, ثخونة tuḳūna thickness, density; consistency; compactness ثخين taḳīn pl. ثخناء tuḳanā’2 thick; dense ثدى tady and tadyan m. and f., pl. اثداء atdā’ female breast; udder ثر tarr abounding in water│ ثرة من الدمع (dam‘) tear-wet, tear-blurred (eye) ثرب taraba i (tarb) and II to blame, censure (ه and على s.o.) تثريب tatrīb blame, censure, reproof ثرثر tartara (ثرثرة tartara) to chatter, prattle ثرثار tartār prattler, chatterbox; ثرثارة tartāra do. (fem.) ثرثرة tartara chatter, prattle ثرد tarada u to crumble and sop (هـ bread) ثريد jarid a dish of sopped bread, meat and broth مثرد mitrad bowl ثرم tarama i (tarm) to knock s.o.’o (ه) tooth out; -- tarima a (taram) to have a gap between two teeth (ثرو and ثرى) ثرى tariya a to become wealthy IV to become or be rich, wealthy (ب or من through s.th.); to make rich, enrich (ه s.o.) 102 ثرى taran moist earth; ground, soil│اين الثرى من الثريا aina t-t. min t-turayyā (proverbially of things of disproportionate value) what has the ground to do with the Pleiades? طيب الله ثراه (ṯayyaba) approx.: may God rest him in peace! ثرى tarīy pl. اثرياء atriyā’2 wealthy, rich│ثرى الحرب t. al-ilarb war profiteer, nouveau riche ثريtarīyāt plantations ثروة tarwa and ثروة tarā’ fortune, wealth, riches│اهل الثروة ahl at-t. the rich, the wealthy; ثروة قومية (qaumīya) national wealth; ثروة مائية (mā’īya) abundance of water, abundant supply of water (of a region) ثريا turayyā Pleiades; (also ثرية) pl. ثريات turayyāt chandelier مثر mutr wealthy, rich ثعبان tu‘bān pl. ثعابين ta‘ābīn snake│ ثعبان الماء t. al-mā’ eel ثعبانى tu‘bānī snaky, snakelike, serpentine; eely مثعب mat‘ab pl. مثاعب matā‘ib2 drain ثعالة tu‘āla fox ثعلب ta‘lab pl. ثعالب ta‘ālib2 fox│ داء الثعلب alopecia (med.), loss of hair ثعلبى ta‘labī foxy, foxlike ثعلبة ta‘laba vixen; O tetter (med) ثغر tagir pl. ثغور tugūr front tooth; mouth; port, harbor, inlet, bay; seaport ثغرة tagra pl. ثغر tugar breach, crevasse, crack, rift, crevice; opening, gap; cavity, hollow; narrow mountain trail ثغم tagam white, whiteness ثاغم tāgim white (adj.) ثغا (ثغو) tagā u (ثغاء tugā’) to bleat (sheep) ثغاء tugā’ bleating, bleat ثاغ tāgin bleating│ ما له ثاغية ولا راغية (tagiya) he has absolutely nothing, he is deprived of all resources, prop.: he has neither a bleating (sheep) nor a braying (camel) ثفر tafar pl. اثفار atfār crupper (of the saddle) ثفل tufl dregs, lees, sediment; residues ثفن III to associate (ه with s.o.), frequent s.o.’s (هـ) company; to pursue, practice (ه s.th.) ثفنة taftna pl. -āt, ثفن tifan callus, callosity اثفية look up alphabetically ثقة see وثق ثقب taqaba u (taqb) to bore, or drill, a hole (هـ in s.th.), pierce, puncture, perforate (هـ s.th.) II do. II and IV to light, kindle (هـ s.th.) V and VII to be pierced, be punctured, be perforated ثقب taqb piercing, boring, puncture, perforation; (also tuqb pl. ثقوب tuqūb, اثقاب atqāb) hole, puncture, borehole, drill hole ثقبة tuqba pl. ثقب tuqab hole ثقاب and عود الثقاب ‘ūd al-tiqāb match-stick; matches ثقوب tuqūb keenness, acuteness (of the mind) مثقب mitqab pl. مثاقب matāqib2 borer, drill, gimlet, auger, brace and bit, wimble, perforator; drilling machine اثقاب itqāb kindling, lighting ثاقب dqib penetrating, plercing, sharp (mind, eyes)│ ثاقب النظر t. an-naẓar perspicacity; sharp-eyed; ثاقب الفكر t. al-fikr sagacity, acumen, mental acuteness; shrewd, sagacious, sharp-witted ثاقبات tāqibāt borers (zool.) 103 ثقف taqifa a (taqf) to find, meet (ه s.o.); -- taqifa a and taqufa u to be skillful, smart, clever II to make straight, straighten (هـ s.th.); to correct, set right, straighten out (هـ s.th.); to train, form, teach, educate (هـ s.o.); to arrest (هـ s.o.); to seize, confiscate (ه s.th.) III to fence (ه with s.o.) V to be trained, be educated ثقافة taqāfa culture, refinement; education; (pl. -āt) culture, civilization ثقافى taqāfī educational; intellectual; cultural│ ملحق ثقافى (mulḥaq) cultural attaché ثقيف tatqīf cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction مثاقفة mutāqafa fencing, art or sport of fencing, swordplay, swordsmanship تثقف tataqquf culturedness, culture, refinement, education مثقف mutaqqaf educated; trained; cultured ثقل taqula u (tiql, ثقالة taqāla) to be heavy; with ب to load or burden s.th., make s.th. heavy; to be hard to bear (على for s.o.), weigh heavily (على on), be burdensome, cumbersome, oppressive (على to s.o.); to be heavy-handed. sluggish, doltish, dull-witted; to be too dull, too sluggish (عن for s.th. to do s.th.), not to bother (or about) II to make heavy, weight (هـ s.th.); to burden, encumber (على s.o., هـ with s.th.), overburden (على s.o.), overtax s.o.’s (على) strength, ask too much (على of s.o.); to trouble, inconvenience, bother (على s.o. ب with s.th.), pester, molest (على s.o.)│ ثقل كاهلهand اثقل كاهله (kāhilahū) to burden s.o. or s.th; اثقل كاهل الميزان to burden the budget IV to burden (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to oppress, distress (ه s.o.). weigh heavily (ه on); to be hard to bear (ه for s.o.)│ اثقل كاهله (kāhilahū) see II; VI to become or be heavy; to be troublesome, burdensome (على to s.o.), trouble. oppress (على s.o.); to be sluggish. doltish. slow; to be in a bad mood, be sullen, grumpy; to find burdensome and turn away (عن from s.th.); not to bother (عن about); to be too dull, too sluggish (عن for s.th., to do s.th.) X to find heavy, hard. burdensome, troublesome (هـ s.th.), find annoying (هـ, ه s.o.. s.th.)│استثقل ظله (ẓillahū) to find s.o. unbearable, dislike s.o. ثقل tiql pl. اثقال atqāl weight; burden load; gravity; heaviness│ رفع الاثقال raf‘ al-a. weight lifting (athlet.); الثقل النوعى (nau‘ī) specific gravity ثقل tiqal heaviness; sluggishness, dullness ثقل taqal pl. اثقال atqāl load, baggage الثقلان at-taqalān the humans and the jinn ثقل taqla trouble, inconvenience, discomfort ثقل taqala heaviness; sluggishness, doltishness; dullness ثقيل taqīl pl. ثقلاء tuqalā’2, ثقال tiqāl heavy; weighty, momentous, grave, serious, important; burdensome, troublesome, cumbersome, oppressive; unpleasant, disagreeable, distasteful (person)│ ثقيل الدم t. ad-dam insufferable, unpleasant, disagreeable (person); ثقيل الروح t. ar-rūḥ doltish, dull (person); a bore; ثقيل الظل t. aẓ-ẓill disagreeable, insufferable (person); ثقيل الفهم t. al-fahm slow of understanding, slow-witted; ثقيل السمع t. as-sam‘ hard of hearing; صناعة ثقيلة (ṣinā‘a) heavy industry; ماء ثقيل heavy water (phys.) اثقل atqal2 heavier; more oppressive مثقال mitqāl pl. مثاقيل matāqīl2 weight (also s.th. placed as an equipoise on the scales of a balance); miskal, a weight (in Egypt = 24 قراط = 4.68 g)│ مثقال ذرة m. 104 darra the weight of a dust speck, i.e., a tiny amount; a little bit; مثقال من a little of, a little bit of تثقيل tatqīl weighting, burdening; molestation تثاقل tatāqul sluggishness, dullness مثقل mutaqqal and mutqal burdened, encumbered; overloaded; weighted (ب with s.th.); oppressed (ب by); heavy متثاقل mutatāqil sluggish, dull; sullen, grumpy ثكل takila a (takal) to lose a child (ه), also: to be bereaved of a loved one (ه) by death IV اثكل الأم ولدها atkala l-umma waladuhā to bereave a mother of her son ثكل takal state of one who has lost a friend or relative; mourning over the loss of a loved one ثكلان taklān (2) bereaved of a child ثكلى taklā bereaved of a child (mother) ثاكلة tākila pl. ثواكل tawākil2 bereaved of a child (mother) ثكنة tuknā pl. ثكن tukan, -āt barracks (mil.) ثل talla u (ثلل talal) to tear down, destroy, overthrow, subvert (هـ s.th., esp. عرشا ‘aršan to topple a throne) VII to be subverted, overthrown (throne) ثلة tulla pl. ثلل tulal troop, band, party, group (of people); military detachment ثلب talaba i (talb) to criticize, run down (ه s.o.); to slander, defame (ه s.o.) ثلب talb slander, defamation مثلبة matlaba pl. مثالب matālib2 shortcoming, defect, blemish, stain, disgrace ثالب tālib slanderous, defamatory; slanderer ثلث II to triple, make threefold (هـ s.th.); to do three times (هـ s.th.) ثلث tult pl. اثلاث atlāt one third; tulut a sprawling, decorative calligraphic style ثلاثة talāta (f. ثلاث talāt) three; ثلثا talātan three times, thrice ثلاثى talātī tertiary; Tertiary (geol.)│ما قبل الثلاثى pre-Tertiary ثلاثة عشر talātata ‘ašara, f. ثلاث عشرة talāta ‘ašrata thirteen الثالث at-tālit the third; ثالثا tālitan thirdly; ثالثة 1/60 of a second ثلاثون talātūn thirty الثلثاء at-talatā’ and يوم الثلثاء yaum at-t. Tuesday ثلاث tulāt2 and مثلث mutallat three at a time ثلاثى tulātī tripartite, consisting of three, (gram.) triliteral, consisting of three radicals; tri-; trio (mus. )│ثلاثى الزوايا t. z-zawāyā triangular; ثلاثى الورقات t. l-waraqāt trifoliate ثالوث tālūt Trinity (CM.); trinity, triad; triplet│ زهرة الثالوث zahrat at-t. pansy (bot.) تثليث tatlīt doctrine of the Trinity; Trinity (Chr.) تثليثى tatlītī trigonometric(al) مثلث mutallat tripled, triple, threefold; having three diacritical dots (letter); triangular; (pl. -āt) triangle (geom.)│ الراية المثلثة الألوان (rāya), العلم المثلث (‘alam) and المثلث the tricolor; المثلث الحاد (ḥadd) acute-angled triangle; مثلث الزوايا m. az-zawāyā triangular; المثلث المتساوى الساقين (mutasāwā s-sāqain) isosceles triangle; المثلث المتساوى الأضلاع equilateral triangle; المثلث القائم right-angled triangle المثلثات al-mutallatāt and حساب المثلثات ḥisāb al-m. trigonometry ثلج talaja u: ثلجت السماء (samā’u) it snowed, was snowing; -- talija a to be delighted, 105 be gladdened (soul, heart; ب by) II to cool with ice (هـ s.th.); to freeze, turn into ice (هـ s.th.) IV اثلجت السماء it snowed, was snowing; to cool, moisten (هـ s.th.)│اثلج صدره (ṣadrahū) to delight, please, gratify s.o. V to become icy, turn into ice, congeal; to freeze ثلج talj pl. ثلوج tulūj snow; ice; artificial ice│ندفة الثلج nadfat at-t. snowflake ثلجى taljī snowy, snow- (in compounds); icy, glacial, ice- (in compounds) ثليج talīj icy ثلاج tallāj pl. -ūn ice vendor ثلاجة tallāja pl. -āt iceberg, ice floe; refrigerator, icebox مثلجة matlaja pl. مثالج matālij2 icebox, refrigerator; cold-storage plant مثلوج matlūj snow-covered; iced, icy; مثلوجات frozen food; iced beverages مثلج mutallaj iced; icy, ice-cold ثلم talama i (talm) to blunt, make jagged (هـ s.th.), break the edge of (هـ); to make a breach, gap or opening (هـ in a wall); to defile, sully (هـ reputation, honor); --talima a to be or become jagged, dull, blunt II to blunt (هـ s.th.) V to become blunt VII to be defiled, be discredited (reputation) ثلم talm nick, notch; breach, opening, gap; crock, fissure, rift│ثلم الصيت t. aṣ-ṣīt defamation ثلمة tulma pl. ثلم tulam = talm│ سد ثلمة sadda talmatan to fill a gap; ثلمة لا تسد (tusaddu) a gap that cannot be closed, an irreparable loss ثالم talim dull, blunt مثلوم matlūm defiled, sullied (reputation, honor) مثلم mutatallim blunted, blunt; cracking (voice) منثلم الصيت muntalim aṣ-ṣīt of ill repute, of dubious reputation ثم tamma there ثم min tamma hence, therefore, for that reason ثم tumma then, thereupon; furthermore, moreover; and again, and once more (emphatically in repetition)│كلا ثم كلا (kallā) no and a hundred times no! من ثم min tamma then, thereupon ثمة tammata (ثمت) there; there is│ليس ثمة there isn't ثمام tumām a grass│على طرف الثمام (ṯarafi t-t.) within easy reach, handy; جعله على طرف الثمام he made it readily understandable, he presented it plsusibly for all اثمد look up alphabetically ثمر tamara u to bear fruit IV do. X to profit, benefit (هـ from); to exploit, utilize (هـ s.th.); to invest profitably (هـ money) ثمر tamar pl. ثمار timār, اثمار atmār fruits, fruit (coll.); result, effect, fruit, fruitage; yield, profit, benefit, gain ثمرة tamara (n. un. of tamar) pl. -āt fruit; result, effect; yield, profit, benefit, gain استثمار istitmār exploitation (also pol.-econ.), utilization, profitable use مثمر mutmir fruitful, productive, profitable, lucrative مستثمر mustatmir pl. -ūn exploiter (pol.-econ.); beneficiary ثمل tamila a (tamal) to become drunk IV to make drunk, intoxicate (ه s.o.) ثمل tamal intoxication, drunkenness ثملة tamala drunken fit, drunkenness ثمل tamil intoxicated, drunk(en) ثمالة tumāla residue, remnant, dregs (of a liquid), heeltap (of wine); .cum, foam, froth 106 1 ثمنII to appraise, asses, estimate (هـ s.th.), determine the price or value (هـ of s.th.); to price (هـ s.th.)│ لا ثمل lā yutammanu invaluable, inestimable, priceless ثمن pl. اثمن atmān, اثمنة atmina price, cost; value│الثمن الأصلى (aṣlī) cost price; الثمن الأساسى (asāsī) par, nominal value ثمين tamīn costly, precious, valuable اثمن atman2 costlier, more precious, more valuable تثمين tatmīn estimated, appraisal, assessment, valuation, rating مثمون matmūn object of value مثمن mutammin estimator, appraiser│خبير مثمن assessor مثمن mutamman prized, valued, valuable, precious مثمن mutmin costly, precious, valuable مثمن mutman object of value 2ثمانية tamāniya (f. ثمان tamānin) eight ثمانية عشر tamāniyata ‘ašara, f. ثماني عشرة tamāniya ‘ašrata eighteen ثمن pl. اثمان atmān one-eighth ثمنة tumna pl. -āt a dry measure (Eg. = 1/3 قدح = .258 l; Pal. = ca. 2.25 l) ثمانون tamānūn eighty الثامن at-tāmin the eighth مثمن mutamman eightfold; octagonal ثنة tunna pl. ثنن tunan fetlock ثندوة tunduwa pl. ثناد tanādin breast (of the male) ثنى tanā i (tany) to double, double up, fold, fold up, fold under (هـ s.th.); to bond, flex (هـ s.th.); to turn away, dissuade, keep, prevent, divert (عن ه s.o. from)│ ثنى عنان فرسه (‘ināna farasihī) he galloped off II to double, make double (هـ s.th.); to do twice, repeat (هـ s.th.); to pleat, plait (هـ s.th.); to form the dual (هـ of a word); to provide with two diacritical dots (هـ a letter) IV to commend, praise, laud, extol (على s.th., s.o.), speak appreciatively (على of)│ اثنى عليه عاطر الثناء (‘āṯira tanā’) to speak in the most laudatory terms of s.o. V to double, become double; to be doubled; to be repeated; to bond, fold; to be bent, be folded. be folded up or under; to walk with a swinging gait VII to bend, bend up, down or over, lean, incline, bow; to fold, be foldable, be folded back; to turn away (عن from), give up, renounce (عن s.th.); to turn, face (لI toward); to apply o.s., turn (الى to s.th.); (with foll. imperf.) to set out, prepare (to do s.th.) X to except, exclude (من ه or هـ s.th. or s.o. from), make an exception (هـ of s.th.) ثنى tany bonding; folding; turning away, dissuasion, keeping, prevention ثنى tiny pl. اثناء atnā’ fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth); bond, twist│ ثنيا بعد ثنى tinyan ba‘da tinyin from time to time اثناء atnā’ (prep.) during; in the course of│فى اثناء fī atnā’i do.; فى اثناء ذلك, فى تلك الاثناء, اثناء ذلك in the meantime, during all this time, meanwhile ثنية tanya pl. tanyāt fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth) ثنية tanya pl. ثنايا tanāyā middle incisor; narrow pass; mountain trail│ فى ثنايا in, inside, among, between, frequently only a fuller, rhetorically more elegant expression for "in". e.g., فى ثنايا نفسه in his heart, inwardly, فى ثنايا الكتاب in the book; بين ثنايا in, inside, among, between; طلاع الثنايا ṯallā‘ at-t. one with high-flung aspirations 107 ثناء tanā’ commendation, praise, eulogy; appreciation ثناء tunā’2 and مثنى matnā two at a time ثنوى tanawī dualist ثنوية tanawīya dualism ثنائى tanā’ī laudatory, eulogistic ثنائى tunā’ī twofold, double, dual, binary, bi-; biradical (gram.); duet, duo (mus.)│ محرك ثنائى المشوار (muḥarrik t. l-mišwār) two-cycle engine O ثنائية tunā’īya dualism; duet, duo (mus.) اثنان itnāni, f. اثنتان itnatāni two اثنا عشر itnā ‘ašara, f. اثنتا عشرة itnatā ‘ašrata twelve يوم الاثنين yaum al-itnaini and الاثنين Monday الثانى at-tānī the second; the next; ثانيا tāniyan and ثانية tāniyatan secondly; for the second time, once more, again│ ثانى اثنين t. itnain the second of a pair, pendant, companion piece, match ثانية tāniya pl. ثوان tawānin second (time unit) ثانوى tānawī secondary; minor│امور ثانوية matters of secondary importance, minor matters; مدرسة ثانوية secondary school; تسويغ ثانوي subletting تثنية tatniya repetition; plaiting, pleating; doubling, gemination; (gram.) dual; second sequel (e.g., of a collection of short stories); commendation, praise, eulogy│ تثنية الاشتراع Deuteronomy انثناء intinā’ bending, flection; flexibility, foldability│ قابل للاانثناء foldable, folding انثناءة intinā’a pl. -āt (n. vic.) bend, flexure, curve استثناء istitnā’ exception, exclusion│ باستثناء with the exception of, except; بدون استثناء without exception استثنائى istitnā’ī exoeptional; استثنائيا istitnā’īyan as an exception│ احوال استثنائية emergencies; جلسة استثنائية (jalsa) emergency session مثنى matnīy folded; plaited, pleated; doubled مثنى mutannan ouble, twofold; in the dual (gram.) مستثنى mustatnan excepted, excluded (من from) ثوة see ثوى 1ثاب (ثوب) tāba u to return, come back (also, e.g., a state or condition, الى or ل to s.o.); with ب: to return s.th. (الى to s.o.)│ ثاب الى نفسه to regain consciousness, come to; ثاب اليه رشده (rušduhū) to recover one’s senses II to reward (ه s.o.; said of God) IV to repay, requite (هـ هـ s.th. with); to reward (على ه s.o. for) X to seek reward ثوب taub pl. ثياب tiyāb, اثواب atwāb garment, dress; cloth, material; (fig.) garb, outward appearance, guise, cloak, mask; pl. ثياب clothes, clothing, apparel│ ثياب السهرة t. as-suhra formal dress, evening clothes; فى ثوب بسيط in plain, homely form; طاهر الثياب of flawless character, irreproachable ثواب tawāb requital, recompense, reward (for good deeds); (Isl. Law) merit, credit (arising from a pious deed) مثوبة matūba requital, recompense, reward (bestowed by God for good deeds) مثاب matāb and مثابة matāba place to which one returns; meeting place; rendezvous; resort, refuge مثابة matāba (with foll. genit.) place or time at which s.th. appears or recurs; 108 manner, mode, fashion; see also preceding entry│ بمثابة (with foll. genit.) like, as; tantamount to, equivalent to, having the same function as 2 تثاوب = تثاءب (ثئب VI) to yawn ثار (ثور) tāra u to stir, be stirred up, be aroused, be excited; to swirl up, rise (dust); to arise (question, problem; a difficulty, فى وجهه fī wajhihī before s.o.); to be triggered, be unleashed, break out; to revolt, rebel, rise (على against); to rage, storm│ ثار ثائره (tā’irohū) to fly into a rage, become furious, flare up IV to agitate, excite (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to stimulate (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to irritate (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to arouse, stir up, kindle, excite (هـ s.th., e.g., feelings), cause, provoke, awaken (هـ s.th.); to raise, pose, bring up (مسألة mas’alatan a question, a problem)│ اثار ثائرته (tā’iratahū) to infuriate s.o., excite s.o. X to excite, stir up, kindle (هـ s.th., esp. passions); to rouse (هـ s.th.); to arouse, awaken (هـ s.th., esp. feelings); to elicit, evoke (هـ wails, outcries, من from s.o.); to incite, set (على ه s.o. against)│ استثار غضبه (gaḍabahū) to infuriate s.o., make s.o. angry ثور taur pl. ثيران tīrān bull, steer; ox; Taurus (astron.)│ شوربة ذيل الثور šōrabat dail at-t. oxtail soup ثورة taura excitement, agitation; outbreak, outburst, fit (of fury, of despair, etc.); eruption (of a volcano); (pl. -āt) upheaval, uprising, insurrection, riot, rebellion, revolt, revolution│ثورة اهلية (ahlīya) internal strife, civil war ثورى taurī revolutionary (adj. and n.) ثوروى taurawī revolutionary (adj. and n.) ثوران tawarān agitation, excitation, flare-up, emption, outbreak, outburst, dust whirl مثار matār incentive, stimulus, motive, spur, occasion, cause│ مثار الجدل m. al-jadal and مثار النزاع object of controversy, point of contention اثارة itāra excitation, stirring up, kindling; agitation, incitement; provocation, (a)rousing, awakening; irritation, stimulation ثائر tā’ir excited, agitated, raving, furious, mad; rebellious; fury, rage (in the idiomatic phrase ثار ثائرة see above); (pl. ثوار tuwwār) insurgent, rebel, revolutionary ثائرة tā’ira pl. ثوائر tawā’ir2 tumult; excitement, agitation; fury, rage مثير mutīr exciting; provocative; stimulative, irritative; excitant, irritant, stimulant; instigator; germ, agent; pl. مثيرات stimulants ثوريوم tōriyūm thorium (chem.) ثول VII to swarm, crowd, throng (على around s.o.); to come over s.o. (على) ثول law and ثول النحل t. an-nḥl swarm of bees ثوم tūm (coll.; n. un. ة) garlic ثوى tawā i (ثواء tawā’, ثوى tuwīy, مثوى matwan) to stay, live (ب at a place); to settle down (ب at a place); pass. tuwiya to be buried IV to stay, live; to lodge, put up as a guest (ه s.o.) ثوى tawīy guestroom ثوة tūwa pl. ثوى tuwan signpost, road-sign مثوى matwan pl. مثاو matāwin abode, habitation, dwelling; place of rest ثيب tayyib pl. -āt a deflowered but unmarried woman, widow, divorcée ثيتل taital pl. ثياتل tayātil2 a variety of wild goat (Capra jaela) 109 ج جاثليق jātalīq = جثليق جؤجؤ ju’ju’ pl. جآجئ ja’āji2 breast; prow, bow (of a ship) جأر ja’ara a (ja’r, جؤار ju’ār) to low, moo; to supplicate, pray fervently (الى to God) جأر ja’r, and جؤار ju’ār, lowing, mooing (of cattle) 1جاز giiz pl. -āt (Eg. spelling) gas 2جاز jāz jazz جازون (Fr. gazon, Eg. spelling) gāzōn lawn جأش ja’aša a (ja’š) to be agitated, be convulsed (with pain or fright) جأش ja’š emotional agitation; heart, soul│ ربط جأشه rabaṯa ja’šahū to remain calm, composed, self-possesed; رابط الجأش or ثابت الجأش calm, composed, cool, self-possessed, undismayed; بجأش رابط with unswerving courage, unflinchingly جاكته, جاكتة and جاكيته žakēta jacket, coat جالون galōn gallon جاليرى (Eg. spelling) galērī gallery (theat.) جام jām pl. –āt cup; drinking vessel; bowl جامكية jāmakīya pl. -āt, جوامك jawāmik2 pay جاموس jāmūs pl. جواميس jawāmīs2 buffalo جاموسة jāmūsa buffalo cow جانرك (pronounced žānəreg, from Turk. caneriği; coll.; n. un. žānərgēye) a variety of small green plum with several stones (syr.) جاه jāh rank, standing, dignity, honor, glory, fame جاوه jāwa Java جاوى jāwī Javanese; benzoin; (pl. -ūn) a Javanese جاودار jāwadār rye جاويش čāwīš sergeant = شاوش, شاويش 1جب jubb pl. اجباب ajbāb, جباب jibāb well, cistern; pit 2جبة jubba pl. جبب jubab, جباب, jibāb, جبائب jabā’ib2 jubbah, a long outer garment, open in front, with wide sleeves جبح jabḥ pl. اجبح ajbuḥ, جباح jibāḥ, اجباح ajbāḥ beehive جبخانة jabḳāna, jabaḳāna powder magazine; ammunition; artillery depot جبر jabara u (jabr, جبور jubūr) to set (هـ broken bones); to restore, bring back to normal (هـ s.th.); to help back on his feet, help up (ه s.o.; e.g., on. fallen into poverty); to force, compel (على ه s.o. to do s.th.)│ جبر خاطره (ḳāoṯirahū) to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner II to set (هـ broken bones) III to treat with kindness with friendliness (ه s.o.), be nice (ه to s.o.) IV to force, compel (على ه s.o. to do s.th.); to hold sway (على over) V to show o.s. proud, haughty; to act strong, throw one’s weight around; to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; to be set (broken bones)│ تجبر الله بابنك (bi-bnika) God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself VII to be mended. repaired, restored جبر jabr setting (of broken bones); force, compulsion; coercion, duress; power, 110 might; (predestined, inescapable) decree of fate; جبرا jab,an forcibly, by force│ علم الجبر ‘ilm al-j. algebra; يوم جبر البحر yaum j. al-baḥr a local holiday of Cairo (the day on which, in former times, the water of the Nile was channeled into the now-abandoned ḳalīg, or City Canal, thus marفىng the beginning of the irrigation season) جبرى jabrī algebraic; compulsory, forced; -- jabarī an adherent of the doctrine of predestination and the inescapability of fate; fatalist جبرية jabarīya an Islamic school of thought teaching the inescapability of fate; fatalism جبار jabbār, pl. -ūn, جبابر jabābir2, جبابرة jabābira giant; colossus; tyrant, oppressor; almighty, omnipotent (God); gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; Orion (astron.)│ جبار الخطوة j. al-ḳuṯ.wa striding powerfully, taفىng buge strides جبارة jibāra (art of) bonesetting جبيرة jabīra and جبارة jībāra pl. جبائر jabā’ir2 splint (surg.) جبروت jabarūt omnipotence; power, might; tyranny جبرياء jibriyā’2 pride, haughtiness O تجبير tajbīr, تجبير العظام orthopedics اجبار ijbār compulsion, coercion اجبارى ijbārī forced, forcible, compulsory, obligatory│التجنيد الاجبارى compulsory recruitment; military conscription جابر jābir and مجبر mujabbir, bonesetter مجبور majbūr and مجبر mujbar forced, compelled جبرئيل jabra’īl2 جبريل jibrīl2 Gabriel 2 جبسII to plaster, coat, patch, or fix with plaster (هـ s.th.); to put in a cast, set in plaster (هـ s.th.) جبس jibs gypsum; plaster of Paris جباسة jabbāsa gypsum quarry; plaster kiln 2جبس jabas (coll.; n. un. ة; syr.) watermelon(s) 1 جبل jabala u i (jabl) to mold, form, shape, fashion (هـ s.th.); to knead (هـ s.th.); to create (على ه s.o. with a natural disposition or propensity for); pass. جبل على (jubila) to be born for, be naturally diaposed to, bave a propensity for جبلة jibla, jibilla pl. -āt natural disposition, nature, temper 2 جبل jabal pl. جبل jibāl, اجبال ajbāl mountain; mountains, mountain range│ جبال الالب j. al-alb the Alpes; جبال الاوراس the Aurès Mountains (in E Algeria); جبل جليد iceberg; جبل سينا j. sīnā Mount Sinai; جبل طارق Gibraltar; جبل نار volcano جبلى jabalī mountainous, hilly; mountain (adj.); montane; (pl. -ūn) highlander, mountaineer جبلاوى gabalāwī (eg.) highlander, mountaineer جبلاية gabalāya pl. -āt (eg.) grotto, cave جبن jabuna u (jubn, جبانة jabāna) to be a coward, be fearful; to be too much of a coward (عن to do s.th.), shrink (عن from s.th.) II to cause to curdle (هـ milk); to make into cheese (هـ s.th.); to curdle; to accuse of cowardice, call a coward (ه s.o.) V to curdle (milk), turn into cheese جبن jubn and جبانة jabāna cowardice جبن jubn and جبنة jubna cheese جبان jabān pl. جبناء jubanā’2 coward; cowardly جبان jabbān cheese merchant جبين jabīn pl. جبن jubun, اجبنة ajbina, اجبن ajbun forehead, brow; façade, front; face من جبينى min jabīnī I alone; على جبين السماء in the sky 111 جبينى jabīnī frontal اجبن ajban2 more cowardly جبانة jabbāna pl. -āt cemetery تجبين tajbīn cheese making, processing into cheese 1جبه jabaha a to moot, face, confront (ه s.o.) III to face, confront, oppose, defy (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), show a hold front (ه to); to face (هـ a problem, a difficulty) جبهة jabha pl. جباه jibāh, جبهات jabahāt forehead, brow; front, face, façade; frontline, battle front مجابهة mujābaha facing, confrontation, opposition 2جبه خانة see جبخانة جبى jabā i (جباية jibāya) to collect, raise, levy (هـ taxes, duties) II to prostrate o.s. (in prayer) VIII to pick, choose, elect (هـ s.th., ه s.o.) جباية jibāya raising, levying (of taxes); (pl. oat) tax, duty, impost جبائي jibā’ī tax- (in compounds); fiscal مجبى majban pl. مجاب majābin tax, impost جاب jābin pl. جباة jubāh tax collector, revenue officer, collector; (bus, etc.) conductor (ir.) جابية jābiya pl. جواب jawābin pool, basin جتا jatā (abbreviation of جيب التمام) cosine (math.) جث jatta (jatt) and VIII to tear out, uproot (هـ a tree, also fig.) جثة jutta pl. جثث jutat, اجثاث ajtāt body; corpse, cadaver; carcass مجتث muitat uprooted (also fig.) جثل jatl thick, dense (esp. hair) جثليق jitlīq pl. جثالقة jatāliqa catholicos, primate of the Armenian Church جثم jatama u i (jatm, جثوم jutūm) to alight, sit, perch (bird); to crouch, cower; to fall or lie prone, lie face down; to beset, oppress (على s.th.) جثمة jatma (n. vic.) motionless sitting or lying جثام jutām and جاثوم jātūm nightmare, incubus جثمان jutmān pl. -āt hody, mortal frame جثمانى jutmānī hodily, physical, corporeal جاثم jātim pl. جثم juttam squatting, crouching; perching; prostrate, prone (جثو) جثا jatā u (jutuw) to kneel, root on the knees; to bend the knee, genullect; to fall on one’s knees جثو jutūw kneeling pooition جثوة jutwa rock pile, mound; sepulchral mound, tumulus مجثى majtan hassock جاث jātin kneeling; الجاثى Hercules (astron.) جحد jaḥda a (jaiḥd, جحود juḥūd) to negate (هـ s.th.); to disclaim, disavow, disown, deny (هـ s.th.); to refuse, reject, repudiate (هـ s.th.); to renounce, forswear, adjure (هـ a belief); to deny (هـ ه s.o. his right)│ جحد جميله (jamīlahū) to he ungrateful to s.o. جحد jaḥd denial; repudiation, disavowal, rejection, disclaimer; unbelief (rel.) جحود juḥūd denial; evasion, dodging, shirking (of a moral obligation); ingratitude; repudiation, disavowal, rejection, disclaimer; unbelief (rel.) جاحد jāḥid denier; infidel, unbeliever جحر VII to hide in ito hole or den (animal) جحر juḥr pl. اجحار ajḥār, جحور juḥūr hole, den, lair, burrow (of animals) 112 جحش jaḥš pl. جحاش jiḥāš, جحشان jiḥšān, اجحاش ajḥāš young donkey; (pl. جحوش juḥūš) trestle, horse جحشة jaša young female donkey جحظ jaḥaẓa a (جحوظ juḥūẓ) to bulge, protrude (eyeball) جحوظ العين juḥūz al-‘ain exophthalmic goiter, abnormal protrusion of the eyeball جحف jaḥafa a (jaḥf) to peel off, scrape off (هـ s.th.); to sweep away (هـ s.th.); to have a bias (مع for), side (مع with s.o.) IV to harm, hurt, injure, prejudice (ب s.o., s.th.); to ruin. destroy (ب s.o., s.th.); to wrong (ب s.o.) اجحاف ijḥāf injustice, wrong; bias, prejudice مجحف mujḥif unjust, unfair; biased, prejudiced جحفل jaḥfala pl. جحافل jaḥāfil2 multitude, legion, host, large army; army corps (Syr.); eminent man جحيم jaḥīm f. (also m.) fire, hellfire, hell جحيمى jaḥīmī hellish, infernal جخ jaḳḳa (eg.) to lord it, give o.s. airs; to boast, brag; (syr.) to dress up (slightly ironical) جخاخ jaḳḳāḳ boaster, braggart 1جد jadd pl. جدود judūd, اجاد ajdād grand-father; ancestor, forefather│ الجد الاعلى (a‘lā) ancestor جدة jadda pl. -āt grandmother 2جد jadda i to be new; to be a recent development, have happened lately, have recently become a fact; to be added, crop up or enter as a new factor (circumstances, costs); to appear for the first time (also, e.g., on the stage); to be or become serious, grave; to be weighty, significant, important; to take فى s.th.) seriously; to strive earnestly فى for), go out of one’s way (فى to do s.th.), make every effort (فى in); to be serious, be in earnest (فى about), mean business; to hurry (فى one’s step) II to renew (هـ s.th.); to make anew, remake (هـ s.th.); to modernize (هـ s.th.); to restore, renovate, remodel, refit, recondition, refurbish (هـ s.th.); to be an innovator, a reformer; to feature s.th. new or novel, produce s.th. new; to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up (هـ s.th.); to renew, extend (هـ a permit); to begin anew, repeat (هـ s.th.), make a new start (هـ in s.th.); to try again (حظه ḥaẓẓahū one’s luck) IV to strive, endeavor, take pains; to apply o.s. earnestly and assiduously (فى to), be bent, be intent (فى on s.th.); to hurry (فى one's step); to renew, make new (هـ s.th.) V to become new, be renewed; to revive X to be new, be added or enter as a new factor, come newly into existence; to make new, renew (هـ s.th.) جد iadd pl. جدود judūd good luck, good fortune جد jidd seriousness, earnestness; diligence, assiduity, eagerness; جدا jiddan very, much│ بجد and من جد earnestly, seriously; جد باهظ jiddu bāhiẓin very high (price); جد عظيم j. ‘aẓīmin very great; يختلفون جد الاختلاف (jidda l-iḳtilāf) they differ widely; وقف على ساق الجد ل (sāqi l-j.) to apply o.s. with diligence to, take pains in, make every effort to جدى jiddī serious; earnest; جديا jiddīyan in earnest, earnestly, seriously جدية jiddīya earnestness; seriousness, gravity (of a situation) جدة jidda newness, recency, novelty; modernness, modernity; O rebirth, renaissance جدة judda2 Jidda (eeaport in W Saudi Arabia, on Red Sea) 113 جديد jadīd pl. جدد judud, judad new, recent; renewed; modem; novel, unprecedented│الجديدان al-jadīdān day and night; من جديد anew, again; (eg.) جديد لنج gadīd lang brand-new. اجد ajadd2 more serious, more intent; newer, more recent تجديد tajdīd renewal (also. e.g., of a permit); creation of s.th. new origination; new presentation, new production (theat.); innovation; reorganization, reform; modernization; renovation, restoration, remodeling. refitting. reconditioning, refurbishing; rejuvenation, regeneration; pl. -āt innovations; new achievements تجدد tajaddud renewal, regeneration, revival جاد jādd in earnest, earnest; serious (as opposed to comic, funny) جادة jādda pl. –āt, jawādd2 main street; street مجدود majdūd fortunate. lucky مجدد mujaddid renewer; innovator; reformer مجدد mujaddad renewed, extended; remodeled, reconditioned, renovated, restored; rejuvenated, regenerated, new, recent, young مجد mujidd painstaking, diligent, assiduous مستجد mustajidd new, recent; incipient جدب jaduba u جدوبة judūba) to be or become dry, arid (soil) IV to suffer from drought, poverty or dearth; to be barren, sterile; to come to nothing, go up in smoke, fall flat, fizzle out; (syr.) to explode in the barrel (shell; mil.) جدب jadb drought, barrenness, sterility; sterile, barren جديب jadīb and اجدب ajdab2, f. جدباء jadbā’2 barren, sterile مجدب mujdib barren, sterile; desolate, arid; unproductive, unprofitable جدث jadat pl. اجداث ajdāt grave, tomb جدجد judjud pl. جداجد jadājid2 cricket (zool.) 1 جدر jadura u (جدارة jadāra) to be fit, suitable, proper. appropriate (ب for s.o., for s.th.); to befit, behoove (ب s.o., s.th.); to be worthy (ب of), deserve (ب s.th.)│ يجدر ذكره (dikruhū) and يجدر بالذكر it is worth mentioning جدر jadr wall جدير jadīr pl. -ūn جدراء judarā’2 worthy, deserving (ب of s.th.); becoming, befitting (ب s.th.); proper, suited, suitable fit (ب for), appropriate (ب to)│ جدير بالذكر (dikr) worth mentioning اجدر ajdar worthier; more appropriate; better suited, more suitable جدارة jadāra worthiness; fitness, suitability, aptitude, qualification; appropriateness جدار jidār pl. جدر judur, جدران judrān wall جدارى jidārī mural, wall (adj.) 2 جدر judira (pass.) and II to have smallpox جدرى judarī, jadarī smallpox مجدور majdūr and مجدر mujaddar infected with smallpox; pock-marked مجدرة mujaddara dish made of rice or (in Syr.) of bulgur with lentils, onions and oil (eg., syr.) جدع jada‘a a (jad‘) to cut off, amputate (هـ s.th., esp. some part of the body) بجدع الانف bi-jad‘i l-anf (prop., at the cost of having the nose cut off) at any price, regardless of the sacrifice involved اجدع ajda‘ mutilated (by having the nose, or the like cut off) 114 2□ جدع gada‘ (= جذع jada‘) pl. جدعان gid‘ān (eg.) young man, young fellow; heman 1 جدف II to curse, blaspheme (على s.o., esp. God) تجديف tajdīf imprecation, blasphemy 2 جدف jadafa i and II to row (o a boat) مجداف mijdāf pl. مجادف majādif2 oar 1 جدل jadala u i (jadl) to twist tight, tighten, stretch (هـ a rope); to braid, plait (هـ s.th., the hair, etc.) II to braid, plait, (هـ s.th.) III to quarrel, wrangle, bicker (ه with s.o.); to argue, debate (ه with s.o.); to dispute, contest (فى s.th.) VI to quarrel, have an argument; to carry on a dispute جدل jadal quarrel, argument; debate, dispute, discussion, controversy│ فرض جدلا faraḍa jadalan to assume for the sake of argument, propose as a basis for discussion جدلى jadalī controversial; disputatious; a disputant جدال jaddāl and مجدال mijdāl disputatious, argumentative; mijdāl see also below جديلة jadīla pl. جدائل jadā’il2 braid, plait; tress مجدال mijdāl pl. مجادل majādil2 flagstone, ashlar; see also above under jaddāl جدال jidāl and مجادلة mujādala pl. –āt quarrel, argument; dispute, discussion, debate│ لا يقبل الجدال (yaqbalu) incontestable, indisputable; لا جدال lā jidāla and بلا جدال bi-lā j. incontestably, indisputably مجدول majdūl tightly twisted; braided, plaited; interwoven, intertwined (tress of hair); slender and trim, shapely (e.g., leg) مجادل mujādil disputant, opponent in dispute 2 جدول jadwal pl. جداول jadāwil2 creek, brook, little stream; column; list, roster; index; chart, table, schedule│جدول دراسى (dirāsī) curriculum; جدول البورصة stock list, خارج جدول البورصة (ḳārija) not quoted (stock exchange); جدول الاعمال agenda; working plan جدا (جدو) jadā u to give a present (على to s.o.) IV to give as a present (ب على s.o. s.th.), present (ب على s.o. with); to be of use, be useful, profitable│اجدى نفعا (naf‘an) to be useful; هذا لا يجديك that won’t help you, that will be of no use (to you); ما يجدى عنك هذا do.; لا يجدى فتيلا (fatīlan) = لا يغنى فتيلا see فتيل X to beg for alms; to implore, beg (هـ ه s.o. for s.th.), plead (هـ for s.th.) جداء jadā’ advantage, gain (.r for s.o.) جدوى jadwā gift, present; advantage, benefit, gain│ بلا جدوى (bi-lā) and على غير جدوى (gairi) of no avail, useless, futile, in vain اجدى ajdā more useful, more advantageous جدى jady pl. جداء jidā’, جديان jidyān kid, young billy goat; Capricorn (astron.); الجدى the North Star جذ jadda u (jadd) to cut off, clip (هـ s.th.) جذاذة jadāda pl. -āt slip of paper; pl. جذاذات small pieces, shreds, scraps, clippings جذب jadaba i (jadb) to pull, draw (هـ s.th.); to attract (هـ s.th.); to pull out, draw out, whip out (هـ s.th.), draw (هـ a weapon, or the like); to appeal, prove attractive (ه to s.o.), attract, captivate, charm, allure (ه s.o.), win (ه s.o.) over (اليه to one’s side) III to contend (ه with s.o.) at pulling, tugging, etc. (هـ s.th.)│جاذبه الحبل 115 (ḥabla) to vie with s.o.; (to be able) to compete with s.o., measure up to s.o., be a match for s.o.; جاذبه الكلام or جاذبه حديثا or جاذبه اطراف الحديث (aṯrāfa l-ḥ.) he engaged him in conversation, involved him in a discussion; جاذبه اطراف الحضارة (aṯrāfa l-ḥaḍāra) to vie with s.o. in culture VI to pull back and forth (ه s.o.); to contend (ه, هـ for); to attract each other│ تجاذبوا اطراف الحديث (aṯrāfa l-ḥ.) they were deep in conversstion, they were talking together VII to be attracted; to be drawn, gravitate (JI toward, to) VIII to attract (ه s.o., هـ s.th., اليه to o.s.; also magn.); to allure, entice (ه s.o.); to win (ه s.o.) over (اليه to one's side); to draw, inhale (هـ puffs from a cigarette, etc.) جذب jadb attraction; gravitation; appeal, lure, enticement, captivation│ اخذ جذبا to wrest away, take away by force; الجذب الجنسى (jinsī) sex appeal جذاب jaddāb attractive; magnetic (fig.); suction, suctorial; winning, fetching, engaging; charming, enticing, captivating, gripping اجذب ajdab2 more attractive, more captivating انجذاب injidāb attraction, inclination, pronenesa, tendency اجتذاب ijtidāb attraction; enticement, lure جاذب jādib attractive; magnetic (fig.); winning, fetubing, engaging; charming, enticing, captivating, gripping جاذبية jādibīya gravitation; attraction; attractiveness; charm, fascination; magnetism (fig.); lure, enticement│O جاذبية الثقل j. ataql gravitational force; جاذبية مغنطيسية (magnaṯisūya) magnetism; جاذبية الجنس j. al-jins sex appeal مجذوب majdūb attracted; possessed, maniacal, insane; (pl. مجاذب majādib2) maniac, lunatic, madman, idiot│مستشفى المجاذيب mustašfā l-m. mental hospital متجاذب mutajādib mutually attractive; belonging together, inseparable منجذب munjadib attracted; inclined, tending (الى to) جذر jadara u (jadr) to uproot, tear out by the roots (هـ s.th.) II do.; to extract the root (هـ of a number; math.); to take root جذر jidr, jadr pl. جذور judūr root (also math.); stem, base, lower end; (pl. اجذار ajdār) stub (of a receipt book, or the like)│ جذر تربيعى (tarbī‘ī) square root (math.) جذرى jidrī, radical, roct (adj.) تجذير tajdīr evolution, root extraction (math.) جذع jada‘ pl. جذع jud‘ān young man, young fellow (cf. □ جدع gada‘); new, incipient│ عادت الحرب جذعة (ḥarbu, jada‘atan) the war broke out again, started all over again; اعاد الامر جذعا (l-amra) he reopened the whole affair, he reverted to the earlier status جذع jid‘ pl. اجذاع ajdā‘, جذوع judū‘ stem, trunk.; stump, tree stump; torso جذعى jid‘ī truncal جذف II to row (هـ a boat) مجذاف mijdāf pl. مجاذف majādif2 oar جذل jadala a (jadal) to be happy, gay, exuberant, rejoice IV to make happy, gladden, cheer (ه s.o.) جذل jidl pl. اجذال ajdāl, جذول judūl stump (of a tree) جذيل jadīl wooden post on which camels rub themselves جذل jada1 gaiety, hilarity, exuberance, happiness 116 جذل jadil pl. جذلان judlān gay, hilarious, cheerful, in high spirits, exuberant, happy جذلان jadlān2 gay, hilarious, cheerful, in high spirits, exuberaut, happy جذم ijdama i (jadm) to out off, chop off (هـ s.th., esp. a part of the body); to remove, ta.ke out, excise (هـ e.g., the tonsils, the appendix; surg.); pass. judima to be afllicted with leprosy جذم jidm pl. جذوم judūm, اجذام ajdām root جذام judām leprosy جذامة judāma stubble اجذام ajdām2 pl. جذامى jadmā mutilated (from having an arm, a hand, etc., cut off); leprous; leper مجذوم majdūm leprous; leper جذمور judmur stump جذوة jadwa, jidwa, judwa pl. جذى jidan, judan, جذاء jidā’ firebrand; burning log جر jarra u (jarr) to draw, pull (هـ s.th.); to drag, tug, haul (هـ s.th.): to tow (هـ s.th.); to trail (هـ s.th.); to drag along (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to draw (على هـ s.th. on s.o.), bring (هـ s.th.) down (على upon s.o.); to lead (الى to), bring on, cause (الى s.th.); to entail (هـ e.g., some evil, على for s.o.); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant with i, put (a word) into tho genitive│جر جريرة (jarīratan) to commit an outrage, a crime (على against s.o.); جر قيودا (quyūdan) to be in shackles, go shackled; جر النار الى قرصه (qurṣihī) to secure advantages for o.s., feather one’s nest; لا يجر لسانه بكلمة (lisānahū bi-kalima) he won’t let a word escape his lips IV to ruminate VII passive of I; to be driven; to be swept along, drift, float│ انجر الى الوراء (warā’i) to withdraw, fall back, give way VIII to ruminate│ اجتر آلامه (ālāmahū) to mull over one’s grief جر jarr pull(ing), drawing, draft.; traction, drag(ging), tugging, towage, hauling; bringing on, causing; genitive│ حرف الجر ḥarf al-j. (gram.) preposition; وهلم جرا wa-halumma jarran and so forth جرة jarra pl. جرار jirār (earthenware) jar جرة jarra, jurra trail, track; rut (left by a wagon)│ بجرة قلم bi-j. qalam with one stroke of the pen جرة jirra cud (of a ruminant) من جرى min jarrā because of│ من جراك because of you, on your account, for your sake من جراء min jarā’i because of, due to│من جراء أن because جرار jarrār huge, tremendous (army); potter; (pl. -āt) tractor; tugboat, steam tug, towing launch جارور jārūr pl. جوارير jawārīr2 (syr.) drawer (of a desk, etc.) جارورة jārūra (leb.) rake (tool) جريرة jarīr pl. جرائر jarā’ir2 guilt; offense, outrage, crime│ من جريرة min jarīrati because of, on account of جرارة jarrāra pl. -āt a variety of scorpion; tractor مجر mijarr trace, tug (of a harness) مجرة majarra galaxy انجرارية injirārīya (eg.) towage charges for watercraft مجرور majrūr drawn, dragged, towed, etc.; word governed by a preposition, word in the genitive form; (pl. مجارير magārir2) drain, sewer (eg.); مجارير sewers, sewage system (eg.) مجتر mujtarr ruminant (adj. and n.) جرؤ jaru’a u (جرأة jur’a, جراءة jarā’a) to dare, venture, risk, hazard (على s.th.), take the risk (على of, ان of doing s.th.), have the 117 courage (على for s.th.) II to encourage (على ه s.o. to s.th.) V to dare, venture, risk. hazard (على s.th.) VIII to be venturesome, be daring; to become bold, make bold (على with s.o.); to venture (على s.th. or upon s.th.), have the audacity (على to do s.th.) جرئ jarī’ pl. اجرياء ajriyā’2 bold, courageous (ب, على in s.th.); forward, immodest, insolent; daring, reckless, fool-bardy جرأة jur’a and جراءة jarā’a courage, boldness, daring; forwardness, insolence مجترئ mujtari’ bold, forward جراج (Fr.) garāž pl. -āt garage (eg.) جرام grām gram (eg.) جرانيت granīt granite (eg.) جرانيتى granītī granitic (eg.) 2جرب jariba a (jarab) to be mangy; (eg.) to fade (color) II to test (هـ s.th.); to try, try out, essay (هـ s.th.); to sample (هـ s.th.); to rehearse, practice (هـ s.th.); to attempt (هـ s.th.); to put to the test, try, tempt (هـ s.o.)│ جرب نفسه فى to try one’s hand at; جرب الايام (ayyāma) to gather experience جرب jarab mange; itch, scabies جرب jarib mangy; scabby اجرب ajrab2, f. جرباء jarbā’2, pl. جرب jurb and جربان jarbān2 mangy; scabby جراب jirāb pl. اجربة ajriba, جربjurub sack, bag, traveling bag; knapsack; scrotum; covering, case; sheath, scabbard (for the sword) جراب jurāb pl. -āt stocking, sock جريب jarīb a patch of arable land تجربة tajriba pl. تجارب tajārib2 trial, test; tryout; attempt; practice, rehearsal; scientific test, experiment; probation; trial, tribulation; temptation; experience, practice; proof sheet, galley proof, also تجربة مطبعية (maṯba‘īya) تجريب tajrīb trial, test(ing); trial, tribulation; temptation تجريبى tajrībī trial, test (adj.); experimental; based on experience, empirical│علم النفس التجريبى (‘ilm an-nafs) experimental psychology O تجريبية tajrībīya empiricism (philos.) مجرب mujarrib experimental; tester; examiner; tempter مجرب mujarrab tried, tested; proven or establisbed by experience, time-tested, time-tried; experienced, practiced, seasoned; man of experience 2 جورب look up alphabeticaUy جربذة jarbada = جربزة جربز jurbuz pl. جرابزة jarābiza impostor, confidence man, swindler جربزة jarbaza (also جربذة) deception, swindle جربوع jarbū‘ (= يربوع) pl. جرابيع jarābī‘2 jerboa (zool.) جربندية jarabandīya (and جرابندية) knapsack, rucksack جرثوم jurtūm, جرثومة jurtūma pl. جراثيم jarātīm2 root; origin; germ; microbe, bacillus, bacterium│ تحت الجرثوم taḥt al-j. inframicrobe جراج look up alphabetically جرجر jarjara (جرجرة jarjara) to gargle; to jerk or pull back and forth; to trail, drag (هـ s.th.); to tow away (هـ s.th.)│ جرجر خطاه (ḳuṯāhū) to drag one’s feet, shuffle along II tajarjara pass. and refl. of I جرجرة jarara gargling; rombling noise; rumble, clatter (of a wagon) جرجر jirjir (large, thick) beans جرجير jirjīr watercress (eg., syr.) 118 جرح jaraḥa a (jarḥ to wound (ه s.o.); to injure, hurt (ه s.o.; also fig., the feelings) II to invalidate (هـ teatimony), challenge, declare unreliahle (ه a witness), take formal exception (ه, هـ to) VIII to commit (هـ an outrage, a crime)│ اجترح السيآت (sayyi’āt) to do evil things جرح jurḥ pl. جراح jirāḥ, جروح jurūḥ, جروحات jurūḥāt, اجراح ajrāḥ wound, injury, lesion جراح jarrāḥ pl. -ūn surgeon│جراح الاسنان dental surgeon جراحة jirāḥa surgery جراحى jirāḥī surgical│ عملية جراحية (‘amalīya) surgical operation جريح jarīḥ pl. جرحى jarḥā wounded, injured, hurt تجريح tajrīḥ surgery; defamation, disparagement جارح jarīḥ injuring; wounding, stinging, painful, hurting; rapacious (beast), predatory جارحة jāriḥa pl. جوارح jawāriḥ2 predatory animal or bird│ جوارح الطير j. aṯ-ṯair predatory birds جوارح jawāriḥ2 limbes, extremities (of the hody)│ بكل جوارحه with might and main, with all his strength مجروح majrūḥ pl. مجاريح majārīḥ2 wounded, injured, hurt جرد jarada u (jard) to peel, pare (هـ s.th.); to remove the shell, peel, rind or husk (هـ of s.th.); to denude, diveet, strip, bare (هـ s.th.); (com.) to take stock; to make an inventory (البضائع of goods on hand) II to peel, pare (هـ s.th.); to remove the shell, peel, rind or husk (هـ of s.th.); to denude, divest, strip, dispossess, deprive (من هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. of); to withhold (من ه from s.o. s.th.); to draw, unsheathe (السيف the sword); to unleash (على هـ s.th. against s.o.); to send, dispatch (هـ a military detachment, troops, ضد or على against s.o.); to free (من هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. from); to isolate (هـ s.th.); to abstract (هـ s.th.); to divest (من ss.o. of his citizenship, of a rank, of a vested right, etc.)│ جرده من السلاح to disarm s.o.; جرد نفسه من to free o.s. from, rid o.s. of, give up s.th. V pass. of II; to strip o.s., rid o.s., get rid (من or عن of), free o.s. (من or عن from); to be free (من or عن from, ل for a task); to devote o.s. exclusively (ل to s.th.); to give up, renounce (من or عن s.th.); to isolate o.s. ; to be absolute جرد jard bare, threadbare, shabby, worn; (com.) inventory; stocktaking جريد jarīd without vegetation, barren, bleak, stark (landscape) اجراد ajrād2, f. جرداء jardā’2, pl. جرد jurd desolate, bleak, without vegetation; hairless, bald; threadbare shabby, worn (garment); open, unprotected (border) جراد jarād (coll.; n. un. ة) locust(s)│ جراد الرحال (raḥḥāl) migratory locust(s); جراد البحر j. al-baḥr langouste, sea cray-fish; بجرادها bi-jarādihā in its entirety جريد jarīd palm branches stripped of their leaves; jeered, a blunt javelin used in equestrian games جريدة jarīda pl. جرائد jarā’id2 (n. un. of جريد) palm-leaf stalk; list, register, roster, index; newspaper│جريدة يومية (yaumīya) daily newspaper; جرائد المساء j. al-masā’ the evening papers; الجريدة الناطقة and الجريدة السينمائية tho newsreel اجرودى ajrūdī (syr.) beardless, hairless مجرد mijrad pl. مجارد majārid2 scraper تجريد tajrīd peeling. paring; disrobement, stripping; denudation; deprivation; divestment; disarmament; dispatching (of troops); freeing; isolation; abstraction│تجريد من السلاح disarmament 119 تجريدة tajrīda pl. -āt تجاريد tajārīd2 military detachment, expeditionary force تجرد tajarrud freedom (من or عن from); isolatedness, isolation; independence, impartiality; absoluteness; abstractness, abstraction مجرد mujarrad denuded, bare, naked; freed, free (من or عن from); pure, mere, nothing more than; sole; very, absolute; abstract; selfless, disinterested; 1st stem of tbe verb (gram.)│with foll. noun in genitive = mere, sheer, nothing but:) مجرد لهو mujarradu lahwin mere play, just fun; بالعين المجردة with the naked eye; بمجرد ما bi-mujarradi mā as soon as, at the very moment when جردل jardal pl. جرادل jaradil2 bucket, pail جرذ jurad pl. جرذان jirdān, jurdān large rat جرذون jirdaun pl. جراذين jarādīn2 large rat 1جرس jarasa i (jars) to ring, toll, knell, (re)sound II to make experienced, inure by severe trials, sorely try (ه s.o.; time, events); to compromise, disgrace, discredit, expose, bring into dierepute (ب s.o.) جرس jars, jirs sound, tone جرس jaras pl. اجراس ajrās bell جرسة jursa defamation, public exposure; scandal, disgrac 2 جرساية jirsāya, جرسية jirsīya pl. -āt jersey, woolen sweater; جرسى jersey cloth جرش jaraša u (jarš) to crush (هـ s.th.); to grate, bruise, grind (هـ s.th.) جرش jarš a grating, scraping noise جريش jarīš crushed, bruised, coarsely ground; crushed grain; grits جاروشة jārūša pl. جوارش jawarīš2 quern, hand mill (for grinding grain) جرض jaraḍa a (jaraḍ): جرض بريقه (bi-rīqihī) he choked on his saliva, could not swallow his saliva (because of excitement, alarm, or grief), he was very upset, in a atate of great agitation, deeply moved; -- jaraḍa u (jarḍ) to choke, sulfocate (ه s.o.) IV اجرضه بريقه (cf. I) to alarm s.o., fill s.o. with apprehension جريض jarīḍ: حال الجريض دون القريض ḥāla l.j. dūna l-qarīḍ (proverb; lit.: choking prevented poetry, i.e.) in the face of death one does not think of rhyming (among other interpretations) جرع jara‘a a (jar‘) and jari‘a a (jara‘) to swallow, gulp, devour (هـ s.th.); to pour down, toss down (هـ a drink) II to make (ه s.o.) swallow (هـ s.th.); to gulp down V to drink (هـ s.th.) VIII to swallow, gulp down (هـ s.th.) جرعة jur‘a, jar‘a pl. جرع jura‘, -āt gulp, mouthful, draught; potion, dose (med.) جرف jarafa u (jarf) and VIII to sweep away (هـ s.th.); to wash away (هـ s.th.); to shovel away (هـ s.th.); to remove (هـ s.th.); to tear away, carry off (هـ s.th.); to carry along (هـ or ه s.o. or s.th.) VII to be swept away, be carried away جرف jurf, juruf pl. جروف jurūf, اجراف ajrāf undercut bank or shore; clilf, steep slope, precipice; bluff (along a river or coast)│ جرف جليدي (jalīdī) avalanche جرافة jarrāfa pl. -āt, جراريف jarārīf 2 rake; harrow مجرف majraf pl. مجارف majārif2 torrent, .trong current مجرفة mijrafa shovel, scoop; (syr.) mattock; trowel مجراف mijrāf pl. مجارف majārīf2 shovel, scoop جارف jārif torrential (stream, mountain creek); stormy, violent (emotions, passions) 120 الجركس al-jarkas the Circassians جركسى jarkasī pl. جراكسة jarākisa circassian (adj. and n.) جرم jarama i (jarm) to sone (الحم al-laḥma the meat); -- to commit an offense, a crime, an outrage (على or الى against s.o.), sin (على or الى against s.o.), injure, harm, wrong (على or الى s.o.) II to incriminate, charge with a crime (ه s.o.; syr.) IV to commit a crime, to sin (على or الى against s.o.), do wrong (على or الى to s.o.), harm, wrong (على or الى s.o.) VIII = IV جرم garm pl. جروم gurūm (eg.) long, flat-bottomed sarge, lighter (naut.) جرم jirm pl. اجرام ajrām, جرم jurum body; mass, sulk, volume (of a body)│ الاجرام الفلكية (falakīya) the celestial bodies جرم iunn pl. اجرام ajrām, جروم jurūm offense, crime, sin لا جرم lā jarama surely, certainly, of course جريم jarīm hulking, bulky, huge, voluminous, of great size جريمة jarīma pl. جرائم jarā’im2 crime; offense; sin│( عظمىor) جريمة كبرى (kubrā, uẓma) capital offense; قانون الجرائم penal code اجرام ijrām crime; culpability, delinquency اجرامى ijrāmī criminal لحم مجروم laḥm majrūm fillet (meat) سنة مجرمة sana mujarrama an entire year مجرم mujrim criminal; (pl. -ūn) a criminal; evildoer, culprit, delinquent│مجرم عائد recidivous criminal جرامز jarāmiz2 and جراميز jarāmīz2 limbs, legs│ ضم جراميزه (ḍamma) he beat it, he made off الجرمان al-jarmān the Germanic tribes, the Teutons جرمانى jarmānī Germanic, Teutonic 1 جرن jurn pl. اجران ajrān (stone) basin; mortar; (eg.) threshing floor, barn│ جرن المعمودية j. al-ma‘mūdīya baptismal font 2 جران jirān the front part of a camel’s neck│ضرب بجرانه to become established, take root; القى عليه جرانه (alqā, jirānahū) to apply o.s. to s.th. and adjust to it, accustom o.s. to s.th. جرنال jurnāl (eg. also gurnāl) pl. جرانيل žarānīl2 (eg., garānīl2) journal, newspaper, periodical جرانيت granīt granite جرانيتى grānītī granitic جرو jarw (jirw, jurw) pl. اجر ajrin, جراء jirā’, اجراء ajrā’, اجرية ajriya puppy, whelp, cub (of a dog or beast of prey) جروسة grōsa gross (= 12 dozen) جرى jarā i (jary) to flow, stream (water); to run; to hurry, rush; to slow (wind); to take place, come to pass, happen, occur; to be under way, be in progress, be going on (work); to befall (ل s.o.), happen (ل to); to be in circulation, circulate, be current; to wend one’s way (الى to), head (على for); to proceed (على in accordance with); to follow (مع s.th.), yield, give way (مع to, e.g., to a desire); to entail (ب s.th.); (with وراء) to run or be after s.th., seek to get s.th.│ جرى له حديث معhe had a talk with; جرى مجراه (majrāhū) to take the same course as, be analogous to, follow the same way as, proceed or act in the same manner as; جرى منه الشيء مجرى الدم (minhu š-šai’u majrā d-dam) it had become second nature to him; جرى على الالسن (alsun) to circulate, make the rounds (rumor); 121 جرى على كل لسان to be on everyone’s lip; جرى على قلمه (qalamihī) to come to s.o.’s pen (e.g, a poem); جرى على خطة (ḳiṯṯa) to follow a plan; ما يجرى عليه العمل (‘amalu) the way things are handled, what is customary practice; جرى به العمل to be in force, be valid, be commonly observed (law, custom); جرت العادة ب to be customary, be common practice, be a common phenomenon, have gained vogue; جرى بالعادة على to do s.th. customarily, se in the habit of doing s.th.; جرت بذلك عادتهم that was their habit II to cause to run│جرى ريقه (rīqahū) to make s.o.’s mouth water III to concur, agree, be in agreement (ه with s.o., فى in s.th.); to keep pace, keep up (ه with s.o.; also intellectually); to be able to follow (ه s.o.); to go (along) (هـ with); to adapt o.s. adjust, conform (هـ to), be guided (هـ by) IV to cause to flow, make flow (هـ s.th.); to cause to run, set running (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) take place or happen, bring about (هـ s.th.); to carry out, execute, enforce, put into effect, apply (هـ s.th., e.g., rules, regulations); to carry out, perform (هـ an action); to Set going, set in motion (هـ a project), launch (هـ an undertaking); to channel (على or ل هـ s.th. to), bestow, settle (على or ل هـ s.th. upon s.o.); to impose, inflict (على هـ s.th., a penalty, on s.o.)│ اجرى تجربة (tajribatan) to carry out an experiment; اجرى تحقيقا to conduct an investigation; اجرى له اعانة (i‘ānatan) to grant s.o. a subsidy; اجراه مجرى (majrā, with foll. genitive) to treat s.th. in the same manner as, put s.th. on equal footing with جرى jary course│جريا على jaryan ‘alā in accordance with, according to جراك min jarāka and min jarā’ika because of you, on your account, for your sake جراء jarrā’ runner, racer جراية jirāya pl. -āt daily (food) rations; pay, salary│عيش جراية ‘ēš girāya (eg.) coarse bread جريان jarayāan flow, flux; course; stream مجرى majra.. pl. مجار majārin watercourse, stream, rivulet, gully; torrent or flood of water; pipeline; canal, channel; drain, sewer, pl. sewers, sewage system; power line (el.); current (el.); current (of a stream); guide rail (tech.); course (of events), progress, passage│مجرى البول m. l-baul urethra (anat.); مجارى التنفس m. t-tanaffus respiratory tract (anat.); مجرى الهواء m. l-hawā’ air stream, current of air, draft; اخذ مجراه to take its course; See also جرى I and IV ماجريات mājarayāt, mājariyāt (pl. of ما جرى) (course of) events, happenings مجاراة mujārāh keeping up (with foll. genitive: with); conformity (with foll. genitive: with)│ مجاراة ل mujārātan li in conformity with, in accordance with, according to اجراء ijrā’ pl. -āt performance (of an action); execution; enforcement; pl. measures, steps, proceedings│ اتخذ اجراءات (ittaḳada) to take measures; اجراءات قانونية (qānūnīya) legal step, proceedings at law جار jārin flowing, streaming, running; circulating; current, present│ الشهر الجارى (šahr) the current month جارية jāriya pl. –āt, جوار jawārin girl; slave girl; maid, servant; ship, vessel جز jazza u (jazz) to cut off, clip (هـ s.th.); to shear, shear off (هـ s.th.; esp. the wool of sheep) جزة jizza pl. جزز jizaz, جزائز jazā’iz2 shorn wool, fleece, slip جزازة juzāza pl. -āt slip of paper; label, tag جزاز jazzāz pl. –ūn shearer, woolshearer مجز mijazz woolshears 122 جزأ jaza’a a and VIII to be content, content o.s. (ب with) II to divide, part, separate, break up, cut up, partition (هـ s.th.) V to divide, break up, be or become divided; to be separated, be detached, be partitioned off; to be divisible, separable (عن from) جزء juz’ pl. اجزاء ajzā’ part, portion; constituent, component; fraction; division; section; the 30th part of the Koran (= 2 ḥizb) جزئى juz’ī partial; minor, trivial, insignificant, unimportant; (jur.) minor, petty; جزئيا juz’īyan partly; جزئيات juz’īyāt details, particulars; trivialities; subordinate partly; divisions, sections (e.g., of a court of justice)│ مواد جزئية (mawādd) petty cases (jur.); جنح جزئية (junaḥ) summary delicts (jur.); محاكم جزئية courts of summary justice; نيابة جزئية (niyāba) parquet of a summary court; حادثة جزئية minor incident; تسوية جزئية (taswiya) part payment; الجزئيات والكليات (kullīyāt) the particular and general aspects, the minor and the major issues جزيء juzai’ pl. -āt molecule اجزائى ajzā’ī pl. -ūn pharmacist, druggist اجزاجى ajzājī pl. -īya pharmacist, druggist اجزائية ajzā’īya and اجزاخانة ajzāḳāna pl. -āt pharmacy, drugstore تجزئة tajzi’a division; partition; separation; dissociation; breakdown (into classes, categories, etc.); fragmentation│ قابل للتجزئة divisisle; قابلية التجزئة divisibility; تاجر التجزئة retailer, retail merchant جزدان juzdān, jidān pl. -āt wallet; change purse جزر jazara u (jazr) to slaughter; to kill, butcher (هـ an animal); -- i u (jazr) to sink, fall, drop, ebb (water) جزر jazr slaughter; butchering; ebb (of the sea) جزرة jazra blood sacrifice جزور jazūr pl. جزر juzur slaughter camel جزار jazzār pl. ة, -ūn butcher جزيرة jazīra pl. جزائر jazā’ir2, جزر juzur island│ شبه جزيرة šibhu j. peninsula; الجزيرة Al Jazira, (Northwest) Mesopotemia; الجزائر Algeria; Algiers; جزيرة العرب j. al-‘arab Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula; الجزائر الخالدات (ḳālidāt) the Canary Islands; الجزيرة الخضراء (ḳaḍrā’) Algeciras (seaport in SW Spain) جزرى jazarī insular; (pl. -ūn) islander جزائرى jazā’rī pl. -ūn Algerian (adj. and n.); islander مجزر majzar pl. مجازر majāzir2 slaughterhouse, abattoir; butchery مجزرة majzara pl. مجازر majāzir2 butchery; massacre, carnage 2 جزرjazar (coll.; n. un. ة) carrot(s) جزع jazi‘a a (jaza‘, جزع juzū‘) to be or become anxious, worried, concerned; to be sad, unhappy (من about); to feel regret (على for s.o.), pity (على s.o.); to mourn (j. for s.o.) V to break apart, break, snap جزع jaz‘ onyx جزع juz’ axle; shaft (techn.) جزع jaza‘ anxiety, uneasiness, apprehension, concern; anguish, fear; sadness جزع jazi‘ restless, impatient; anxious, worried, uneasy, apprehensive جزع jazū‘ and جازع jāzi‘ restless; impatient; anxious, worried, uneasy, apprehensive مجزع mujazza‘ marbled, veined; variegated, dappled 123 جزف III to act at random, blindly, Indiscriminately, take a chance; to speculate (fin.); to speak vaguely, in general terms; to risk, stake (ب s.th.)│ جازف بنفسه to risk one’s life; جازف به فى to plunge s.o. into (some adventure) جزاف juzāf purchase of a certain amount of things (Isl. Law); جزافا juzāfan at random, haphazardly مجازفة mujāzafa rashness, recklessness, foolhardiness; risk, hazard; adventure, venture مجازف mujāzif rash, reckless, foolhardy; adventurous; venturesome 2 جزل jazūla u to be considerable, abundant, plentiful IV اجزل له العطاء (‘aṯā’) to give generously, openhandedly, liberally to s.o. VIII to write shorthand جزل jazl and جزيل jazīl pl. جزال jizāl abundant, plentiful, ample, much; pure, lucid, eloquent (style)│ جزل الرأي of sound, unerring judgment; شكره شكرا جزيلا šakarahū šukran jazīlan he thanked him profusely; شكرا جزيلا many thanks! جزل jizla piece, slice جزالة jazāla profusion, abundance; (rhet.) purity (of style) مجتزل mujtazil stenographer 1 جوزل look up alphabetically 2 جزلانjuzlān = جزدان 1 جزم jawma i (jazm) to cut off, cut short, clip (هـ s.th.); to judge; to decide. Settle (هـ s.th.); to be positive (ب about), be absolutely certain (ب of s.th.); to assert authoritatively (ب s.th.); to make up one's mind, decide, resolve (على to do s.th.); to impose, make incumbent (على هـ s.th. on s.o.); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant (of a word) without a vowel; to put (هـ a verb) into the apocopate form or the imperative جزم jazm cutting off, clipping; decision; resolution, resolve; apodictic judgment; (gram.) apocopate form│ علامة الجزم ‘alāmat al-j. = jazma جزمة jazma diacritical mark (o) indicating vowellessness of a final consonant جازم jāzim decisive; peremptory, definite, definitive, final; firmly convinced, absolutely certain (ب of s.th.); (pl. جوازم jawāzim2) governing the apocopate form (gram.) مجزوم majzūm cut off. cut short, clipped; decided. settled; (gram.) vowelless (final consonant); in the apocopate form منجزم munjazim (gram.) in the apocopate form 2 جزمة jazma pl. –āt, جزم jizam (pair of) shoes (pair of) boots│ جزمة برباط (bi-ribāṯ) laced soots; جزمة لماعة (lammā‘a) patent-leather shoes جزمجى gazmagī (eg.) and جزماتى gizamātī (eg.), jazmātī (syr.) pl. -īya shoemaker جزى jazā i (جزاء iazii') to requite, recompense (ه s.o., ب or على for), repay (ه to s.o., ب or على s.th.); to reward (ه s.o., ب or على for); to punish (ه s.o., ب or على for); to satisfy (ه s.o.), give satisfaction (ه to s.o.); to compensate, make up (ب هـ for s.th. with or by); to compensate, offset (عن s.th.)│ جزاك الله خيرا (ḳairan) may God bless you for it!; جزاه جزاء سنمار (jazā’a sinimmāra) he returned to him good for evil III to repay, requite (ب هـ s.th. with, ب ه s.o. for), recompense (ب ه s.o. for); to reward (على or ب ه s.o. for); to punish (على or ب ه s.o. for)│ جزاهم خيرا (ḳairan) he invoked God’s reward upon them IV to suffice (ه s.o.), do for s.o. (ه); to take the place, serve instead (عن of), replace (عن s.th.) جزاء jazā’ requital, repayment; recompense, return; compensation, setoff; 124 amends, reparation; punishment, penalty│ جزاء نقدي (naqdī) fine جزائى jazā’ī penal جزية jizya pl. جزى jizan, جزاء jizā’ tax; tribute; head tax on free non-Muslims under Muslim rule تجزية tajziya reward مجازاة mujāzāh requital, repayment; punishment جس jassa u (jass, مجسة majassa) to touch, feel, handle (هـ s.th.); to palpate, examine by touch (هـ s.th.); to test, sound, probe (هـ s.th.); to try to gain information (هـ about), try to find out (هـ s.th.); to spy out (هـ s.th.)│ جس نبضه (nabḍahū) to feel s.o.’s pulse, (fig.) جس نبض الشيء to probe, sound out, try to find out s.th. V to try to gain information (هـ about), try to find out (هـ s.th.); to reconnoiter, scout, explore (هـ s.th.); to be a spy, engage in espionage; to spy, pry, snoop (على on s.o.)│ تجسس له اخبارا (aḳbāran) to gather information for s.o., spy for s.o. VIII to touch, feel, handle (هـ s.th.); to spy out (هـ s.th.) جس jass: طرى الجس ṯarīy al-j. delicate to the touch, having a tender surface, fresh جاسوس jāsūs pl. جواسيس jawāsīs2 spy جاسوسة jāsūsa woman spy جاسوسى jāsūsī of espionage, spy- (in compounds) جاسوسية jāsūsīya spying, espionage جوسسة jausasa spying, espionage مجس majass spot which one touches or feels; sense of touch│ خشن المجس ḳašin al-m. coarse to the touch, having a rough surface مجس mijass probe (med.) تجسس tajassus spying, espionage جاسئ jāsi’ hard, rough, rugged جسد II to make corporeal, invest with a body, embody, incarnate (هـ s.th.), give concrete form (هـ to s.th.); to render or represent in corporeal form (هـ s.th.) V to become corporeal, assume concrete form, materialize; to become incarnate (Chr.); to become three-dimensional جسد jasad pl. اجساد ajsād body│ عيد الجسد ‘īd al-j. and خميس الجسد Corpus Christi Day (Chr.) جسدى jasadī bodily, fleshly, carnal جسدانى jusdānī bodily تجسد taia.snul materialization; incar• nation (OM.) مجسد mujassad embodied, corporified متجسد mutajassid corporeal; incarnate (Chr) جسر jasara u to span, cross, traverse (هـ s.th.); (جسارة jasāra, جسور jusūr) to venture, risk (على s.th.), have the courage (على to do s.th.) II to build a dam or dike; to embolden, encourage (هـ s.o., على to do s.th.) VI to dare, venture, risk (على s.th.), have the audacity (على to do s.th.); to be sold, forward, insolent, impudent (على with s.o.) VIII to span, cross, traverse (هـ s.th.) جسر jisr pl. اجسر ajsur, جسور jusūr bridge; dam, dike, embankment, levee; -- (pl. جسورة jusūra) beam, girder; axle, axletree│ جسر متحرك (muḥarrik) movable bridge; جسر معلق (mu‘allaq) suspension bridge; جسر عائم pontoon bridge, floating bridge جسور jasār sold, daring; forward, insolent, impudent جسارة jasāra boldness, recklessness, intrepidity; forwardness, insolence تجاسر tajāsur boldness, recklessness, intrepidity; forwardness, insolence متجاسر mutajāsir bold, daring; forward, insolent, impudent 125 جسطن see جصطن جسم jasuma u (جسامة jasāma) to be great. Big, large. bulky. huge. immense II to make corporeal. invest with a body (هـ s.th.), give (هـ s.th.) shape or form; to materialize (هـ s.th.); to cause to stand out. bring out (هـ s.th.); to enlarge, magnify (هـ s.th.; e.g., microscope); to make big, bulky, huge (هـ s.th.); to play up, exaggerate (هـ s.th.) V to become corporeal, become embodied; to materialize; to assume a form, take shape, become tangible or concrete; to be materialized; to become big, large, huge, increase in volume, grow in size جسم pl. اجسام ajsām, جسوم jusūm body (also O of an automobile); substance, matter; mass; form, shape جسمى iiaa1 bodily, physical; substantial, material جسيم jasīm pl. جسام great, big, large; voluminous, bulky, huge; vast, immense; stout, corpulent; weighty, most significant, momentous, prodigious جسيم jusaim pl. -āt particle (phys.); corpuscle (biol.) اجسم ajsam2 more voluminous, larger; stouter, more corpulent جسم jasāma size, volume; stoutness, corpulence جسمان jusmān body, mass جسمانى jusmānī bodily, physical. Corporal│التأديب الجسمانى corporal punishment تجسيم tajsīm embodiment; relief; enlargement, magnification, magnifying power جسم mujassam bodily, corporeal; (math.) body; three-dimensional; tangible, material, concrete; raised, relieflike, standing out in relief (e.g., خريطة مجسمة relief map); relief; enlarged. Magnified│ فلم مجسم (film) three-dimensional (stereoscopic) film, 3-D motion picture جسمانية jasmānīya2 Gethseman جسا (جسو) jasā u to become hard, solid جش jašša u (jašš) to grind, crush, bruise, grate (هـ s.th.) جش jušša hoarseness, huskiness, raucity (of the voice) جشيش jašīš ground, grated, crushed اجش ajašš2, f. جشاء jaššā’2 hoarse, husky, raucous (voice) جشأ II and V to belch, burp جشاء jušā’ and جشأة jaš’a belch(ing), burp(ing) جشار jušār livestock جشع jaši‘a a (jaša‘) and V to be covetous, greedy جشع jaša‘ greed, avidity, inordinate desire جشع jaši‘ greedy, covetous جشم jašāma a (jašm, جشامة jašāma) to take upon o.s. (هـ some hardship) II to make (ه s.o.) suffer or undergo (هـ s.th.); to impose (هـ ه on s.o. s.th. difficult), burden (هـ ه s.o. with s.th.) V to take upon o.s., suffer, undergo (هـ s.th., e.g., hardships) جشنى (eg., cf. ششنى šišnī) sample, specimen; sampling جص II to plaster, whitewash (هـ s.th.) جص jiṣṣ gypsum; plaster of Paris جصطن II tajaṣṯana to lounge, stretch lazily, loll جعة ji‘a beer جعب II to corrugate (هـ s.th.) جعبة ja‘ba pl. جعاب ji‘āb quiver; tube, pipe; gun barrel; o cartridge pouch (Syr.)│ جعبة اخبار j. aḳbār town gossip (person) 126 جعجع ja‘ja‘a (جعجع ja‘ja‘a) to clamor, roar, shout; to clatter, clap; to bluster, explode in anger جعجعة ja‘ja‘a hubbub, rumpus, clamor, roar; creak, clapping noise (of a mill wheel); bluster جعجاع ja‘jā‘ clamorous, boisterous, noisy; bawler, loud-mouthed person جعد ja‘uda a (جعودة ju‘ūda, جعادة ja‘āda) and V to become curly, frizzed, kinky, curl (hair); to be wavy; to be creased; to be wrinkled II to curl, frizz (هـ s.th.; the hair); to wave (هـ s.th.; the hair); to crease, pleat, plait (هـ cloth); to wrinkle (هـ the skin) جعد ja‘d (or جعد اليد j. al-yad, جعد الكف j. al-kaff) stingy, niggardly, tightfisted جعدة ja‘da curl, lock, ringlet جعدى ja‘dī and اجعد aj‘ad2 curly جعيدى gə‘īdī (eg.) bum, loafer, good-for-nothing تجاعيد tajā‘īd2 wrinkles, lines (of the face) تجعدات taja‘‘udāt wrinkles مجعد muja‘‘ad curled, frizzed; wavy; furrowed, creased; wrinkled متجعد mutaja‘‘id curled, frizzed; wavy; furrowed, creased; wrinkled جعدنة ja‘dana idle talk, gossip (leb.) جعر ja‘ara a (ja‘r) to drop its manure (animal) ابو جعران abū ji‘rān2 scarabaeus; dung beetle جعفر ja‘far little river, creek جعل ja‘ala a (ja‘l) to make (هـ s.th.); to put, place, lay (هـ s.th.); to create (هـ s.th.); to effect, bring about (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ هـ s.th. a rule, a principle, or the like, ه ه s.o., e.g., leader, king, etc.), appoint (ه ه s.o. to an office, rank, or the like); to fix, set (هـ هـ a sum, a price, at); to think, deem, believe (ب ه or ه ه s.o. to be …, هـ هـ s.th. to be ...), take (ب ه or ه ه s.o. for, هـ هـ s.th. for); to represent (هـ s.th., فى صورة as, or in the form of, s.th. else); to appoint, settle (ل هـ s.th. for s.o., in s.o.’s favor); to give, grant, concede (ل هـ s.th., an advantage, to s.o.), put s.o. (ل) in the way of s.th. (هـ); to attribute (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.), maintain that s.th. (هـ) belong. to s.o. (ل); to entrust (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to put, get (ه s.o., هـ s.th., into a specific state or condition); (with foll. imperf.) to begin to, set out to│جعله يفعل to induce s.o. to do; to make s.o. do s.th. (in a narrative); جعله بمننزلة (bi-manzilati) to place s.o. on equal footing with; جعله فى متناول يده (fī mutanāwali yadihī) to bring or put s.th. within s.o.’s reach III to seek to bribe, try to win (ب ه s.o. with s.th.) جعل ju‘l pl. اجعال aj‘āl pay, wages; piece wages; reward, prize جعلى ju‘līi: اتفاق جعلى (ittifāq) piece-work contract جعل ju‘al pl. جعلان ji‘lān dung beetle; scarabaeus جعالة ji‘āla, ja‘āla, ju‘āla pl. جعائل ja‘āil2 pay, wages; allowance; reward, prize: bribe جغرافيا jugrāfiyā and جغرافية jugrāfīya geography│جغرافية طبيعية (ṯabī‘īya) physical geography جغرافي jugrāfī geographical; geographer جف jaffa (1st pers. perf. jafaftu) i (جفاف jafāf, جفوف jufūf) to dry, become dry; to dry out II to dry, make dry (هـ s.th.) جفاف jafāf dryness; desiccation; drying up; dullness تجفافtajfāf pl. تجافيف tajāfīf2 protective armor تجفيف tajfīf drying; desiccation; dehydration; drainage 127 جاف jāff dry│ قلم حبر جاف (qalam ḥibr) ball-point pen مجفف mujaffaf dried, desiccated, dehydrated; مجففات dehydrated foods جفاء jufā’ useless, vain, futile│ ذهب جفاء dahaba jufā’an to be in vain, be of no avail, pass uselessly جفت jift, ﭽفت čift (pronounced šift; eg.) pincers, tweezers; metal clamp│ جفت شريان j. šaryān arterial clamps ﭽفتشى (pronounced šiftišī; eg.) filigree جفتلك jiftlik farm, country estate; government land (Pal.) جفر jafr, علم الجفر ‘ilm al-j. divination, fortunetelling جفرة jufra pl. جفر jufar pit, hole جفل jafala i u (jafl, جفول jufūl) and IV to start, jump with fright; to shy (horse) II to start, rouse (هـ s.th., .s.o.); to scare away (ه s.o.) جفل jafl and جفول jufūl fright, alarm; shying ﭽفلك (pronounced šiflik; eg.) = جفتلك جفن pl. جفون jufūn, اجفان ajfān eyelid جفنة jafna pl. جفان jifān, جفنات jafanāt bowl; grapsvine (جفو) جفا jafā u (jafw, جفاء jafā’) to be rough, coarse; to treat (ه s.o.) roughly, harshly; to turn away (. from), shun, avoid, flee (ه s.o.) III to treat (ه s.o.) roughly, rudely, harshly; to be cruel (ه to s.o.); to be cross (ه with s.o.); to elude, flee (ه s.o.; slumber); to offend (هـ against good taste, one’s sense of honor, or the like) VI to withdraw (عن from), shun, avoid (ه s.o.); to loathe (عن s.o., s.th.), have an aversion (عن to); to display rude manners, act the ruffian جفو jafw roughness, harshness جفوة jafwa roughness; estrangement, alienation; disagreement, dissension, quarrel جفاء jafā’ roughness; harshness; sternness; antipathy, aversion, distaste, loathing; estrangement, alienation اجفى ajfā refraining even more (ل from), more averse (ل to s.th.) جاف jāfin pl. جفاة jufāh harsh, rough, coarse; brutish, uncouth, rude جاكتة look up alphabetically جكر III (syr.) to tease (ه s.o.) 1جل jalla i (جلال jalāl) to be great, lofty, exalted, illustrious, sublime; to be too great (عن for), be beyond s.th. (عن), be far above s.th. (عن)│ جل عن الحصر(‘an il-ḥaṣr) to be innumerable II to honor, dignify, exalt (ه s.o.); to cover (هـ s.th., esp. the ground, as snow, plants, etc.); to envelop, wrap, drape, clothe; to border, edge (هـ s.th., ب with) IV to honor, dignify, revere, venerate, esteem highly, exalt (ه s.o.); to deem too high, too exalted (عن for s.th.), consider far beyond s.th. (عن) VI to deem o.s. far above s.th. (عن) X to be great, exalted, sublime جل great, outstanding; bulky جل jull major portion, bulk, majority, main part│جله julluhū most of it; جل الامة j. al-umma the majority of the people; جل ما فيه its main contents; وجل ما يقال انه (jullu) that much, at least, can be said that ... جلل jalal important, significant, momentous, weighty جلى jullā pl. جلل julal matter of great importance, momentous undertaking, great feat, exploit جلة julla, jilla droppings, dung (of animals); julla pl. جلل julal (cannon) ban; bomb 128 جلة julla attire, clothing│ الجلة الجبروتية (الكهنوتية) (ḥabrawīya, kahnūtīya) Episcopal (sacerdotal) vestments (Chr.) جليل jalīl pl. اجلاء ajillā’2, اجلة ajilla, جلائل jalā’il2 great, important, significant, weighty, momentous; lofty, exalted, sublime; revered, honorable, venerable; glorious, splendid جلال jalāl loftiness, sublimity, augustness; splendor, glory جلالة jalāla loftiness, sublimity, augustness; majeoty│ صاحب (صاحبة) الجلالة His (Her) Majesty, جلالة الملك j. al-malik His Majesty, the King اجل ajall2 greater; more sublime; more splendid مجلة majalla pl. -āt periodical; review, magazine│ مجلة اسبوعية (usbū‘īya) weekly magazine; مجلة شهرية (šahrīya) monthly publication; مجلة خاصة ب (ḳāṣṣa) professional journal for a. ; مجلة الاحكام lawbook, code; مجلة القوانين do. تجلة tajilla and اجلال ijlāl honor, distinction; esteem, deference, respect; reverence 2 جل jull rose جلاب julāb, jullāb rose water; julep جلاتين (Fr. gélatine) želātīn jelly جلاسية (Fr. glacé) glasēh (eg.) kid leather 1جلب jalaba i u (jalb) to attract (هـ s.th.); to fetch, get, bring (هـ s.th., ل to s.o.); to import (هـ goods); to bring about (هـ a state, condition); to bring (هـ harm, shame, etc., على upon s.o.); to gain, win, obtain (هـ s.th.); to earn (هـ s.th.); (جلوب julūb) to scar over, heal (wound) II to shout, clamor; to be noisy, boisterous IV to earn, gain, acquire (هـ s.th.); = II; VII pass. of I VIII to procure, bring, fetch, get (هـ s.th.); to draw (هـ on s.th.); to import (هـ goods) X to import (هـ goods); to fetch, summon, call in (ه s.o.); to attract, draw (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to seek to attract or win (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to get, procure (هـ s.th.) جلب jalb bringing, fetching; procurement; acquisition; importation, import; causation, bringing on, bringing about جلب jalab imported; foreign جلب jalab and جلبة jalaba clamor; uproar, tumult, turmoil جلبة julba scar جليب jalīb imported, foreign; (pl. جلبى jalbā, جلباء julabā’2) foreign slave جلاب jallāb attractive, captivating; importer, trader; see also alphabetically│ جلاب العبيد slave trader جلابية gallābīya (eg.) pl. -at, جلاليب galālīb2 galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dreao of the male population in Egypt جلباب below under جلبب جلب ajlab2 more attractive, more captivating مجلبة majlaba pl. مجالب majālib2 causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion استجلاب istijlāb procurement, acquisition; importation, import; supply; attraction│ استجلاب السائحين promotion of tourist traffic جالب jālib causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion 2 جلاب julāb, jullāb rose water; julep 3 جلبا jalabā jalap (bot.) جلبب II tajalbaba to clothe o.s. (ب with), be clothed, be clad (ب in a garment, also fig.) جلباب jilbāb pl. جلابيب jalābīb2 garment, dress, gown; woman's dress جلبان julubbān chickling vetch, grass pea (Lathyrus sativua) 1 جلجل jaljala to reverberate; to resound, ring out; to rattle; to shake (هـ s.th.) جلجل juljul pl. جلاجل jalājil2 (little) bell, sleigh bell; cowbell; jingle جلجلة jaljala sound of a bell; loud, shrill sound مجلجل mujaljil shrill, piercing; ringing, resounding, reverberant 2 جلجلة juljula, جبل الجلجلة jabal al-j. Golgotha 3 جلجلانjuljulān, jiljilān sesame جلح jaliḥa a (jalaḥ) to be or become bald اجلح ajlaḥ2, f. جلحاء jalḥā’2, pl. جلح julḥ bald-headed, bald جلخ jalaḳa a and II to sharpen (هـ s.th.); to whet, hone (هـ a knife), strop (هـ a razor); to stretch, extend, roll out (هـ metal) جلخ jalḳ grindstone, whetetone, hone جلد jalada i (jald) to whip, flog, lash (ه s.o.); -- jalida a to be frozen, freeze; -- jaluda u to be tough, hardy, undismayed, steadfast, patient II to bind (هـ a book); (to cause) to freeze (هـ s.th.) III to fight (ه s.o.) IV to freeze; to be frozen, be covered with ice V to take heart; to show o.s. tough, hardy, robust; to resign o.s. to patience; to bear, suffer VI to engage in a sword fight جلد jald flogging; -- (pl. اجلاد ajlād) staunch, steadfast; strong, sturdy جلد jild pl. جلود julūd, اجلاد ajlād skin, hide; leather│ جلد سختيان (suḳtiyān) morocco; جلد لماع (lammā‘) patent leather جلدة jilda skin, hide; piece of leather; race│ ابن جلدتنا ibn jildatinā our countryman, our fellow tribesman, pl. بنو جلدتنا banū j. جلدى jildī dermal, cutaneous, skin (adj.)│ امراض جلدية skin diseases جليدة julaida pl. -āt membrane, pellicle; O film (phot.) جلد jalad enduranos; suffering; patience; firmament جلدة jalda lash, stroke with a whip جليد jalīd pl. جلداء juladā’2 staunch, steadfast; strong, sturdy جليد jalīd ice│ جبل جليد jabal j. iceberg; قطعة من الجليد (qiṯ‘a) ice floe جليدى jalīdī icy, ice-covered, glacial, ice (adj.); snow-covered│ العصر الجليدى (‘aṣr) the Ice Age جلود jalūd long-suffering, patient جلاد jallād pl. -ūn leather merchant; executioner, hangman جلادة jalāda and جلودة julūda endurance, patience مجلدة mijlada whip, lash, scourge تجليد tajlīd freezing; bookbinding جلاد jilād fight, battle (against) تجلد tajallud endurance, patience مجلد mujallid: مجلد الكتب m. al-kutub bookbinder مجلد mujallad frozen, icy, ice-covered; bound (book); (pl. -āt) volume (book) مجالد mujālid pl. -ūn gladiator متجلد mutajallid patient جلمز jillauz (coll.; n. un. ة) hazelnut; hazel جلس jalasa i (جلوس julūs) to sit down (الى with s.o., at a tabl., etc., على on a chair); to sit (الى with s.o., at a table, على on a chair)│ جلس الى الرسام (rassām) to sit for a painter III to sit (ه with s.o., next to s.o., in s.o.’s company); to keep s.o. (ه) company IV to ask to sit down, make sit down, eeat (ه s.o.) جلسة jalsa pl. -āt seat (in an auditorium); session (of parliament, of a committee, 130 of a court, etc.); party, gathering, meeting│عقد جلسة ‘aqada jasatan to convene a session; جلسة عامة (‘āmma) plenary session جلسة jilsa manner of sitting جليس pl. جلساء julasā’2 participant in a social gathering; table companion: one with whom one sits together; جليسه the man who was at the party with him جليسة jalīsa lady companion; fem. of جليس جلوس julūs sitting: sitting down; accession to the throne; pl. of جالس sitting مجلس majlis pl. مجالس majālis2 seat; session room, conference room; party, gathering, meeting; social gathering: session, sitting; council meeting; council; concilium; collegium, college: board, committee, commission; administrative board; court, tribunal│فى مجلسه in s.o.’s presence, in s.o.’s company; مجلس التأديب and مجلس تأديبى disciplinary board; مجلس تأسيسى constituent assembly; مجلس آفاقى regional court (tribunal régional; Tun.); مجلس الأمة m. al-umma parliament (Ir.); مجلس الأمن m. al-amn the Security Council; مجلس البلدية m. al-baladīya and مجلس بلدى (baladī) local council, municipal council; مجلس الحرب m. al-ḥarb war council; مجلس حسبى (ḥasbī) probate court (for Muslim; Eg.); مجلس مختلط (muḳtaliṯ) mixed court (eg.); مجلس الدفاع defense council; مجلس الادارة m. al-idāra administrative board, committee of management, directorate; board of directors (of a corporation or bank); مجلس المديرية m. al-mudīrīya provincial council, provincial parliament (Eg.); مجلس الدولة m. ad-daula Supreme Administrative Court (Eg.); مجلس روحى (rūḥī) religious court, clerical court (of the Coptic Church); مجلس شورى الدولة m. šūrā d-daula council of state; مجلس الشيوخ council of elders: Senate (Eg.); مجلس عدلى (‘adlī) court, tribunal (Syr.); (عسكرى or) مجلس عرفى (‘urfī, ‘askarī) court-martial; مجلس عصبة الأمم m. ‘uṣbat al-umam Council of the League of Nations; مجلس العموم the House of Commons; مجلس الأعيان m. al-a‘yān senate (Ir., Jord.); مجلس الاقتراع draft board, recruiting commission (mil.); مجلس قروى (qarawī) local council; مجلس اقتصادى (iqtiṣādī) economic council: مجلس قومى (qaumī) national assembly; مجلس قيادة الثورة m. qiyādat at-taura Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal (Eg.): المجلس الكبير and المجلس الاكبر (akbar) the Grand Council (= le Grand Conseil; Tun.); مجلس اللوردين the House of Lords: مجلس النواب m. an-nuwwāb lower house, chamber of deputies; مجلس نيابى (niyābī) parliament; مجلس الجهة m. al-jiha approx.: provincial council (= conseil de région; Tun.); مجلس الوزراء m. al-wuzarā’ cabinet, council of ministers مجالسة mujālasa social intercourse جالس jālis pl. جلوس julūs, جلاس jullās sitting; pl. جلاس participants in a social gathering جلط jalaṯa i (jalṯ) to chafe, gall, abrade (هـ the skin); to shave (الرأس ar-ra’sa the head جلطة julṯa lump, clot│ جلطة دموية (damawīya) blood clot, thrombus جلف jilf pl. اجلاف ajlāf boorish, rude, uncivil جلفط jalfaṯa (جلفطة jalfaṯa) to calk (هـ a ship) جلفن galfana (eg.) to galvanize جلفنة galfana galvanization مجلفن mugalfan galvanized جلاقة jalāqa: جلاقة قروية (qarawīya) yokel, bumpkin جلم jalama i (jalm) to clip, shear off (هـ s.th.) جلم jalam pl. اجلام ajlām shears ابو جلمبو abū galambū (eg.) a variety of crab جلمد II tajalmada to be petrified جلمد jalmad pl. جلامد jalāmid2 and جلمود julmūd pl. جلاميد jalāmīd2 rook, bolder جلنار jullanār pomegranate blossom (جلو and جلى) جلا jalā u to clean, polish (هـ s.th.); to clear (هـ the view); to make clear, make plain, clarity, clear up (هـ s.th.), throw light on (هـ), to reveal, unveil, disclose (هـ s.th.), to dislodge, oust, remove (عن هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. from), to shine, be brilliant, distinguish o.s. (فى in s.th.); to be or become clear, evident, manifest; to pull out, move out (عن of a place), go away, depart (عن from a place), leave, quit, evacuate (عن a place); -- جلى jalā i to polish, burnish (هـ s.th.) II to reveal, disclose, bring to light (عن or هـ s.th.); to show, represent (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), IV to remove, dislodge, oust, drive away (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to evacuate (ه s.o. from); to move away, go away (عن from a place), leave (عن a place) V to become clear, evident, manifest; to reveal itself, be revealed, to appear, show, come to light, come out, manifest itself, to be manifested, be expressed, find expression VII to be clean or cleaned, be polished, be burnished, to be removed, be dislodged, be ousted; to move away (عن from a place), vacate, evacuate (عن a place), to be dispelled, vanish, go away, pass (crisis, difficulty, etc.), to disappear, to reveal itself, be revealed, be disclosed; to be unveiled (bride), to become manifest, manifest itself; to become clear or plain; to clear up and reveal (عن s.th.), to lead, come (عن to), end (عن in), to result (عن in)│ما ينجلى عنه الأمر the outcome of the matter, what will come of it VIII to reveal, disclose (هـ s.th.), to regard (هـ s.th.), look at (هـ) X to seek to clarify (هـ s.th.), to clarify, clear up (هـ s.th.), throw light (هـ on); to uncover, unearth, bring to light, find out, discover, detect (هـ s.th.) ابن جلا ibn jalā a famous, well-known man, a celebrity جلى jalīy clear, plain, evident, patent, manifest, obvious, conspicuous; جليا jalīyan obviously, evidently جلية jalīya pl. جلايا jalāyā sure thing, plain fact│جلية الأمر jalīyat al-amr the true state of the affair اجلى ajlā clearer, more obvious, more distinct جلوى jalwā unveiling (of the bride)│ليلة الجلوة lailat al-j. wedding night جلاء jalā’ clarification, elucidation; clarity, clearness, plainness, distinctness; departure, (e)migration (عن from), evacuation (عن of an area; mil.); بجلاء clearly, plainly جليان jalayān vision, revelation, apocalypse (Chr.) مجال majālin (pl. of مجلى majlan) manifestations تجلية tajliya: تجلية الاهية (ilāhīya) divine revelation; theophany (Chr.) تجل tajallin revelation, manifestation; Transfiguration (of Christ)│عيد التجلى ‘īd at-t. Transfiguration Day (Chr.) اجتلاء ijtilā’ contemplation استجلاء istijlā’ clarification, elucidation جالية jāliya pl. -āt, جوال jawālin colony (of foreigners); colony of emigrants المجلى al-mujallī the winner (in a race) متجل mutajallin obvious, evident, manifest, patent جلون galōn pl. -āt gallon (eg.) مجلون mugalwan galvanized (eg.) جلى jullā see 1جل جليوتين gilyotīn guillotine (eg.) 1ج م abbreviation of جنيه مصرى Egyptian pound 2جم jamma i u (jamm) to gather; to collect one’s thoughts, concentrate; to rest II and V to grow luxuriantly (plants) X to gather; to collect one’s thoughts, concentrate; to rest, relax, seek recreation (من from); to be covered with luxuriant vegetation (ground) جم jamm abundant, plentiful; much, a great deal of; many, numerous; manifold, multiple; crowd, group of people│جم الأثر j. al-atar effective, efficacious; احبه حبا جما (aḥabbahū ḥubban) to be more than fond of; فوائد جمة numerous advantages, ample benefits; جم غفير large crowd, throng جمام jamām rest, relaxation, recreation, gathering of new strength مجم majamm place where s.th. gathers or flows together│مجم هذا الرأي ومستجمعه (mustajma‘uhū) what this opinion amounts to تجميم tagmīm (eg.) bobbed hairdo (of women) استجماتم istijmām collectedness; concentration; attentiveness, attentive reverence; rest, relaxation, recreation جمباز, جنبازى see جنباز, جنبازى جمبرى (from It. gambero) gambarī, جمرى gammarī (eg.) shrimp (zool.) 2جمجم jamjama (جمجمة jamjama), جمجم الكلام (kalāma) and II tajamjama to articulate indistinctly, stammer; to express o.s. poorly, speak incoherently; to mumble 2جمجمة jumjuma pl. جماجم jamājim2 skull, cranium جمجمى jumjumī cranial جمح jamaḥa a (jamḥ, جماح jimāḥ, جموح jumūḥ to holt (horse); to he refractory, unruly, recalcitrant; to be defiant; to be capricious, whimsical; to run out on her husband, run away from home (wife) جماح jimāḥ recalcitrance, defiance; willfulness جموح jumūḥ recalcitrance, defiance; willfulness جموح jamūḥ headstrong, defiant, unruly, ungovernable جامح jāmiḥ headstrong, defiant, unruly; indomitable, untamable 2 جمد jamada u, jamuda u (jamd, جمود jumūd) to freeze; to congeal, harden, stiffen, be or become hard or solid, solidify; to coagulate, clot (blood); to be rigid, inflexible (in one’s thinking); to stagnate; to be apathetic, indolent, dull, indifferent│ جمدت نفسه على to be indifferent toward, put up with, acquiesce in; جمدت يده (yaduhū) to be niggardly, tightfisted II to freeze, frost, congeal (هـ s.th.); to solidify, coagulate, harden, stiffen (هـ s.th.); to curdle (هـ s.th.); to freeze (هـ assets V to freeze, become frozen, turn into ice, freeze up. become icebound; to freeze to death; to congeal; to solidify; to harden, set (e.g., cement); to coagulate, clot (blood) VII to freeze up, become icebound; to freeze, become frozen, turn to ice جمد jamd freezing; congelation, solidification, coagulation│درجة الجمد darajat al-j. freezing point جمد jamad ice جماد jamād pl. -āt a solid; inorganic body; mineral; inanimate body, inanimate being; O neuter (gram.) جمود jumūd frozen state; solid, compact state, compactness, solidity; rigor, rigidity, stiffness; inorganic state; hardening, induration; hardness, inflexibility; deadlock, standstill; inertia, inaction, inactivity; lethargy, apathy, passivity, indifference جمودة jumūda solidity, hardness تجميد tajmīd solidification, hardening; consolidation; reinforcement (of a foundation)│تجميد الاموال t. al-amwāl freezing of assets تجمد tajammud freezing; frost; congelation; solidification; coagulation انجماد injimād freezing up or over, icing up; ice formation جامد jāmid hard, solid; stiff; rigid; motionless; inanimate, inorganic; (gram.) defective; dry. dull (book, and the like); impervious to progress to innovation, ossified, ultraconservative; pl. جوامد jawāmid2 inanimate things, inorganic matter, minerals متجمد mutajammid frozen, icy; stiff, congealed; coagulated منجمد munjamid frozen, icy, ice (adj.); arctic│المحيط المنجمد (muḥīṯ) the Arctic Ocean 2 جمادىjumādā name of the fifth and sixth months of the Muslim year (جمادى الاولى j. al-ūlā Jumada I and جمادى الآخرة j. al-āḳira Jumada II) جمر II to roast (هـ meat) VIII to bum incense جمر jamr embers, live coal│ كان على احر من جمر (aḥarra) to be on tenter-hooks; to be in greatest suspense, be dying with curiosity جمرة jamra (n. un. of جمر) live coal; firebrand, smoldering embers; rankling resentment; (pl. -āt) carbuncle (med.)│O الجمرة الخبيثة anthrax جمار jummār palm pith, palm core (edible tuber growing at the upper end of the palm trunk) مجمرة mijmara pl. مجامر majāmir2 brazier; censer 2جمرى see جمبرى جمرك (eg.) gumruk pl. جمرك gamārik2 customs; customhouse│رسم الجمرك rasm al-g. customs duty, tariff جمركى gumrukī customs, tariff (used attributively)│ اتحاد جمركى (ittihād) customs union مجمرك mugamrak duty paid جميز jummaiz (coll.; n. un. ة) sycamore (Ficus sycomorus; bot.) جاموس look up alphabetically جمش jamaša i u (jamš) to unhair (هـ s.th.) II to make love, caress, pet جمع jama‘a a (jam‘) to gather (هـ s.th.); to collect (هـ e.g., money); to unite, combine, bring together (parts into a whole); to put together. join (هـ things); to set, compose (هـ type; typ.); to compile (هـ a book); to summarize. sum up (هـ s.th.) to rally, round up (هم people); to pile up, amass accumulate (هـ s.th.); to assemble (هم several persons); to convoke, convene, call (هـ a meeting); to add (هـ numbers), add up (هـ a column); (gram.) to make plural, pluralize (هـ a word); to unite, link, bring together (بين several things or persons); to combine (بين – و e.g., both strength and courage); to contain, hold, comprise (هـ s.th.)│جمع اطراف الشيء (aṯrāfa) to summarize, sum up s.th.; to give a survey of s.th.; جمع البراعة من اطرافها (barā‘ata) to be very efficient, do an excellent job, do superlatively good work; جمع شمل القطيع (šamla l-q.) to round up the herd; يجمع الكتاب بين صفحاتها (ṣafaḥātihā) the book contains, lists …; يجمع بيت على بيوت (yujma‘u) the plural of bait is buyūt II to pile up, amass, accumulate (هـ s.th.); to rally, round up (هـ s.th., هم s.o.); to assemble (هـ the parts of a 134 machine) III to have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) IV to agree (على on s.th., to do s.th.); to be agreed (على on); to decide unanimously (على on), resolve (على to do s.th.)│اجمعوا امرهم (amrahum) they came to terms, they made a joint decision V to gather; to assemble, congregate; to rally, band together, flock together (people); to pile up; to accumulate; to gather into a mass, agglomerate; to cluster; to coagulate VIII to be close together; to come together, meet, join; to unite, combine (ب with); to assemble, meet, convene (an organization, a committee, etc.); to be or get together, have a meeting, interview or conference, hold talks (ب, مع with s.o.), meet (ب, مع s.o.; to concur (على in), agree, be agreed (على on s.th.) X to gather, collect (هـ s.th.; also قواه quwāhu one’s strength, افكاره afkārahū one’s thoughts); to summarize, sum up (هـ s.th.); to possess, combine (هـ s.th.) جمع jam’ gathering; collection; combination; connection, coupling, joining; accumulation; (arith.) addition; union, merger, aggregation, integration (بين of) holding together (بين of divergent, separate things); (pl. جموع jumū‘) gathering, crowd, throng; gang, troop; (gram.) plural│ جمع الشمل j. aš-šaml union, integration; جمع التكسير the broken (= internal) plural, الجمع السالم the regular (= external) plural; اسم الجمع ism al-j. collective noun (gram.); جمع اليد j. al-yad fist جمع jum‘, جمع الكف j. al-kaff, جمع اليد j. al-yad fist, clenched hand│ بجمع يديه with clenched fists جمعة jum‘a pl. جمع juma‘, -āt week; Friday│ يوم الجمعة yaum al-j. Friday; جمعة الآلام Passion Week; الجمعة العظيمة and يوم الجمعة الحزينة Good Friday (Chr.) جمعية jam‘iya pl. -āt club, association, society; corporation, organization; 135 assembly│جمعية الأمم j. al-umam League of Nations; جمعية خيرية (ḳairīya) charitable organization; جمعية الاسعاف j. al-is‘āf approx.: civil ambulance service; جمعية (tašrī‘īya) legislative assembly; جمعية عمومية ‘umūmīya) and جمعية عامة (‘āmma) general assembly; general meeting; plenum, plenary session; جمعية تعاونية (ta‘āwunīya) cooperative جميع jamī‘ (with foll. genitive) total; whole, entire; all; entirety; e.g., جميع الناس all men, all mankind; الجميع all people, everybody; the public at large; جميعا jamī‘an in a body, altogether, one and all, all of them; entirely, wholly, totally جمع ajma‘2 pl. -ūn, f. جمعاء jam‘ā’2, pl. جمع juma‘2 entire, whole, all`│العالم الاسلامى اجمع (ajma‘a) the entire Islamic world; الدار جمعاء (jam‘ā’a) the whole house; باجمعه bi-ajma‘ihī in its entirety, to its full extent, completely, altogether; جاؤوا باجمعهم all of them came جماع jummā‘ aggregate; total, total amount O جماع كهربائى jammā‘ kahrabā‘ī; storage battery جماعة jamā‘a pl. -āt group (of people); band, gang, party, troop; community; squad (military unit; Eg. 1939)│ جماعات وافرادا jamā‘ātin wa-afrādan in groups and individually جماعى jamā‘ī collective (as opposed to فردى fardī individual) مجمع majma‘ pl. مجامع majāmi‘2 place where two or more things meet, place or point of union, junction; meeting, congregation, convention, assembly; (also مجمع علمى m. ‘ilmī) academy (scientific); college (e.g., of ecclesiastical dignitaries); synod│مجمع بلدى (baladī) provincial synod (Chr.); مجمع اكليركى (iklīrīkī) clerical synod (of the Coptic Church); اخذ بمجامع القلوب to win or captivate the hearts; 135 بمجامع عينيه bi-m. ‘ainaihi (to look at s.o.) with complete concentration, intently مجمعى majma‘ī academy member, academician تجمي tajmī‘ assembly, assemblage (of the parts of machinery) جماع jimā‘ sexual intercourse; s.th. comprising or involving another thing or a number of things│ الخمر جماع الاثمal-ḳamr j. al-itm wine involves sin, wine اجماع ijmā‘ agreement, unanimity (also اجماع الرأي); unanimous resolution (على to do s.th.); (Isl. Law) consensus (of the authorities in a legal question; one of the four uṣūl of Islamic Law)│ بالاجماع unanimously اجماعى ijmā‘ī based on general agreement, unanimous; collective, universal تجمع tajammu‘ pl. -āt coming together, meeting; gathering; troop concentration; crowd, throng, mob; agglomeration; O agglutination (chem.-med.) اجتماع ijtimā‘ pl. -āt meeting (ب with s.o.; of a corporate body; of parliament); get-together, gathering, assembly; reunion; rally; convention; conjunction, constellation (astron.); confluence (of rivers); life in a social group, community life, social life; الاجتماع human society│اجتماع الطرق ijtimā‘ aṯ-ṯuruq crossroads, intersection, junction; علم الاجتماع ‘ilm al-ijt. sociology; علماء الاجتماع sociologists اجتماعى ijtimā‘ī community, group (used attributively); social; socialist(ic); sociological│وزارة الشؤون الاجتماعية ministry for social affairs; الحالة الاجتماعية personal status; الخدمة الاجتماعية (ḳidma) social service, social work; المساواة الاجتماعية (musāwāh) social equality; الهيئة الاجتماعية (hai’a) human society اجتماعية ijtimā‘īya socialism جامع jāmi‘ comprehensive, extensive, broad, general, universal; collector; compiler (of a book); compositor, typesetter; (pl. جوامع jawāmi‘2) mosque│ مسجد جامع (masjid) great, central mosque where the public prayer is performed on Fridays جامعة jāmi‘a pl. -āt league, union, association; community; federation; religious community, communion; commonness, community of interests or purpose; university│O جامعة الكهرباء j. al-kahrabā’ storage battery, accumulator; جامعة الامم j. al-umam League of Nations; الجامعة الاسلامية (islāmīya) Pan-Islamism; الجامعة العربية (‘arabīya) and جامعة الدول العربية (duwal) the Arab League; جامعة شعبية (ša‘bīya) university extension, adult education courses, evening courses جامعى jāmi‘ī academic, collegiate, university (adj.); university graduate مجموع majmū‘ collected, gathered; totality, whole; total, sum (arith.)│ الحروف المجموعة matter (typ.); مجموع اراضى القطر m. arāḍī l-quṯr the total area of the country; مجموع طوله m. ṯūlihī its total length; المجموع العصبي (‘aṣabī) the nervous system مجموعة majmū‘a pl. -āt, مجاميع majāmī‘2 collection (e.g., of works of art, of stamps, etc., also of stories); compilation, list; group {also, e.g., of trees, of islands, etc.); series (e.g., of articles in a newspaper; O battery (el.); alliance, league, bloc (e.g., of states); collective, collectivistic organization; aggregate; complex, block (of buildings); system; bulletin, periodical│ المجموعة الشمسية (šamāīya) the solar system; مجموعة صناعية (ṣinā‘īya) syndicate مجمع mujammi‘ collector (techn.); O storage battery, accumulator مجمع عليه mujma‘ ‘alaihi (that which is) agreed upon, unanimous مجتمع mujtama‘ pl. -āt gathering place, place of assembly; meeting place, rendezvous; assembly, gathering, meeting; society; human society; community, commune, collective جمكية = جامكية look up alphabetically 1 جمل jamala u (jaml) to sum up, summarize (هـ s.th.); -- jamula u (جمال jamāl) to be beautiful; to be handsome, pretty, comely, graceful; to be proper, suitable, appropriate (ب for s.o.), befit (ب s.o.) II to make beautiful, beautify, embellish, adorn (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) III to be polite, courteous, amiable (. to 8.0.) IV to sum, total, add (هـ s.th.); to treat as a whole, mention collectively (هـ s.th.); to sum up, summarize (هـ s.th.); to act well, decently, be nice V to make o.s. pretty, adorn o.s. VI to be courteous, be friendly to one another جملة jumla pl. جمل jumal totality, sum, whole; group, troop, body; crowd; wholesale; (gram.) sentence, clause; جملة jumlatan completely, wholly, on the whole, altogether, in general, at all│ جملة واحدة jumlatan wāḥidatan all at once, at one swoop; جملة الكائنات everything in existence; كان من جملة اصحابه he was one of his companions, he belonged to his companions; قال فى جملة ما قاله (jumlati) among other things, he said ... ; وجملة القول ان wa-jumlatu l-qauli anna or وجملة الامر ان in short ... , to sum up …, briefly stated ... ; على الجملة in short, in a word; بالجملة wholly, on the whole, altogether, in general, at all; by wholesale (com.); جملة الاجرة المستحقة j. al-ujra al-mustaḥiqqa gross wage; تاجر الجملة wholesaler, wholesale dealer; 41.J:1 ~ sr,. al•j. whole-sale price; جملة اسمية (ismīya) nominal clause; جملة فعلية (fi‘līya) verbal clause; جملة اخبارية (iḳbārīya) or جملة خبرية (ḳabarīya) declarative sentence (or clause); جملة انشائية (inšā’īya) exclamatory sentence; جملة حالية (ḥālīya) circumstantial clause; جملة شرطي(šarṯīya) conditional clause; جملة معترضة (mu‘tariḍa) parenthetical clause حساب الجمل ḥisāb al-jummal (or jumal) use of the letters of the alphabet according to their numerical value جمال jamāl beauty│O علم الجمال ‘ilm al-j. aesthetics جميل jamīl beautiful, graceful, lovely, comely, pretty, handsome; friendly act, favor, service, good turn; courtesy│اعتراف بالجميل, معرفة الجميل ma‘rifat al-j. and عرفان بالجميل (‘irfān) gratitude; نكران الجميلnukrān al-j. ingratitude; ناكر الجميل ungrateful; حفظ له جميلا (ḥafiẓa) to keep s.o. in fond remembrance, remember s.o. with gratitude اجمل ajmal2 more beautiful تجميل tajmīl beautification, embellishment; cosmetics مجاملة mujāmala pl. -āt (act of) courtesy; civility, amiability; flattery; مجاملة mujāmalatan amicably, in a friendly way│ زيارة مجاملة ziyārat m. courtesy call; قواعد المجاملات etiquette اجمال ijmāl summation, summing up; summarization; اجمالا ijmālan on the whole, in general, generally speaking, as a general principle│ اجمالا لذلك اقول to sum up, I (would) say ... ; فى اجماله in its entirety, as a whole; بالاجمال and على الاجمال in general, on the whole, altogether; بوجه الاجمال bi-wajhi l-i. = اجمالا اجمالى ijmālī comprehensive, summary, general, over-all, total, collective│تقرير اجمالى over-all report; غرامة اجمالية (garāma) collective penalty; نظرة اجمالية (naẓra) general view مجمل mujmil pl. -ūn wholesaler, wholesale dealer مجمل mujmal summary, resume, synopsis, compendium; general concept; sum, total│بالمجمل by wholesale 2 جمل jamal pl. جمال jimāl, اجمال ajmāl camel│جمل اليهود j. a1-yahūd chameleon جمال jammāl pl. -ūn camel driver جمان jumān (coll.; n. un. ة) pearls جمهر jamhara to gather, collect (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); to assemble (ه s.o.) II tajamhara to gather, flock together (crowd) جمهرة jamhara multitude, crowd, throng; the great mass, the populace جمهور jumhūr pl. جماهير jamāhīr2 multitude; crowd, throng; general public, public; الجماهير the masses, the people جمهرى iumhllri republican (adj. and n.) جمهورية jumhūriya pl. -āt republic│الجمهورية العربية المتحدة (‘arabīya, muttaḥida) the United Arab Republic; الجمهورية الاتحادية الالمانية (ittiḥādīya) the Federal Republic of Germany; الجمهورية الديموقراطية الالمانية (dīmūqrāṯīya) the German Democratic Republic تجمهر tajamhur gathering (of people; crowd جن janna u (jann, جنون junūn) to cover, hide, conceal, veil (هـ, على s.th.); to descend, fall, be or become dark (night); pass. junna: to be or become possessed, insane, mad, crazy│ جن جنونه (junūnuhū) to get madly excited, become frantic II to craze, make crazy, drive insane, madden, enrage, infuriate (ه s.o.) IV to cover, veil, hide, conceal (هـ s.th.); = II; V to go mad, become crazy X to be covered, veiled, concealed; to regard (ه s.o.) as crazy, think (ه s.o.) mad جن (coll.) jinn, demons (invisible beings, either harmful or helpful, that interfere with the lives of mortals) جنى jinnī demonic; jinni, demon جنية jinnīya female demon جنة janna pl. -at, جنان jinān garden; paradise│ جنات النعيم paradise; ساكن الجنان inhabitant of paradise, deceased person, one of blessed memory جنينة junaina pl. -āt, جنائن janā’in2 little garden; garden جنائنى janā’inī gardener جنة jinna possession, obsession; mania, madness, insanity جنة junna pl. جنن junan protection, shelter, shield جنان janān pl. اجنان ajnān heart, soul جنان jannān gardener جنين janīn pl. اجنة ajinna, اجنون ajnūn embryo, fetus; germ (in a seed, etc.) جنون junūn possession, obsession; mania, madness, insanity, dementia; foolishness, folly; frenzy, rage, fury; ecstasy, rapture│الجنون فنون al-j. funūn madness has many varieties, manifests itself in many ways جنوني junūnī crazy, insane, mad; frantic, frenzied مجن mijann pl. مجان majānn2 shield مجنة majanna madness, insanity جان jānn jinn, demons مجنون majnūn pl. مجانين majānīn2 possessed, obsessed; insane, mad; madman, maniac, lunatic; crazy, cracked; crackpot; foolish; fool جنب janaba u to avert, ward off (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.) II to keep away, avert, ward off (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.), keep s.o. (ه) out of the way of (هـ), spare (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) III to be or walk by s.o.’s (ه) side; to run alongside of (هـ), run parallel to (هـ), skirt, flank (هـ s.th.); to avoid (هـ s.th.) V to avoid (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to keep away (هـ, ه from), steer clear, get out of the way (هـ, ه of) VI and VIII = V; VIII to be at the side of (هـ), run side by side with (هـ), run alongside of (هـ), skirt, flank (هـ s.th.) جنب janb pl. جنوب junūb, اجناب ajnāb side; janba (prep.) beside, next to, near, at│جنبا الى جنب (also جنبا لجنب) side by side; بين جنبيه (janbaihi) inside (it), within; ما بين جنبيه (baina janbaihi) what it contains, comprises, its contents; على جنب aside, apart; ذات الجنب pleurisy جنبة janba pl. janabāt side; region, area│ فى جنباته in it, within, wide; ضمه بين جنباته (ḍammahū) to comprise, hold, contain s.th.; جنبات الغرفة j. al-gurfa the whole room; بين جنبات الغرفة in (the middle of) the room; زاخر الجنبات crammed, chock-full, brimful, filled to overflowing or bursting جنبى janbī lateral, side (adj.) جنب junub in a state of major ritual impurity; not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman│ الجار الجنبthe neighbor not belonging to the family جناب jināb (title of respect) approx.: Right Honorable; جنابكم Your Honor; you (polite form) جنابة janāba major ritual impurity (Isl. Law) جناب junāb (= ذات الجنب) pleurisy جنوب janūb south; جنوبا janūban southward, to the south جنوب janūbī southern│ جنوبى افريقيا South Africa جنب jānib pl. جوانب jawānib2 side; lateral portion; sidepiece; flank; wing; face (geom.); part, portion, partial amount; partial view, section (من of a scene, picture or panorama); quantity, amount; a certain number (من of), a few, some│ من جانبه on his part; من جانب – من جانب آخر on the one hand -- on the other hand; الى جانبه to him, to his address; at his (its) side, next to him (it); بجانبه beside him (it), next to him (it); الى جانب and بجانب side by side with; in addition to; apart from, aside from; وضعه جانبا to put s.th. aside; ودعه جانبا to leave s.th. aside, omit s.th.; فى جانب in comparison with, as compared with, as against; regarding, with regard to; ما بين جوانبهم their hearts; جانبا الفم jānibā l-fam the comers of the mouth; جانب من a considerable, or certain, degree of; a considerable amount of, a good deal of; جانب كبير من a great deal of, a large portion of; على جانب كبير من he is very …; كان على جانب عظيم من الكرم (karam) to be very generous; على جانب عظيم من الاهمية (ahammīya) of great importance; على اعظم جانب من الخطورة ‘alā a‘ẓami jānibin min al-kuṯūra of utmost importance, of greatest significance; فى كل جانب everywhere, on all sides; خفض له جانبه (ḳafaḍa, jānibahū) to show o.s. condescending, affable or gracious to s.o.; to meet s.o. on fair terms; امن جانبه amina jānibahū to be safe from s.o.; لم اعره جانب اهتمام (u‘irhu) I paid not the least attention to him; خاف (رهب، هاب) جانبه (jānibahū) to fear s.o., be afraid of s.o.; ملك الجانب milk al-j. crown lands; جانب الميري j. al-mīrī (eg.) fisc, treasury; لين الجانب layyin al-j. gentle; docile, tractable, compliant; لين الجانب līn al-j. gentleness; رحب الجوانب raḥb al-j. roomy; spacious, unconfined; رقيق الجانب friendly, amiable, gentle; مرهوب الجانب feared, dreaded; عزيز الجانب powerful, mighty, strong; عزة الجانب ‘izzat al-j. power; مهيب الجانب mahīb al-j. dreaded, respected; فى جوانب الدار about the house, all over the house; often فى جوانبه = فيه جانبى jānibī lateral, side, by- (in compounds) اجنبي ajnabī foreign, alien; (pl. -ūn, اجانب ajānib2 foreigner, alien│البلاد الأجنبية the foreign countries, the outside world; فرقة الاجانب firqat al-ajānib the Foreign Legion جنابية gannābīya pl. –āt (eg.) curb; embankment, levee; side channel, lateral (following a road or railroad tracks); bypass (of a lock or sluice) تجنب tajannub avoidance اجتناب ijtināb avoidance مجنبة mujanniba flank, wing (of an army جنبري see جمبري جنباز junbāz, جمباز calisthenics; gymnastics; athletics جنبازي junbāzī (جمبازي) calisthenic(al), gymnastic│ الالعاب الجمبازية gymnastic exercises, physical exercises جنح janaḥa a (جنوح junūḥ) to incline, be inclined, tend (ل or الى to); to lean (ل or الى to or toward); to turn, go over (الى to), join (الى s.th.), associate o.s. (الى with); to strand (على or الى on a coast; ship); to diverge, deviate, depart (عن from); to turn away (عن from), break (عن with) II to provide (هـ s.th.) with wings, lend wings (هـ to s.th.) IV to incline, be inclined, tend (ل or الى to); to lean (ل or الى to or toward); to turn (ل or الى to s.th.); to strand (ship) جنح jinḥ side جنح junḥ, jinḥ darkness gloom│فى جنح الليل (j. il-lail) in the dark of night, under cover of night; بين جنحي الكرى (junḥay il-karā) lit.: between the two halves of slumber, i.e., at night when everyone’s asleep جنحة junḥa pl. جنح junaḥ misdemeanor (jur., less than a felony, جناية, and more than an infraction, مخالفة) جناح janāḥ pl. اجنحة ajniḥa, اجنح ajnuḥ wing (of a bird. of an airplane, of a building, of an army); side; flank│ انا فى جناحه I am under his protection; على جناح الاثير over the ether, by radio; على جناح السرعة (j. is-sur‘a) with winged haste جناح junāḥ misdemeanor (jur.); sin│ لا جناح عليه (junāḥa) it won’t be held against him if he ... ; it won't do any harm if he … اجنح ajnaḥ2 more inclined (الى to جنوح janūḥ inclined (الى s.th.) جنوح junūḥ inclination, leaning, bent, tendency (الى to) جانح jāniḥ side, flank, wing جانحة jāniḥa pl. جوانح jawāniḥ2 rib; pl. also bosom, heart, soul│بين جوانحي in my bosom, at heart; طفرت جوانحها (ṭafarat) she became happily excited, she trembled with joy مجنح mujannaḥ winged جند II to draft, conscript, enlist, recruit (ه s.o.; mil.); to mobilize (هـ an army, على against) V to be drafted, be conscripted, be enlisted (for military service) جند jund m. and f., pl. جنود junūd, اجناد ajnād soldiers; army│جند الخلاص j. al-ḳalāṣ Salvation Army جندى jundī pl. جنود junūd soldier, private│ جندى اول (awwal) private first class (Ir., Syr.); جندى مستجد (mustajidd) recruits (Ir., Syr.); الجندي المجهول the Unknown Soldier جندية jundīya military affairs, the army, the military; military service تجنيد tajnīd draft, enlistment (mil.) recruitment; mobilization│التجنيد الاجباري (ijbārī) military conscription تجند tajannud military service مجند mujannad recruit جندارى gindārī standard-bearer, comet (Eg.) جندب jundub pl. جنادب janādib2 grasshopper 1 جندر gandara (eg.) to mangle (هـ laundry) جندرة gandara mangling (of laundry); press; O rotary press (typ.) 2 جندارى look up alphabetically جندرمة žandarma gendarmery جندرمى žandarmī gendarme جندفلى ganduflī (eg.) oysters 140 1جندل jandala to throw to the ground, bring down, fell (ه s.o.) جندل jandal pl. جنادل janādil2 stone; pl. جنادل cataract, waterfall (eg.) 2جندول gundūl (eg.) pl. جناديل ganādīl2 gondola جنرال jenərāl, ginrāl (eg.) general (military rank) جنز II to say the burial prayers, conduct the funeral service (ه for the deceased; Chr.) جنازة jināza, janāza pl. -āt جنائز janā’iz2 bier; funeral procession جناز junnāz pl. جنانيز janānīz2 requiem, funeral rites, obsequies; funeral procession جنزبيل janzabīl (= زنجبيل) ginger 1جنزير janzara (= زنجر) to be or become covered with verdigris جنزار jinzār (=زنجار) verdigris 2جنزير jinzīr (= زنجير) pl. جنازير janāzīr2 chain; track (of a caterpillar, of a tank, etc.); a linear measure (= 5 qaṣaba = 17.75 m; also = 20 m; Eg.)│طارة جنزير ṭārat j. track sprocket, sprocket wheel مجنزر mujanzar track-laying (vehicle) جنس II to make alike, make similar (هـ s.th.); to assimilate, naturalize (ه s.o.); to class, classify, sort, categorize (هـ s.th.) III to be akin, be related, similar (هـ, ه to), be of the same kind or nature (ه as s.o., هـ as s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه) resemble (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) V to have o.s. naturalized, acquire the citizenship (ب); to be naturalized VI to be akin, related, of the same kind or nature, homogeneous جنس jins pl. اجناس ajnās kind, sort, variety, species, class, genus; category; sex (male, female); gender (gram.); race; nation│ اسم الجنسism al-j. (gram.) generic noun, collective noun of nonpersonal things (which form a n. un. in ة); الجنس البشري (bašarī) the human race; ابناء جنسنا abnā’ jinsinā our fellow tribesmen; هو مصري الجنس he is Egyptian by nationality; الجنس اللطيف the fair sex; الجنس الخشن the strong sex جنسي jinsī generic; sexual; racial لاجنسي lā-jinsī asexual, sexless جنسية jinsīya pl. -āt nationality, citizenship تجنيس tajnīs naturalization; paronomasia (rhet.) جناس jinās (rhet.) assonance, pun, paronomasia مجانسة mujānasa relatedness, kinship, affinity; similarity, likeness, resemblance تجنس tajannus acquisition of citizenship, naturalization تجانسtajānūs homogeneity, homogeneousness; likeness, similarity, resemblance مجانس mujānis similar, like, related; homogeneous متجنس mutajannis naturalized متجانس mutajānis akin, related, of the same kind or nature, homogeneous جنطيانا (Lat. Gentiana) gentian (eg.) 1 جنفVI to deviate (عن from); to incline, be inclined (الى or ل to s.th.) 2 جنيف look up alphabetically جنفاص junfāṣ, جنفيص junfaiṣ sackcloth, sacking جنك junk pl. جنوك junūk harp جنوا janowā Genoa (seaport in NW Italy) جنى janā i (jany) to pick, gather, harvest, reap (هـ s.th., also the fruits of one’s work); to pocket, rake in, collect (هـ s.th.); to derive (هـ profit, من from); to secure, realize (هـ profits, an advantage); to incur (هـ evil, harm, punishment); to cause, 141 provoke, bring about (هـ s.th.); -- (جناية jināya) to commit a crime, an outrage (على on); to offend, sin (على against); to commit, perpetrate (جناية, ذنبا danban a crime, an offense; على, less frequently الى, on or against); to inflict (هـ some evil, على on s.o.); to harm (على s.o., s.th.) V to incriminate, accuse, charge with a crime (على s.o.), lay the blame (على on s.o.), blame (على s.o.); to act meanly VIII to gather, harvest (هـ s.th.) جنى jany harvest; reaping (fig.); -- janan (coll.) fruits جناية jināya pl. -āt perpetration of a crime; felony (jur.; in the strictly legal sense, more than a misdemeanor, جنحة, and an infraction, مخالفة), capital offense │ محكمة الجنايات maḥkamat al-j. criminal court جنائي jinā’ī criminal│ law محكمة جنائية (maḥkama) criminal court; القانون الجنائي criminal law, penal law مجنى majnan pl. مجان majānin that which is picked or harvested, a crop; source of profit or advantage تجن tajannin incrimination, accusation (على of s.o.); mean way of acting, low, underhand dealings جان jānin pl. جناة junāh perpetrator (of a delict); delinquent, criminal مجنى عليه majnīy ‘alaih, harmed, injured; aggrieved party; victim of a crime جنيف (Fr. Geneve) žənēf Geneva جنيه (Engl. guinea) ginēh, also gunaih pl. –āt pound (eg.)│جنيه انجليزي (استرليني) pound sterling, English pound; جنيه مصري Egyptian pound (abbreviation: ج م) جهة see وجه جهبذ jahbad pl. جهابذة jahābida man endowed with a critical mind; great scholar; bright, brilliant, intelligent جهد jahada a (jahd) to endeavor, strive, labor, take pains, put o.s. out; to over-work, overtax, fatigue, exhaust (ه s.o.) III to endeavor, strive; to fight (فى سبيل الشيء for s.th.); t.o wage holy war against the infidels IV to strain, exert (هـ s.th.); to tire, wear out, fatigue (ه s.o.), give trouble (ه to)│اجهد نفسه فى (nafsahū) to go to great lengths, go out of one’s way (في for or in s.th.); اجهد فكره فى (fikrahū) to concentrate on, put one's mind to, apply o.s. t.o VIII to put o.s. out (فى for s.th.), work hard; (Isl. Law) to formulate an independent judgment in a legal or theological question (based on the application of the 4 uṣūl; as opposed to taqlid, q.v.) جهد jahd pl. جهود juḥūd strain; exertion; endeavor, attempt, effort; trouble, pains (فى on behalf or for the sake of s.th.); O voltage, tension (el.)│جهد جهده jahada jahdahū, also عمل (حاول) جهده to do (try) one’s utmost, do (try) all in one’s power, make every conceivable effort; بجهد جهيد bi-jahdin jahīdin with great difficulty, by dint of atrenuous efforts; بعد جهد جهيد after a lot of trouble O جهد عال (‘ālin) high tension (el.) جهد juhd strain, exertion; juhda (used prepositionally) to the limit of ... │جهد الطاقة juhda ṭ-ṭāqa as far as possible, as much as possible; جهد طاقته j. ṭāqatihī as much as he can, to the limit of his abilities; جهد امكانه juhda imkānihī do.; جهد ما juhda mā as much as. to the limits of what ... ; جهدي juhdī as far as I can جهيد jahīd see جهد jahd جهاد jihād fight, battle; jihad, holy war (against the infidels, as a religious duty) جهادي jihādī fighting, military مجاهدة mujāhada fight, battle اجهاد ijhād exertion; overexertion, overstrain(ing) 142 اجتهاد ijtihād effort, exertion, endeavor, pains, trouble; application, industry, diligence; (Isl. Law) independent judgment in a legal or theological queetion, based on the interpretation and application of the 4 uṣūl, as opposed to taqlīd, q.v.; individual judgment مجهود majhūd pl. -āt endeavor, effort, exertion, pains, trouble, work; O voltage, tension (el.)│بذل مجهوداته to make every effort, go to greatest lengths مجاهد mujāhid pl. -ūn fighter, freedom fighter; warrior; sergeant (Eg. 1939) مجهد mujhid strenuous, exacting, trying, grueling; -- mujhad overworked, exhausted مجتهد mujtahid diligent, industrious; (pl. -ūn) mujtahid, a legist formulating independcnt decisions in legal or theological matters, based on the interpretation and application of the four uṣūl, as oppoeed to muqallid, q.v. جهر jahara a (jahr, جهار jihār) to be brought to light, come out, show, appear; -- to declare publicly, announce (هـ or ب s.th.); to avow in public, proclaim (ب s.th.); to raise (هـ the voice); -- jahura u (جهارة jahāra) to be loud, be clearly audible (voice) III to declare or say openly, voice, utter, express frankly (ب s.th.) جهر jahr and جهار jihār publicness, publicity, notoriety; جهرا jahran and جهارا jihāran publicly, in public جهرة jahratan openly, overtly, frankly, publicly جهري jahrī notorious, well-known, public جهير jahīr loud (voice, shout) اجهر ajhar2 day-blind اجهر ajhar2 (elative) louder, more audible جمهري jahwarī loud (voice) مجهر mijhar loud-voiced مجهر mijhar pl. مجاهر majāhir2 microsoope مجهرى mijharī microscopic(al) مجهار mijhār loud-voiced; O loudspeaker مجاهرة mujāhara franknees, candor (of one’s words) جهز jahaza a to finish off (على a wounded man), deliver the coup de grace to (على) II to make ready, prepare (هـ s.th.); to arrange (هـ s.th.); to provide, supply (هـ s.th.); to equip, fit out, furnish, supply, provide (ب ه or هـ s.th. or s.o. with) IV to finish off (على a wounded man), deliver the coup de grace to (على); to finish, ruin (على s.o.) V to he equipped, furnished, supplied, provided; to equip o.s.; to prepare o.s., get ready; to be ready, be prepared جهاز jahāz (alas pronounced jihāz) pl. -āt, اجهزة ajhiza equipment, appliances, outfit, gear, rig; trousseau; contrivance, gadget; implement, appliance, utensil; installation, apparatus (techn.); system, apparatus (anat.) │ جهاز لاسلكي (lā-silkī) wirelees set, radio; جهاز راديو radio (receiving set); O جهاز مستقبل (mustaqbil), O جهاز الاستقبال, O جهاز الالتقاط receiver, receiving set (radio); جهاز مذيع (muḍī‘), O جهاز الارسال j. al-irsāl transmitter (radio); جهاز تليفزيوني television set; جهاز الحفر j. al-ḥafr drilling rig; oil derrick; جهاز دوري (daurī) circulatory system (anat.); جهاز لتسجيل الاهتزازات الارضية or جهاز قياس الهزات الارضية (hazzāt, arḍīya)seismograph; جهاز سري (sirrī) secret organization, underground organization; جهاز الاستماع sound locator; الجهاز العصبي (‘aṣabī) the nervous system; جهاز الهضم j. al-haḍm digestive apparatus تجهيز tajhīz equipment, furnishment; preparation; pl. تجهيزات equipment, gear 144 تجهيزي tajhīzī preparatory; (of a school) preparing for college جاهز jāhiz ready, prepared; readymade; equipped │ جاهزة (ملبوسات or) البسة (albisa) ready-made clothes مجهز mujahhaz equipped, provided, furnished, supplied (ب with); armed (ب with guns; of a ship, tank, etc.) جهش IV to sob, break into sobs│ اجهش بالبكاء (bukā’) to be on the verge of tears, struggle with tears; to break into tears جهشة jahša (n. vic.) pl. -āt sob; outburst of tears اجهاش ijhāš outburst of tears جهض IV to bear young ones, litter; to have a miscarriage (woman)│ اجهضت نفسها (nafsahā) she induced an abortion جهض jihḍ miscarried fetus جهيض jahīḍ miscarried fetus اجهاض ijhāḍ miscarriage, abortion; induced abortion جهل jahila a (jahl, جهالة jahāla) to be ignorant; not to know (ب or هـ s.th., how to do s.th.); to be irrational, foolish; to behave foolishly (على toward) VI to ignore (هـ s.th.); to refuse to have anything to do (هـ with), shut one’s eyes (هـ to), disregard (هـ a fact); to affect ignorance, pretend to know nothing X to consider ignorant or stupid (ه s.o.) جهل jahl and جهالة jahāla ignorance; folly, foolishness, stupidity│ عن جهل out of ignorance جهول jahūl ignorant; foolish, stupid مجهل majhal pl. مجاهل majāhil2 unknown region, unexplored territory │ مجاهل افريقيا unknown Africa تجهيل tajhīl stultification تجاهل tajāhul ignoring, disregard(ing) جاهل jāhil pl. جهلة jahala, جهل juhhal, جهال juhhāl, جهلاء juhalā’ not knowing (ب s.th., how to do s.th.); ignorant, uneducated, illiterate; foolish; fool جاهلى jāhilī pagan, of or pertaining to pre-Islamic times جاهلية jāhilīya state of ignorance; pre-Islamic paganism, pre-Islamic times مجهول majhūl unknown; anonymous (also مجهول الاسم m. al-ism); pl. مجاهيل majāhīl2 unknown things│ صيغة المجهول ṣīgat al-m. passive (gram.) مجهولية majhūlīya being unknown, unknown nature جهم jahuma u (جهامة jahāma, جهومة juhūma) to frown, glower V to frown, scowl, glower; to regard with displeasure (,هـ ه or ل s.o. or s.th.), frown (هـ or ل on); to eye gloomily, coolly, grimiy (هـ, ه or ل s.o., s.th.); to become sullen, gloomy (face) جهم jahm sullen, glum, morose, gloomy (face) جهام jahām clouds جهامة jahāma and جهومة juhūma grim look, sullen expression; gloominoss; brooding silence جهنم jahannam2 (f.) hell جهنمي jahannamī hellish, infernal جو jaww pl. اجواء ajwā’, جواء jiwā’ (pl. frequently with singnlar meaning) air; atmosphere (also fig.); sky; weather; sphere, milieu, environment; جوا jawwan by air; by telegraph, telegraphically│بريد الجو air mail; طبقات الجو ṭabaqāt al-j. air layers; فى جو ممطر (mumṭir) in rainy weather جوى jawwī air, aerial, aero- (in compounds); airy, atmospheric(al); weather (used attributively), meteorologic(al)│الضغط الجوي (ḍagṯ) atmospheric pressure; طبقات جوية (ṭabaqāt) air layers; اسطول جوي (usṭūl) air fleet; غارة جوية air raid; القوات الجوية (quwāt) air force; الملاحة الجوية aviation; ميناء جوية (mīnā’) airport; ارصاد جوية meteorological observations; حجر جوي (ḥajar) meteorite جوا (colloq.) jawwā (pronounced gūwa in Eg.) in it, within; inside جوانى jawwānī, juwwānī inner, inside, interior جوافة guwāfa (eg.) guava (fruit); guavshrub جوال (eg.) guwāl pl. -āt sack جوانتي (It. guanti; eg.) gloves 1جوب (Fr. jupe) skirt 2(جوب) جاب jāba u (jaub) to travel, wander (هـ through), traverse, roam, tour, explore (هـ s.th., e.g., foreign lands); to pierce, penetrate (هـ s.th.), cut through (هـ); to wander, cruise (هـ about a place) III to answer (ه s.خ., على s.th.), reply, respond (ه to s.o., على to s.th.); to comply (هـ with), accede (هـ to) IV to answer (ه or الى s.o., عن or على a question), reply, respond (ه or الى to s.o., على to s.th.); to comply (هـ with a request), accede, defer (هـ to); to hear (ه s.o.), accede to the request or wishes of (ه); to fulfill, grant (هـ a wish); to consent, assent, agree (الى to); to concur (الى in)│اجاب الى طلبه ṯalabihi) to comply with s.o.’s request VI to reply to one another; to echo (هـ, ب from); to ring out (voices); to be (mutually) corresponding, harmonize; to be favorahle, propitious (مع to s.o.; situation) VIl to scatter, break up, pass over (clauds); to be dispelled, disappear, vanish (worries); to fade (darkness) X استجاب to hear, answer (هـ a prayer), grant (هـ a request); to comply with the request of (ل), accede or defer to the wiohes of (ل); to react (ل to); to respond (ل to, ب with), listen, pay attention (ل to), show interest (ل in); to meet, answer (ب ل s.o. with), reply (ب ل to s.o. with or hy doing s.th.); to resound, reverberate, re-echo; to resonate (ل or الى to s.th.), be in resonance with (phys.); -- استجوب istajwaba to interrogate, examine, question (ه s.o.); to hear (ه the defendant or witn...); to interpellate (ه s.o.; in parliament) جوب jaub travening, touring, exploration (of foreign countries); piercing, penetration جوبة jauba pl. -āt, جوب juwab opening, gap; hole, pit جواب jawāb pl. اجوبة ajwiba answer, reply; octave (to a given tone; mus.); (eg.; pronounced gawāb pl. -āt) letter, message│جواب الشرط j. aš-šarṭ, main clause (conclusion) of a conditional sentence, apodosis جوابى jawābī answering (used attributively) جواب jawwāb traverser (of foreign countries), traveler, explorer اجابة ijāba answer(ing), reply(ing), response, respondence; compliance; fulfillment, granting (of a request); accession, consent, assent│اجابة لطلبكم ijābatan li-ṭalabikum, in compliance with your request; in answer to your request تجاوب tajāwub agreement, conformity; harmony استجابة istijāba hearing, answering (of a prayer); granting, fulfillment (of a request); resonance; consonance (phys.)│ استجابة ل istijābatan li in compliance with, in answer to, in deference to استجواب istijwāb pl. -āt interrogation, questioning; hearing; interview; interpellation (in parliament) متجاوب mutajāwib harmonious مستجيب mustajīb hearing, answering, granting; reverberant, resonant, resonating; responsive, susceptible, impressible 145 جوت (Engl.) jūt jute جاح (جوح) jāḥa u and IV to annihilate, destroy, ruin; to flood, inundate (هـ the land) VIII do.; to carry away, sweep away (ه s.o., s.th.; storm); to put down, subdue, quell (هـ s.th., e.g., a riot) اجاحة destruction, annihilation; crop damage; crop failure, bad harvest اجتياح ijtiyāḥ destruction, annihilation; subdual, suppression جائح jā’iḥ crushing, devastating; disastrous جائحة jā’iḥa pl. جوائح jawā’iḥ2 calamity, disaster, ruin; epldemic; crop damage جوخ jūḳ pl. اجواخ ajwāḳ broadcloth جاد (جود) jāda u (جودة jūda) to be or become good, become better, improve; -- (jūd) to grant generously (ب s.th.), be so generous as to do s.th. (ب with verbal noun); to be liberal, openhanded (ب with s.th., على toward s.o.), bestow liberally (ب s.th., على upon s.o.), grant, give lavishly (ب of s.th., على to s.o.), shower (ب على s.o. with); to donate (ب a sum of money, etc.) │جاد بنفسه to sacrifice o.s.; to give up the ghost; جادت عيناه بالدمع (‘aināhu bi-d-dam‘) tears welled from his eyes; جادت السماء (heavens granted rain) it rained II to do well (هـ s.th.); to make better, improve, better, ameliorate (هـ s.th.); to recite (the Koran; cf. تجويد) IV to do well, do excellently (هـ s.th.); to master (هـ s.th.), be skilled, proficient (هـ in), be an expert (هـ at), be conversant (هـ with an art or field of knowledge); to accomplish or say good, excellent thing; to achieve excellent results; to be excellent, outstanding, distinguish o.s. (e.g., as a poet) │اجاد لغة (lugatan) to master language; اجاد العزف على البيانو (‘azfa) to play the piano well X to think (هـ s.th.) good or excellent, approve of (هـ); to consider (هـ s.th.) suitable for or appropriate to (ل) جود jūd openhandedness, liberality, generosity جود jaud heavy rains جادة see under 2جد جودة jūda goodness, excellence جيد jayyid pl. جياد jiyād good, perfect, faultless; outstanding, excellent, first-rate; good (as an examination grade); جيدا jayyidan well, excellently; thoroughly │ جيد جدا (jidda) very good (also as an examination grade) اجود ajwad2 better , جواد jawād pl. اجواد ajwād, اجاود ajāwid2, اجاويد ajawīd2, جود jūd openhanded, liberal, generous, magnanimous; jawād pl. جياد jiyād, اجياد ajyād, اجاويد ajāwīd2 race horse, racer; charger │ ابن الاجوادnoble man تجويد tajwīd art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with established rule, of pronunciation and intonation) مجيد mujīd adept, efficient, proficient جودار jaudār see جاودار (alphabetically) جار (جور) jāra u (jaur) to deviate, stray (عن from); to commit an outrage (على on), bear down (على upon), wrong, persecute, oppress, tyrannize (على s.o.); to encroach, make inroads (على on another’s territory) III to be the neighbor of s.o. (ه), live next door to (ه); to be adjacent, be next (هـ to s.th.), adjoin (هـ s.th.); to be in the immediate vicinity of (ه هـ), be close to (ه, هـ); to border (هـ on) IV to grant asylum or a sanctuary (ه to s.o.); to protect (ه s.o., من from), take (ه s.o.) under one’s wing; to stand by s.o. (ه), aid (ه s.o.) VI to be neighbors; to be adjacent; to have a common border X to seek protection, seek refuge (ب with s.o., من from s.th.), appeal for aid (ه to s.o., من against s.th.) 146 جور jaur injustice; oppression, tyranny; outrage جار jār pl. جيران jīrān neighbor; refugee; protégé, charge جارة jāra pl. -āt neighboress جيرة jīra neighborhood جورة jūra pl. جور juwar pit, hole جورى see alphabetically جوار jiwār neighborhood, proximity; بجوار in the neighborhood of, in the vicinity of, near, close to مجاورة mujāwara neighborhood, proximity جائر jā’ir pl. جورة jawara, جارة jāra unjust. unfair; tyrannical, despotic; tyrant, oppressor, despot مجاور mujāwir neighboring, adjacent; near, close by; (pl. -ūn) student (esp. of Al Azhar University; living in the vicinity of the Mosque) ئمجير mujīr protector متجاور mutajāwir having a common border; adjoining, adjacent, contiguous جورب jaurab pl. جوارب jawārib2 stocking; sock جورجيا jorjiyā Georgia (republic of the U.S.S.R.) 1جوري jūrī damask rose (Rosa damascena, bot.); crimson 2جوري (Engl.) jūrī jury 1(جوز) جاز jāza u (جواز jawāz, مجاز majāz) to pass, come, travel (هـ through); to pass (هـ an examination, a test); to be allowed, permitted, permissible; to be possible, conceivable; to work, succeed (عليه with s.o.; deceit, artifice) │جازت عليه الحيلة (ḥīla) the trick worked with him, he fell for the trick II to permit, allow (هـ s.th.); to approve (هـ of), sanction, warrant, authorize (هـ s.th.) III to pass (هـ s.th. or by s.th.), go or walk past s.th. (هـ); to go beyond s.th. (هـ), overstep, cross, leave behind (هـ s.th.), also, e.g., جاوز الثلاثين من العمر (‘umr) he is past thirty; to exceed, surpass (هـ s.th.); to pass over s.th. (عن), disregard (عن s.th.), pay no attention (عن to); to let (عن s.th.) go unpunished; to give up, forgo, relinquish (عن s.th.) IV to traverse, cross (هـ s.th., الى on the way to); to permit, allow (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.); to authorize (هـ ل s.o. to do s.th., also هـ ه); to license (هـ s.th.); to approve, confirm, endorse (هـ a decision, a judgment); to approve (هـ of s.th.), sanction (هـ s.th.) V to tolerate, suffer, bear VI to pass (هـ s.th. or by s.th.), go or walk past s.th. (هـ); to go beyond s.th. (هـ), overstep, cross, leave behind (هـ s.th.); to exceed, surpass (هـ s.th., also على); to go too far, overstep all bounds, encroach, make inroads; to pass over s.th. (عن), disregard (عن s.th.) pay no attention (عن to); to give up, forgo, re1inquish (A s.th.); to refrain from) VIII to pass, run, go (هـ through), cut across (هـ); to cross (هـ a border, a street, a mountain range); to traverse (هـ a country or sea); to cover (هـ a distance); to pass (هـ through the mind; said of ideas, thoughts); to go (هـ through hard times or a crisis); to surmount, overcome (هـ a crisis) X to deem permissible (هـ s.th.); to ask permission جوز jauz pl. اجواز ajwāz heart, center (of a desert, of a large area, etc.) │ فى اجوازamid, in the middle of, in; فى اجواز الفضاء (faḍā’) in space جواز jawāz permissibility, admissibility; lawfulness, legality; permission, (official) permit, license, authorization; possibility, conceivability; passing (of an examination) │ جواز السفر j. as-safar (pl. -āt) (traveling) passport 147 مجاز majāz crossing; passage; corridor (pol.-georgr.); metaphor, figurative expression (rhet.) │مجازا majāzanl, على سبيل المجاز figuratively, metaphorically مجازى majāzī figurative, metaphorical اجازة ijāza pl. -āt permission, authorization; approval; license; = Fr. licence as an academic degree; permit; vacation, leave (of absence) │ اجازة الحصر i. al-ḥaṣr grant of patent, issue of letters patent; patent; اجازة قنصلية (qunṣulīya) exequatur of a consul (dipl.); اجازة مرضية (maraḍīya) sick leave; الاجازات المدرسية (madrasīya) school vacation; غائب بالاجازة on leave, on vacation مجاوزة mujāwaza and تجاوز tajāwuz crossing; exceeding; overdraft, overdrawing (of an account); disregard (عن for); relinquishment (عن of s.th.) اجتياز ijtiyāz traversing, crossing; passage; transit; covering (of a distance); passing (of an examination); surmounting (of difficulties) جائز jā’iz permitted, lawful, legal; conceivable, thinkable جائزة jā’iza pl. جوائز jawā’iz2 prize, reward, premium │جائزة دراسية (dirāsīya) stipend, scholarship مجاز mujāz licensed; licentiate (as an academic title, = Fr. licencié; e.g., مجاز فى العلوم licencié ès sciences) 2 جوز □ = زوج II to give in marriage □ جوز jauz pl. اجواز ajwāz = زوج couple □ مجوز (syr.; pronounced məžwez,  مزوج muzwaj) wind instrument with a double pipe, corresponding to the Egyptian zummāra) 3الجوزاء al-jauzā’ Gemini (astron.) 4 جوز jauz (coll.; n. un. ة pl. -āt) walnut │جوز الطيب j. aṭ-ṭīb nutmeg; جوز القيء j. al-qai’ nux vomioa; جوز الهند j. al-hind, جوز هندي (hindī) coconut; جوز القز j. alqazz cocoon, chrysalis of the silkworm جوزة gōza (eg.) narghile جوزي jauzī nut (used attributively and in compounds); nut-brown, hazel 5جاز look up alphabetically جوزل jauzal pl. جوازل jawāzil2 young pigeon (جوس) جاس jāsa u to peer around, pry around, look around (خلال kilāla in); to search, investigate, explore (هـ s.th.) VIII to search, investigate, explore (هـ s.th.) جوسق jausaq pl. جواسق jawāsiq2 palace; manor, villa جويطة gawīṭa pl. جوائط gawā’iṭ2 (eg.) dowel, peg جاع (جوع) jā‘a u to be hungry; to starve II to cause (ه s.o.) to starve, starve out, famish (ه s.o.) IV do. جوع jū‘ hunger, starvation │مات جوعا to starve to death جوعان jau‘ān2, f. جوعى jau‘ā’, pl. جياع jiyā‘ hungry, starved, famished مجاعة majā‘a pl. -āt famine جائع jā’i‘ pl. جياع jiyā‘,جوع juwwa‘ hungry, starved, famished تجويع tajwī‘ starving out اجاعة ijā‘a starving out جوف II to make hollow, hollow out (هـ s.th.) جوف jauf pl. اجواف ajwāf hollow, cavity; depression; interior, inside, center, heart; belly, abdomen; north (magr.) │في جوف inside, in the interior of, in the middle of; في جوف الليل (j. il-lail) or جوف الليل (jaufa) in the middle of the night جوفي jaufī inner, interior, inside; subterranean, underground, subsurface (of geological strata); northern (magr.) │ مياه جوفيةground water 148 1اجوف ajwaf2, f. جوفاء jaufā’, pl. جوف jūf hollow; empty; vain, futile, inane, pointless, senseless تجويف tajwīf pl. تجاواف tajāwīf2, hollow, cavity مجوف mujawwaf hollowed out, hollow جوق jauq pl. اجواق ajwāq and جوقة jauqa pl. -āt troop, group; theatrical troupe, operatic company; choir (mus.); orchestra, band (also جوقة موسيقية) │ مدير الجوق mudīr al-j. conductor, bandleader, choir leader; جوقة الشرف j. aš-šaraf Legion of Honor 1جال (جول) jāla u (jaul, جولة jaula, تجوال tajwāl, جولان jawalān) to roam, rove, wander about; to move freely, be at home (في in a field of learning), occupy o.s. (في with); to be circulated, go the rounds; to pass (في, ب through the mind)│جال برأسه to preoccupy s.o., engross s.o.’s attention; ما يجول في خاطره (بخاطره) what he is preoccupied with, what is on his mind; جال الدمع في عينيه (dam‘, ‘ainaihi) his eyes swam in tears; جالت يده في (yaduhū) he laid his hands on, he committed defalcations of IV to circulate, pass around (هـ s.th.) │اجال الرأي (ra’ya) to weigh s.th. thoroughly, ponder s.th.; اجال النظر (naẓara) to let one’s eyes wander about; to look around V to roam, rove, wander about, move around; to patrol, go the rounds; to cruise; to tour, travel from place to place, travel about جولة jaula pl. -āt circuit, round; patrol; excursion, outing; tour; (round) trip; voyage, run (of a steamer); (round-trip) flight (of an airplane); round (in sports) جوال jawwāl wandering, migrant, itinerant, roving; cruising; traveling; ambulant; traveler, tourist; see also alphabetically │ رام جوالrāmin jawwāl pl. رماة جوالة rumāh jawwāla rifleman (mil.; Syr.) جوالة jawwāla one given to roaming or traveling; wanderer, wayfarer; O motorcycle; cruiser تجوال tajwāl migration, wandering, roving, traveling; nomadic life, nomadism جولان jawalān migration, wandering, roving, traveling; nomadic life, nomadism │ جولان اليد j. al-yad embezzlement, defalcation مجال majāl pl. -āt room, space (ل for s.th.); field, domain, sphere; scope, extent; reach; range; elbowroom, free scope; play, clearance; field (magn.)│ما ترك مجالا للشك (šakk) to admit of no doubt; لا مجال للطعن فيه (majālan, ṭa‘n) (it is) incontestable; في هذا المجال in this connection; ودع المجال امامه فسيحا (amāmahū) to give s.o. a free hand, wide scope of action; مجال حيوي (ḥayawī) lebensraum; مجال العمل m. al-‘amal field of activity; مجال مغنطيسي (magnaṭīsī) magnetic field; شدة المجال šiddat al-m. field intensity (magn.) تجول tajawwul roaming, roving, wandering, migration; going out, moving about; patrol, round; (round) trip, tour; traveling │ منع التجول man‘ at-t. curfew بائع جاول bā’i‘ jāwil pl. باعة جائلون peddler, hawker متجول mutajawwil wandering, migrant, roaming, roving, itinerant; ambulant; traveling; traveler │وكيل متجول traveling salesman; بياع متجول (bayyā‘) peddler, hawker; قسيس متجول (qissīs) itinerant preacher 2جوال look up alphabetically جولف golf golf (eg.) جام look up alphabetically جون jūn pl اجوان ajwān gulf, inlet, bay جونلة, جونلا, جونيلة (It. gonnella)gonella pl. -āt (woman’s) skirt (eg.) 149 جاه look up alphabetically جوهر II tajauhara to become substance جوهر jauhar pl. جواهر jawāhir2 intrinsic, essential nature, essence; content, substance (as opposed to form; philos.); matter, substance; atom; jewel, gem; pl. jewelry │الزيف والجوهر (zaif) the spurious and the genuine جوهرة jauhara jewel, gem جوهري jauharī substantial; intrinsic, essential, inherent; fundamental, main, chief, principal; material; jeweler جوهرجي jauharjī jeweler مجوهرات mugauharāt (eg.) jewelry, trinkets; jewels, gems 1جوى jawiya a (jawan) to be passionately stirred by love or grief جوى jawan ardent love, passion 2جاوى look up alphabetically جويدار = جاودار look up alphabetically جاء (جيء) jā’a يجيء yajī’u (مجيء majī’) to come (ه, هـ to); to get (هـ to), reach (هـ a place); to arrive; to bring (ب s.th.; ب ه to s.o. s.th.); to bring forth, produce (ب s.th.); to set forth (ب s.th.); to do, perform; to commit, perpetrate (هـ s.th.); to occur, be mentioned, be said (فى in an article, document or book); (with foll. Imperf.) to be about or set out to do s.th. │جاء فى جريدة الأهرام ان the newspaper “Al Ahram” reports that ... ; جاء من باريس ان a report from Paris says that ... ; جاءت نتائجه مطابقة ل (muṭābiqatan) its results coincided with ... جيئة jī’a, jai’a coming, arrival │جيئة وذهاب (dahāb) coming and going, ذهب جيئة وذهابا to pace the floor, walk up and down مجيء majī’ coming, arrival, advent الجائيات al-jā’iyāt the things to come 1جيب jaib pl. جيوب juyūb breast, bosom, heart; sine (math.); hole, hollow, cavity, excavation; pocket; purse │ الجيب الخاص(ḳaṣṣ) the privy purse; تمام الجيب tamām al-j., جيب التمام cosine (math.); ساعة الجيب pocket watch; مصروف الجيب pocket money; الجيوب الانفية (anfīya) the nasal sinuses (anat.); جيوب المقاومة j. al-muqāwama pockets of resistance (mil.) جيبي jaibī pocket (adj.) 2جيب jīp, جيب jīb and سيارة جيب sayyārat j. jeep ﭽيت (ir.) čīt a colorful cotton fabric, chintz 1جيد jīd pl. اجياد ajyād, جيود juyūd neck 2جيد jayyid see جود 3جياد, اجياد see جوادjawād 1جير jairi surely, truly, verily 2جير jīr lime جير jīrī calcareous, lime (adj.) جيار jayyār unslaked lime جيارة jayyāra limekiln 3جير II to endorse (fin.) جيرو (It. giro) endorsement (fin.) 4جيرة, جيران see جور جيزة gīza Giza (city in N Egypt); a brand of Egyptian cotton جاش (جيش) jāša i (جيشان jayašān) to be excited, be agitated; to rage, storm; to boil, simmer II to levy troops, mobilize an army X to raise, mobilize (هـ an army, also, e.g., انصارا anṣāran followers) جيش jaiš pl. جيوش army, troops, armed forces │ جيش الاحتلال occupation forces; جيش احتياطي army reserve; جيش مرابط (murābiṭ) territorial army; الانقاذ جيش j. al-inqād Salvation Army; جيش المساء al-masā’ dusk, evening twilight 150 جياش jayyāš agitated, impassioned; excited, boiling up; ebullient; pleasurably excited, happily stimulated جيشان jayašān excitement, agitation; raging جاف (جيف) jāfa i, II and V to be putrid, stink (decaying cadaver) جيفة jīfa pl. جيف jiyaf, اجياف ajyāf corpse, cadaver ﭽيكى čīkī Czech جيل jīl pl. اجيال ajyāl people, nation, tribe; generation; century; epoch, era جيلاتي (It. gelati) jēlātī ice cream جيم jīm name of the letter ج جين (Fr. gaine) corselet, sheath corset (eg.) جيوغرافيا jiyogrāfiyā geography │ الجيوغرافيا البشرية (bašarīya) anthropogeography جيوفيزيا jiyofīziyā geophysics جيوفيزيائي jiyofīziyā’ī geophysical │ السنة الجيوفيزيائية (sana) the geophysical year جيوفيزيقي jiyofīzīqī geophysical جيولوجيا jiyolōjiyā geology جيولوجي jiyolōjī geologic(al) ح حاء ḥā’ name of the letter ح حاخام ḥāḳām rabbi│الحاخام الاكبر the chief rabbi حؤول see حول حامى ḥāmī Hamitic حان and حانة see حين حانبة (pronounced ḥamba) pl. حوانب ḥawānib2 (formerly Tun.) hamba, palace gendarme of the Bey of Tunis حانوت see حنو 1حب ḥabba i (ḥubb) to love, like II to evoke (الى in s.o.) love or a liking (ه, هـ for s.th. or s.o.), make (الى s.o.) love or like (ه, هـ s.th. or s.o.); to endear (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), make (هـ s.th.) dear, lovable, attractive (الى for s.o.), make (هـ s.th.) palatable, acceptable (الى to s.o.); to urge (الى هـ s.th. on s.o.), suggest (الى s.th. to s.o.) IV (حب ḥubb, محبة maḥabba) to love, like (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to wish, want, or like, to do s.th. (ان)│احب ان uḥibbu an I should like to ... ; احب له ان to like about s.o. that he ... ; لا يحب الخير له (ḳaira) he doesn’t want him to be happy, he grudges him everything V to show love, reveal one’s affections (الى to s.o.); to endear o. s. (الى to s.o.), make o.s. popular, ingratiate o.s. (الى with s.o.); to court, woo (الى a woman) VI to love one another X to like (هـ s.th.); to deem (هـ s.th.) desirable, recommendable; to prefer (على هـ s.th. to s.th. else) حب ḥubb love; affection, attachment │حب الذات ḥ. ad-dāt self-love, amour-propre; حب الاستطلاع curiosity, inquisitiveness; حب الوطن ḥ. al-waṭan patriotism; حبا ل (ḥubban) out of love or affection for, out of friendship for; حبا في in the desire to … حبي ḥubbī friendly, amicable, loving; حبيا ḥubbīyan in an amicable manner, amicably; by fair means (jur.) حب ḥibb pl. احباب aḥbāb darling, dear, dearest (one) حباب ḥabāb aim, goal, end 151 حبيب ḥabīb pl. احباء aḥibbā’2, احبة aḥibba, احباب beloved, sweetheart, lover; darling; dear one, friend; dear (الى to s.o.); popular; الاحباب the beloved ones, the dear ones حبيبة labība pl. حبائب ḥabā’ib2 sweet•heart, darling, beloved woman احب aḥabb2 dearer, more desirable, preferable (الى to s.o.) حبذا ḥabbadā (with foll. Nominative) how nice, how lovely is ... ! how good, excellent, perfect is …! │ حبذا لو how nice it would be if …; حبذا الحال لو فعل h. l-ḥālu lau fa‘ala it would be nice, or he would do well, if he did it; يا حبذا الحال (ḥālu) that’s just wonderful! محبة maḥabba love; affection, attachment │محبة الوطن m. al-waṭan patriotism تحبب taḥabbub courtship, wooing تحابب taḥābub mutual love, concord, harmony محبوب maḥbūb beloved; dear; lovable, desirable; popular; favorite; beloved one, lover; (pl. محابيب maḥābīb2) gold piece, sequin (in Ottoman times; eg.) محبوبة maḥbūba sweetheart, darling, beloved woman محبب muḥabbab agreeable, pleasant, desirable, lovable, dear (الى to s.o.); nice, likable محب muḥibb pl. -ūn loving; lover; fancier, amateur, fan; friend │محب الناس philanthropic(al), affable; محبنا العزيز our dear friend; محبو الآثار friends of archeology; محب لذاته (li-datihī) egoist متحاب mutaḥābb loving one another, concordant مستحب mustaḥabb (re)commendable, desirable (said of acts whose neglect is not punished by God, but whose performance is rewarded; Isl. Law); well-liked, popular 2حب II to produce seed, go to seed (plant); to bear seed (grain); to granulate, become granulated; to granulate (هـ s.th.) IV to produce seed حب ḥabb (coll.; n. un. ة) grains; seed; -- pl. حبوب ḥubūb grain, cereals, corn; seed(s); grains, kernels; granules; pellets; pills, pastilles; berries; acne, pustules, pimples│حب العزيز chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.; bot.); حب الفقد ḥ. al-faqad chaste tree (Vitex agous castus L.; bot.); croton seeds (seeds of Croton tiglium; bot.); (magr.) cherries; حب الهال ḥ. al-hāl and (حبهان) حب الهان ḥ. al-hān cardamom (Amomum cardamomum L.; bot.); حب الغمام ḥ. al-gamām hail, hail-stones حبة ḥabba (n. un.; see also حب ḥabb) pl. -āt grain, granule; seed; kernel; pill, pastille; berry; pustule, pimple; triviality, trille; a square measure (Eg.; = 58.345 m2); pl. حبات beads (of the rosary)│حبة شعير ḥ. ša‘īr a linear measure (Eg.; = 0.205 cm); حبة حلوة (ḥulwa) aniseed; حبة سوداء (saudā’) black caraway (Nigella sativa L.; bot.); حبات الرمال grains of sand; حبة العين ḥ. al-‘ain eyeball; pupil (of the eye); حبة القلب ḥ. al-qalb dearest one, beloved, darling حبب ḥabab blister حبيبة ḥubaiba pl. -āt little grain, small kernel; small pimple or pustule حبيبي ḥubaibī granular, granulated│ الرمد الحبيبي (ramad) trachoma (med.) حبحب ḥabḥab (coll.) watermelon (hij.) حباحب ḥubāḥib firefly, glowworm حبذ II to approve, think wall (هـ of s.th.), commend (هـ s.th.); to applaud, acclaim, cheer (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) حبذا see 1حب تحييذ taḥyīd approval; acclamation, acclaim, applause, cheering 152 حبر ḥabara u (ḥabr) to gladden, make happy, delight (ه s.o.); -- ḥabira a (حبور ḥubūr) to be glad, happy II to embellish, refine, make workmanlike (هـ s.th.); to compose (هـ s.th.) in elegant style; to write, compose (هـ s.th.) حبر ḥibr ink│ام الحبر umm al-ḥibr squid, cuttlefish; حبر على ورق (waraq) mere ink on paper, of no effect (e.g., an agreement, a treaty) حبر ḥabr, ḥibr pl. احبار aḥbār a non-Muslim religious authority, 1earned man, scribe; hishop; rabbi│الحبر الاعظم the Pope; سفر الاحبار sifr al-a. Leviticus (Old Test.) حبري ḥabrī pontifical │قداس حبري (quddās) pontifical mass (Chr.) حبرية ḥabrīya office or dignity of a bishop, bishopric, pontificate حبرة ḥabara, ḥibara pl. -āt silken shawl or wrap (worn in public by ladies) حبار ḥabār, ḥibār pl. -āt mark, trace (esp. of blows), welt, wale حبورḥubūr joy حباري ḥubārā pl. حباريات ḥubārayāt bustard (zool.) يحبور yaḥbūr bustard chick (zool.) محبر miḥbara, maḥbara pl. محابر maḥābir2 inkwell حبس ḥabasa i (ḥabs) to obstruct, shut off, confine (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), block, bar, hold back, check (هـ s.th. عن from; also tears, laughter, etc.); to withhold (هـ عن from s.o. s.th.); to hold in custody, detain (ه s.o.) to apprehend, arrest, jail, imprison (ه s.o.); to keep, keep back, put aside, put away (على هـ s.th. for); to tie up, invent inalienably (هـ capital) │حبس نفسه على to devote o.s. entirely to ... ; حبس يده عن (yadahū) to take (s.th.) out from under s.o.’s power; حبس عليه انفاسه (anfāsahū) to make s.o. catch his breath, take s.o.’s breath away; حبس مع الشغل ḥubisa ma‘a š-šugl he was committed to prison under hard labor II to tie up inalienably (هـ funds, على for, esp. for a pious purpose), make a religious bequest (هـ, for the benefit of على) VII to be held back, be held up, stop, be interrupted, intermit; to restrain o.s., hold back VIII to block, obstruct, bar, confine (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to detain, hold in custody (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to hold back, retain, suppress (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to be detained, held up; to be impeded, held back; to falter, break, fail (voice), stop (breath) حبس ḥabs (act of) holding or keeping back, obstruction, check, repression; blocking off, barring, confinement; damming up, staving off; safekeeping, custody, retention; imprisonment, arrest, detention, jailing; (pl. حبوس ḥubūs) prison, jail │حبس احتياطي (iḥtiyāṭī) detention (pending investigation); حبس انفرادي (infirādī) solitary confinement; حبس شديد penal servitude حبس ḥibs pl. احباس dam, weir, barrage حبس ḥubs, ḥubūs pl. احباس aḥbās (Tun., Alg. Mor. = waqf) inalienable property the yield of which is devoted to pious purposes, religious bequest, (Fr. jur.) “habous”│حبس عام (‘āmm) public habous, حبس خاص (ḳaṣṣ) private habous; كان حبسا على ( = كان وقفا على) to be entirely dependent on … حبسة ḥubsa speech defect, impediment of speech حبيس ḥabīs blocked-off, shut-off, barred, confined, locked-up; secluded; bated (breath); choking (voice); (pl. حبساء ḥubasā’2) hermit محبس maḥbas, maḥbis pl. محابس maḥābis2 place where s.th. is confined or locked up; jail, prison; (prison) cell 153 محبس miḥbas device for shutting off or blocking off محبسة maḥbasa hermitage انحباس inḥibās seclusion, confinement; stoppage, interruption; cessation احتباس iḥtibās retention, restraint; inhibition, impediment, obstruction, stoppage │احتباس البول iḥtibās al-baul suppression of urine, ischuria محبوس maḥbūs shut-off (from the outside world), isolated, secluded, confined, locked-up; imprisoned, captive; tied-up (funds); (pl. محابس maḥābis2) prisoner, prison inmate, convict محبس muḥabbis donor of a habous (see حبس ḥubs) المحبس عليه al-muḥabbas ‘alaihi beneficiary of a habous (see حبس ḥubs) منحبس munhabis secluded, shut-off الحبش al-ḥabaš Abyssinia, Ethiopia; (pl. الاحباش al-aḥbāš) the Abyssinians, Ethiopians الحبشة al-ḥabaša (and بلاد الحبش) Abyssinia, Ethiopia الحبشي ḥabašī pl. احباش aḥbāš Abyssinian, Ethiopian حبط ḥabaṭa i (حبوط (ḥubūṭ) and ḥabiṭa a to come to nothing, fail, miscarry, go wrong; to be futile, be of no avail, be lost IV to frustrate, thwart, foil, defeat (هـ s.th., على هـ in s.th. s.o.; negotiations, efforts, an attempt, etc.) حبط ḥabaṭ scar of a wound, wale, welt حبوط ḥubūṭ futility, failure احباط aḥbāṭ frustration, thwarting, foiling حبق ḥabaq basil (bot.); (eg.) a variety of speedwell (Veronica anagallis aquatica L.) حبك ḥabaka i u (ḥabk) to weave well and tight (هـ s.th.); to braid, plait (هـ s.th.); to twist, twine, tighten (هـ s.th.); to knit (هـ s.th.); to devise, contrive (هـ a plan, a plot) II to twist, twine, tighten (هـ s.th.) to fasten (هـ s.th.) حبكة ḥabka fabric, tissue; texture, structure حبك ḥubuk: p. حبك النجوم ḥ. an-nujūm the orbits of the celestial bodies حباكة ḥibāka weavers trade, weaving محبوك maḥbūk tightly woven; tight, taut; sturdy, strong, robust, husky محتبك muḥtabik interwoven, intersecting 1حبل VIII to ensnare, catch in a snare (هـ , ه s.o., s.th.) حبل ḥabl pl. حبال ḥibāl, احبل aḥbul, حبول ḥubūl, احبال aḥbāl rope, cable, hawser; cord, string, thread; (pl. حبال ḥibāl) beam, ray (e.g., of the sun, of light), jet (e.g., of water); vein; sinew, tendon │حبل الوريد jugular vein; الحبل السري (surrī) umbilical cord; الحبل الشوكي (šaukī) spine; حبال صوتية (ṣautīya) vocal cords; حبل المساكين ivy (bot.); حبال الماء jets of water; القى (اطلق) الحبل على الغارب alqā (aṭlaqa) l-ḥabla ‘alā l-gārib to let things go, slacken the reins, give a free hand, impose no restraint; ارتخاء الحبل slackening of the reins, yielding; relenting; اضطرب حبله iḍṭraba ḥabluhū to get into a state of disorder, of disorganization, of disintegration, get out of control; تعب على الحبلين (la‘iba, ḥablain) to play a double game, work both side, of the street احبولة uḥbūla pl. احابيل aḥābīl2 snare, net; rope with a noose; pl. احابيل tricks, wiles, artifices, stratagems (in order to get s.th.) حبالة ḥibāla pl. حبائل ḥabā’il2 snare, net حابل ḥābil: اختلط الحابل بالنابل (iḳtalaṭa) everything became confused, got into a state of utter confusion; حابل ونابلهم all together, all in a medley 154 2حبل ḥlabila a (ḥabal) to be or become pregnant, conceive and IV to make pregnant ( هاa woman) حبل ḥabal conception; pregnancy حبلى ḥublā pl. حبالى ḥabālā and حبلانة ḥablāna pregnant حبن ḥabana dropsy حبهان (حبب الهان ḥabb al-hān) cardamom (Amomum cardamomum L.; bot.) حبا (حبو) ḥabā u (ḥabw) to crawl, creep: to present (هـ ه s.o. with s.th.), give, award (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) III to be obliging (ه to s.o.), show one’s good will (ه toward s.o.); to favor (ه s.o.); to side (ه with s.o.), be partial (ه to s.o.); to show respect, deference (ه to s.o.) VIII to sit with one’s legs drawn up and wrapped in one's garment حبوة ḥibwa, ḥubwa, ḥabwa gift, present حباء ḥibā’ gift, present محاباة muḥābāh obligingness complaisance, courtesy; favor(ing), favoritism, partiality حت ḥatta u (ḥatt) to rub off, scrape off, scratch off (هـ s.th.) حتة ḥitta pl. ḥitat (eg.) piece, bit, morsel حتى ḥattā (prep.) until, till, up to, as far as; (conj.; with perf.) until, so that; (with subj.) until, that, so that, in order that; --(particle) even, eventually even; and even; حتى لو even if; (with preceding negation) not even, and be it only… حتات ḥutāt scraps; morsels, crumbs تحات taḥāt corrosion حتد ḥatida a (ḥatad) to be of pure origin محتد maḥtid descent, origin, lineage حترة ḥutra small piece, bit, trifle حتار ḥitār pl. حتر ḥutur border, edge, fringe, surroundings, vicinity حتف ḥatf pl. حتوف ḥutūf death │يبحث عن (يسعى الى) حتفه بظلفه yabḥatu ‘an (yas‘ā ilā) ḥatfihī bi-ẓilfihī he brings about his own destruction, digs his own grave; مات حتف انفه māta ḥatfa anfihī he died a natural death حتم ḥatama i (ḥatm) to decree, make necessary, prescribe (على هـ s.th. for s.o.), make (هـ s.th.) a duty, a necessity (على for s.o.); to impose, enjoin (على هـ s.th. upon s.o.); to decide, determine definitely (ب s.th.) II to decree, make necessary, prescribe (على هـ s.th. for s.o.), make (هـ s.th.) a duty, a necessity (على for s.o.) V to be necessary; to be s.o.’s (على) duty, be incumbent (على upon s.o.) حتم ḥatm pl. حتوم ḥutūm imposition, injunction; final decision, resolution, determination; حتما ḥatman decidedly, definitely, neceaoarily, inevitably حتمي ḥatmī decided, definite, final, conclusive, definitive, unalterable, irrevocable, inevitable حتمية ḥatmīya decidedness, definiteness, definitiveness, determinateness, unalterableness; necessity لا حتمية lā-ḥatmīya indeterminism (philos.) محتوم maḥtūm imposed, enjoined, obligatory; determined, definitive, determinate, unalterable, ineviroble; destined, predestined, ordained (fate) محتم muḥattam imposed, enjoined, obligatory; determined, definitive, determinate, unalterable, inevitable; destined, predeotined, ordained (fate) متحتم mutaḥattim absolutely necessary; imperative (duty) حتى see حت 1حث ḥatta u (ḥatt) to urge, incite, prompt, goad, spur on, egg on, prod, provoke, 155 impel (ه s.o., على to do s.th.) │حث خطاه (ḳuṭāhū) to quicken one’s pace, hurry (الى to a place); حث الطريق (ṭarīqa) to hurry, hasten; حث قدميه (qadamaihi) to quicken one’s pace, break into a run VIII and X = I حثيث ḥatīt quick, rapid, quick حاثة ḥātta hormone 2حثي ḥittī Hittite (n. and adj.) حثالة ḥutāla dregs, lees, sediment; scum (fig.); offal, discard, scraps │ حثالة الحرير silk combings حثا (حثو) ḥatā u (ḥatw) to strew, scatter, spread, disperse (هـ s.th.) حج ḥajja u to overcome, defeat (ه s.o., with arguments, with evidence), confute (ه s.o.); to convince (ه s.o.); -- (ḥajj) to make the pilgrimage (to Mecca), perform the hadj III to dispute, debate, argue, reason (ه with s.o.) VI to argue against each other, carry on a dispute, to debate; to take counsel VIII to advance (ب s.th.) as an argument, plea, excuse, or pretext; to allege in support or vindication, plead (ب s.th.); to vindicate, justify (ل s.th.); to protect, remonstrate (على against), object, raise objections (على to) حج ḥajj and حجة ḥijja pl. -āt, حجج ḥijaj pilgrimage; hadj, the official Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca │ذو الحجة dū l-ḥijja Zu’lhijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar حجة ḥujja pl. حجج ḥūjaj argument; pretense, pretext, plea; proof, evidence; document, writ, deed, record; authority │بحجة ان under the pretense that …, on the plea … on the pretext of … حجاج ḥajāj pl. احجة aḥijja circumorbital ring (anat.) محج maḥajj destination (of a journey) محجة maḥajja pl. محاج maḥājj2 destination of a pilgrimage, object of pilgrimage, shrine; destination (of s journey); goal; road; way; procedure, method │ محجة الصواب m. aṣ-ṣawāb the Right Way, the Straight Path; محجة الحديد railroad حجاج ḥijāj argument, dispute, debate تحجج taḥajjuj argumentation, pleading, offering of a pretext, pretense, excuse احتجاج iḥtijāj pl. -āt argumentation; pretext, excuse, plea, pretense; protest, remonstrance (على against), objection, exception (على to) حاج ḥājj pl. حجاج ḥujjāj, حجيج ḥajīj pilgrim; hadji, Mecca pilgrim, honorific title of one who has performed the pilgrimage to Mecca حجب ḥajaba u (ḥajb) to veil, cover, screen, shelter, seclude (على هـ s.th. from); to hide, obscure (عن هـ s.th. from s.th. else, e.g., from sight); to eclipse, outshine, overshadow (ه s.o.); to make imperceptible, invisible (عن هـ s.th. to); to conceal (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.); to make or form a separation (بين -- وبين between – and) II to veil, hide, conceal; to hide from sight, keep in seclusion (ها a woman); to disguise, mask (ب هـ s.th. with) V to conceal o.s. hide (عن from), flee from sight, veil o.s. VII to veil o.s., conceal o.s.; to be covered up, become hidden be obscured VIII to vanish, become invisible, disappear from sight; to veil conceal (عن hide; to become hidden, be concealed (عن from); to withdraw; to elude perception; to ease or interrupt publication (newspaper, periodical) حجب ḥajb seclusion; screening off; keeping away, keeping off حجاب ḥijāb pl. حجب ḥujub, احجبة aḥjiba cover, wrap, drape; curtain; woman’s veil; screen, partition, folding screen; barrier, bar; diaphragm (also الحجاب الحاجز; anat.); amulet حجابة ḥijāba office of gatekeeper احتجاب iḥtijāb concealment, hiddenness, seclusion; veiledness, veiling, purdah حاجب ḥājib concealing, screening, protecting; (pl. حجاب ḥujjāb, حجبة ḥajaba) doorman, gatekeeper; chamberlain; orderly (Syr., mil.); (pl. حواجب ḥawājib2) eyebrow │حاجب الهواء ḥ. al-hawā’ airtight, hermetic محجوب maḥjūb concealed, hidden, veiled 1حجر ḥajara u (ḥajr, ḥijr, ḥujr, حجران ḥijrān, ḥujrān) to deny access (على to s.o.); to stop, detain, hinder (على or ه s.o.); to forbid, interdict (على هـ s.th. to s.o.), prohibit (على s.o.) from doing s.th. (هـ); to place (على s.o.) under guardianship, declare (على s.o.) legally incompetent حجر ḥajr restriction, curb(ing), check(ing), obstruction, impeding, limitation, curtailing (على of s.th.); barring, closing, debarment, preclusion; detention; blocking, confinement, containment, suppression (as a protective measure); interdiction, prohibition, ban; revocation, or limitation, of s.o.’s (على) legal competence │حجرصحي (ṣiḥḥī) quarantine حجر (ḥijr forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; lap; (pl. احجار aḥjār, حجور ḥujūr, حجورة ḥujūra) mare حجرة ḥujra pl. ḥujarāt, حجر ḥujar room; cell; (railroad) compartment; chamber │حجرة الانتظار waiting room; حجرة النوم ḥ. an-naum bedroom; الحجرة الفلاحية (fallāḥīya) chamber of agriculture حجر maḥjar pl. محاجر maḥājir2 military hospital, infirmary; prison, jail, dungeon │محجر صحي (ṣiḥḥī) quarantine, quarantine station حجر maḥjir, miḥjar, maḥjar pl. محاجر maḥājir2 (=محجر العين m. al-‘ain) eye socket; see also below تحجير taḥjīr interdiction, prohibition, ban; see also below محجور maḥjūr pl. محاجر maḥājir2 (and محجور عليه) one placed under guardianship; minor; ward, charge 2حجر II to petrify, turn into stone (هـ s.th.); to make hard as stone (هـ s.th.) V to turn to stone, petrify, become petrified حجر ḥajar pl. احجار aḥjār, حجارة ḥijāra, حجار ḥijār stone; weight (placed as an equipoise on the scale of a balance) │الحجر الاساسي (asāsī) the foundation stone, cornerstone, وضع الحجر الاساسي (waḍ‘) laying of the cornerstone; حجر البلاط ḥ. al-balāṭ flagstone, paving stone; حجر جهنم ḥ. jahannam lunar caustic, silver nitrate; حجر الجير ḥ. al-jīr limestone; الحجر السماقي or حجر السماقي (summāqī) porphyry; الحجر الاسود (aswad) the Black Stone (of the Kaaba); حجر الشادنة hematite (min.); حجر العثرة ḥ. al-‘atra stumbling block; حجر الفلاسفة philosopher’s stone; O حجر القمر ḥ. al-qamar selenite; حجر كريم and حجر ثمين precious stone, gem; طبع على الحجر (tab‘) lithograph; طباعة الحجر Lithography حجري ḥajarī stony, stone (adj.) │العصر الحجري (‘aṣr) the Stone Age; العصر الحجري الحديث the Neolithic period; العصر الحجري القديم the Paleolithic period حجير ḥajīr stony, petrified حجار ḥajjār stone mason, stone cutter محجر maḥjir pl. محاجر maḥājir2 (stone) quarry تحجير taḥjīr petrification; stone quarrying تحجر taḥajjur petrification متحجر mutaḥajjir petrified مستحجر mustaḥjir petrified 157 حجدز ḥajaza u i (ḥajz) to hold back, restrain, hinder, prevent (عن هـ s.th. from); to keep away (عن هـ s.th. from); to block (off), close, bar; to isolate, insulate, confine, seclude; to make inaccessible; to set apart; to separate (بين two things); to arrest, detain; to seize, sequester, impound (على or هـ s.th., e.g., s.o.’s property, salary); to confiscate, safeguard (هـ s.th.); to reserve (هـ s.th.); to make a reservation (هـ for a. theater seat, a steamer cabin, a ticket, etc.) VIII to retain for o.s., reserve to o.s. (هـ s.th.) حجز ḥajz curbing, prevention, restraint; seclusion, confinement, containment, isolation, insulation, separation; arrest, detention, seizure, confiscation, sequestration (على of s.th.); reservation (of seats) │حجز الحرية ḥ al-ḥurrīya deprivation of liberty, unlawful detention duress (jur.); القى الحجر على (alqā) to confiscate s.th. الحجاز al-ḥijāz Hejaz, region in W Arabia, on the Red Sea coast حجازي ḥijāzī of or pertaining to Hejaz; pl. -ūn) an inhabitant of Hejaz حاجز ḥājiz and حاجزة pl. حواجز ḥawājiz2 obstacle, hindrance, impediment, obstruction; partition, screen, dividing wall j block, blockade, road block; fence, gate, railing, balustrade; hurdle; bar, barrier; barricade │ الحجاب الحاجز diaphragm (anat.); O حاجز الامواج breakwater; الحواجز القمرقية (الجمركية) (qumruqīya, gumrukīya) customs barriers; O حاجزة الصواعق lightning rod موظف حاجز muwaẓẓaf ḥājiz approx.: bailiff 1 محاجفةmuḥājafa singlestick fencing 2 احجافiḥjāf = اجحاف حجل ḥajala u i (ḥajl, حجلان ḥajalān) to hop, leap; to skip, gambol حجل ḥajl, ḥijl pl. حجول ḥujūl, احجال aḥjāl anklet حجل ḥajal (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. حجلان ḥajlān, حجلى ḥijlā partridge; mountain partridge, mountain quail حجل ḥajala pl. حجال ḥijāl curtained canopy, or alcove, for the bride │ رباط الحجال rabbāṭ al-ḥ. the ladies لعبة الحجلة la‘bat al-ḥajala hopscotch محجل muḥajjal wearing anklets (woman); white-footed (horse); bright, brilliant, radiant; unique, singular, esp. in the phrase أغر محجل (agarr2) حجم ḥajama u (ḥajm) to cup (ه s.o.; med.) IV to recoil, shrink, flinch (عن from); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from), forbear (عن s.th.); to withdraw, retreat حجم ḥajm pl. حجوم ḥujūm, احجام aḥjām bulk, size, volume; caliber (of a cannon) │كبير الحجم bulky, sizable, massive حجام ḥajjām cupper حجامة ḥijāma cupping, scarification, art of cupping محجم miḥjam, mمحجم miḥjama pl. محاجم maḥājim2 cupping glass احجام iḥjām desistance, abstention; restraint, aloofness, reserve حجن ḥajana i (ḥajn) to bend, curve, crook (هـ s.th.) VIII to snatch up, grab (هـ s.th.) take hold (هـ of s.th.) احجن aḥjan2 curved, crooked, bent محجن miḥjan pl. محاجن maḥājin2 staff or stick with a crooked end, crosier; hook حجا به خيرا (حجو) ḥajā bihī ḳairan to think well of s.o., have a good opinion of s.o. III to propose a riddle (ه to s.o.); to speak in riddles, be enigmatic حجا , حجى ḥijan pl. احجاء aḥjā’ intellect, brains, understanding, discernment, acumen, sagacity, wit, intelligence 158 حجي ḥajiy appropriate, suitable, proper (ب for) احجى aḥjā more appropriate, more suitable, more proper; more correct, better احجية uḥjīya pl. احاجى aḥājīy, احاج aḥājin riddle, puzzle, enigma حخام ḥaḳām = حاخام (look up alphabetically) حد ḥadda u (ḥadd) to sharpen, hone (هـ a knife); to delimit, delineate, demarcate, mark off, stake off (هـ land, من from); to set bounds (هـ to s.th.), limit, restrict, confine (هـ s.th.); to impede, hinder, curb, check (من or هـ s.th.); -- i (حدة ḥidda) to become furious, angry (على at): -- i u (حداد ḥidād) to wear mourning, mourn (على the deceased) II to sharpen, hone (هـ a knife); to forge (هـ s.th.; syr.); to delimit, demarcate (هـ s.th.); to set bounds (هـ to s.th.), circumscribe, mark off, delineate sharply; to limit, restrict, confine (من or هـ s.th.); to determine, appoint, assign, schedule, lay down, set down, establish (هـ s.th.); to fix). e.g., prices); to define (هـ s.th.) │حدد بصره (baṣarahū) to dart sharp glances; to scrutinize (في s.th.), look sharply (في at s.th.) III to oppose (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) act contrary (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), contravene, counteract, violate (هـ s.th.) IV to sharpen, make sharp (هـ s.th.) │ احد النظر الى (naẓar) to look sharply at, stare at; احد بصره (baṣarahū) to dart sharp glances; to scrutinize (في s.th.), look sharply (في at s.th.); احد من بصره (baṣarihī) to glance sharply; -- to put on garments of mourning V to be delimited, be delineated, be bounded, be circumscribed; to be determined, be established, be set down, be scheduled, be fixed; to by defined, be definable VIII to be or become angry; to become infuriated, be furious (على at), be exasperated (على with); to be agitated, be upset, be in a state of commotion حد ḥadd pl. حدود ḥudūd (cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); edge, border, brink, brim, verge; border (of a country), boundary, borderline; limit (fig.), the utmost, extremity, termination, end, terminal point, terminus; a (certain) measure, extent, or degree (attained); (math.) member (of an equation), term (of a fraction, of a proportion); divine ordinance, divine statute; legal punishment (Isl. Law) │لحد li-ḥaddi or الى حد until, till, up to, to the extent of, الى حد الآن, لحد الآن li-ḥ. l-āna up to now, so far; الى حد ما (ḥaddin) to a certain degree, to a certain extent; الى حد كبير, الى حد بعيد to a considerable extent or degree, considerably, extensively; الى أي حد (ayyi ḥaddin) how far, to what degree or extent; لا حد له (ḥadda) boundless, infinite, unbounded, unlimited; بلا حد bi-lā ḥaddin, الى غير حد ilā gairi ḥaddin boundless, unlimited, without limits; على حد سواء ‘alā ḥaddin sawā’, على حد سوى ‘alā ḥaddin siwan in the same manner; equally, likewise; على حد (ḥaddi) according to, commensurate with; في حد ذاته fī ḥaddi dātihī and بحد ذاته in itself, as such; الحد الاعلى (a‘lā), الحد الاقصى (aqṣā) the maximum; الحد الادنى (adnā) the minimum; (حد عمري ‘umrī) age limit; ذو حدين dū ḥaddain two-edged; في حدود (ḥudūdi) within, within the framework of; بلغ اقصى حدوده (aqṣā ḥudūdihI) to attain its highest degree; حدود الله the bounds or restrictions that God has placed on man's freedom of action حدة ḥidda sharpness, keenness; pitch (of a tone); distinctiveness, markedness; vehemence, violence, impetuosity; fury, rage, wrath, ire, anger; excitability, irascibility, passionateness حدة ḥida see وحد حدد ḥadad forbidden 159 حداد ḥidād (act of) mourning (على over) │ ثوب الحداد taub al-h. garmente of mourning; حداد البلاط ḥ. al-balāt court mourning حديد ḥadīd iron; pl. حدائد ḥadā’id2 iron parts (of a structure); forgings, hardware, ironware │ حديد خام crode iron, pig iron, iron ore; O حديد مطاوع (mutāwi‘) wrought iron; حديد غفل (gufl) unprocessed iron, pig iron; ظهر الحديد ẓahr al-ḥ. حديد الظهر cast iron; سكة الحديد sikkat al-ḥ. railroad; ضرب في حديد بريد see ضرب حديد ḥadīd pl. حداد ḥidād, احداء aḥiddā’2, احدة aḥidda sharp (knife, eye, tongue, etc.), keen (mind) احد aḥadd2 sharper, keener; more vehement, more violent حديدة ḥadīda pl. حدائد ḥadā’id2 piece of iron; object or tool made of iron │ حديد الحرث ḥ. al-ḥart plowshare; على الحديدة (eg.) in financial straits, pinched for money حديدي ḥadīdī iron (adj.) │ سكة حديدية (sikka) railroad الحديدة al-ḥudaida Hodeida (seaport in W Yemen) حداد ḥaddād ironsmith, blacksmith حدادة ḥidāda smithcraft, art smithing تحديد taḥdīd pl. -āt limitation, delimitation; delineation, demarcation; restriction, curb, confinement; determination, fixation, appointment; definition │على التحديد and على وجه التحديد (wajh) to be exact …, strictly speaking … حاد ḥādd sharp (also, fig., of a glance), keen (mind); high-pitched (tone); vehement, fiery, impetuous; fierce; vivid; acute (illness) │حاد المزاج ḥ. al-mizāj, حاد الطبع ḥ. aṭ-ṭab‘ hot-blooded, hot-headed, hot-tempered, irascible; زاوية حادة (zāwiya) acute angle; تحت الحد subacute محدود maḥdūd bounded, bordered (ب by); circumscribed, confined; limited (= small, e.g., number, knowledge, etc.); delimited, determinate, fixed, definite, definitive │محدود المعنى m. al-ma‘nā unambiguous; محدود الضمان m. aḍ-ḍamān of limited liability; شركة محدودة (المسئولية) (širka) limited company, corporation محدد muḥaddad sharpened, sharp; determined, fixed, appointed, destined (ل for) strictly delimited, clearly defined محتد muḥtadd angry, furious, exasperated حدأة ḥid’a, pl. حدأ ḥida’, حداء ḥidā’, حدآن ḥid’ān kite (zool.) حدأة ḥada’a pl. حداء ḥidā’ double-bladed axe حدب ḥadiba a (ḥadab) to be convex, dome-shaped, cambered, bent outward; to be hunchbacked; to be nice, kind, friendly (على or ب to s.o.). be solicitous (على or ب about s.o.), care (على or ب for s.o.) take care (على or ب of s.o.) II to make convex, emboss, camber, vault, curve, crook, bend (هـ s.th.) V and XII احدودب iḥaudaba to be crooked, vaulted, cambered, embossed, convex حدب ḥadab affection, fondness, love; kindliness; solicitude, care; (pl. حداب ḥidāb, احداب aḥdāb) elevation of the ground │ من كل حدب وصوب (wa-ṣaubin) or كل صوب وحدب from all sides, from all directions, from everywhere; في كل صوب وحدب everywhere, in every quarter, on all sides حدب ḥadib curved, cambered, vaulted, convex; hunchbacked; kindly, friendly حدب ḥadaba hunchback, hump; camber, vaulting, curvature احدب aḥdab2, f. حدباء ḥadbā’, pl. حدب ḥudb hunchbacked, humped; -- (elative) kindlier, friendlier محدب muḥaddab embossed; cambered, convex 160 حدث ḥadata u (حدوث ḥudūt) to happen, occur, take place, come to pass; -- (ḥaduta u (حداثة ḥadāta) to be new, recent; to be young II to tell, relate, report (ه to s.o., ب or هـ s.th., في, عن about); to speak, talk (ه to s.o., عن or في about, of) │حدثه قلبه (ḥaddatahū qalbuhū and حدثته نفسه ḥaddatathu nafsuhū his heart, his innermost feeling told him (ب s.th.); حدث نفسه ب (nafsahū) to talk o.s. into (s.th.), try to believe s.th. or see s.th. (as factual); to resolve, make up one’s mind to do s.th.; حدث نفسه ان he said to himself, told himself that … III to speak, talk (عن or في ه to s.o. about s.th.); to discuss (عن or في ه with s.o. s.th.), converse (عن or في ه with s.o. about); to negotiate, confer (ه with s.o.) to address, accost (ه s.o.); to call up (ه s.o., by telephone) IV to bring forth, produce, create, originate (هـ s.th.); to found, establish (هـ s.th.); to bring about, cause, occasion, provoke, effect (هـ s.th.); to drop excrement │ احدث حدثا (ḥadatan) to bring about s.th.; to cause or do s.th., esp., s.th. evil, do mischief V to speak, talk (الى to s.o., عن, ب or j about or of s.th.), converse, chat (الى or مع with s.o., عن to, ب or j about s.th.) VI to talk with one another, converse, have a conversation X to renew (هـ s.th.) to buy new (هـ s.th.); to introduce, start, invent, originate, create (هـ s.th.); to find or deem (ه s.o.) to be young حدث ḥadat pl. احداث aḥdāt a new, unprecedented thing, a novelty, innovation; event, incident, occurrence, happening; phenomenon; evil symptom; misdeed; misfortune; ritual impurity (Isl. Law); excrement, feces; (pl. احداث, حدثان ḥudtān) young man, youth; احداث juveniles حديث ḥadīt pl. حداث ḥidāt, حدثاء ḥudatā’2 new, novel, recent, late; modern; حديثا ḥadītan recently, lately │حديث البناء ḥ. al-binā’ new-built, recently built; حديث السن ḥ. as-sinn young; حديث العهد ḥ. al-‘ahd of recent date, recent, new, young; حديث العهد ب, حديث عهد ب (ḥ. ‘ahdin) having adopted or acquired (s.th.) recently; not long accustomed to (s.th.), inexperienced at (s.th.), new at (s.th.), newly, e.g., حديث العهد بالولادة (bi-l-wilāda) newborn, حديث الغهد بالزواج (bi-z-zawāj) newly wed; كان حديث العهد بأوربا he had not known Europe until recently حديث ḥadīt pl. احاديث aḥādīt2, حدثان ḥadtān speech; chat, chitchat, small talk; conversation, talk, discussion; interview; prattle, gossip; report, account, tale, narrative; Prophetic tradition, Hadith, narrative relating deeds and utterances of the Prophet and his Companions │ حديث خرافة ḥ. ḳurāfa fabulous story, silly talk; حديث قدسي (qudsī) Muslim tradition in which God Himself speaks, as opposed to حديث نبوي (nabawī) an ordinary Prophetic tradition; حديث النفس ḥ. an-nafs s.th. one talks o.s. into; premonition حدوث ḥudūt setting in (of a state or condition), occurrence, incidence (of a phenomenon); occurrence, incident, happening حداثة ḥadāta newness, recency, novelty; youth, youthfulness احداث aḥdāt2 newer, more recent حدثان الدهر ḥidtān (or ḥadatān) ad-dahr misfortune, adversities, reverses احدوثة uḥdūta pl. احاديث aḥādīt2 speech; discussion, talk, conversation; chatter; fabling, fibbing; topic, subject of a conversation; gossip, rumor (about a person) │حسن الاحدوثة ḥusn al-u. praise (of s.o.) سوء الاحدوثة sū’ al-u. slander, defamation محادثة muḥādata pl. -āt discourse, conversation, discussion, talk, parley احداث iḥdāt production, creatuion, invention, origination; causation, effectuation 161 احداثيات iḥdātīyāt (pl.) co-ordinates (math.) │ احداثيات عمودية (‘amūdīya) ordinates; احداثيات أفقية (ufuqīya) abscissas (math.) استحداث istiḥdāt invention, creation, production, origination حادث ḥādīt occurring, happening, taking place; new, recent; fresh; -- (pl. حوادث ḥawādit2, also -āt) occurrence, incident, event, happening; episode; case (jur.) accident, mishap │ حادث تزوير a case of forgery; مكان الحادث makān al-ḥ. site of action, scene of the crime, locus delicti حادثة ḥādita pl. حوادث ḥawādit2 occurrence, event, happening; plot (of a play) ; incident, episode; accident, mishap │ حادثة المرورḥ. al-murūr traffic accident محدث muḥaddit pl. -ūn speaker, talker; spokesman; conversation partner, interlocutor; relator, narrator; a transmitter of Prophetic traditions, traditionary, representative of the science or study of Hadith (see above); O phonograph, gramophone متحدث mutaḥaddit spokesman, speaker مستحدث mustaḥdat new, novel, recent, -- (pl. –āt) novelty, innovation; recent invention, modern product; neologism حدج ḥadaja i and II to stare, look sharply (هـ, ه at s.o., at s.th., often with ببصره bi-baṣarihī or بنظره bi-naẓarihī) حدج ḥidj pl. حدوج ḥudūj, احداج aḥdāj load, burden, encumbrance ابو حديج abū ḥadīj stork حداجة ḥidāja pl. حدائج ḥadā’ij2 camel saddle حدر ḥadara, ḥadura u (ḥadr, حدارة ḥadāra) to be thick; -- ḥadara u i (ḥadr, حدر ḥudūr) to bring down, lower (هـ s.th.) to cause (هـ s.th.) to descend; to drop (هـ s.th.); to shed (هـ tears); حدر حدرا (ḥadran) to rattle off, express quickly (an utterance, a thought); -- (ḥadr) to come down, step down, descend; to glide down, swoop II to drop (هـ s.th.) to lower, inclines, dip (هـ s.th.) V to descend gradually; to glide down; to come down, descend; to flow down (tears); to derive, stem, originate (من from) VII to come or go down, descend; to glide down, sink down; to be in decline, be on the downgrade, to decline, wane; to flow down (tears); to slope down, slant down, be inclined (terrain); to come (الى to a place), arrive (الى at) حدر ḥadr rapid recitation of the Koran (a terminus technicus of tajwīd) حدور ḥadūr slope, downgrade, declivity, declivitous terrain تحدر taḥaddur descent, slant, slope, inclination, incline, declivity انحدار inḥidār slant, dip, pitch, inclination, decent, slope; declivity; fall (of a river); decline, waning; ruin, decay, decadence حادر ḥādir thick متحدر mutaḥaddir descending, slanting, sloping downward منحدر munḥadir descending; lowered, dipped; slanting, sloping, declivitous (terrain); declining, waning, being on the downgrade, in a state of decadence or decline; run-down, seedy, down-at-the-heels, down-and-out منحدر munḥadar pl. -āt depression; slope, talus, incline, descent, declivity; fall (of a river) حدس ḥadata i u (ḥadt) to surmise, guess, conjecture (هـ s.th.) حدس ḥadt surmise, guess, conjecture; O intuition 162 □حداف ḥaddāf (حذاف), حداف الماكوك (syr.) shuttle (weaving) □ طارة حدافة ṭāra ḥaddāfa (syr.) flywheel 1 حدق ḥadaqa i (ḥadq) to surround, encircle, encompass (ب s.o., s.th.); (with بعينه bi-‘ainihī) to look, glance (ه at s.o.) II to look, glance, gaze, stare (الى or في at, also ب) │ حدق النظر في(naẓara) to fix one’s glance on … IV to surround, encircle, encompass, enclose (ب s.o., s.th.); to look, glance (في, الى or ب at) │ احدق النظر النظر في (naẓara) to fix one’s glance on … حدقة ḥadaqa pl. -āt, حدق ḥadaq, حداق ḥidāq, احداق aḥdāq pupil (of the eye); pl. احداق glances حديقة ḥadīqa pl. حدائق ḥadā’iq2 garden │ حديقة الحيوانات ḥ. al-ḥayawānāt zoological garden, zoo احداق iḥdāq encirclement, encompassment (ب of) خطر محدق ḳaṭar muḥdiq imminent danger 2□ حدق II (=حدق) to make acid, sour, tart, or sharp (هـ s.th.) □ حادق ḥādiq (= حاذق) sour, tart, acid, sharp (taste) حدل ḥadala i to flatten, level, even, roll (هـ s.th.); (ḥadl, حدول ḥudūl) to treat unjustly (على s.o.) محدلة miḥdala pl. محمدل maḥādil2 roller, steamroller حدم VIII to burn, glow, blaze; to burn up, be consumed by fire; to flare up, break out (fight); to be furious, burn with wrath (على at, over), also احتدم غيظا (gaiẓan) احتدام iḥtidām paroxysm محمدم muḥtadim furious, infuriated, enraged حدة ḥida see وحد 1 □ حدوة ḥidwa horseshoe 2(حدو and حدى) حدا ḥadā u (ḥadw, حداء ḥudā’, ḥidā’ to urge forward by singing (هـ camels); to urge, spur on, egg on, prompt, instigate, induce, move (ب or ه s.o., الى to s.th., to do s.th.); حدا ب to instigate s.th.; to sway, rock, roll (rider, camel); to swing along, rock along (in riding) │حدا بهم الحديث الى their conversation led them to …; غرض تحدى اليه الركائب (garaḍun tuḥdā) a goal much sought after or worth striving for V to compete, vie (ه with s.o.); to challenge, provoke (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to defy, oppose, resist, withstand (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), stand up (هـ, ه against s.o., against s.th.) to incite, stimulate, arouse, animate, sharpen (هـ s.th.; ذكاءه dakā’ahū s.o.’s intellect); to intend (هـ s.th., to do s.th.), be bent (هـ on doing s.th.) حداء ḥudā’ animating singsong, chanting of the caravan leader حداء ḥaddā’ camel driver, cameleer احدوة uḥduwa, احدية uḥdīya song of the camel drivers تحد taḥaddin pl. تحديات taḥaddiyāt challenge, provocation حاد ḥādin pl. حداة ḥudāh caravan leader (who urges the camels forward by singing); camel driver, cameleer; leader متحد mutaḥaddin challenger, provoker 1حدي ḥadiya a to remain, stay (ب at a place), stick (ب to a place) 2حادى عشر see احد 3 □ حداية ḥidāya, ḥiddāya = حدأة ḥid’a حذر ḥadira a (ḥidr, ḥadar) to be cautious, wary, to beware (من or هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.), be on one’s guard (من or هـ, ه against) II to warn, caution (من ه s.o. of or about), put (ه s.o.) on his guard (من against) III to watch out, be 163 careful; to be on one’s guard (ه against), be wary (ه of s.o.) V to beware, be wary (من of) VIII = I حذر ḥidr and ḥadar caution, watchfulness, alertness, wariness, circumspection; precaution │اخذ حذره (ḥadarahū) to be on one’s guard; على جذر ‘alā ḥadarin cautiously, warily; on one’s guard (من against) حذر ḥadir cautious, wary حذاري ḥadārī beware (ان of doing …, من of s.th.)! watch out (من for)! be careful (من of)! تحذير taḥdīr warning, cautioning (من of, against) محاذرةmuḥādara caution, precaution, precautionary measure محذور maḥdūr that of which one should beware, against which one should guard; object of caution; -- (pl. -āt) danger, peril; trouble, difficulty, misfortune حذف ḥadafa i (ḥadf) to shorten, clip, curtail (هـ or من s.th.); to take s.th. away, cut s.th. off, clip s.th. off (من from s.th.), reduce (من s.th.), strike or cross s.th. (من off s.th.); to cancel, strike out, delete, drop, leave out, omit, suppress (هـ s.th.); (gram.) to elide, apocopate, drop by aphaeresis; to deduct, subtract (هـ s.th.); to throw (ب ه at s.o. s.th.), pelt (ب ه s.o. with s.th.); to cast away, throw away, discard (ب s.th.) II to clip, trim (هـ s.th.); to give (هـ s.th.) shape, to trim, clip, or cut (هـ s.th.) into proper shape حذف ḥadf shortening, curtailing, cutting off, trimming, etc.; canceling, cancellation, striking off, crossing off, deletion; omission, dropping, suppression; (gram.) elision, ellipsis, apocopation حذافير ḥadāfīr2: اخذه بحذافيره he took all of it, he took it lock, stock and barrel حذق ḥadiqa a, ḥadaqa i (ḥidq, حذاقة ḥadāqa) to be skilled, skillful, well-versed, proficient (هـ or في in s.th.), master (هـ s.th.); -- ḥadaqa u (حذوق ḥudūq) to turn sour (milk) V to feign skillfulness, proficiency, cleverness or smartness حذق ḥidq and حذاقة ḥadāqa skill, dexterity, proficiency; smartness, cleverness, intelligence; perspicacity, sagacity, acumen حاذق ḥādiq pl. حذاق ḥuddāq skillful, skilled, proficient; well-versed, clever, smart; intelligent; sour حذلق II taḥadlaqa to pretend to be clever or skilful, feign skiIl or knowledge; to be pedantic حذلقة ḥadlaqa skillfulness, dexterity حذا (حذو) ḥadā u: حذا حذوه (ḥadwahū) to imitate s.o., take after s.o., follow s.o.’s example III to be opposite s.th. (هـ) face, parallel (هـ s.th.), run parallel (هـ to) VI to be opposite each other, be parallel VIII to imitate, copy (ب or على s.o. s.th., also هـ s.th.), take or follow (ب or على s.o., s.th., also هـ s.th.) as an example or model; to be shod; to wear (هـ s.th.) as footgear حذو ḥadwa (prep.) opposite, face to face with │حذوك النعل بالنعل ḥadwaka n-na‘la bi-n-na‘li in a completely identical manner, to a T, like two peas in a pod حذاء ḥidā’ pl. احذية aḥdiya shoe; sandal │صانغ الأحذية shoemaker حذاء ḥidā’a (prep.) and بحذاء bi-ḥidā’i opposite, face to face with حذاء ḥaddā’ shoemaker, cobbler محاذاة (في) على ‘alā (fī) muḥādāti along, alongside of, parallel to احتذاء iḥtidā’ imitation, copying محاذ muḥādin opposite, facing حر ḥarra u i (ḥarr, حرارة ḥarāra) to be hot II to liberate (ه s.o.); to free, set free, 164 release (ه s.o.); to emancipate (ه s.o.); to consecrate (ه s.o.) to the service of God; to clarify, clear up, make clear (ه s.th.); to formulate precisely, phrase accurately, define exactly, pinpoint (هـ s.th.); to revise (هـ a book); to edit, redact (هـ a book, a periodical); to write, pen, indite, compose, compile (هـ s.th.) V to become free; to be freed, be liberated (من from); to be emancipated VIII to be kindled, be heated, flare up حر ḥarr heat, warmth حر ḥurr pl. m. احرار aḥrār, pl. f. حرائر ḥarā’ir2 noble, free-bom; genuine (jewels, etc.), pure, unadulterated; free; living in freedom; freeman; independent; free unrestrained; liberal (pol.; الاحرار the Liberals); frank, candid, open (على toward s.o.); free, available, uninvested (money) │الاحتياط الحر (ihtiyaṭī) free reserves, unencumbered reserves; من حر ماله min ḥurr mālihī with his own cash, with funds at his disposal حرة ḥarra pl. -āt stony area; volcanic country, lava field حرية ḥurrīya pl. -āt freedom, liberty; independence, unrestraint, license (e.g., poetic) │ حرية العبادة ḥ. al-‘ibāda freedom of worship; حرية الفكر ḥ. al-fikr freedom of thought; حرية الكلام ḥ. al-kalām freedom of speech; حرية النشر (or الصحافة) ḥ. an-našr (aṣ-ṣiḥafa) liberty of the press حرير ḥarīr silk; pl. حرائر ḥarā’ir2 (حراير) silken wares, silks │حرير صخري (ṣaḳrī) asbestos; حرير صناعي rayon حريري ḥarīrī silken, silky, of silk حرائري ḥarā’irī silken, silk- (in compounds), of silk; silk weaver حرار ḥarrār ssailk weaver حرارة ḥarāra heat; warmth; fever heat, fever; temperature; ardor, fervor (of emotion), passion; eagerness, enthusiasm, zeal; vehemence, violence, intensity; burning (of the skin) حريرة ḥuraira pl. -āt calorie حراري ḥarārī thermal, thermic, thermo-, heat (used attributively); caloric │وحدة حرارية (waḥda) calorie O حرارية ḥarārīya pl. -āt calorie حرور ḥarūr f., pl. حرائر ḥarā’ir2 hot-wind حران ḥarrān2, f. حرى ḥarrā, pl. حرار ḥirār, حرارى ḥarārā thirsty; passionate, fervent, hot (fig.) │زفرة حرى (zafra) a fervent sigh; دموع حرى hot tears احر aḥarr2 hotter, warmer │على احر من الجمر (jamr) on pins and needles, on tenterhooks, in greatest suspense or excitement O محر miḥarr heating system, heating installation تحرير taḥrīr liberation; release; emancipation; record(ing), writing; editing, redaction; editorship (of a newspaper, a periodical); (pl. -āt, تحارير taḥārīr2) piece of writing, record, brief, document │ رئيس التحرير editor-in-chief; ادارة التحرير board of editors, editorial staff تحريري taḥrīrī liberational; emancipational; liberal; recorded in writing, written, in writing حار ḥār hot; warm; ardent, glowing, fervent, passionate محرور maḥrūr hot-tempered, hot-headed, fiery, passionate, furious محرر muḥarrir pl. -ūn liberator, emancipator; writer, clerk; editor (of a newspaper, of a periodical) محرر muḥarrar consecrated to God; let down in writing, recorded in writing, written; booked; pl. محررات booking, entries متحرر mutaḥarrir emancipated; an advocate of emancipation 165 حرب ḥariba a (ḥarab) to be furious, enraged, angry III to fight, combat (ه s.o.) battle, wage war (ه against s.o.) VI to fight (one another), be engaged in war VIII = VI حرب (ḥarb f., pl. حروب ḥurūb war, warfare; fight, combat, battle; enemy, enemies (على or ل of s.o.) │ حرب اهلية (ahlīya) civil war; حرب صحافية (ṣiḥāfīya) press feud; الحروب الصليبية (ṣalībīya) the Crusades; الحرب العظمى (‘uẓmā), الحرب العالمية (‘ālamīya), الحرب العامة (‘āmma) World War I; كشفت الحرب عن ساقها kašafat il-ḥarbu ‘an sāqihā and قامت الحرب على ساق qāmat il-ḥ. ‘alā sāqin war flared up, fierce fighting broke out حربي ḥarbī warlike, bellicose, belligerent, martial, war (adj.), military; (pl. -ūn) warrior, soldier, military man │ البوليس الحربي (būlīs) military police حربة ḥarba pl. حراب ḥirāb lance, spear; spearhead; bayonet, sidearm حرباء ḥirbā’ pl. حرابى ḥarābīy chameleon (zool.) وا حرباه wā ḥarabāh! (exclamation of lament) alas! goodness no! oh my! محراب miḥrāb pl. محارب maḥārib2 a recess in a mosque indicating the direction of prayer, prayer niche, mihrab محاربة muḥāraba struggle, combat, fight, battle; warfare احتراب iḥtirāb mutual struggle محارب muḥārib warring, belligerent; warrior, combatant, fighter; corporal (Eg. 1939) المتحاربون al-mutaḥāribūn the belligerents, the warring parties حربوشة ḥarbūša pl. حرابش (ḥarābiš2 (tun.) pastille, pill حرث ḥarata i u (ḥart) to plow (هـ the soil); to cultivate, till (هـ the ground) حرث ḥart plowing, tilling, tillage, cultivation of the soil; arable land, tilth; plantation, culture حرثة ḥarta (n. un.) arable land, tilth حراثة ḥirāta cultivation of the soil, farming, agriculture حراث ḥarrāt plowman محراث miḥrāt pl. محارث maḥārit2 plow حارث ḥārit pl. حراث ḥurrāt plowman │ابو الحارث abū l-ḥārit lion حرج ḥarija a (ḥaraj) to be close, tight narrow; to be straitened, be confined, get into a strait, be cornered, be hard pressed; to be oppressed, be anguished (heart); to be forbidden (على to s.o.) to narrow, tighten, straiten (هـ s.th.); to complicate (هـ s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) difficult; to forbid (على هـ s.th. to s.o.); to persist (J in s.th.) IV to narrow, straiten, confine, cramp. hamper, impede, restrict (هـ s.th.); to complicate, make difficult, aggravate, jeopardize (هـ situation, s.o.’s position); to embarrass (ه s.o.); to coerce, constrain, press (الى ه s.o. to); to forbid (على هـ s.th. to s.o.) V to refrain from sin or evildoing; to abstain, refrain (من from), avoid (من s.th.); to be cornered, be forced to the wall; to become or be oppressed, anguished, distressed; to become critical, become complicated or difficult, be aggravated (situation), be jeopardized (s.o.’s position) │تحرج صدره من (ب) (ṣadruhū) to feel depressed by, feel annoyed at; تحرج به الناس this made things difficult for people حرج (ḥaraj closeness, tightness, narrowness; confinement, straitness. constriction, crampedness; restriction, impediment; oppression, distress, anguish; difficulty; critical situation; prohibition, interdiction; s.th. forbidden, s.th. interdicted, sin │لا حرج (ḥaraja) there is no 166 objection; لا حرج عليك nothing stands in your way, you are at liberty حرج ḥaraj (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt, حرج ḥirāj, احراج aḥrāj thicket; dense forest; woodland, timberland حرج ḥarij narrow, close, tight, confined, straitened; oppressed, hard pressed, harassed; critical (situation, position) احرج aḥrāj2 narrower, closer, tighter, more straitened; more critical حراج ḥarāg (eg.) auction حراجة ḥarāja seriousness, gravity, difficulty, complicatedness (of a situation) تحريج taḥrīj forestation, afforestation حرج taḥarruj restraint, reserve, aloofness; timidity, diffidence, faint-heartedness; critical complication, gravity, difficulty (of a situation) حرج muḥarrijāt: محرجات الايمان m. al-aimān binding, committing, or solemn, oaths محرج muḥrij disconcerting, embarrassing متحرج mutaḥarrij: متحرج الصدر m. aṣ-ṣadr annoyed, vexed, anguished, oppressed حرد ḥarida a (ḥarad) to be annoyed, disgruntled, angry, furious (على at, with) حارد ḥārid, حرد ḥarid and حردان ḥardān annoyed, disgruntled, angry, furious حرذون ḥardaun pl. حراذين ḥarādīn2 lizard حرز ḥaraza u (ḥarz) to keep, guard, protect, preserve (هـ s.th.), take care (هـ of); -- ḥaruza u (حرازة ḥarāza) to be strong be strongly fortified, be impregnable IV to keep, preserve, guard (هـ s.th.); to obtain, attain, achieve, win (هـ s.th.) │ احرز نصرا (انتصارا) (naṣran) to win a victory; احرز قصب السبق (qaṣaba s-sabq) to come through with flying colors, carry the day, score a great success V to be wary (من of), be on one’s guard (من against) VIII to be wary (من of), guard, be on one’s guard (من against), be careful, take heed, take precautions حرز pl. احراز aḥrāz fortified place; refuge, sanctuary, retreat; custody; (pl. احراز, حروز) amulet حريز ḥarīz strongly fortified, guarded; inaccessible, impregnable احراز iḥrāz acquisition, acquirement, obtainment, attainment, achievement, winning, gaining احتراز iḥtirāz pl. -āt caution, wariness, prudence, circumspection; reservation, reserve │بكل الاحتراز with all reservation O حارزة ḥāriza fuse (el.) محرز muḥriz obtainer, acquirer, winner, gainer; possessor, holder (على of s.th.) حرس ḥarasa u (ḥars, حراسة ḥirāsa) to guard, watch, control (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); to oversee, supervise, superintend (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); to secure, protect, safeguard, preserve, keep (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); to watch (على over) V and VIII to beware, be wary (من of), guard, be on one’s guard (من against) حرس ḥaras watch; guard, escort; bodyguard │الحرس السيار (sayyār) militia, "garde mobile" (syr.) │حرس الشرف ḥ. aš-šaraf honor guard; الحرس الملكي (malakī) the royal guard (formerly Ir., Eg.); الحرس الملوكي (mulūkī) (formerly) bodyguard of the Bey (Tun.); الحرس الوطني (waṭanī) the National Guard حراسة ḥirāsa guarding, watching, control; watch, guard, guard duty; supervision, superintendence; guardianship, tutelage, custody, care, protection; safe conduct, escort; administration; administration of an estate (jur.); sequester │حراسة السواحل coast guard 167 احتراس iḥtirās caution, wariness, prudence; (pl. -āt) precaution, precautionary measure │احتراسا من for protection from or against حارس ḥāris pl. حرسة ḥarasa, حراس ḥurrās vigilant, watchful; watchman; sentry, sentinel, guard; overseer, supervisor, superintendent; administrator; guardian, custodian, keeper, protector, tutelary (in compounds) │حارس التركة ḥ. at-tirka administrator of aD estate; حارس الخواتم keeper of the seal; حارس المرمى ḥ. al-marmā goal keeper; حارس قضائي (qaḍā’ī) sequestrator, receiver (in bankruptcy, in equity); ملاك حارس (mal’ak) guardian angel (Chr.); حارس الليل ḥ. al-lail night watchman محروس maḥrūs guarded, safeguarded, secured; protected (by God; esp. used ss an epithet after the names of cities); المحرسون the children, the family محترس muḥtaris cautious, wary, careful حرش ḥaraša i (ḥarš) to scratch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II to instigate, prod, incite, provoke, incense (ه s.o.); to set (بين people against each other), sow discord, dissension (بين among) V to pick a quarrel, start a brawl (ب with s.o.) provoke (ب s.o.) حرش ḥirš, ḥurš pl. احراش aḥrāš, حروش ḥurūš forest, wood(s) حرش ḥariš and احرش aḥraš, rough, coarse, scabrous حرش ḥaraš, حرشة ḥurša, حراشة ḥarāša roughness, coarseness, scabrousness تحريش taḥrīš instigation, prodding, incitement, provocation, agitation, incensement تحرش taḥarruš provocation, importunity, obtrusion, meddling, uncalled-for interference حرشف ḥaršaf pl. حراشف ḥarāšif2 scales (of fish) حرص ḥaraṣa i and ḥariṣa a (ḥirṣ) to desire, want, covet (على s.th.); to be intent, be bent (على on); to strive (على for), aspire (على to) حرص ḥirṣ greed, avidity, cupidity, covetousness; desire; aspiration, endeavor, wish (على for); avarice │حرصا على in the desire for …, in the endeavor to …; حرصا على الارواح danger! (on warning signs) حريص ḥarīṣ pl. حراص ḥirāṣ, حرصاء ḥuraṣā’2 covetous, greedy, avid, eager (على for); bent (على on), desirous (على of) احرص aḥraṣ more covetous, greedier حرض II to goad, prod, spur on, egg on, incite, rouse, provoke (على ه s.o. to s.th. or to do s.th.); to instigate, abet, stir up, agitate (على ه s.o. to or against); O to induce (el.) تحريض taḥrīḍ incitement, provocation; instigation, abetment, agitation (على to); inflammatory propaganda (على against s.o.); O induction (el.) │ تحريض ذاتي self-induction (el.) تحريضي taḥrīḍī inciting, instigative, agitative, inflammatory; provocative حارض ḥāriḍ bad, wicked, evil محرض muḥarriḍ pl. -ūn inciter, baiter; instigator, abettor; demagogue, rabble rouser; agitator, provocator; O inductor (el.) متحرض mutaḥarriḍ O induced (el.) حرف II to slant, incline, make oblique (هـ s.th.); to bend off, up, down or back, turn up, down or back, deflect (هـs.th.); to distort, corrupt, twist, pervert, misconstrue, falsify (هـ s.th.) │حرفه عن موضعه (‘an mauḍi‘ihī) to distort the sense of 168 s.th., rob s.th. of its true meaning V to turn off, branch off, take a turning; to deviate, depart, digress (عن from); to avoid (عن s.th.); to be or become bent off, distorted, corrupted, perverted VII to tum off, branch off, ta.ke a turning; to deviate, depart, digress, turn away (عن from); to slope down, slant, be inclined (terrain); to turn (الى to, toward); to be twisted, be distorted; to be oblique, slanting; to be cocked, rakish (headgear); with ب to make s.th. appear oblique, slanted, or distorted; to be corrupted, perverted │ انحرف به عن to dissuade s.o. from; انحرف مزاجه (mizājuhū) to be indisposed, be ill VIII to do (هـ s.th.) professionally, practice (هـ s.th.) as a profession; to strive for success حرف ḥarf pl. حرف ḥiraf (cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); sharp edge; border, edge, rim, brink, verge; -- (pl. حروف ḥurūf, احرف aḥruf) letter; consonant; particle (gram.); type (typ.) │على حرف irresolute, wavering, on the fence; الفاظه بحروفها alfāẓuhū bi-ḥurūfihā his words literally; بالحرف or بالحرف الواحد literally, verbatim, to the letter; حرفا بحرف ḥarfan bi-ḥarfin literally, word for word; وقع بالاحرف الاولى (waqqa‘a, ūlā) to initial (e.g., معاهدة mu‘āhadatan a treaty); الحروف الابجدية (abjadīya) the alphabetic letters, the alphabet; حروف مجموعة matter (typ.); الحروف الشمسية (šamsīya) the sun letters (i.e., sibilants, dentals, r, l, n to which the l of the article assimilates), الحروف القمرية (qamarīya) the moon letters (to which the l of the article does not assimilate); حرف الجر ḥ al-jarr preposition (gram.) حرف الخفض ḥ al-ḳafḍ do.; حرف التعريف article (gram.); حرف العطف ḥ al-‘aṭf coordinating conjunction (gram.); حرف الاستفهام interrogative particle (gram.); حرف القسم ḥ. al-qasam particle introducing oaths (gram.) حرفي ḥarfī literal حرف ḥurf common garden pepper cress (Lepidium sativum L.; bot.) حرفة ḥirfa pl. حرف ḥiraf profession, occupation, vocation, business, craft, trade حريف ḥarīf pl. حرفاء ḥurafā’2 customer, patron, client (tun.) حريف ḥirrīf pungent, acrid (taste); حريفات spicy food, delicacies حرافة ḥarāfa pungency, acridity (taste) تحريف taḥrīf pl. -āt alteration, change; distortion; perversion, corruption, esp. phonetic corruption of a word انحراف inḥirāf pl. -āt deviation, digression; obliqueness, obliquity, inclination, slant; declination (astrom.); ailment, indisposition, also انحراف المزاج احتراف iḥtirāf professional pursuit (of a trade, etc.) محرف muḥarraf corrupted (word) منحرف munḥarif oblique; slanted, slanting, sloping, inclined; distorted, perverted, corrupted, twisted; deviating, divergent; trapezium (geom.) محترف muḥtarif one gainfully employed (ب in), person doing s.th. (ب) professionally; professional, a pro (sports); professional (adj.), e.g., صحافي محترف (ṣiḥāfī) professional journalist; climber, careerist محترف muḥtaraf pl. -āt studio, atelier حرق ḥaraqa i (ḥarq) to burn (هـ s.th.); to burn, hurt, sting, smart │حرق قلبه (qalbahū), pl. حرق قلوبهم (qulūbahum) to vex, exasperate s.o.; -- u (ḥarq) to rub together (هـ s.th.) II to burn (هـ s.th.); حرق اسنانه (asnānahū) to gnash one’s teeth V to burn (هـ s.th.); to destroy by fire (هـ s.th.); to singe, scorch, parch (هـ s.th.); to scald (هـ s.th.); to kindle, ignite, set on fire (هـ s.th.) │ احرق فحمة ليله في(faḥmata lailihī) to spend the night doing 169 (s.th.), burn the midnight oil over… V to burn, be aflame, burn up, take fire, he consumed hy fire, he burned; to be consumed (by an emotion), pine away (هـ with), he pained (هـ by), eat one’s heart out │تحرق شوقا (šauqan) to be overcome with longing or nostalgia VIII to burn, be aflame, burn up, take fire, be consumed by fire, he burned حرق ḥarq burning, incineration, combustion; kindling, igniting, setting afire; arson, incendiarism; pl. حروق ḥurūq burn (med.) حرق ḥaraq fire, conflagration حرقة ḥurqa, ḥarqa burning, incineration, combustion; stinging, smarting, burning (as a physical sensation); torture, torment, agony, pain, ordeal حراق ḥurāq, ḥurraq tinder حراق ḥarrāq hurning, aflame, afire; hot حريق ḥarīq and حريقة pl. حرائق ḥarā’iq2 fire; conflagration O حراقة ḥarrāqa torpedo حرقان ḥaraqān burning, stinging, smarting (as a painful sensation; e.g., of the feet) O محرق maḥraq pl. محارق maḥāriq2 focus (phys.) تحاريق taḥārīq2 (Eg.) season of the Nile’s lowest water level, hottest season of the year احراق burning, incineration, combustion تحرق taḥarruq buming, combustion; burning desire احتراق iḥtirāq burning, combustion; fire, conflagration │O غرفة الاحتراق gurfat al-i. combustion chamber (techn.); قابل الاحتراق qābil al-i. combustible حارق ḥāriq arsonist, incendiary محروق maḥrūq burned, charred, scorched, parched; reddish, hronze-colored; pl. محروقات maḥrūqāt fuel │ فخار محروق(faḳḳār) fired clay محرق muḥriq: قنبلة محرقة (qunbula) incendiary bomb O محرق muḥraq crematory محرقة maḥraqa burnt sacrifice حرقد ḥarqada pl. حراقد ḥarāqid2 Adam’s apple حرقفة ḥarqafa pl. حراقف ḥarāqif2 protruding part of the hipbone حرك II to move, set in motion, drive, propel, operate (هـ s.th.); to march, move (ه troops); to stir (هـ s.th.); to start, get started, get underway (هـ s.th.); to agitate, excite, stimulate (هـ s.th.); to incite, instigate, goad, prod, provoke, actuate, urge (على ه s.o. to do s.th.); to awaken, arouse, foment, stir up (هـ s.th.); to vowel, vowelize (gram., هـ a consonant) │حرك مشاعره (mašā‘irahū) to grip, excite, thrill s.o.; حرك العواطف to affect the feelings, be touching, moving, pathetic; لا يحرك ساكنا (sākinan) he doesn’t budge, he doesn’t hend his little finger, he remains immobile, apathetic; حرك ساكنه (sākinahū) to rouse s.o., put s.o. in a state of excitement, commotion or agitation V to move, be in motion, stir, hudge; to start moving, get moving; to start out, get underway (traveler); to depart, leave (train); to put out, to sail (fleet); to he set in motion, be driven, be operated; to be agitated, be excited, be stimulated; to be awakened, be roused, be fomented, be provoked, be caused حرك ḥarik lively, active, brisk, agile, nimble حركة ḥaraka pl. -āt movement, motion; commotion; physical exercise; stirring, impulse; proceeding, procedure, policy; action, undertaking, enterprise; military 170 operation; continuation, progress; traffic (rail, ohipplng, otreet); movement (as a social phenomenon); vowel (gram.) │في حركاته وسكناته (sakanātihī) in all his doings; in every situation; حركة المرور (through) traffic; حركة المراكب shipplng traffic; حركة البضائع exchange of goods; حركة الأموال turnover (com.); الحركة النسوية (niswīya) feminist movement; خفيف الحركة nimble, lithe, light, quick, agile, adroit; ثقيل الحركة slow in motion, heavy-handed, clumsy, sluggish, lumbering, inert, indolent O حركي ḥarakī kinetic (phys.) حراك ḥarāk movement, motion محرك maḥrak path, trajectory (of a projectile) محراك miḥrāk poker, fire iron تحريكي taḥrīkī dynamic تحرك taḥarruk pl. -āt movement, motion; forward motion; start; departure; sailing (of a fleet) حارك ḥārik withers محرك muḥarrik mover, stirrer; rouser, inciter, fomenter, awakener, agent; instigator; -- (pl. -M) motive, springs, incentive, spur, motivating circumstance, causative factor; motor, engine (tech.) متحرك mutaḥarrik moving, movable, mobile; pronounced with following vowel, voweled, vowelized (consonant; gram.) │صور متحركة (ṣuwar) movies, motion pictures حركث ḥarkata (and حركش ḥarkaša) to stir up, agitate, excite, thrill حرم ḥaruma u, ḥarima a to be forbidden, prohibited, interdicted, unlawful, unpermitted (على to s.o.); -- ḥarama i (ḥirm, حرمان ḥirmān) to deprive, bereave, dispossess, divest (هـ ه or من ه s.o. of s.th.) take away, withdraw, withhold (هـ ه or هـ من or ه form s.o. s.th.), deny, refuse (هـ ه or هـ من or من ه to s.o. s.th.); to exclude, debar, preclude, cut off (هـ ه or من ه s.o. from s.th.); to excommunicate (ه s.o.) II to declare (هـ s.th.) sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo, to taboo (هـ s.th.); to declare (هـ s.th.) unlawful, not permissible, forbid, interdict, proscribe (هـ s.th., j. to s.o.); to render (ه s.o.) immune or proof (من against), immunize (من ه s.o. against) │حرمه على نفسه to deny o.s. s.th., abstain, refrain from s.th. IV to excommunicate (ه s.o.; Chr.); to enter into the state of ritual consecration (esp., of a Mecca pilgrim; see احرام iḥrām) V to be forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; to be holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable VIII to honor, revere, venerate, esteem, respect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) │احترم نفسه to be self-respecting X to deem (هـ s.th.) sacrosanct, sacred, holy, inviolable; to deem (هـ s.th.) unlawful or unpermissible حرم ḥirm excommunication (Chr.) حرم ḥaram p1. احرام aḥrām forbidden, prohibited, interdicted; taboo; holy, sacred, sacrosanct; s.th. sacred, sacred object; sacred possession; wife; sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; الحرمان the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina │ثالث الحرمين tālit al-ḥaramain the third Holy Place, i.e., Jerusalem حرمة ḥurma pl. -āt, ḥurumāt, ḥuramāt holiness, sacredness, sanctity, sacrosanctity, inviolability; reverence, veneration, esteem, deference, respect; that which is holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo; -- (pl. حرم ḥuram) woman, lady; wife حرام ḥarām pl. حرم ḥurum forbidden, interdicted, prohibited, unlawful; s.th. forbidden, offense, sin; inviolable, taboo; sacred, sacrosanct; cursed, accursed │ابن حرام ibn ḥ. illegitimate son, bastard; 171 الاراضي الحرام no man’s land; neutral territory; البيت الحرام (bait) the Kaaba; الشهر الحرام (šahr) the Holy Month Muharram; المسجد الحرام (masjid) the Holy Mosque in Mecca; حرام عليك you mustn’t do (say) that! بالحرام illicitly, illegally, unlawfully حرام ḥirām pl. -āt, احرمة aḥrima a woolen blanket (worn as a garment around head and body) حريم ḥarīm pl. حرم ḥurum a sacred, inviolable place, sanctum, sanctuary, sacred, precinct; harem; female members of the family, women; wife حريمي ḥarīmī women’s (in compounds), for women حروم ḥurūm pl. -āt excommunication (Chr.) حرامي ḥarāmī pl. -īya thief, robber, bandit حرمان ḥirmān deprivation, bereavement, dispossession (of s.o., من of s.th.) debarment, exclusion, preclusion (من from); excommunication (CHr.); privation │حرمان الارث ḥ. al-irt exclusion from inheritance, disinheritance (Isl. Law) محرم maḥram pl. محارم maḥārim2 s.th. forbidden. inviolable, taboo, sacrosanct, holy, or sacred; unmarriageable, being in a degree of consanguinity precluding marriage (Isl. Law) محرمة maḥrama pl. محارم maḥārim2 handkerchief تحريم taḥrīm forbiddance, interdiction, prohibition, ban احرام iḥrām state of ritual consecration of the Mecca pilgrim (during which the pilgrim, wearing two seamless woolen or linen sheets, usually white, neither combs nor shaves, and observes sexual continence); garments of the Mecca pilgrim احترام iḥtirām pl. -āt deference, respect, regard, esteem, reverence; honoring (e.g., of a privilege); pl. honors, respects, tributes محروم maḥrūm deprived, bereaved, bereft (من of); excluded, precluded, debarred (من from); suffering privation (as opposed to مرزوق); excommunicated (Chr.) محرم muḥarram forbidden, interdicted; Muharram, name of the first Islamic month; محرم الحرام m. al-ḥarām honorific name of this month محرم muḥrim Mecca pilgrim who has entered the state of ritual consecration (see احرام iḥrām) محترم muḥtaram honored, revered, venerated, esteemed, respected; (in the salutation of letters:) my dear …; venerable, reverend; notable, remarkable, considerable حرمل ḥarmal African rue (Peganum harmala L.; bot.) حرمل ḥarmala pl. حرامل ḥarāmil2 loose wrap worn over the shoulders (garment of the dervishes) حرن ḥarana, ḥaruna u (حرن ḥiran, ḥuran) to be obstinate, stubborn, headstrong حرون ḥarūn pl. حرن ḥurun obstinate, stubborn, refractory, reluctant, resistant حارون ḥārūn brazior حروة ḥarwa burning; wrath, rage; acridity, pungency (of taste); pungent, disagreeable odor حرى V to seek, pursue (هـ s.th.), strive (هـ for), asplre (هـ to); to examine, investigate (هـ s.th.); to inquire (عن or هـ into), make inquiries (عن or هـ about); to be intent (هـ on s.th.), take cars (هـ of s.th.), attend (هـ to s.th., also في), look (هـ after s.th., also في); to see to it (ان that) 172 بالحرى bi-l-ḥarā hardly, barely حرى ḥarīy pl. احرياء aḥriyā’ adequate, appropriate, suitable (ب for), worthy (ب of s.th.) │ حرى بالذكر (dikr) worth mentioning, considerable; حري بالتصديق credible, believable; او بالحري or to be exact, or rather احرى aḥrā more adequate, more proper, more appropriate │ او بالاحرى or to tell the truth, or more explicitly, or put more exactly, or rather تحر taḥarrin pl. تحريات taḥarriyāt inquiry; investigation │ شرطة التحري šurṭat at-t. or مصلحة التحري maṣlaḥat al-t. secret police حز ḥazza u (ḥazz) to notch, nick, incise, indent (في s.th.), make an incision, cut (في into s.th.) II and VIII = I حز ḥazz pl. حزوز ḥuzūz incision, notch, nick; the right time, the nick of time حزة ḥazza incision, notch, nick; tim; the right time, the nick of time; predicament, plight حزاز ḥazāz head scurf, ringworm; tetter, eruption (med.) حزازة ḥazāza rancor, hatred, hate محز maḥazz notch, nick │اصاب المحز to find the right solution, hit the nail on the head, hit the mark, strike home حزب ḥazaba u (ḥazb) to befall (ه s.o.), happen, occur (ه to s.o.) │ حزب الامر the matter became serious II to rally (ه s.o.); to form or found a party 111 to side, take sides (ه with), be an adherent (ه of s.o.) V to take sides; to form a party, make common cause, join forces حزب ḥizb pl. احزاب aḥzāb group, troop, band, gang; party (pol.); the 60th part of the Koran │ هو من احزابه he belongs to his clique. he is of the ...me breed حزبي ḥizbī party (adj.), factional حزبية ḥizbīya party activities; partisanship, partiality; factionalism حيزبون ḥaizabūn old hag تحزب taḥazzub factiousness; factionalism حازب ḥāzib: حزبه حازب ḥazabahū ḥāzib he met with a mishap متحزب mutaḥazzib partial, biased; partisan حزر ḥazara i u (ḥazr, محزرة maḥzara) to estimate, assess, appraise (هـ s.th.); to make a rough estimate (هـ of s.th.), guess (هـ s.th.) حزر ḥazr estimation, assessment, appraisal; conjecture, guess, surmise حزورة ḥazūra riddle, puzzle محزرة maḥzara estimation, assessment, appraisal; conjecture, guess, surmise حزيران ḥazīrān June (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.) حزقاني ḥuzuqqānī choleric حزوقة ḥazūqa, حازوقة ḥāzūqa hiccups حزم ḥazama i (ḥazm) to tie up, bundle, wrap up, pack, do up in a package or bundle (هـ s.th.); to girth (هـ an animal); to make fast, fasten, tie (هـ s.th.) │ حزم امره (amrahū) to take matters firmly in hand; -- ḥazuma u (ḥazm, حزامة ḥazāma, حزومة ḥuzūma) to be resolute, firm, stouthearted, intrepid II to gird (ه s.o.) V and VIII to be girded; to gird o.s. put on a belt حزمḥazm packing, packaging, wrapping; determination, resoluteness, firmness, energy; judiciousness, discretion, prudence حزمة ḥuzma pl. حزم ḥuzam s.th. wrapped up or tied up, bundle, fagot, fascine; beam of rays, radiation beam (phys.); bunch (of herb., etc.); sheaf; package, parcel حزام ḥzām pl. -āt, احزمة aḥzima, حزم ḥuzum belt, girth; girdle; cummerbund, 173 waistband (worn over the caftan to fasten it); sword belt │حزام الامن ḥ. al-amn wety belt احزم aḥzam2 more resolute: more judicious حازم ḥāzim pl. حزمة ḥazama and حزيم ḥazīm pl. حزماء ḥuzamā’ resolute, energetic; judicious, discreet, prudent حزن ḥazana u to make sad, sadden, grieve (ه s.o.); -- ḥazina a (ḥuzn, ḥazan) to be sad, grieved (ل or على at or because of): to grieve. mourn (على over) II and IV to make sad, sadden, grieve (ه s.o.) حزن ḥuzn pl. احزان aḥzān sadness, grief, sorrow, affliction حزن ḥazn pl. حزون ḥuzūn rough, rugged, hard ground حزن ḥazin sad, mournful, grieved حزين ḥazīn pl. حزناءḥuzanā’2, حزانى ḥazānā sad; mourning (for a deceased person); sorrowing, mournful, grieved │الجمعة الحزينة (jum‘a) Good Friday (Chr.) حزنان ḥaznān2 very sad, very grieved, worried; in mourning □ حزايني ḥazāyinī (حزائني ḥazā’inī) sad, mournful, melancholic; mourning (in compounds), mortuary, funereal │قماش حزايني (qumāš) cloth for mourning garments تحزن taḥazzun sadness; behavior of a mourner محزون maḥzūn grieved, grief-stricken, pained, sad, saddened محزن muḥzin grievous, saddening; sad; melancholic; tragic: محزنات muḥzināt grievous things │ قصة تمثيلية محزنة (qiṣṣa tamtīlīya) and رواية محزنة (riwāya) tragedy (theat.) حس ḥassa (1st pers. perf. ḥasastu) u (ḥass) to curry, currycomb (هـ an animal); to feel, sense (هـ s.th.); -- ḥassa (1st pers. perf. ḥasistu) a to feel srry, feel sympathy or compassion (ل for), sympathize (ل with), II to grope, feel IV to perceive, sense, experience (هـ or ب s.th.); to feel (هـ or ب s.th.); to notice (هـ or ب s.th.); to hear (هـ a sound, a noise, etc.); to take notice (ه of s.o.) V to grope, probe (هـ for s.th.), finger, handle, touch (هـ s.th.), run the hand (هـ over s.th.); to grope about, feel around: to seek information, make inquiries (من about); to sense, experience, perceive (هـ, ب s.th.); to feel (ب s.th.); to be affected, be deeply touched (ب by s.th.) حس ḥass sensation, perception, feeling, sentiment حس ḥiss sensory perception, sensation; feeling, sentiment; sense; voice; sound; noise حسي ḥissī sensory; sensuous; perceptible; palpable │O المذهب الحسي (madhab) sensationalism, sensualism حسيات ḥissīyāt sensations حسيس ḥasīs faint noise حساس ḥassās sensitive; sensible; readily affected, susceptible; sensual (pleasure) حساسة ḥassāsa sensory organ حساسي ḥassāsī allergic │ امراض حساسية allergic diseases, allergies (med.) حساسية ḥassāsīya sensitivity (also techn.); sensibility; faculty of sensory perception; susceptibility; sensuality │ مرض الحساسية maraḍ al-ḥ. allergy (med.) محسة miḥassa currycomb احساس iḥsās pl. -āt, احاسيس aḥāsīs2 feel, feeling: sensation, sense (ب of s.th.) perception (ب of s.th.); sensitivity; pl. احساسات feelings, sentiments │O احساس بالنور sensitivity to light; O شديد الاحساس 174 highly sensitive; احساس مشترك (muštarak) feeling of harmony, concord, unanimity; قلة الاحساس qillat al-i. insensitivity, dullness, obtuseness O الطائفة الاحساسية aṭ-ṭā’ifa al-iḥsāsīya the impressionists حاسة ḥāssa pl. حواس ḥawāss2 senastion; sense │ الحواس الخمس the five senses محسوس maḥsūs felt; sensed; perceptible, noticeable, palpable, tangible; appreciable, considerable (e.g., loss); المحسوس that which ill perceptible through the senses; appearance, evidence; المحسوسات things perceptible through the senses حسب ḥasaba u (ḥasb, حساب ḥisāb, حسبان ḥisbān, ḥusbān) to compute, reckon, calculate; to count; to charge, debit (على هـ s.th. to s.o., to s.o.’s account); to credit (ل هـ s.th. to s.o., to s.o.’s account) │ حسب حسابه (ḥisābahū) to take s.th. or s.o. into account or into consideration, reckon with s.th. or s.o., count on s.th. or s.o.; حسابا ل حسب (ḥisāban) do.; to attach importance to s.o. or s.th.; حسب الف حساب ل (alfa) to hove a thousand apprehensions about …; -- ḥasiba a i (حسبان ḥisbān, محسبا maḥsaba, maḥsiba) to regard (ه ه s.o. as), consider, deem (ه ه s.o. to be …); to think, believe, suppose, assume; to consider, regard (من ه s.o. as belonging to), count (من ه s.o. among); to see (هـ في in s.o. s.th.); -- ḥasuba u (ḥasab, حسابة ḥasāba) to be of noble origin, be highborn; to be highly esteemed, be valued III to settle an account, get even (with s.o.); to call (ه s.o.) to account, ask (ه s.o.) for an accounting; to hold (ه s.o.) responsible, make (ه s.o.) answerable │ حاسب على نفسه to be careful, be on one’s guard V to be careful, be on one’s guard; to take precautions; to seek to know, try to find out (هـ s.th.) VI to settle a mutual account VIII to debit or credit; to take into account, take into consideration (ب or هـ s.th.); to reckon (ب or هـ with); (to anticipate a reward in the hereafter by adding a pious deed to one’s account with God -- such as resigning in God’s will at the death of a relative; hence:) احتسب ولدا waladan) to give a son, be bereaved of a son; احتسب عند الله الشيء to sacrifice s.th. in anticipation of God’s reward in the hereafter; to charge (على هـ s.th. for); to think, believe, suppose; to take (ه ه s.o. for or to be …); to be content, content o.s.(ب with); to disapprove (على هـ s.th. in s.o.), take exception (على هـ to s.th. in s.o.), reject (على هـ s.th. in s.o.); to call (على s.o.) to account, ask (على s.o.) for an accounting حسب ḥasb reckoning, computing, calculation; thinking, opinion, view; sufficiency │حسبك (بحسبك) درهم ḥasbuka (bi-ḥasbika) dirhamun one dirham is enough for you; حسبك ان it suffices to say that …; you know enough when you hear that …; you need only ... ; بحسبك مقنعا ان (muqni‘an) it will be enough to convince you if …; وحسبك بهذا كله شرا (bi-hādā kullihī šarran) but enough of all these negative aspect! فحسب fa-ḥasb and that’s all, and no more, only (interchangeable with فقط) حسبي ḥasbī مجلس حسبي (majlis) pl. مجالس حسبية guardianship court, probate court (Eg.) حسب ḥasab pl. احساب aḥsāb measure, extent, degree, quantity, amount; value; esteem, high regard enjoyed by s.o.; noble descent; ḥasaba (prep.), بحسب bi-ḥasabi and على حسب ‘alā ḥasabi according to, in accordance with, commensurate with, depending on حسبما ḥasbamā (conj.) according to what ... , as, depending on how … │حسبما اتفق (ttafaqa) as chance will have it حسبة arithmetical problem, sum 175 حسيب ḥasīb pl. حسباء ḥusabā’2 respected, esteemed; noble, of noble birth, highborn حسبان ḥusbān calculation, reckoning, accounnting; computation │كان في الحسبان to be taken into account, be taken into consideration; to be expected, be anticipated; كان في الحسبان ان it was expected that ... ; حسباني ان I expect that … حساب ḥisāb arithmetic, reckoning, calculus; computation; calculation, estimation, appraisal; accounting, settlement; consideration, consideratedness; caution; -- (pl. -āt) bill, invoice; statement of costs (bank) account; pl. حسابات bookkeeping │حساب الجمل ḥ. al-jummal (al-jumal) use of the alphabetic letters according to their numerical value; علم الحساب ‘ilm al-ḥ. arithmetic; حساب التفاضل ḥ. al-tafāḍul differential calculus; حساب التكامل ḥ. at-takāmul integral calculus; كان في حسابه he reckoned with it, he expected it, he was prepared for it; عمل حسابا له to take s.o. or s.th. into consideration; to reckon with s.o. or s.th.; الحساب الختامي (ḳitāmī) and حساب نهائي (nihā’ī) final statement of account, final accounting; دعاه الى الحساب (da‘āhū) he called him to account; يوم الحساب yaum al-ḥ. the Day of Reckoning, Judgment Day; اقام حسابا ل to render account to s.o.; بلا حساب without limit or bounds, to excess, to an unlimited extent; من غير حساب blindly, without forethought, at random; لحساب فلان to s.o.’s credit, to s.o.’s advantage; على حساب فلان to s.o.’s debit, at s.o.’s expense, to s.o.’s disadvantage; لقي سوء الحساب laqiya sū’a 1-ḥ. he got a raw deal, he was in for it; حساب جار (jārin) current account; حسابات صندوق التوفير ḥ. ṣundūq at-taufīr savings-bank accounts; حساب موقوف blocked account; حسابات دوبية double-entry bookkeeping; الحساب الشرقي (šarqī) the Julian calendar; الحساب الغربي (garbī) the Gregorian calendar حسابي ḥisābī arithmetical, mathematical, computational محاسبة muḥāsaba pl. -āt accounting; clearing (com.); bookkeeping; request for accounting; examination of conscience (theol.) │قسم المحاسبة qism al-m. accounting department, comptroller’s office; clearing house احتساب iḥtisāb computation; calculation, consideration, reflection; debiting; crediting; valuation; contentedness, satisfaction حاسب ḥāsib counter, reckoner, arithmetician, calculator, computer محسوب maḥsūb pl. -ūn, محاسب maḥāsib2 protégé, pet, favorite; obedient, subservient (على to s.o.) محسوبية maḥsūbīya esteem enjoyed by s.o., position of distinction; patronage, favored position, favoritism محاسب muḥāsib, محاسبجي muḥāsibgī (eg.) accountant, bookkeeper; comptroller, auditor محتسب muḥtasab that for which one can expect reward in the hereafter (e.g., suffering, loss, etc.) حسد ḥasada u (ḥasad) to envy, grudge (ه s.o., على or هـ s.th.), be envious (ه of s.o., على or هـ because of s.th.) VI to envy each other حسد ḥasad envy حسود pl. حسد ḥusud envious تحاسد taḥāsud mutual envy حاسد pl. حساد ḥussād, حسدة ḥasada envious; envier, grudger محسود maḥsūd envied; smitten by the evil eye حسر ḥasara u i (ḥasr) to pull away or off, remove (عن هـ s.th., a cover, a veil, from); to uncover, lay bare, unveil (عن s.th.); -- (ḥusūr) to become dim (sight); -- ḥasira a ((ḥasar, حسرة ḥasra) to regret (على s.th.), be grieved, be pained (على by 176 s.th.); to sigh (على over s.th.); -- ḥasara i, ḥasira a (ḥasar) to become tired, fatigued II to fatigue, tire, weaken, sap (ه s.o.); to grieve, sadden (ه s.o.), cause pain or grief (ه to s.o.); to remove (هـ a cover, عن from), lay bare, unveil (عن s.th.) V to be distressed, be pained, be grieved (على by); to sigh (على over) VII to be pulled away or off, be removed (عن from); to be rolled up. be turned back (sleeve, عن from the arm); to disappear suddenly (عن from) حسر ḥasar fatigue, debility, weakness │حسر البصر ḥ. al-baṣar nearsightedness, myopia حسر ḥasir grieved, sad; fatigued, languid, weary, tired حسر ḥasra pl. ḥasarāt grief, sorrow, pain, distress, affliction; sigh │يا للحسرة yā la-l-ḥasrati alas! Unfortunately! يا حسرتي yā ḥasratī and وا حسرتاه wā ḥasratāh what a pity! too bad! حسير ḥasīr pl. حسرى ḥasrā tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted; dim, dull (eye), nearsighted │حسير البصر ḥ. al-baṣar nearsighted, myopic حسور ḥasūr nearsightedness, myopia حسران ḥasrān regretful, sorry, sad, distressed, grieved تحسر taḥassur sighing; regret حاسر ḥāsir pl. حواسر ḥawāsir2 bared, denuded │ حاسر البصر ḥ. al-baṣar nearsighted, myopic; حاسر الرأس ḥ. ar-ra’s bareheaded, hatless حسك ḥasak (coll.; n. un. ة) thorns, spines; spikes, pricks; fish bones; awns, beard (bot.); name of several prickly herbs, esp. of the genus Tribulus حسكي ḥasakī thorny, prickly, spiny حسم ḥasama i (ḥasm) to cut, sever, cut off (هـ s.th.); to finish, complete, terminate (هـ s.th.); to decide (هـ a question); to settle (هـ an argument); to deduct, discount (هـ an amount from a sum of money) VII to be severed, be cut off; to be finished, be completed, be terminated; to be settled (argument) حسم ḥasm finishing, completion, termination; decision; settling, settlement (of an argument); discontinuance, shutdown, closing down; deduction, discounting (of an amount) حسام ḥusām sword, sword edge حسوم ḥasūm fatal, trying, grueling (pl.; days, nights, also years) حاسم ḥāsim decisive; final, peremptory, conclusive, definite, definitive حسن ḥasana u (ḥusn) to be handsome, beautiful, lovely, nice, fine, good; to be expedient, advisable, suitable, proper, fitting; to be in a proper state, be in a desirable condition │ان حسن لديك in ḥ. ladaika if you like it, if it seems all right to you; يحسن بك ان it is to your advantage that you ... ; you ought to …; حسن استعداده ل he was all willing to … II to beautify, embellish (هـ s.th.); to adorn, decorate (هـ s.th.); to improve, put into better form, ameliorate, better (هـ s.th.); to make a better presentation (هـ of s.th.); to present in a favorable light, depict as nice or desirable (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.; to sugar-coat, make more palatable (هـ s.th. unpleasant, s.th. disadvantageous) III to treat (ه s.o.) with kindliness IV to do right, act well; to do (هـ s.th), well, expertly, nicely; to know (هـ how to do s.th.), be able (هـ to do s.th.); to master (هـ s.th.), have command (هـ of s.th.), be proficient (هـ in s.th.; a language, an art, a handicraft, etc.), be conversant (هـ with s.th.); to do good, be charitable; to do favors, do good (الى or ب to s.o.), do (ب or ب s.o.) a good turn, be nice, friendly (الى or ب to s.o.); to give 177 alms, give charity (الى to s.o.) │ما احسنه mā aḥsanahū how good he is! how handsome he is! احسنت aḥsanta well done! bravo! احسن الالمانية (almānīya) to master the German language, know German well; احسن التسديد to aim well or accurately; احسن مشورته (mašūratahū) to give good advice; احسن الظن ب (ẓanna) to have a good opinion of ... , judge s.th. favorably; احسن معاملته (mu‘āmalatahū) to treat s.o. well V to become nicer, more handsome, more beautiful; to improve, ameliorate, get better X to deem (هـ s.th.) nice, etc., or good; to regard (هـ s.th.) as right, advisable or appropriate; to approve (هـ of s.th.), sanction, condone (هـ s.th.); to come to like, to appreciate (هـ s.th.), find pleasure (هـ in s.th.); also = IV: استحسن الانجليزية (ingilīzīya) to know English well; pass. ustuḥsina to be good, commendable, advisable حسن ḥusn beauty, handsomeness, prettiness, loveliness; excellence, superiority, perfection │لحسن الحظ fortunately; حسن السلوك good manners, good behavior; good conduct; حسن السير والسلوك (ḥ. as-sair) an irreproachable life; حسن التصرف ḥ. al-taṣarruf discretion, individual judgment; حسن الظن good opinion, favorable judgment; حسن التعبير euphemism; حسن القصد (النية) ḥ. al-qaṣd (an-nīya) good intention, good will, good faith; حسن يوسف ḥ. yūsuf beauty spot, patch; ست الحسن a kind of bindweed (Convolvulus cairicus L.; bot.); deadly nightshade, belladonna حسن ḥasan pl. حسان ḥisān beautiful, handsome, lovely; pretty, nice; good, agreeable; excellent, superior, exquisite; حسنا ḥasanan well, splendidly, excellently, beautifully; الحسان the ladies; -- high sandhill الحسنيون al-ḥasanīyūn the Hasanides, the descendants of ḥasan, son of ‘Alī and Fāṭima احسن aḥsan2 pl. احاسن aḥāsin2 better; nicer, lovelier, more beautiful; more excellent, more splendid, more admirable│هو احسن حالا منهم he is better off than they are; بالتي هي احسن (bi-llatī) in a friendly manner, amicably, with kindness حسناء ḥasnā’2 pl. حسان ḥisān (of a woman) beautiful, a beauty, a belle الحسنى al-ḥusnā pl. -āt (f. of الاحسن al-aḥsan) the best outcome, the happy ending; fair means, amicable manner │بالحسنى amicably, by fair means, in a friendly manner; الاسماء الحسنى (asmā’) the 99 attributes of God حسنة ḥasana pl. -āt good deed, benefaction; charity, alms; pl. حسنات advantages, merits حسون ḥassūn pl. حساسين ḥasāsīn2 gold-finch محسنة maḥsana s.th. nice, s.th. good; advantage; pl. محاسن maḥāsin2 beauties, charms, attractions, merits, advantages, good qualities تحسين taḥsīn beautification, embellishment; improvement, amelioration, betterment; processing, refining, finishing; (pl. تحاسين taḥāsīn) ornament, decoration │O تحسين النسل t. an-nasl eugenics محاسنة muḥāsana friendly treatment, kindliness amicability احسان iḥsān beneficence. charity, almsgiving, performance of good deeds تحسن taḥassun improvement, amelioration │في التحسن on the way to recovery استحسان istiḥsān approval, consent; acclaim; discretion; application of discretion in a legal decision (Isl. Law) محسن muḥassin embellisher, beautifier, improver; pl. محسنات muḥassināt cosmetics محسن muḥsin beneficent, charitable مستحسن mustaḥsan approved, commendable; pleasant, agreeable 178 (حسو) حسا ḥasā u (ḥasw), V and VIII to drink, sip (هـ s.th.) حسو ḥasw and حساء ḥasā’ soup, broth حسوة ḥaswa pl. ḥasawāt a sip حسوة ḥuswa pl. ḥusuwāt, ḥusawāt, احسية aḥasiya a sip, small quantity of liquid; soup, broth; bouillon حش ḥašša u (ḥašš) to mow, cut (هـ s.th.) II to smoke hashish حشيش ḥašīš (coll.) pl. حشائشhāšā’iš2 herbs, grasses; weeds; hay; hemp (Cannabis sativa L.; bot.), hashish, Cannabis; stillborn child │ حشيش الدينار ḥ. ad-dīnār hops حشيشة ḥašīša (n. un.) herb حشاش ḥaššāš pl. -ūn smoker or chewer of hashish. hashish addict حشاش ḥuššāš, حشاشة ḥušāša last breath, last spark of life حشيشي ḥašīšī (eg.) sap-green, reseda-colored محش miḥašš, محشة miḥašša pl. محاش maḥāšš2 sickle, scythe; fire iron, poker محشة miḥašša pl. -āt (eg.) tool for weeding, weeder محشش maḥšaš, محشش خانة m. ḳāna hashish den محششة pl. محاشش maḳāšiš2 hashish den حشد ḥašada i u (ḥašd) to gather, concentrate, mass (ه esp. troops), call up, mobilize (ه an army); to pile up, store up, accumulate (هـ s.th., الى at a place) II to amass, accumulate (هـ s.th.), mass, concentrate (ه esp. troops) V and VIII to rally, come together, assemble, gather, crowd together, throng together; to be concentrated, be massed (troops); to fall into line (troops) حشد ḥašd pl. حشود ḥušūd assembling, rallying; gathering, assembly, crowd, throng; concentration, massing (esp. of troops); mobilization. calling up (of an army) حشد taḥaššud pl. -āt concentration (of troops) احتشاد iḥtišād pl. -āt gathering, crowd; concentration (of troops) حشيد numerous (of an assembly), crowded (of a public demonstration) O حاشدة ḥāšida battery (el.) حشر ḥašara i u (ḥašr) to gather, assemble, rally (ه people); to cram, crowd, pack, jam (together); to squeeze. press, force, stuff, tuck (بين or في هـ s.th. into) يوم الحشر yaum al-ḥašr the day of congregation (of the dead), the Day of resurrection حشرة ḥašara pl. -āt insect; pl. vermin, insect pests │ علم الحشرات ‘ilm al-ḥ. entomology حشري ḥašarī insectile, insectival, insect- (in compounds); entomologic(al) حشرج ḥašraja and II taḥašraja to rattle in the throat حشرجة ḥašraja rattling, rattle in the throat حشف V to be dressed shabbily, dress slovenly حشف ḥašaf dates of inferior quality حشفة ḥašafa glans (penis; anat.) حشك ḥašaka i (ḥašk) to cram, jam, squeeze, stuff (في هـ s.th. into) حشم ḥašama i (ḥašm) to shame, put to shame (ه s.o.) 11 and IV do. V and VIII to be ashamed to face s.o. (من or عن); to be reticent, modest, shy, bashful, diffident حشم ḥašam servants, retinue, entourage, suite حشمة ḥišma shame, bashfulness, timidity, diffidence; modesty; decency, decorum 179 حشيم ḥašīm pl. حشماء ḥušamā’2 modest, timid, bashful, shy, diffident محاشم maḥāšim2 pubes, genitals تحشم taḥaššum and احتشام iḥtišām shame, shyness, modesty, reticent, decency, decorum محتشم muḥtašim shy, bashful; modest, reticent, decent, decorous حشا (حشو) ḥaša u (ḥašw) to stuff, fill, dress (ب هـ s.th. with; esp. fowl, etc.); to fill in (هـ s.th.); to load (هـ a firearm; هـ هـ s.th. with, e.g., a camera); to fill (هـ a tooth); to insert (هـ s.th.) 11 to interpalate (هـ s.th.); to insert (هـ s.th.); to provide (هـ s.th.) with a margin; to hem (هـ a dress); to supply (هـ a book) with marginal notes or glosses III to except, exclude (من ه s.o. from) V to keep away, stand aloof, abstain (من ه from), avoid, shun (من s.th.), beware (من of), be on one’s guard (من against) VI to keep away, abstain (عن or من from), beware (هـ or عن or من of), avoid, shun (هـ or عن or من s.th.) حشو ḥašw that with which s.th. is stuffed or filled; dressing, stuffing (of fowl, .to.); filling (of tooth); insertion; (gram.) parenthesis; interpolation حشو ḥašwa pl. -āt filling, stuffing (cushion, cookery, etc.); load (of a cartridge), charge (of a min.); panel, inlay, inserted piece (in paneling, in a door) حشا ḥašan pl. احشاء aḥšā’ bowels, intestines; interior, inside │في احشاء in the interior of, within, in حشى ḥašan = حشا ḥašan حشية ḥašīya pl. –āt, حشايا ḥašāyā cushion, pillow; mattress حاشا ḥāšā (with genit., acc. or ل) except, save │حاشى لله, حاشا لله God forbid! حاشا لك ان far be it from you that you ...; حاش لله, حاش لك (ḥāša) = حاشا لله, حاشا لك 180 تحشية taḥšya insertion; interpolation تحاش taḥāšin avoidance حاشية ḥāšiya pl. حواش ḥawāšin border; seam, hem; edge; margin (of a book); marginal gives; marginal notes; commentary on certain words and passages of a book, supercommentary; footnote; postscript; retinue, entourage, suite, servants; dependents; pl. حواش critical apparatus │ رقيق الحاشية and رقيق الحواشي nice, polite, courteous, gracious, amiable, kindly, friendly; رقة الحهشية riqqat al-ḥāš. niceness, amiability, graciousness محشو maḥšūw filled, dressed; stuffed; loaded (firearm); pl. محشوات maḥšūwāt filled, or stuffed, dishes محشي maḥšīy filled, stuffed (esp. food); s.th. filled or stuffed حص ḥaṣṣa u to fall as a share (ه to s.o.) III to share (ه هـ s.th. with s.o.) IV to allot s.o. (ه) his share حص ḥuṣṣ saffron حصة ḥiṣṣa pl. حصص ḥiṣaṣ share, portion, allotment; share (fin.); contingent, quota; span of time; lesson, class period │ حصة في الربحḥ. fī r-rabḥ dividend (fin.); O حصة التأسيس founders’ share; O نظام الحصص quota system, apportionment; في حصة وجيزة in a short time تحصيص taḥṣīṣ quota system, apportionment محاصة muḥāṣṣa allotment; sharing (with s.o.), partaking, participation حصالبان see حصى حصب ḥaṣaba i u to cover or strew with pebbles or gravel (هـ ground); to macadamize (هـ ground), metal (هـ a road); -- ḥaṣiba a and pass. ḥuṣiba to have the measle II to cover or strew with pebbles or gravel (هـ ground); to macadamize (هـ ground), metal (هـ a road) 180 حصب ḥaṣab road metal, crushed rock, ballast حصب ḥaṣbā’2 (coll.) pebbles; gravel حصب ḥaṣba measles (med.) حاصبة ḥāṣiba storm, hurricane حصحص ḥaṣḥaṣa to be or become clear, plain, manifest; to come to light (truth) حصد ḥaṣada i u (ḥaṣd, حصاد ḥaṣad, ḥiṣad) to harvest, reap (هـ s.th.); to mow (هـ s.th.) IV, VIII and X to be ripe حصد ḥaṣd and حصاد ḥiṣād harvesting, reaping, harvest; حصاد harvest time حصيد ḥaṣid, حصيدة ḥaṣīda pl. حصائد ḥaṣā’id2 crop, harvest yield │ قائم وحصيد everything without exception حصاد ḥaṣṣād reaper; harvester محصد miḥṣad pl. محاصد maḥāṣid2 sickle O حصادة ḥaṣṣāda and O محصدة miḥṣada mowing machine, mower │ O حصادة دراسة (darrāsa) combine حاصد ḥāṣid reaper O حاصدة ḥāṣid mowing machine, mower محصود maḥṣūd harvested, reaped, mown محصد muḥṣid and mustaḥṣid ripe حصر ḥaṣara i u (ḥaṣr) to surround, encircle, encompass, ring (هـ s.th.); to enclose (هـ s.th.); to parenthesize (هـ a word); to blockade (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to besiege, beleaguer (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to detain, deter, restrain, contain, hold back (ه s.o.); to limit, restrict (في هـ or ب s.th. to); to condense, reduce in scope (هـ s.th.); to narrow down, confine (في هـ s.th. to, also a suspicion to s.o.); to bring together, compile, arrange (في هـ s.th. under a rubric); to enter (في هـ s.th. in a list); to put together, set up, list, enumerate (هـ s.th.); to comprise, contain, include, involve (هـ s.th.); -- ḥaṣira a (ḥaṣar) to be in a fix, be in a dilemma III to encircle, surround (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to shut off, seclude (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to block (هـ s.th.); to beleaguer, besiege (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to blockade (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to detain, deter, restrain (ه s.o.) VII to be straitened, confined, narrowed in; to be or become restricted, limited (ب or في to); to limit o.s. (ب or في to); to be condensed (في to), be concentrated (في in); to be or become united (e.g., تحت حكمه under s.o.’s rule); to be reducible (في to), be expressible (في in terms of), consist (في in) حصر ḥaṣr encirclement, encompassment, enclosure, corralling; parenthesizing; blocking, blockading, beleaguering, siege; detention, determent; restraint, retention, containment, check; limitation, restriction, confinement ~ narrowing; gathering, collecting (of s.th. scattered), compilation; enumeration, listing, counting, computing; centralization, concentration; (tobacco) monopoly │ بالحصر strictly speaking; على سبيل الحصرحصر exhaustively; حصر التموين ḥ. al-tamwīn rationing; علامة الحصر ‘alāmat al-ḥ. parentheses, brackets (typ.); لا يدخل تحت الحصر (yadḳulu) or لا حصر له (ḥaṣra) boundless, infinite, immeasurable, innumerable; يفوق الحصر yafūqu al-ḥaṣra do.; O اجازة الحصر ijāzat al-ḥ. patent on an invention; ادارة حصر التبغ والتنباك idārat ḥ. at-tibg wa-t-tumbāk Government Tobacco Monopoly (Syr.) حصر ḥuṣr retention (of urine); constipation حصر ḥaṣar dyslogia, inability to express o.s. effectively حصير ḥaṣīr pl. حصر ḥuṣur mat حصيرة ḥaṣīra pl. حصائر ḥaṣā’ir2 mat حصار ḥiṣār block, blockage, barrier; blockade; siege 181 محاصرة muḥāṣara block, blockage, barrier; blockade; siege انحصار inḥiṣār restrictedness, limitation, confinement; (tobacco) monopoly محصور maḥṣūr blocked, blockaded; beleaguered, besieged; limited, restricted, confined (في to); narrow حصرم ḥiṣrim (coll.; n. un. ة) unripe and sour grapes (syr.) حصف ḥaṣufa u (حصف ḥaṣāfa) to have sound judgment, be judicious, discriminating حصف ḥaṣif endowed with sound judgment, judicious, discriminating حصيف ḥaṣīf endowed with sound judgment, judicious, discriminating حصافة ḥaṣāfa sound judgment, judiciousness حصل ḥaṣala u (حصول ḥuṣūl) to set in; to be there, be existent, extant; to arise, come about; to result, come out; to happen, occur, transpire, come to pass, take place; to happen, occur (ل to s.o.), come (ل upon s.o.), befall, overtake (ل s.o.); to originate, emanate, derive, stem (من from), be caused, be produced (من by); to attain, obtain, get, receive, achieve (على s.th.), win (على s.o. or s.th.); to come into possession (على of s.th.); to seek (على a permit), apply (على for a permit); to collect, recover (على a debt), call in (على funds); to receive. take in (على s.th.) II to cause s.th. (هـ) to happen or set in; to attain. obtain (هـ s.th.); to acquire (هـ s.th., also knowledge); to infer, deduce (هـ s.th.); to collect (هـ a fee, fare, etc.), levy (هـ taxes, fees, etc.), call in (هـ money); to summarize, sum up (هـ s.th.) V to result (من from), come out (sum); to be obtained, be attained; to be raised, be levied, be required. be demanded; to be taken in, come in (fees, taxes, funds); to be collected (taxes); to procure for o.s., get (على s.th.); to attain, receive, obtain (على s.th.); to acquire (على s.th.); to collect (على fees) X to procure for o.s., get (على s.th.); to attain. Receive, obtain (على s.th.); to acquire (على s.th.) حصول ḥuṣūl setting in, occurrence, incidence. happening (of an event or process); obtainment. attainment (على of s.th.); achievement (على of s.th.); acquisition (على of s.th.) حصيلة ḥaṣīla pl. حصائل ḥaṣā’il2 rest, remainder; amount collected, proceeds, returns; revenue, receipts, yield, income, takings حوصل, حوصلة and حويصلة look up alphabetically حصالة ḥaṣāla collection box, alms box محصل maḥṣal result, outcome, upshot, issue تحصيل taḥṣīl pl. -āt attainment, obtainment, gain; acquisition (also of knowledge); learning, studying, scientific studies; collection, raising, levy(ing), calling in (of funds, taxes); income, revenue, receipts, returns, proceeds; résumé, summary, gist (of a speech or opinion); من تحصيل الحاصل ان يقال in summary, it may be said ... تحصيلجي taḥṣīlgī (eg.) = محصل muḥaṣṣil حاصل ḥāṣil pl. حواصل ḥawāsil2 setting in, occurring, taking place, happening; result, outcome, sum, total, product (also math.); revenues, receipts, proceeds, gain; income, returns; crop, harvest; warehouse, storehouse, granary, depot, magazine; main content, purport, gist, essence, substance (of a speech); الحاصل briefly, in short; pl. حاصلات product(s), yield. produce. production (econ.) محصول maḥsūl pl. -āt, محاصل maḥāṣīl2 result, outcome, issue; yield, gain; product, produce; crop, harvest; production 182 محصل muḥaṣṣil collector; tax collector; cashier; (bus, streetcar) conductor متحصل mutaḥaṣṣil yield, revenue, proceeds, receipts, returns (من from) حصن ḥaṣuna u (حصانة ḥaṣāna) to be inaccessible, be well fortified; to be chaste (woman) II to make inaccessible (هـ s.th.); to strengthen (هـ s.th.); to fortify, entrench (هـ s.th.); to immunize, make proof (ضد ḍidda against) IV to make inaccessible (هـ s.th.); to fortify, entrench (هـ s.th.); to be chaste, pure (woman); to remain chaste, be of unblemished reputation (woman) V to strengthen one’s position, protect o.s.; to be fortified; to be secure, be protected حصن ḥiṣn pl. حصون ḥuṣūn fortress, fort, castle, citadel, stronghold; fortification, entrenchment; protection │ حصن طائر Flying Fortress حصان ḥiṣān pl. حصن ḥuṣun, احصنة aḥsina horse; stallion │ حصان البحر ḥ. al-baḥr hippopotamus; حصان بخاري (buḳārī) iron horse; قوة حصن qūwat ḥ., or حصان alone, horse power حصين ḥaṣīn inaccessible, strong, fortified, firm, secure(d), protected; immune, proof, invulnerable (ضد ḍidda against) │ الحصن الحصين (ḥiṣn) stronghold (fig.; e.g., of radicalism) ابو الحصين abū l-ḥuṣain fox حصانة ḥaṣāna strength, ruggedness, forbiddingness, impregnability, inaccessibility; shelteredness, chastity (of a woman); invulnerability, inviolability; immunity (of deputies, diplomats; against illness) تحصين taḥṣīn pl. -āt fortification, entrenchment; strengthening, cementing, solidification; immunization احصان iḥṣān blamelessness, unblemished reputation, integrity (Isl. Law) تحصن taḥaṣṣun securing, safeguarding, protection, protectedness محصن muḥaṣṣan fortified; entrenched; immune, proof (ضد ḍidda against) محصنة muḥṣina, muḥṣana sheltered, well-protected, chaste; of unblemished reputation (woman; Isl. Law) حصى IV to oount, enumerate (هـ s.th.); to calculate, compute (هـ s.th. من from); to debit, charge (على هـ s.th. to s.o.’s account), hold (هـ s.th. على against s.o.) │لا يحصى (yuḥṣā) innumerable حصى ḥaṣan (coll.) pebbles, little stones حصاة ḥaṣāh, حصوة ḥaṣwa pl. حصيات ḥaṣayāt little stone; pebble; calculus, stone (med.) │ حصاة بولية (baulīya) cystic calculus; حصاة صفراوية (ṣafrāwīya) gallstone, biliary calculus حصى لبان ḥaṣā lubān, حصالبان rosemary (bot.) حصوي ḥaṣawī stony, pebbly, gravelly احصاء iḥṣā’ pl. -āt count, counting; enumeration; calculation, computation; statistics │ احصاء السكان i. as-sukkān census احصائي iḥṣā’ī statistic(al); (pl. -ūn) statistician احصائية iḥṣā’īya pl. -āt statistics حض ḥaḍḍa u (ḥaḍḍ) and II to spur on, incite (ه s.o., على to), goad, prod (ه s.o.• على to do s.th.) حض ḥaḍḍ incitement, inducement, prodding, prompting, instigation حضيض ḥaḍīḍ, pl. حضض ḥuḍuḍ, احضة aḥiḍḍa foot of a mountain; lowland; perigee (astron.); depth; state of decay │ نزل الى الحضيض to sink low (fig.); دكه الى الحضيض (dakkahū) to ruin s.th. completely, run s.th. into the ground حضر ḥaḍara u (حضور ḥuḍūr) to be present (هـ at), be in the presence (ه of s.o.); to 183 attend (هـ s.th.); to be present (هـ in s.o.’s mind), be readily recalled (ه by s.o.); to take part, participate (مجلسا majlisan in a meeting); to come, get (الى or هـ, ه to s.o., to a place), arrive (الى or هـ at a place); to visit (هـ a place), attend (هـ a public event), go (هـ to a performance, etc.); to appear (امام before a judge, etc., الى in, at), show up (الى in, at); to betake o.s., go (الى من from ... to); (حضارة ḥaḍāra) to be settled, sedentary (in a civilized region, as opposed to nomadic existence) II to ready, make ready, prepare (هـ s.th., also, e.g., as medicine = to compound), make, produce, manufacture (هـ s.th.); to study, prepare (هـ a lesson); to fetch, get, bring (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), procure, supply (هـ s.th.); to settle (ه s.o), make s.o. (ه) sedentary; to civilize (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) III to give a lecture, present s.th. in a lecture (ه to s.o.); to lecture, give a course of lectures IV to fetch, get, bring (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), procure, supply (هـ s.th.); to take (ه s.o., هـ s.th., الى to a place) │احضره معه to have s.th. with one, bring s.th. along V to prepare o.s., ready o.s., get ready (ل for); to be ready, prepared; to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; to become urbanized, become a town dweller VIII to come (ه to s.o.), be in the presence (ه of s.o.); to live in a civilized region; pass. ustuḥḍira to die X to have s.th. (هـ) brought, to call, send (هـ, ه for s.o., for s.th.), have s.o. (ه) come; to summon (ه s.o.); to fetch, procure, supply, get, bring (هـ s.th.); to conjure, call up, evoke (هـ a spirit); to visualize, envision, call to mind (هـ s.th.); to carry with o.s., bring along (هـ s.th.); to prepare (هـ, ه e.g., a medicinal preparation) حضر ḥaḍar a civilized region with towns and villages and a settled population (as opposed to desert, steppe); settled population, town dwellers (as opposed to nomads) حضري ḥaḍarī settled, sedentary, resident, not nomadic, non-Bedouin, like urbanites; civilized; urban; town dweller حضرة ḥaḍra presence │في حضرة in the presence of ...; الحضرة العالية (‘āliya) His Highness (formerly, title of the Bey of Tunis); حضرتكم a respectful form of address, esp. in letters; حضرة الدكتور cf. Fr. Monsieur le docteur حضور ḥuḍūr presence; visit, participation, attendance; (as one pl. of حاضر) those present │بحضوره in his presence; حضور الحفلة ḥ. al-ḥafla attendance of the celebrationحضور الذهن ḥ. ad-dihn presence of mind; ورقة حضور waraqat ḥ. summons (jur.) حضوري ḥuḍūrī: احكام حضورية (aḥkām) judgments delivered in the presence of the litigant parties after oral proceedings (jur.); حضوريا ḥuḍūrīyan contradictorily (jur.) حضارة ḥaḍāra civilization; culture; settledness, sedentariness حضيرة ḥaḍīra pl. حضائر ḥaḍā’ir2 a small group of 6 to 12 people (specif., the smallest unit of boy scouts = patrol); section, squad (mil.; Syr.) محضر maḥḍar presence; attendance, coming, appearance (of s.o.); assembly, meeting, gathering, convention; (pl. محاضر maḥāḍir2) minutes, official report, process-verbal, record of the factual findings │محضر الجرد m. al-jard inventory list; بمحضر منه bi-maḥḍarin minhu in s.o.’s presence تحضير taḥḍīr preparing, readying, making ready; (pl. -āt) preparation (ل for; also e.g., for an examination); making, preparation, cooking (of food, etc.), production, manufacture تحضيري taḥdīrī preparatory, preparative │المدارس التحضيرية للمعلمين (mu‘allimīn) 184 preparatory institutes for teachers, teachers’ colleges (Eg.) محاضرة muḥāḍara pl. -āt lecture احضار iḥḍār procurement, supply, fetching, bringing تحضر taḥaḍḍur civilized way of life احتضار iḥtiḍār demise, death استحضار istiḥḍār making, production, manufacture; preparation; summoning │استحضار الارواح istiḥḍār al-arwāḥ evocation of spirits, spiritism حاضر ḥāḍir pl. حضر ḥuḍḍar, حضور ḥuḍūr present; attending; الحاضر the present (time); prepared (ل for); ready; (pl. حضار ḥuḍḍār, حضرة ḥaḍara) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic │ في الحاضر or في الوقت الحاضر at present, now; حاضر الفكر ḥ. al-fikr quick-witted, quick at repartee; نقد حاضر (naqd) cash, ready money حاضرة ḥāḍira pl. حواضر ḥawāḍir2 capital city, metropolis; city (as a center of civilization) محضور maḥḍūr possessed, haunted or inhabited by a jinni; demoniac محضر muḥaḍḍir maker, producer, manufacturer; dissector (med.) محاضر muḥāḍir lecturer, speaker محضر muḥḍir court usher متحضر mutaḥaḍḍir civilized محتضر muḥtaḍar dying, in the throes of death, on the brink of death; a dying person; haunted or inhatbited by a jinni; demoniac مستحضر mustaḥḍar pl. -āt preparation (chem., pharm.) │ مستحضر دوائي (dawā’ī) medicinal preparation حضرموت ḥaḍramaut2 Hadhramaut حضرمي ḥaḍramī pl. حضارم ḥaḍārim2 man from Hadhramaut; Hadhramautian (adj.) حضن ḥaḍana u (ḥaḍn, حضانة ḥiḍāna) to clasp in one’s arms, embrace, hug (ه s.o.); to nurse, bring up, raise (ه a child); (ḥaḍn, حضان ḥidān, حضانة ḥiḍāna, حضون ḥuḍūn) to hatch, brood, incubate (هـ an egg; of a bird) VI to embrace one another, cling to one another, nestle against each other VII to clasp in one’s arms, embrace, hug (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to harbor in one,s bosom (هـ feeling); to hatch, concoct, contrive (هـ s.th.); to bring up, raise (هـ a child) حضن ḥaḍn pl. احضان aḥḍān breast, bosom (between the outstretched arms); armful, that which can be carried in one's arms │ قبله بالحضن (qabilahū) he received him with open arms; بين احضان and في احضان amid, among; with, in the presence of (s.o.); في احضان الصحراء (saḥrā’) in the heart (or folds) of the desert; اخذتني بين احضانها she took me in her arms حضانة ḥiḍāna, ḥaḍāna raising, bringing up, nursing (of a child); hatching (of an egg), incubation │ دار الحضانةchildren’s home, day nursery, crèche حضين in embraced, bugged, resting in s.o.’s arms محضن maḥḍan pl. محاضن maḥādin2 children’s home, day nursery, crèche احتضان iḥtiḍān embrace, hug(ging), accolade حاضنة ḥāḍina pl. حواضن ḥawāḍin2 nurse-maid, dry nurse محتضن muḥtaḍin embracing, hugging; tender, affectionate حط ḥaṭṭa u (ḥaṭṭ) to put, place, put down, set down (هـ s.th.); to take down (هـ a load, burden); to lower, decrease, diminish, reduce (هـ or من s.th.); to depreciate (من قدره min qadrihī or من قيمته min qudratihī the value of s.th.) │حط الرحال (riḥāla) to halt, make a stop, dismount, encamp (while traveling on horseback, 185 camelback. etc.); -- u (ḥaṭṭ, حطوط ḥuṭūṭ) to sink, descend, go down; to alight (bird); to land (airplane); to drop (price) II to put down, set down, take off, unload (هـ a load) VII to sink, descend, go down; to decrease, diminish; to decline, decay, wane VIII to put down, set down, take down (هـ s.th.) حط ḥaṭṭ (act of) putting or setting down; depreciation, belittling, derogation, disparagement (من of s.th.); reduction, diminution, decrease (من of s.th.) حطة ḥiṭṭa alleviation, relief, mitigation; abasement, debasement, demotion, degradation (in rank, dignity, prestige); humiliation, insult, indignity احط aḥaṭṭ lower حطيطة ḥaṭīṭa price reduction محط maḥaṭṭ place at which s.th. is put down or deposited; stopping place, stop; pause fermata, hold, concluding strain, cadence (mus.) │محط الآمال object of hope, that on which one's hopes are pinned; كان محط الأنظار to attract the glances, draw attention to o.s.; محط الكلام m. al-kalām sense, or meaning, of one’s words محطة maḥaṭṭa pl. -āt stopping place, stop (also of public conveyances); station, post; railroad station; broadcasting station, radio station │ محطة تحويل التيار m. taḥwīl at-tayyār transformer station; محطة الاذاعة (اللاسلكية) m. al-idā‘a (al-lāsi1kīya) broadcasting station, radio station; transmitter (station); محطة رئيسية (ra’īsīya) (railroad) main station; O محطة الاشارات m. al-išārāt signal post; O محطة الارسال m. al-irsāl transmitter (station; radio); محطة للارصاد الجوية (li-l-arṣād al-jawwīya) meteorological station, weather station; محطة الصرف m. aṣ-ṣarf (Eg.) pump station (for drainage); power plant; O محطة الاستقبال receiving station (radio); O محطة لاسلكية قصيرة الأمواج (lā-silkīya qaṣīrat al-amwāj) short-wave transmitter station; محطة توليد الكهرباء m. taulīd al-kahrabā’ and محطة كهربائية power plant انحطاط inḥiṭāṭ decline, fall, decay, decadence; inferiority │احساس الانحطاط iḥsās al-inḥ. sense of inferiority انحطاطي inḥiṭāṭ postclassical writer منحط munḥaṭṭ low, base, low-level, low-grade; fallen, degraded (woman); mean, vile, vulgar; inferior حطب ḥaṭaba i to gather firewood │ حطب في حبله(fī ḥablihī) to support s.o., stand by s.o., back s.o. up VIII to gather firewood حطب ḥaṭab pl. احطاب aḥṭāb firewood حطاب ḥaṭṭāb wood gatherer; wood-cutter, lumberjack; vendor of firewood تحطيب taḥṭīb singlestick fencing (a popular game, esp. in rural areas; eg.) حاطب taḥṭīb wood gatherer; woodcutter, lumberjack; vendor of firewood │ كحاطب ليل ka-ḥāṭibi lailin lit.: like one who gathers wood at night, i.e., blindly, at random, heedlessly (said of s.o. who does not realize, or think about, what he is doing) حطم ḥaṭama i (ḥaṭm) to break, shatter, smash, wreck, demolish (هـ s.th.) II = I; V to break. go to pieces; to be broken, b. smashed, be shattered; to crash (e.g., airplane, structure, etc.); to be wrecked (ship) VII = V حطمة ḥiṭma pl. حطم ḥiṭam particle, small piece, shred, bit, morsel; s.th. broken حطام ḥuṭām debris, rubble; fragments, shards, broken pieces; wreckage, wreck (of a ship) │حطام الدنيا ad-dunyā the ephemeral things of this world, the vanities of the world حطيم ḥaṭīm smashed, shattered, wrecked 186 تحطيم taḥṭīm smashing, shattering, wrecking, breaking, demolition, destruction, disruption │O سفينة تحطيم الجليد icebreaker تحطم taḥaṭṭum crumbling, disintegration; crash (of an airplane); collapse, breakdown حاطمة ḥāṭima: O حاطمة الجليد icebreaker (naut.) محطم muḥaṭṭim crashing, thundering, roaring (of an explosion. etc.) – muḥaṭṭam broken (language) محطمة muḥaṭṭima: محطمة ثلجية (taljīya) icebreaker (naut.) حظ ḥaẓẓa a (ḥaẓẓ) to be lucky, Fortunate IV=I حظ ḥaẓẓ pl. حظوظ ḥuẓūẓ part, portion, share, allotment; lot, fate, destiny; good luck, good fortune; affluence, wealth, fortune; prosperity; pleasure │ ذو حظ من endowed with; لحسن الحظ li-ḥusni l-ḥ. and من حسن الحظ fortunately, luckily; سوء الحظ sū’ al-ḥ. bad luck, misfortune; سيء الحظ sayyi’ al-ḥ. unlucky, unfortunate; لسوء الحظ unfortunately; من حسن حظي luckily for me, fortunately; كان من حسن حظه ان he was lucky in that he ...; ليس احسن منها حظا he is no better off than she is حظيظ ḥaẓīẓ lucky, fortunate محظوظ lucky, fortunate; content(ed), happy, glad حظر ḥaẓara u (ḥaẓr) to fence in, hedge in (هـ s.th.); to forbid (هـ على to s.o. s.th.), prohibit (هـ على s.o. from doing s.th.) حظر ḥaẓr forbiddance, interdiction, prohibition, ban; embargo حظار ḥiẓār, ḥaẓār wall, partition, screen; fence, palisade, railing حظيرة ḥaẓīra pl. حظائر ḥaẓā’ir2 enclosure, railing, fence, palisade, hedge; compound, yard, pound, pinfold; corral, pen, paddock, coop; hangar, shed; field, domain, realm (fig.) │في حظيرة (with foll. genit.) inside of, within; جذبه الى حظيرته (jadabahū) to bring s.o. under one’s influence; حظائر الطائرات aircraft hangars; حظيرة القدس ḥ. al-quds Paradise محظور maḥẓūr interdicted, prohibited, forbidden (على to s.o.); embargoed; pl. محظورات forbidden things, restrictions (حظو and حظي) حظي ḥaẓiya a (حظوة ḥuẓwa, ḥiẓwa) to enjoy the favor or good graces of s.o. (عند), be in s.o.’s (عند) favor or good graces; to acquire, obtain, attain, gain, win (ب s.th.) حظوة ḥuẓwa, ḥiẓwa favored position, role of favorite; precedence; favor, grace; good will, benevolence; prestige, credit, standing, respect, esteem │ نال حظوة عند (لدى) to find favor with s.o. حظية ḥaẓīya pl. حظايا ḥaẓāyā paramour, mistress, concubine محظية maḥẓīya pl. -āt paramour. mistress, concubine حف ḥaffa u (ḥaff) to surround (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with, also ب and حول s.o., s.th.), enclose, encompass, border (ب, هـ s.th.); to depilate (هـ a part of the body), unhair (هـ the skin); to trim, clip (هـ the beard); to chafe, rub off, abrade (هـ s.th.) │ تحف به العينhe is the object of admiring glances, he is the center of attention, all eyes are upon him; -- i (حفيف ḥafīf) to rustle II and VIII to surround, (حول, ب, هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), enclose, encompass, border (حول,ب, هـ s.th.) حفاف ḥifāf side حفيف ḥafīf rustle, rustling محفة miḥaffa (also maḥaffa) pl. -āt litter, stretcher; roller stretcher; sedan حاف ḥaff: خبز حاف (ḳubz) plain bread (without anything to go with it; eg.)187 حافة ḥāffa pl. -āt enclosure, edge, margin; brim of a vessel; border, brink, verge; fringe, hem │ على حافة الخراب’alā ḥ. al-ḳarāb on the brink of ruin حفيد ḥafīd pl. احفاد aḥfād, حفدة ḥafada grandson; descendant, offspring, scion حفيدة ḥafīda granddaughter حفر ḥafara i (ḥafr) to dig (هـ s.th.): to drill (for oil): to excavate (archeol.): to carve (هـ s.th.): to engrave, etch (هـ metal) │ حفر خنادقto dig trenches; حفر حفرة (ḥufratan) to prepare a pitfall, prepare an ambush VII pass. of I; VIII to dig حفر ḥafr digging, earthwork, excavation (also archeol.); unearthing; drilling (for oil): carving, inscribing (e.g., of letters); engraving, etching; graphic arts (etching, wood engraving); scurvy (syr.) │ جهاز الحفر jahāz al-ḥ. oil rig; oil derrick حفرة ḥufra pl. حفر ḥufar pit; hollow, cavity, excavation; hole حفرية ḥafrīya digging, excavation; O gravure; pl. حفريات excavations (archeol.) حفار ḥaffār digger; engraver; driller; stone mason │ حفار القبور gravedigger حفير ḥafīr dug, dug out, excavated, unearthed حفيرة ḥafīra pl. حفائر ḥafā’ir2 s.th. excavated or unearthed; pl. excavations (archeol.) احفور uḥfūr pl. احافير aḥāfīr2 s.th. excavated; fossil; pl. excavations (archeol.) محفر miḥfar pl. محافر maḥāfir2 spade حافر ḥāfir pl. حوافر ḥawāfir2 hoof │وقع الحافر على الحافر to coincide, happen to correspond exactly; على الحافر on the spot, right away, at once حافري ḥāfirī ungular, ungulate حافرة ḥāfira original condition, beginning │عند الحافرة on the spot, right away, at once; رجع الى حافرته to revert to its original state or origin محفور maḥfūr dug; inscribed, engraved; carved حفز ḥafaza i (ḥafz) to pierce, stab (ه s.o., ب with the spear); to incite, instigate, urge, prompt, induce (على or الى ه s.o. to s.th.) V to prepare o.s. get ready, be ready, be about to do s.th. (ل or الى). set out to do s.th. (ل or الى); to get ready to jump, make a running start; to listen, pay attention VIII to be about to do s.th., be ready (ل for) تحفز taḥaffuz preparedness, readiness; vim, dash, verve, sweep, élan حافز ḥāfiz pl. حوافز ḥawāfiz2 spur, drive (على to do s.th.), incentive (على to), initiative مستحفز mutaḥfiz ready, prepared (ل for) حفظ ḥafiẓa a (ḥifẓ) to preserve (هـ s.th.); to protect, guard, defend (ه s.o.): to observe, bear in mind (هـ s.th.), comply (هـ with s.th.), be mindful, be heedful (هـ of s.th.); to keep up, maintain, sustain, retain, uphold (هـ s.th.); to hold, have in safekeeping (هـ s.th.), take care (هـ of s.th.); to keep, put away, save, store (هـ s.th); to conserve, preserve (هـ s.th.); to retain in one’s memory, remember, know by heart (هـ s.th.); to memorize, learn by heart, commit to memory (هـ s.th., esp. the Koran); to reserve (هـ لنفسه for o.s. s.th.): to stay, discontinue, suspend (التحقيق a judicial investigation; jur.) │حفظه الله may God protect him! حفظ بالبريد to hold in care of general delivery (هـ s.th.); يحفظ في البوسطة (yuḥfaẓu) in care of general delivery, poste restante; حفظ الوفاء ل (wafā’a) to be loyal to s.o., keep faith with s.o. II to have s.o. (ه) memorize (هـ s.th.) III to preserve, keep up, maintain, uphold, sustain (على s.th.); 188 to supervise, control (على s.th.), watch (على over s.th.); to watch out (على for), take care, be heedful, be mindful (على of), look (على after), attend, pay attention (على to); to keep, follow, observe, bear in mind (على s.th.), comply (على with), conform (على to) ; to protect, guard, defend (هـ and على, also عن s.th.) IV to vex, annoy, gall, irritate, hurt, offend (ه s.o.) V to keep up, maintain, preserve (ب s.th.); to observe, keep in mind (ب s.th.), be mindful, be heedful, take care (ب of s.th.), be concerned (ب with); to be cautious, be wary, be on one’s guard; to be reserved, aloof; to have reservations VIII to maintain, uphold (ب or هـ s.th., e.g., بحقوقه one’s rights); to keep up, maintain, retain (ب or هـ s.th., e.g., a posture, a characteristic); to take care, take over custody (ب of s.o.), protect, guard (ب s.o.); to defend (against encroachment), hold, maintain (ب a possession); to preserve, sustain, continue, keep up (ب s.th.); to hold, possess (ب s.th.); to put away, hold, have in safekeeping (ب s.th.), take care (ب of s.th.); to keep, retain (ب s.th.); احتفظ لنفسه to keep for o.s., appropriate, reserve for o.s. (ب or هـ s.th.), take complete possession (هـ of) X to ask s.o. (ه) to guard or protect (هـ or على s.th.); to entrust (على or هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), commit s.th. (على or هـ) to the charge of s.o. (ه) حفظ ḥifẓ preservation; maintenance, sustentation, conservation, upholding; protection, defense, guarding; custody, safekeeping. keeping, storage; retention; observance, compliance (with); memorizing, memorization; memory; (jur.) discontinuance, stay, suspension (of legal action, of a judicial investigation) │ حفظ الآثارpreservation of ancient monuments (Eg.); حفظ الصحة ḥ. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa hygiene, sanitation; رجال الحفظ police حفظة ḥifẓa anger, indignation, resentment, rancor حفاظ ḥifāẓ pl. -āt dressing, ligature, bandage │ حفاظ الحيض ḥ. al-ḥaiḍ sanitary napkin حفيظ ḥafīẓ attentive, heedful, mindful; preserving, keeping, guarding (على s.th.) حفيظة ḥafīẓa pl. حفائظ ḥafā’iẓ2 grudge, resentment, rancor محفظة maḥfaẓa, miḥfaẓa pl. -āt, محافظ maḥāfiẓ2 folder, bag, satchel, briefcase dispatch case, portfolio; wallet, pocket, book محفظة miḥfaẓa capsule تحفيظ taḥfīẓ memorization drill, inculcation (esp. of the Koran) حفاظ ḥifāẓ defense, protection, guarding (esp. of cherished, sacred things); preservation, maintenance (على of interests); keeping, upholding (of loyalty), adherence (to a commitment) محافظة muḥāfaẓa guarding; safeguarding; preservation; protection, defense; conservation, sustaining, upholding; retention, maintenance (على of s.th.) conservativism (pol.), conservative attitude; following, observance (على of s.th.), compliance (على with s.th.), adherence (على to); guarding (من against misfortune), saving (من from misadventure); garrison (mil.); (pl. -āt) governorate (one of five administrative divisions of Egypt, in addition to a mudīrīyāt); office of the muḥāfiẓ (head of a governorate); province, anyone of the larger administrative districts (Syr.) │ المحافظة على النفس self-preservation; مذهب المحافظة madhab al-m. conservative movement, conserativism, Toryism تحفظ taḥaffuẓ caution, wariness, restraint, reticence, reserve, aloofness; -- 189 (pl. -āt) precaution, precautionary measure; reservation, limiting condition, conditional stipulation, proviso │مع التحفظ with full reservation تحفظي taḥaffuẓī precautionary, preventive │اجراءات تحفظية (ijrā’āt) precautionary measures; صلح تحفظي (ṣulḥ) settlement before action, preventive settlement (jur.) احتفاظ iḥtifāẓ guarding, safeguarding; preservation; retention, maintenance, continuation, conservation, defense, protection, vindication, sustaining, upholding; keeping, holding, safekeeping, custody (ب of s.th.) حافظ ḥāfiẓ keeper, guarder, guardian, custodian, caretaker; (pl. حفاظ القرآن ḥuffāẓ, حفظة ḥafaẓa) one who knows the Koran by heart (formerly an honorific epithet) حافظة ḥāfiẓa memory; -- (pl. حوافظ ḥawāfiẓ) wallet, pocketbook, money order (Eg.) محفوظ maḥfūẓ kept, held in safekeeping, deposited, guarded, preserved; memorized, committed to memory, etc.; conserved, preserved (food); reserved; ensured, secured, safeguarded; -- pl. محفوظات canned goods, concerves; archives; memorized material, what s.o. knows by heart │ دار المحفوظات المصرية the Egyptian Public Record Office; مأكولات محفوظة concerves, canned goods; جميع الحقوق محفوظة all rights reserved محافظ muḥāfiẓ supervisory, controlling; observing (على s.th.), complying (على with), etc.; conservative (pol.), المحافظون the Conservatives, the Tories; keeper, guarder, guardian, custodian, caretaker, supervisor, superintendent; mayor; governor (Eg.: title of the chief officer of a governorate; Syr.: chief officer of a province); director general, president (= Brit. governor) متحفظ mutaḥaffiẓ vigilant, alert, wary, cautious; reticent, reserved, aloof; staid, sedate مستحفظ mustaḥfaẓ pl. -āt reserve (mil.) حفل ḥafala i (ḥafl) to gather, assemble, congregate; to flow copiously; to be replete, teem, superabound (ب with); to pay attention, attend, give one’s mind (ب or ل to s.th.), concern o.s. (ب with), make much (ب of), set great store (ب by) │ لا حفل به(lā ḥafla) indifferent, of no consequence II to adorn, decorate, ornament (ب ه s.th. with) VIII to gather, rally, throng together; to celebrate (ب s.th., s.o.); to concern o.s. (ب or ل with), attend, pay attention. give one’s mind (ب or ل to s.th.); to honor, welcome, receive kindly (ب s.o.) حفل ḥafl gathering, meeting, assembling; assembly, congregation, throng, crowd; performance, show, public event; celebrations; feast, festival حفلة ḥafla pl. -āt assembly, gathering, meeting, congregation; party; (social or public) event; show, performance (theater, cinema); concert; festivity, ceremony, festival, festive event, celebration │ حفلة التأبينcommemoration. Commemorative, ceremony for a deceased person; الحفلة الأولى (ūlā) premiere; حفلة حافلة numerous assembly; حفلة خيرية (ḳairīya) charity performance, charity event; حفلة الدفن ad-dfn funeral ceremony, obsequies; حفلة دينية (dīnīya) religious ceremony, Divine Service; حفلة ساهرة and حفلة سمر ḥ. samar evening party, soirée; حفلة سينمائية motion-picture show; حفلة الشاي tea party; حفلة العرس ḥ. al-‘urs wedding;حفلة الاستقبال (public) reception; حفلة موسيقية concert حفيل ḥafīl eager, assiduous, diligent محفل maḥfil pl. محافل maḥāfil2 assembly, congregation, meeting, gathering; party; 190 body, collective whole; circle, quarter │محفل ماسوني Masonic lodge; المحافل الرسمية (السياسية) (rasmīya, siyāsīya) the official (political) circles or quarters احتفال iḥtifāl pl. -āt celebration, ceremony, festival, festivities حافل ḥāfil pl. حفل ḥuffal, حوافل ḥawāfil2 full (ب of), filled, replete (ب with); abundant, copious, lavish; much frequented, well attended (by visitors, participants, etc.), numerous (of attendance); solemn, ceremonial, festive حافلة hāfila pl. -āt, حوافل ḥawāfil 2 O autobus محتفل muḥtafil: المحتفلون the participants in a festive event, the celebrators محتفل muḥtafal assembly place, gathering place; party; محتفل به celebrated حفن ḥafana u to scoop up with both hands (هـ s.th.); to give a little (ل to s.o.) حفنة ḥafna pl. ḥafanāt handful 1(حفو and حفى) حفي ḥafiya a (حفاوة ḥafāwa) to receive kindly and hospitably, to welcome, receive with honors, honor (ب s.o.) V to behave with affection, be affectionate (ب toward) VIII do.; to celebrate (ب an occasion, a festival) حفي ḥafīy welcoming, receiving kindly, greeting (ب s.o., s.th.) حفاوة ḥafāwa friendly reception, welcoming, welcome, salutation (ب of s.o.) احتفاء iḥtifā’ reception, welcome, salutation (ب of s.o.); celebration, festivity 2 حفيḥafiya a (حفاء ḥafā’) to go barefoot; to have sore feet حاف ḥāfin pl. حفاة ḥufāh barefoot(ed) حق ḥaqqa i u to be true, turn out to be true, be confirmed; to be right, correct; (also pass. ḥuqqa) to be necessary, obligatory, requisite, imperative (على for s.o.), be incumbent (على upon s.o.); to be adequate, suitable, fitting, appropriate (على for s.o.); to be due (ل s.o.); يحق له he is entitled to it, he has a right to it; حق عليه he deserved it (punishment); -- u to ascertain (هـ s.th.), make sure, be sure (هـ of s.th.); to recognize. identify (ه s.o.) II to make s.th. (هـ) come true; to realize (هـ s.th., e.g., a hope), carry out (هـ e.g., a wish), carry into effect, fulfill, put into action, consummate, effect, actualize (هـ s.th.); to implement (هـ e.g., an agreement); to produce, bring on, yield (هـ results); to determine, ascertain, find out, pinpoint, identify (هـ s.th.); to prove s.th. (هـ) to be true, verify, establish, substantiate (هـ s.th.); to confirm, assert, aver, avouch, affirm (هـ s.th.); to be exact, painstaking, meticulous, careful (هـ in doing s.th.), e.g., حقق النظر (naẓara) to look closely; to study, examine, investigate, explore (هـ s.th.), look, inquire (هـ into s.th.); to verify, check (هـ or في s.th.); to investigate (في s.th., police); to make an official inquiry (هـ into s.th.), institute an investigation (هـ of or into; court; jur.); to interrogate (مع s.o.), conduct a hearing (مع of s.o.; jur.) III to contend for a right (ه with s.o.), contest or litigate a right (ه against s.o.) IV to tell the truth; to be right (في in s.th.); to enforce (هـ s.th., e.g., a legal claim) V to prove true. turn out to be true, be confirmed, prove to be correct; to materialize, become a fact; to be realized, be effected, come into effect; to be examined, be explored; to ascertain (هـ s.th., also من), make sure, reassure o.s., gain proof, convince o.s., be convinced, be sure, be certain (هـ of s.th.); to check, verify (هـ or من. s.th.); to be serious (ب about s.th.) X to be entitled, have a claim (هـ to s.th.); to claim (هـ s.th.), lay claim (هـ to); to deserve, merit (هـ s.th.), be worthy (هـ of); to require, demand, 191 necessitate, make requisite (هـ s.th.); to fall due. become payable (sum of money), mature. become due (note); to be due (ل s.o.) │يستحق الذكر (dikra) worth mentioning, noteworthy; لا يستحق عليه الرسم (rasmu) not subject to a fee. free of charge حق ḥaqq truth; correctness, rightness; rightful possession. property; one’s due; duty; proper manner; true, authentic, real; right, fair and reasonable; correct, sound, valid; الحق an attribute of God; (pl. حقوق ḥuqūq) right, title, claim, legal claim (في to); الحقوق law, jurisprudence, legal science; حقا ḥaqqan really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in truth; justly, rightly, by rights │احقا ذلك؟ is that (really) so? really? بحق justly, rightly, by rights; بالحق truly, in reality, actually; properly, appropriately, in a suitable manner; بحق bi-haqqi and في حق as to ..., as for ..., with respect to, concerning, regarding; هو على حق he is in the right; الحق معن you are right; الحق عليك you are wrong; هو حق عليك it is your duty; هذا حقي عليكم you owe this to me; عرفانا لحقها عليه (‘irfānan) in recognition of what he owed her; من حقه he is entitled to it, it is his due; كان من حقه ان he should have ..., he ought to have …; له الحق في he is entitled to ...; والحق يقال (yuqāl) one may say, it must be admitted, it’s only fair to say, say what you will ..., ... though (as a parenthetical phrase); عرف حق المعرفة (ḥaqqa l-ma‘rifa) to know exactly, know for certain, know very well, also علم حق العلم (ḥaqqa l-‘ilm); فهم حق الفهم fahima ḥaqqa l-fahm to understand precisely, comprehend thoroughly, be fully aware; السعادة الحقة (sa‘āda) true happiness; كلية الحقوق kullīyat al-ḥ. law school, faculty of law حق ḥuqq hollow, cavity; socket of a joint (anat.); also = حقة ḥuqqa حقة ḥuqqa pl. حقق ḥuqaq, حقاق ḥiqāq, احقاق aḥqāq small box, case, pot or jar; receptacle, container; -- (pl. -āt, حقق ḥuqaq) a weight (Syr., Pal.) = اقة uqqa; حقة استانبولية = 1.280 kg (Ir.) احق aḥaqq2 worthier, more deserving (ب of s.th.); more entitled (ب to s.th.) حقيق ḥaqīq pl. احقاء aḥiqqā’2 worthy, deserving (ب of s.th.), fit, competent, qualified; entitled (ب to) حقيقة ḥaqīqa pl. حقائق ḥaqā’iq2 truth, reality (also philos.); fact; the true state of affairs, the facts; true nature, essence; real meaning, true sense; ḥaqīqatan really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in truth │ رأيته على حقيقته I saw its true nature, as it really is; في حقيقة الأمر in reality, really, actually; ليس له حقيقة it does not really exist, it is not real حقيقي ḥaqīqī real, true; actual; proper, intrinsic, essential; genuine; authentic; positive حقوقي ḥuqūqī juristic(al); (pl. -ūn) jurist, jurisprudent, lawyer احقية aḥaqqīya legal claim, title, right حقاني ḥaqqānī correct, right, proper, sound, valid, legitimate, legal حقانية ḥaqqānīya justice, law │ وزارة الحقانية Ministry of Justice (formerly Eg.) تحقيق taḥqīq realization, actualization, effectuation, implementation; fulfillment (of a claim, of a wish, etc.); achievement, accomplishment, execution; ascertainment, determination, identification, verification; substantiation; assertion, affirmation, confirmation; pinpointing, precise determination; exactness, accurateness, precision; (= تحقيق النطق t. an-nuṭq) precise pronunciation; -- (pl. -āt) verification, check, checkup, investigation; official or judicial inquiry, 192 inquest │التحقيق ان it is a matter of fact that ..., it is certain that ...; على التحقيق properly speaking, strictly speaking, actually; exactly, precisely; positively, definitely; عند التحقيق properly speaking, strictly speaking, actually; تحقيق الشخصية t. aš-šaḳšīya identification (of a person), proof of identity; شهادة تحقيق الشخصية šahādat t. aš-šaḳšīya identity card; قلم تحقيق الشخصية qalam t. aš-š. bureau of identification; تحقيق الذاتية t. ad-dātīya identification; قاضي التحقيق examining magistrate; تحقيق الأرباح realization of profits (stock market) احقاق iḥqāq: احقاقا للحق iḥqāqan li-l-ḥaqq (so) that truth may prevail تحقق taḥaqquq ascertainment, making sure; conviction, certainty, certitude; verification, check, checkup استحقاق istiḥqāq pl. -āt worthiness, deservingness, merit; one’s due or desert; maturity, payability, falling due (of a sum of money); reclaiming or calling in of s.th. due, demand of a right; vindication (1.1. Law), replevin, detinue│عن استحقاق deservedly, justly, by rights; بدون استحقاق undeservedly; تاريخ الاستحقاق date of maturity (e.g., of a bond); الاستحقاق اللبناني (lubnānī) name of a Lebanese order محقوق maḥqūq worthy, deserving (ب, ل of), fit, competent, qualifying (ب, ل for); wrong, at fault, on the wrong track محقق muḥaqqiq investigator; inquirer; examining magistrate محقق muḥaqqaq sure, certain, beyond doubt, unquestionable, indubitable; assured, established, accepted, recognized │ من المحقق انit is certain that ..., it is a fact that … محق muḥiqq telling the truth, in the right, being right محقق mutaḥaqqiq convinced, sure, certain, positive مستحق mustaḥiqq entitled; claiming; beneficiary (of a wakf); deserving, worthy │مستحق الدفع m. ad-daf‘ due, payable (sum) حقب VITI to put into one's bag, to bag (هـ s.th.) حقب ḥuqb pl. احقاب aḥqāb, حقاب ḥiqāb long stretch of time, long period حقبة ḥiqba pl. حقب ḥiqab long time, stretch of time; period, age │ حقبة من الزمان ḥiqbatan min az-zamān for quite a time, for some time حقب ḥaqab pl. احقاب aḥqāb a kind of ornamental belt حقاب ḥiqāb pl. حقب ḥuqub a kind of ornamental belt حقيبة ḥaqība pl. حقائب ḥaqā’ib2 valise, suitcase, traveling bag; leather bag │ حقيبة دبلوماسية diplomatic pouch; حقيبة النقود portemonnaie, change purse; حقيبة اليد ḥ. al-yad ladies’ purse, handbag حقد ḥaqida a, ḥaqada i (ḥaqd, ḥiqd) to harbor feelings of hatred (على against) IV to incite to hatred or resentment, embitter, envenom (ه s.o.) V = I; VI to hate one another حقد ḥiqd pl. احقاد aḥqād, حقود ḥuqūd hatred, malice, spite, resentment, rancor حقيدة ḥaqida pl. حقائد ḥaqā’id2 hatred, malice, spite, resentment, rancor حقود ḥaqūd full of hatred, spiteful, resentful, malicious, malevolent, rancorous حاقد ḥāqid full of hatred, spiteful, resentful, malicious, malevolent, rancorous; pl. حقدة ḥaqada malevolent people حقر ḥaqara i (ḥaqr) to despise, scorn, disdain (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to look down (هـ, ه on), have a low opinion (هـ, ه of); -- ḥaqura u 193 to below, base, contemptible, despicable; to be despised, degraded, humiliated II to disparage, decry, depreciate (ه s.o.), detract, derogate (ه from s.o.); to degrade, debase, humble, humiliate; to regard with contempt, despise, scorn, disdain (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) VIII to despise, scorn, disdain (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), look down (هـ, ه on) X to regard as contemptible or despicable, disdain, despise (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), look down (هـ, ه on) حقير ḥaqīr pl. حقراء ḥuqarā’2 low, base, mean, vulgar, vile; little, small, paltry, inconsiderable, poor, wretched, miserable; despised; despicable, contemptible احقر aḥqar2 lower, baser, more contemptible حقارة ḥaqāra lowness, vulgarity, baseness, vileness, meanness; smallness, paltriness, insignificance, poorness, wretchedness, miserableness; despicability, contemptibleness; ignominy, infamy تحقتر taḥqīr contempt, disdain, scorn; degradation, humiliation, abasement احتقار iḥtiqār contempt, disdain, scorn │ نظر اليه بعين الاحتقار(bi-‘aini l-iḥt.) to regard s.o. with contempt, look down one’s nose at s.o. محتقر muḥtaqar despised; contemptible, despicable حقل ḥaql pl. حقول ḥuqūl field (also fig. = domain); column │ حقول البترولoil fields; حقل الزيت ḥ. az-zait, حقل النفط ḥ. an-nafṭ oil field; oil area; حقول التجارب experimental fields; حقل كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electric field حقلي ḥaqlī field- (in compounds) محاقلة muḥāqala sale of grain while still in growth, dealing in grain futures (Isl. Law) حقن ḥaqana u (ḥaqn) to hold back, withhold, keep back, detain, retain (هـ s.th.); to suppress, repress, restrain (هـ s.th.); to keep to o.s. (السر as-sirra the secret); to spare (دمه damahū s.o.’s blood or life); to give (ه s.o.) an injection (med.) VIII to become congested (esp. blood); to suffer from strangury; to take an enema, a clyster; to be injected │احتقن وجهه (wajhahū) his face was flushed, his face turned red حقن ḥaqn retention, withholding; sparing; injecting. injection (med.) │ حقنا لدمائهم ḥaqnan li-dimā’ihim in order to spare their blood; حقن في حبل الوريد intravenous injection (med.) حقنة ḥuqna pl. حقن ḥuqan injection (med.); hypodermic; clyster; enema محقنة miḥqana pl. محاقن maḥāqin2 syringe (med.) احتقان iḥtiqān congestion │ احتقان الدم iḥt. ad-dam vascular congestion محتقن muḥtaqan reddened by blood congestion, flushed, red (face) حقو ḥaqw pl. حقاء ḥiqā’, احقاء aḥqā’ loin, groin │شدد حقويه šaddada ḥaqwaihi to gird one’s loins 1حك ḥakka u (ḥakk) to rub, chafe; to scrape; to scratch; to rub off, scrape off, scratch off, abrade (هـ s.th.) │ حك في صدره (ṣadrihī) it impressed him, affected him, touched s.th. inside him IV to itch V to rub o.s., scrape, chafe (ب against); to pick a quarrel (ب with s.o.) VI to rub or scrape against each other VIII to rub o.s. scrape, chafe (ب against); to be in contact, in touch (ب with) │ احتك في صدره (ṣadrihī) it impressed him, affected him, touched s.th. inside him حك ḥakk rubbing, chafing; friction; scratching حك ḥakka itching; scabies, itch (med.) حكاك ḥakkāk lapidary 194 محك miḥakk touchstone; test │ثبت على محك النظر tabata ‘alā m. in-naẓar to stand a critical test محكة miḥakka currycomb تحاك taḥākk (reciprocal) friction احتكاك iḥtikāk pl. -āt (reciprocal) friction; close touch or contact; friction (fig., = dissension, controversy) │من غير احتكاك min gair ḥt. frictionless محكك muḥakkak chafed, worn away 2حكة ḥukka (tun., = ḥuqqa) pl. حكك ḥukak small box, case, pot or jar حكر VIII to buy up, hoard and withhold, corner (هـ a commodity); to monopolize (هـ a commercial article); to have exclusive possession (هـ of s.th.), hold a monopoly (هـ over s.th.) حكر ḥikr, ḥukr and اجرة الحكر ujrat al-ḥ. ground rent, quitrent حكر ḥakar, ḥukar hoarded حكرة ḥukra hoarding (of goods); monopoly حاكورة ḥākūra small vegetable garden احتكار iḥtikār pl. -āt cornering, buying up; monopoly; preferential position; supremacy, hegemony │ احتكار تجارة البنal-bunn coffee-trade monopoly; احتكار السكر iḥ. as-sukkar sugar monopoly احتكاري iḥtikārī rapacious, grasping, greedy حكم ḥakama u (ḥukm) to pass judgment, express an opinion (على, في on s.th.), judge (على s.th., ب by, from); to decide, give a decision, pass a verdict, pass sentence (على on); to sentence (على s.o., ب to a penalty; said of the judge), impose, inflict (ب a penalty) on s.o. (على); to pronounce a verdict or judgment, deliver judgment, rule (ل in s.o.’s favor); to adjudicate, adjudge, award (ب ل to s.o. s.th.); to take (ب s.th.) as a standard or norm; to have judicial power, have jurisdiction, have authority (على and ه over), govern, rule, dominate, control (على or ه s.o.); to order, command (ب s.th.); to bridle, check, curb (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.) │ حكم عليه بالاعدام (ḥukima, i‘dām) he was sentenced to death; حكم بإدانته (bi-idānatihī) to convict s.o., find s.o. guilty (jur.); حكم ببراءته (bi-barā’atihi) to acquit s.o. (jur.) II to appoint (ه s.o.) as ruler; to choose (ه s.o.) as arbitrator, make (ه s.o.) the judge (في over or in s.th., بين between) III to prosecute (ه s.o.); to arraign, bring to trial, hale into court (ه s.o.); to interrogate, hear (ه s.o.) IV to make (هـ s.th.) firm, strong, sturdy, solid; to fortify (هـ s.th.); to strengthen, consolidate (هـ s.th.); to do well, do expertly, master (هـ field, work), be proficient (هـ in) │ احكم امره (amrahu) to do s.th. thoroughly, carefully, properly; احكم قفل الباب (qafla l-bāb) to lock the door firmly; احكم لغة (lugatan) to master a language V to have one's own way (في in), proceed (في with) at random, at will, handle (في s.th.) arbitrarily; to pass arbitrary judgment (في on); to make o.s. the judge (على of), pass judgment (على on); to decide (ب on); to rule, reign, hold sway (في over); to dominate, control (في s.th.), be in control, be in command (في of) VI to bring one another before the judge (الى الحاكم); to appeal (الى to) for a legal decision; to be interrogated, be heard (in court) VIII to have one’s own way (في in), proceed (في with, in s.th.) at will, at random, handle (في s.th.) arbitrarily, judge arbitrarily; to rule, reign, hold sway (على, في over); to be in control, be in possession (على of); to appeal (الى to) for a legal decision, seek a decision (الى from), have s.o. (الى) decide X to be strong, sturdy, solid, firm; to become stronger, be strengthened, be 195 consolidated; to take root, be or become deep-rooted, deep-seated, ingrained, inveterate, marked, pronounced (feeling, trait) حكم ḥukm pl. احكام aḥkām judgment, valuation, opinion; decision, (legal) judgment, verdict, sentence; condemnation, conviction; administration of justice; jurisdiction, legal consequence of the facts of a case (Isl. Law); regulation, rule, provision, order, ordinance, decree; judiciousness, wisdom, judgeship, command, authority, control, dominion, power; government, regime; pl. احكام statutes, by-laws, regulations, rules, provisions, stipulations, principles, precepts; حكما ḥukman virtually; legally │بحكم bi-ḥukmi by virtue of, on the strength of, pursuant to, by force of; في حكم as good as, all but, e.g., هو في حكم (fī ḥukm l-‘adam) it is as good as nothing, it is practically nonexistent; اصبح في حكم المقرر aṣbaḥa fī ḥukmi l-muqarrar it is all but decided, كان في حكم الشيء also: to be subject to s.th.; نزل على حكمه to give in, yield to s.o., حكم البراءة ḥ. al-barā’a acquittal, حكم حضوري (ḥuḍūrī) judgment delivered in the presence of the litigant parties, after oral proceedings (jur.), الحكم بالاعدام (i‘dām) death sentence; حكم غيابي (giyābī) judgment by default (jur.); الحكم الذاتي (dātī) self-determination, autonomy (pol.); الحكم الجمهوري (jumhūrī) the republican form of government, the republican regime; الحكم المطلق (muṭlaq) the absolute, i.e., authoritarian, regime, الحكم النهائي (niyābī) the parliamentary regime, parliamentarianism; لجنة الحكم lajna al-ḥ. board of examiners, review board; الاحكام العرفية (‘urfīya) martial law; احكام انتقالية (intiqālīya) provisional regulations (jur.); احكام ختامية (ḳitāmīya) final regulations (jur.); احكام خاصة (ḳāṣṣa) special regulations; لكل سن حكمه (sinn) every age has its own set of rules, must be judged by its own standards, للضرورة احكام (li-ḍ-ḍarūra) necessity has its (own) rules, (approx.: necessity knows no law) حكمي ḥukmī legal حكمدار (eg.; pronounced ḥikimdār) commandant; chief of police حكمدارية (eg.; pronounced ḥikimdārīya) commandant’s office حكم ḥakam pl. حكام ḥukkām arbitrator, arbiter; umpire, referee حكمة ḥikma pl. حكم ḥikam wisdom; sagacity; philosophy, maxim, rationale, underlying reason │ لحكمة (with foll. genit.) on account of, because of حكمي ḥikmī gnomic, aphoristic, expressing maxims │ الشعر الحكمي (ši'r) gnomic poetry حكمة ḥakama pl. -āt bit (of a horse’s bridle) حكيم ḥakīm pl. حكماء ḥukamā’2 wise, judicious; wise man, sage; philosopher; physician, doctor حكيمباشي ḥakīmbāšī senior physician, chief surgeon حكومة ḥukūma pl. -āt government حكومي ḥukūmī of government, governmental; official, state-owned, state-controlled of the state, state- (in compounds) احكم aḥkam2 wiser محكمة maḥkama pl. محاكم maḥākim2 court, tribunal │ محكمة الاستئناف m. al-isti’nāf court of appeal, appellate court; محكمة اهلية (ahlīya) indigenous court (Eg.; jurisdiction limited to Egyptian nationals), محكمة ابتدائية (ibtidā’īya) court of first instance, محكمة ابتدائية كلية (kullīya) civil court with jurisdiction in cases of major importance, at the same time appellate instance of محاكم جزئية (Eg.); 196 محكمة جزئية (juz’īya) in Eg., lowest court of both محاكم اهلية (approx.: district courts) and of محاكم شرعية canonical courts (with jurisdiction in marital and family matters); summary court; محكمة الجنايات m. al-jinīyāt criminal court; محاكم الأحوال الشخصية (šaḳṣīya) courts dealing with vital statistics; محكمة مختلطة (muḳtaliṭa) mixed court (with jurisdiction over residents of foreign nationality); محكمة شرعية (šar’īya) canonical court (administering justice on the basis of the Sharia), court dealing with family matters of Muslims; محكمة مركزية (markazīya) county court, dealing with minor offenses, esp. misdemeanors (Eg.); محكمة القضاء الاداري m. al-qaḍā’ al-idārī administrative court; محكمة النقض والابرام m. an-naqḍ wa-l-ibrām Court of Cassation, the highest court of appeal in Egypt; محكمة التمييز Court of Cassation (Syr., Leb. = محكمة النقض والابرام in Eg.); ساحة المحاكم tribunals تحكيم taḥkīm appointment of an arbitrator; arbitration; arbitral decision, award; pl. تحكيمات fortifications │ تحكيم الحال starting from the present state of a court’s findings (Isl. Law); هيئة التحكيم hai’at at-t. board of arbitration; jury, committee of judges, committee of umpires (in sports), committee of referees (in mil. maneuvers); لجنة تحكيمية (lajna) do. محاكمة muḥākama judicial proceeding; trial, hearing (in court); legal prosecution احكام iḥkām perfection; accuracy, exactness, exactitude, precision; exact performance, precise execution │ بالاحكامaccurately, exactly, precisely; بالغ في الاحكام of highest perfection تحكم taḥakkum arbitrariness, arbitrary powers or action; despotism; domination, dominion, rule, sway, power; control (في of, over) تحكمي taḥakkumī arbitrary; despotic استحكام istiḥkām intensification, increase, strengthening; consolidation, stabilization; fortification; pl. استحكامات fortifications حاكم ḥākim ruling, governing; decisive; --(pl. -ūn, حكام ḥukkām) ruIer, sovereign; governor; judge │ حاكم(bi-amrihī) autocratic; autocrat, dictator; حاكم عام (‘āmm) governor general; حاكم المباراة al-mubārāh umpire, referee (athlet.); حاكم الصلح ḥ. aṣ-ṣulḥ (Syr.) justice of the peace; حاكم الناحية ḥ. an-nāḥiya (Tun.) district magistrate حاكمية ḥākimīya domination, dominion, rule, sovereignty; judgeship, judicature, jurisdiction (ir.) محكوم عليه maḥkūm ‘alaih sentenced (ب to) │ محكوم عليهم بالاعدام(i‘dām) those sentenced to death; محكوم عليه بالفشل (fašal) doomed to fail محكم muḥakkam pl. -ūn arbitrator, arbiter; umpire, referee (في in, over) محكم muḥkam strengthened, reinforced; firm, solid, sturdy; tight, taut; perfect, masterly, masterful; well-aimed (blow, hit); accurate, precise, exact │ محكم التدبير well-planned, well-contrived مستحكم mustaḥkam reinforced, fortified; strengthened, consolidated, strong; inveterate, deep-seated, deep-rooted, ingrained (custom, trait, etc.); pl. مستحكمات defenses, fortifications حكمدار, حكمدارية see حكم حكى ḥakā i (حكاية ḥikāya) to tell, relate (هـ s.th.), report, give an account (هـ of); to speak, talk (syr., leb.); to imitate, copy (هـ s.th.); to resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) III to imitate, copy (هـ s.th.), assimilate o.s. (هـ to); to be similar (هـ to), be like s.th. (هـ), resemble (هـ s.th.), be attuned, adjusted, adapted (هـ to), be in harmony (هـ with) 197 حكاية ḥikāya pl. -āt story, tale, narrative, accountj (gram.) literal quotation (of the words of others) محاكاة muḥākāh imitation; similarity, resemblance; harmony حاك ḥākin narrator, storyteller; phonograph; O loudspeaker, radio محكي maḥkīy imitated, imitation (adj.) حكيمباشي see حكم 1حل ḥalla u (ḥall) to untie (هـ a knot), unbind, unfasten, unravel, undo (هـ s.th.); to solve (هـ a problem, a puzzle); to decipher, decode (هـ s.th.): to dissolve in water (هـ s.th.; chem.); to resolve (هـ s.th. into its components), analyze (هـ s.th.); to melt (هـ s.th.); to decompose, disintegrate (هـ s.th.); to disband, break up, dissolve (هـ an organization or party, parliament); to open, unpack (هـ a package, and the like); to loosen, relax (هـ s.th.); to release, set free, let go (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to clear, exonerate, exculpate (من ه s.o. from), absolve (ه s.o., من from his sins; Ch,.); pass. ḥulla to be free; to be relaxed; -- i u (حلول ḥulūl) to dismount, alight, stop, halt; to settle down, stay (ب at a place, also في and هـ; على with s.o., at s.o.’s house), come (for a visit, على to); to take up residence (هـ in a place or country); to descend, come down; to descend (على upon s.o.; wrath); to overcome, overwhelm (على s.o.; sleep); to befall (ب and على s.o.; punishment, suffering), occur, happen (ب to s.o.); to become incarnate (في in s.o.; God); to set in, arrive, begin (time, season); -- i to pass into solution, dissolve: to fade (color); -- i (ḥill) to be allowed, permitted, permissible, lawful; to be due, payable (debt) │حل في منصب (manṣib) to take over or hold an office; حل محله (maḥallahū) to be in the right place; حل محل فلان, حل محل الشيء (maḥalla) to take the place of s.o. or s.th., replace, supersede s.o. or s.th., substitute for s.o. or s.th.; حلت في قلبه محلا (qalbihī) she held a place in his heart; حل محل التقدير لديه (maḥalla t-taqdīri ladaihi) to enjoy s.o.’s. high esteem; حل من نفوس القراء محل (min nufūsi l-qurrā’i maḥalla l-istiḥsān) to appeal to the readers, meet with the readers' approval II to dissolve, resolve (into its component parts), break up, decompose, analyze (هـ s.th.): to make a chemical analysis (هـ of s.th.): to be dissolvent, act as a solvent (هـ on; med.): to discharge, absolve, clear, exonerate, exculpate (ه s.o.); (تحلة taḥilla) to expiate an oath: to make permissible or lawful, legitimate, sanction, justify, warrant (هـ s.th.); to declare permissible or lawful, allow, permit (هـ s.th.) IV to discharge, release, absolve, disengage (من ه s.o. from); to declare (هـ s.th.) lawful, legally permissible, permit, allow (هـ s.th.); to cause to set in or occur, bring about, produce, cause to take root, establish, stabilize (هـ s.th.): to cause (هـ s.th.) to take or occupy the place (هـ of), shift, move, translocate (هـ هـ s.th., e.g., a tribe, to a place); to settle (بين هـ s.th. among) │احله محل (maḥallahū) to cause s.o. or s.th. to take the place of s.o. or s.th. else, replace s.o. or s.th. by, substitute s.o. or s.th. for, take s.o. or s.th. as substitute for; أحل الشيء محل العناية (maḥalla l-‘ināya) to pay attention to s.th., make s.th. one’s concern V to dissolve, melt, disintegrate; to disengage o.s., disassociate o.s., extricate o.s., free o.s. (من from) VII to be untied (knot); to be solved, be unraveled (problem); to be dissolved, be broken up, be disbanded (also, of an organization, a party, etc.); to dissolve, melt; to become .lock, limp, weak, loose, relaxed; to disintegrate; to melt away VIII to settle down (هـ at a place); to occupy (mil., هـ a territory); to assume, take over, occupy, hold, have (هـ a place, 198 a rank, an office) │احتل المكان الأول (al-makāna l-awwala) to occupy the foremost place; احتل أعماله (a‘mālahū) to take over s.o.’s functions X to regard (هـ s.th.) as permissible or lawful, think that one may do s.th. (هـ); to regard as fair game, as easy prey, seize unlawfully, misappropriate, usurp (هـ s.th.) حل ḥall pl. حلول ḥulūl untying, unfastening, undoing (of a knot); solution (of a problem, of a puzzle, etc.); unriddling, unraveling, explanation; solution (chem.); dissolution, disbandment, breaking up (of all organization, etc.), abolition, cancellation, annulment; release, freeing, liberation; decontrol, release, unblocking (e.g., of a blocked sum); discharge. clearing, exoneration, exculpation; absolution (Chr.) │قابل للحل soluble, solvable; O الحل الطيفي (ṭaifī) spectral analysis; اهل الحل والعقد ahl al-ḥ. wa-l-‘aqd or اهل الحل والربط (rabṭ) influential people, those in power; في حله وترحاله (tarḥālihī) in all his doings, in everything he did حل ḥill: (عن) كان في حل من (ḥillin) he was free to …, he was at liberty to ...; he had free disposal of ...; انت في حل من you’re free to ..., you may readily ... حلة ḥalla pl. حلل ḥilal low copper vessel; cooking pot (eg.) حلة ḥilla way station, stopping place, stop, stopover; encampment; absolution (Chr.); dispensation (Chr.) حلة ḥulla pl. حلل ḥulal clothing, dress, garb; vestments (ecclesiastic; Chr.); (complete) suit of clothes; (Western) suit │حلة رسمية (rasmīya) uniform; حلة السهرة ḥ. as-suhra formal dress حلال ḥalāl that which is allowed, permitted or permissible; allowed, permitted, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, legal, licit, legitimate; lawful possession │ابن حلال ibn ḥ. legitimate son; respectable man, decent fellow حلول ḥulūl stopping, putting up, staying; descending, coming on, befalling, overtaking; incarnation; setting in, advent, arrival (of a time, of a deadline), beginning, dawn; substitution (for s.o.) حليل ḥalīl pl. احلاء aḥillā’2 husband حليلة ḥalīla pl. حلائل ḥalā’il2 iI' wife احليل iḥlīl outer opening of the urethra; urethra (anat.) محل maḥall pl. -āt, محال maḥāll2 place, location, spot, site, locale, locality, center; (place of) residence; business; business house, firm, commercial house; store, shop; object, cause (e.g., of dispute, admiration, etc.); gear (automobile) │حل محله and احله محله see حل I and IV; محله (maḥallahū) in his (its) place; في محله in his (its) place, in his (its) stead, instead of him; كان في محله to be in the right place; to be appropriate, expedient, advisable; to be justified, warranted; في غير محله improper, misplaced, unsuitable, ill-suited; out of place; inappropriate, inexpedient, inopportune; صادف محله ṣādafa maḥallahū to be convenient, be most opportune; لا محل له (maḥalla) there is no room for ... ; it is out of place, quite déplacé; محل العمل m. al-‘amal place of employment; محل الاقامة m. al-iqāma (place of) residence, address; محل نجاري (tijārī) business house, commercial house; المحلات العمومية (‘umūmīya, tijārīya) public utilities and commercial houses; اسم المحل ism al-m. firm; محل رهونات m. ruhūnāt pawnshop; محلات السياحة m. as-siyāḥfa travel agencies; محل مرطبات m. muraṭṭibāt refreshment parlor; محل اللهو m. al-lahw and محل الملاهي m. al-malāhī (pl. محال) amusement center; محل نزاع m. nizā‘ object 199 of controversy, controversial matter; لا ارى محلا لعجب lā arā m. li-‘ajabin I don’t see any reason for amazement, there is nothing to be astonished about; محل m. naẓar s.th. deserving attention, a striking, remarkable thing محلي maḥallī local; native, indigenous; parochial; pl. محليات local news, local page (of a newspaper) محل maḥill due date; date of delivery محلة maḥalla pl. -āt way station, stopping place, stop, stopover, encampment; camp; section, part, quarter (of a city) │المحلة الكبرى (kubrā) Mahalla el Kubra (city in N Egypt) تحليل taḥlīl dissolution, resolution, breaking up, decomposition, specification, detailing, analyzation; (pl. تحاليل taḥālīl2) analysis (chem.); absolution (Chr.) │بالتحليل in detail; معمل تحليل ma‘mal t. laboratory for chemical analyses; تحليل كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electrolysis; التحليل النفسي (النفساني) (nafsī) psychoanalysis تحليلي taḥlīlī analytic(al) تحلل taḥallul dissolution, breakup; separation, disengagement, disassociation انحلال inḥilāl dissolution, breakup, decomposition; disintegration; decay, putrefaction; slackening, exhaustion, prostration, weakness, impotence احتلال iḥtilāl occupation (mil.) │جيوش الاحتلال occupation forces احتلالي iḥtilālī occupying, occupation (used attributively); advocate of foreign occupation محلول maḥlūl solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; loose; untied, unfastened, unfettered, free, at large; weakened, prostrate, exhausted, languid; solution (liquid; chem.) │محلول الشعر m. aš-ša‘ar with loose, disheveled hair محلل muḥallil analyzer منحل munḥall solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; disbanded; languid, prostrate, weak; permitted, allowed جيوش محتلة juyūš muḥtalla occupation forces 2حيلولة see حول 2حلب ḥālaba i u (ḥalb) to milk (هـ an animal) │حلب الدهر اشطره ḥalaba d-dahra ašṭurahū he has seen good and bad days V to run, drip, trickle, ooze, seep, leak; to water. drool (mouth, with appetite) │تتحلب له الأفواه (afwāh) making the mouth water, appetizing; تحلب اللعاب في فمي (al-lu‘ābu fī famī) my mouth was watering VIII to milk (هـ an animal) X do.; to squeeze juice (هـ from) حلب ḥalb milking حلب ḥalab milk حلبة ḥalba pl. ḥalabāt race track; arena; dance floor; race horses │حلبة الرقص ḥ. ar-raqṣ dance floor; انه ليس من تلك الحلبة he is not made for that, he doesn’t belong there, it is not in his line; فارس حلبة ب a master of, excelling or outstanding in حلبة ḥulba fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum; bot.); tonic, prepared of yellowish grains, for women in childbed (eg., syr.) حليب ḥalīb milk │لبن حليب laban ḥ. cow’s milk (eg.) حلوب ḥalūb lactiferous │بقرة حلوب (baqara) milk cow; الماشية الحلوب (māšiya) dairy cattle حلاب ḥallāb milker حلابة ḥallāba milkmaid, dairymaid; dairywoman; milk cow 200 محلب maḥlab mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb; bot.) حالب ḥālib ureter مستحلب mustaḥlab emulsion│مستحلب اللوز m. al-lauz almond milk 2حلب ḥalab2 Aleppo حلتيت ḥiltīt, ḥaltīt asafetida (Ferula assafoetida; bot.) حلج ḥalaja i u (ḥalj, حليج ḥalīj) to gin (هـ cotton) حلج ḥalj ginning (of cotton) حليج ḥalīj ginning (of cotton); ginned (cotton) حلاجة ḥilāja cotton ginner’s work or trade حلاج ḥallāj cotton ginner محلج miḥlaj, محلجة miḥlaja pl. محالج maḥālij2 cotton gin محلج maḥlaj pl. محالج maḥālij2 cotton ginnery حلحل ḥalḥala to remove, drive away, shove away II taḥalḥala to stir from one’s place; to move, stir, budge حلزون ḥalazūn snail; spiral حلزونة ḥalazūna (n. un.) snail; spiral حلزونى ḥalazūnī spiral, helical, volute, winding حلس ḥalisa a to remain, stay permanently (ب at a place), stick (ب to a place) حلس ḥi1s pl. احلاس aḥlās (with foll. genit.) one addicted or given to s.th., one adhering to s.th.│احلاس اللهو a. al-lahw people given to pleasure and amusement, bons vivants, playboys حلس ḥils pl. احلاس aḥlās, حلوس ḥulūs saddle blanket احلس aḥlas2, f. حلساء ḥulasā’2 bay, chestnut (horse) حلف ḥalafa i (ḥalf, ḥilf) to swear (بالله by God)│ حلف يمينا (yamīnan) to take an oath II to make (ه s.o.) swear; to put to oath, swear in (ه s.o.); to adjure, entreat earnestly (ه s.o.) III to enter into a confederation, into an alliance (ه with s.o.), become an ally (ه of s.o.) VI to commit one another by oath (على to do s.th.), join in alliance; to ally, makc an alliance (مع with) X to make (ه s.o.) swear, exact an oath (ه from s.o.); to adjure, entreat earllestly (ه s.o.) حلف ḥalf, ḥilf swearing, oath│ حلف اليمين taking the oath حلف ḥilf sworn alliance, confederacy, league; federation; (pl. احلاف aḥlāf) ally│ حلف عسكرى (‘aakarī) military alliancc; الحلف الاطلنطى (aṯlanṯī) the Atlantic Pact حليف ḥaīf pl. حلفاء ḥulafā’2 confederate; ally; allied │الحلفاء the Allies (pol.) حليفة ḥalīfa pl. -āt f. of حليف حلوف ḥallūf pl. حلاليف ḥalālīf2 (magr., eg.) wild boar; pig, swine حلفاء ḥulafā’ and حلفة ḥalfa (bot.) alfa, esparto تحليف taḥlīf swearing in │لجنة التحليف lajnat at-t. the jury (in court) محالفة muḥālafa alliance تحالف taḥāluf state of alliance; alliance, treaty of alliance محلف muḥallaf sworn, bound by oath; (pl. -ūn) juror (in court) متحالف mutaḥālif interallied, allied حلق ḥalaqa i (ḥalq) to shave (هـ the head, the face); to shave off (هـ the beard) II to circle in the air, hover; to fly, soar (bird; airplane; على and فوق) over or above s.th.); to round, make round, circular or ring-shaped (هـ Sotho); to 201 ring, surround, encircle (على s.o., s.th.); to clothe V to form a circle, sit in a circle; to gather in a circle (على around s.o.) حلق ḥalq shaving, shave; (pl. حلوق ḥulūq, احلاق aḥlāq) throat, gullet, pharynx حلقى ḥalqī guttural, pharyngeal حلق ḥalaq rings, earrings حلقة ḥalqa, ḥalaqa pl. حلق ḥalaq, حلقات ḥalaqāt ring (also earring, etc.); link (of a chain); circle (also of people); group of students studying under a professor, hence: lecture, course (e.g., at Al Azhar University); part of a sequence or series; ringlet; disk; decade; market│ حلقة النجاة ḥ. an-najāh life buoy, life preserver; Jl- حلقة الاتصال ḥ. al-ittiṣāl and حلقة الوصل ḥ. al-waṣl connecting link (بين between; fig.); الحلقة المفقودة the missing link, the intermediate form; فى الحلقة السادسة من عمره (‘umrihī) in the sixth decade of his life, in his fifties; حلقة الاسماك fish market; حلقة القطن ḥ. al-quṯn cotton market حلقي ḥalaqī annular, ring-shaped, circular حلاق ḥallāq pl. -ūn barber │حلاق صحي (ṣiḥḥī), حلاق الصحة ḥ. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa barber-surgeon حليق ḥalīq shaved, shaven, shorn حلاقة ḥallāqa shaving, shave; barber’s trade │ صابون الحلاقة ṣābūn al-ḥ. shaving soap; صالون الحلاقة barbershop; قاعة الحلاقة qā‘at al-ḥ. do.; O ماكينة حلاقة and O آلة حلاقة safety razor محلق miḥlaq pl. محالق maḥāliq2 straight razor تحليق taḥlīq flying, flight (of all aircraft; على and فوق over a country); take-off (of an airplane) من حالق min ḥāliq from above حلقوم ḥulqūm pl. حلاقم ḥalāqim2 throat, gullet │راحة الحلقوم rāḥat al-ḥ. a kind of sweet made of cornstarch, sugar, mastic and pistachios (eg.) حلك ḥalika a (ḥalak) to be pitch-black, deep-black XII احلولك iḥlaulaka do. حلك ḥalak intense blackness حلكة ḥulka intense blackness حلك ḥalik pitch-black, deep-black; gloomy, murky حلوكة ḥulūka gloominess, darkness; blackness حالك ḥālik pitch-black, deep-black; gloomy, murky حلم ḥalama u to dream (ب or عن of; فى ان of being, becoming, doing, etc., in the future); to muse, reflect, meditate (ب on s.th.); to attain puberty; -- ḥaluma u to be gentle, mild-tempered VIII to attain puberty حلم ḥulm, pl. احلام aḥlām, dream; pl. irreality, utopia حلمي ḥulmī dream- (in compounds), of or pertaining to dreams حلم ḥulum sexual maturity, puberty │ بلغ الحلمto attain puberty حلم ḥilm, pl. حلوم ḥulūm, احلام aḥlām gentleness, clemency, mildness; forbearance, indulgence; patience; insight, discernment, understanding, intelligence, reason │ صغار الاحلام simpleminded people, simple souls حلم ḥalam (coll.; n. un. ة) tick; mite; nipple, teat, mammilla (of the female breast) حلمي ḥalamī parasitic; mammillary, nipple-shaped حليم ḥalīm, pl. حلماء ḥulamā’ 2 mild, mild-tempered, gentle; patient 202 حلومḥālūm, حالوم ḥālūm a kind of Egyptian cheese حالم ḥālim pl. -ūn dreamer محتلم muḥtalim sexually mature, pubescent, marriageable (حلو and حلى) ḥaluwa u, ḥaliya a, حلا ḥalā u (حلاوة ḥalāwa, حلوان ḥulwān) to be sweet; to be pleasant, agreeable (ل to s.o.) │حلا له الشيء he enjoyed the thing; حلا له ان it pleased him that ..., he was delighted that ...; حسبما يحلو له (ḥasabamā) at his discretion, as he pleases; -- حلى ḥalā i to adorn, grace; -- حلى ḥaliya a to be adorned (ب with) II to sweeten (II s.th., e.g., a beverage with sugar); to adorn, bedeck, embellish, attire, furnish, provide (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., ب with) V to adorn o.s., be adorned, decked out, embellished, graced, endowed, furnished, provided (ب with) X to find sweet or pleasant, like (هـ s.th.), be delighted (هـ by) حلا ḥalan sweetness, pleasantness حلو ḥulw sweet; pleasant, nice, charming, delightful, pretty │حلو الحديث a gifted raconteur, amusing, entertaining; الغدة الحلوة (gudda) pancreas (anat.) حلي ḥaly pl. حلي ḥulīy piece of jewelry, trinket حلية ḥilya pl. حلى ḥilan, ḥulan decoration, embellishment, finery; ornament حلوى ḥalwa pl. حلاوى ḥalāwa candy, confection, confectionery, sweetmeats حلواء fi.alwa'2 candy, confection, con• fectionery, sweetmeats حلويات ḥalwayāt (and eg. ḥalawīyāt) sweets (in general); sweet pastry; candies, confectionery, sweetmeats حلاوة ḥalāwa sweetness; candies, confectionery, sweetmeats; grace, gracefulness, charm, refinement, wittiness, wit; present of money; ransom │ حلاوة حمصية (ḥummuṣīya) a sweet made of roasted chick-peas; حلاوة طحينية (ṭahīnīya) a sweet made of sesame-seed meal; حلاوة لوزية (lauzīya) a sweet made of almonds حلوان ḥulwān present of money, gratuity, tip حلواني ḥalwānī and حلوائي ḥalwā’ī confectioner, candy dealer; pastry cook, fancy baker ما احيلى mā uḥailā oh, how sweet is ..., ما احيلاه oh, how sweet he is! تحلية taḥliya decoration, embellishment, ornamentation محلى muḥallan sweetened; decorated, embellished, adorned, ornamented (ب with) 1 حم ḥam pl. احماء aḥmā’ father-in-law; pl. relatives of the wife by marriage, in-laws of the wife حماة ḥamāh pl. حموات ḥamawāt mother-in-law; see also 1 حمى and 2حمى 2حم ḥuma see 2 حمو 3حم ḥamma u (ḥamm) to heat, make hot (هـ s.th.); pass. ḥumma to be feverish, have a fever │حم له ذلك (ḥumma) that was decreed to him, that is his lot, his destiny II to heat, make hot (هـ s.th.); to bathe, wash (هـ or ه s.o. or s.th.) IV to heat, make hot (هـ s.th.) X to bathe, take a bath حمة ḥamma hot spring حمة ḥumma blackness, swarthiness, dark coloration; fever حمم ḥumam (n. un. ة) charcoal; anything charred or carbonized; ashes, cinder; lava حمى ḥumma f., pl. حميات ḥummayāt fever, fever heat │الحمى التيفودية and الحمى التيفية (tīfīya) typhoid fever, typhus fever; حمى الدق ḥ. d-diqq hectic fever; حمى الربع ḥ. r-rib‘ quartan fever; الحمى الراجعة relapsing fever; الحمى الصفراء or الحمى الصفراوية (ṣafrā’, ṣafrāwīya) yellow fever; حمى الغب ḥ. l-gibb tertian fever; الحمى الفحمية (faḥmīya) anthrax; الحمى القرمزية (qirmizīya) scarlet fever; حمى القش ḥ. l-qašš hayfever; الحمى القلاعية (qulā‘īya) foot-and-mouth disease; الحمى المخية الشوكية (mukkīya, šaukīya) cerebrospinal meningitis; الحمى المتموجة (mutamawwija) undulant fever, Malta fever, brucellosis; الحمى النفاسية (nifāsīya) puerperal fever, childbed fever; O الحمى النمشية (namašīya) spotted fever حمي ḥummī feverish, febrile, fever- (in compounds) حمام ḥamām (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt, حمائم ḥamā’im2 dove, pigeon │حمام الزاجل carrier pigeon; ساق الحمام bugloss, oxtongue (Anchusa officinalis; bot.) حمام ḥimām (fate of) death حمام ḥammām pl. -āt bath; swimming pool; spa, watering place │حمام شمس ḥ. šams sunbath; حمامات بحرية (baḥrīya) seaside resorts حميم ḥamīm pl. احماء aḥimmā’2 close friend; close, intimate; -- hot water احم aḥamm2, f. حماء ḥammā’2, pl. حم ḥumm black محم miḥamm hot-water kettle, caldron, boiler استحمام istiḥmām bathing, bath محموم maḥmūm feverish, having a fever; frantic, hectic 1حمأ ḥama’a a to clean out, dredge (هـ a well) حمأ ḥama’, حمأة ḥam’a mud, mire, sludge 2حمئ ḥami’a to be or become angry, furious, mad (على at s.o.) حمحم ḥamḥama (حمحمة ḥamḥama) to neigh, whinny (horse) حمحمة ḥamḥama neigh(ing), whinnying, whinnies حمحم ḥimḥim oxtongue, bugloss (Anchusa officinalis; bot.) حمد ḥamida a (ḥamd) to praise, commend, laud, extol (على ه s.o. for, هـ s.th.) II to praise highly (ه s.o.) حمد ḥamd commendation, praise, laudation │الحمد لله al-ḥamdu lillāh thank God! praise be to God! praised be the Lord! حميد ḥamīd praiseworthy, laudable, commendable; benign, harmless (disease) حمود ḥamūd praiseworthy, laudable, commendable, praised احمد aḥmad2 more laudable, more commendable الشريعة الأحمدية aš-šarī‘a al-aḥmadīya Mohammedan Law محمدة maḥmada pl. محامد maḥāmid2 commendable act; pl. محامد praises, encomiums محمود maḥmūd praised; commendable, laudable, praiseworthy محمد muḥammad praised; commendable, laudable محمدي muḥammadī pertaining or attributable to Mohammed حمدل ḥamdala to pronounce the formula الحمد لله "Praise be to God!” حمدلة ḥamdala the formula الحمد لله (see above) حمر II to redden, color or dye red (هـ s.th.); to roast (هـ s.th.); to fry (هـ s.th.); to brown (هـ flour in preparing a roux) IX to turn red, take on a reddish color, redden, blush 204 حمر ḥumar asphalt حمري ḥumarī asphaltic, asphalt, tar, tarry حمرة ḥumra redness, red color(ation), red; rouge (cosm.); brick dust, brick rubble; erysipelas, St. Anthony's fire (med.) حمار ḥimār pl. حمير ḥamīr, حمر ḥumur, احمرة aḥmira donkey, ass │حمار الوحش ḥ. al-waḥš and حمار وحشي (waḥšī) wild ass, onager; سم الحمار samm al-ḥ. oleander (Nerium oleander; bot.) حمارة ḥimāra pl. حمائر ḥamā’ir2 she-ass, female donkey حمور ḥumūr red, red color(ation), redness حميرة ḥumaira redstart (zool.) حمار ḥammār pl. ة donkey driver احمر aḥmar2, f. حمراء ḥamrā’2, pl. حمر ḥumr red, red-colored, ruddy; rosy, pink │تحت الأحمر, دون الأحمر infrared; البحر الأحمر the Red Sea; الصليب الأحمر the Red Cross; الموت الأحمر (maut) violent death; الهوى الأحمر (hawā) sexual intercourse; الأحمران (“the two red ones”, i.e.) wine and meat; الاسود والاحمر (“the black and the red”, i.e.) all mankind; احمر الشفاه lipstick حمراء ḥamrā’2 smut, rust (disease affecting cereals); الحمراء Alhambra, the Citadel of Granada يحمور yaḥmūr red; deer, roe, roebuck; wild ass; hemoglobin (physiol.) احمرار iḥmirār reddening, blush(ing), redness, red coloration; erythema (med.) محمر muḥammar roasted │بطاطس محمرة (baṭāṭis) fried potatoes حمز ḥamaza i (ḥamz) to bite, or burn, the tongue (taste) حمس ḥamisa a to work with zeal, be zealous, eager, ardent, be or become enthusiastic, get all worked up, get excited, be filled with fanatic enthusiasm V = I; to be overzealous or over-enthusiastic (في in s.th.); to advocate fervently (ل s.th.), throw o.s. wholeheartedly behind s.th. (ل) حمس ḥamis and احمس aḥmas2 unflinching, staunch, steadfast, ardent, eager, zealous, stout, hearty; fiery, enthusiastic, full of enthusiasm حماس ḥamās, and حماسة ḥamāsa enthusiasm, fire, ardor, fervor, zeal, fanaticism حماسي ḥamāsī enthusiastic, ardent, fiery, zealous, fanatic; stirring, rousing, thrilling, electrifying تحمس taḥammus unflinching zeal, enthusiasm (ل for), fanaticism متحمس mutaḥammis enthusiastic, ardent, fiery, zealous, fanatic; an ardent follower, a fanatic adherent, a fanatic حمش ḥamaša u to excite, irritate, infuriate, enrage (ه s.o.) حمشة ḥamša catgut (med.) 1حمص II to roast; to fry, broil (A s.th.) حمص ḥimmiṣ, ḥimmmaṣ; (colloq.) ḥummuṣ (coll.; n. un. ة) chick-pea 2حمص Mm,' Homs (the ancient Emesa, city in oentral Syria) حمض ḥamuḍa u (حموضة ḥumūḍa) to be or become sour II to make sour, sour, acidify, acidulate (هـ s.th.); to develop (هـ a photographic plate, a film; phot.); to cause (هـ s.th.) to oxidize حمض ḥamaḍa pl. احماض aḥmāḍ acid (chem.) │حمض بولي (baulī) uric acid شجر حمضي šajar ḥamḍī citrus trees حمضية ḥamḍīya pl. -āt citrus fruit 205 حموضة hummūḍa sourness, acidity │مولد الحموضة muwallid al-ḥ. oxygen (chem.) حماض ḥammāḍ, حميض ḥummaiḍ sorrel (bot.) تحميض taḥmīḍ souring, acidification; development (phot.) احماض iḥmāḍ jocular language, joking remark حامض sour, acid; acidulous; (pl. حوامض ḥawāmiḍ) acid (chem.) │حامض الفحم ḥ. al-faḥm carbonic acid: حامض كبريتي (kibrītī) sulphuric acid حمق ḥamiqa a and ḥamuqa u (ḥumq, حماقة ḥamāqa) to be stupid, silly, foolish, fatuous; to become angry or furious II and IV to regard (ه s.o.) as a fool, consider (ه s.o.) dumb, stupid, idiotic n pretend to be stupid VII to become angry or furious X to consider (ه s.o.) dumb, stupid, idiotic حمق ḥumq stupidity, silliness, foolishness, folly حماقة ḥamāqa stupidity, silliness, foolishness, folly; anger, wrath حماق ḥumāq, ḥamāq smallpox, variola (med.) حمق aḥmaq2, f. حمقاء ḥamqā’2, pl. حمق ḥum(u)q, حمقى ḥamqā, حماقى ḥamāqā dumb, stupid, silly, foolish, fatuous; fool, simpleton, imbecile حمق ḥamqān dumb, stupid, silly, foolish; angry, furious حمل ḥamala i (ḥaml) to carry, bear (هـ s.th.); to lift, pick up (هـ s.th. in order to carry it), load up and take along (هـ s.th.): to hold (هـ s.th., in one’s hand); to carry on or with one. take or bring along (هـ s.th.); to transport, carry, convey (هـ s.th.); to bring, take (الى or ل هـ s.th. to s.o.); to take upon o.s. (عن instead of or for s.o., هـ a burden), carry, assume (هـ the burden, عن of s.o. else), relieve (هـ عن s.o. from s.th.), take (هـ a burden, a grievance, etc.) from s.o. (عن); to extend, show, evince, cherish, ha.rbor (هـ a feeling, ل toward s.o.); to become or be pregnant (من by s.o.): to bear fruit (tree); to induce, cause, prompt, get (على ه s.o. to do s.th.), make s.o. (ه) do s.th. (على); to convert, bring around, win over (على رأيه ه s.o. to one’s opinion), convince (على رأيه ه s.o. of one’s opinion); to attack (على s.o.), also حمل حملة على (ḥamlatan) to launch or make an attack on; to know by beart (هـ a book); to relate, refer (على هـ s.th. to). bring (هـ s. th.) to bear (على upon s.th.), link, correlate, bring into relation (هـ s.th., على with); to trace, trace back (على هـ s.th. to); to ascribe, attribute, impute (على هـ s.th. to s.o.); to make (هـ a word) agree grammatically (على with another) │ حمل في نفسهto feel annoyed, be in a melancholy mood, feel blue; حمل على نفسه to pull o.s. together, brace o.s.; حمله على محمل (maḥmali) to take s.th. to mean …, interpret or construe s.th. in the sense of …, as if it were ...; حمله على غير محمل to misinterpret, misconstrue s.th.; حمله محمل الجد (maḥmala l-jidd) to take s.th. seriously, take s.th. at face value II to have or make (ه s.o.) carry or bear (هـ s.th.), load, burden, charge, task (هـ, ه s.o. or s.th. هـ with), impose (هـ ه on s.o. s.th.) V to hear, assume, take upon o.s. (هـ s.th., e.g., النفقات an-nafaqāt the expenses, المسؤولية al-mas’ūlīya the responsibility); to bear up (هـ under), bear, stand, sustain, endure, tolerate, stomach (هـ s.th.); to undergo, suffer (هـ s.th.); to be able to stand (ه s.o.) or put up (ه with s.o.); to set out, get on one’s way; to depart VI to maltreat, treat unjustly (على s.o.), be prejudiced, be biased, take sides (على against s.o.); to struggle to 206 one’s feet, rise with great effort │ تحامل على نفسه (nafsihi) to brace o.s.; to pull o.s. together, take heart, pluck up courage VIII to carry, bring (هـ s.th.); to carry away, take away, haul off, lug off (هـ s.th.); to suffer, undergo, bear, stand, endure, sustain (هـ s.th.); to allow, permit, suffer, tolerate, brook, stomach (هـ s.th.), acquiesce (هـ in), put up, bear (هـ with s.th.); to hold (هـ s.th.), have capacity (هـ for); to imply that s.th. (هـ) is possible, permissible, or conceivable; يحتمل yaḥtamilu and (pass.) yuḥtamalu (it is) bearable, tolerable; (it is) conceivable, possible, probable, likely حمل ḥaml carrying, bearing; inducement, prompting, encouragement (of s.o., على to); delivery; transport, transportation, conveyance; portage, carrying charges; -- (pl. احمال aḥmāl, حمال ḥimāl) foetus; pregnancy │عدم الحمل ‘adam al-ḥ. sterility (of a woman) حمل ḥiml, ḥaml pl. احمال aḥmāl cargo, load, burden │حمل حي ḥaml ḥayy pay load, commercial load, live load; حمل ميت mayyit) dead load; dead weight (arch.); حمل موازن (muwāzin) counterpoise, counterweight حمل ḥamal pl. حملان ḥumlān, احمال aḥmāl lamb; (unconsecrated) Host (Chr.Copt.); Aries, Ram (astron.) حملة ḥamla pl. ḥamalāt attack (على on); offensive; campaign; military expedition; expeditionary force │حملة تأديبية (ta’dībīya) punitive expedition; mحملة صحافيي (ṣiḥāfīya) press campaign; حملة استكشافية (istikšāfīya) reconnaissance raid (mil.); حملة ميكانيكية motorized detachment (mil.); حملة انتخابية (intikābīya) election campaign حملي ḥamalī pl. -īya ambulant water vendor حميل ḥamīl foundling; guarantor, warrantor حميلة على ḥamīla ‘alā a burden to, completely dependent upon حمول ḥamūl long-suffering; gentle, mild-tempered حمال ḥamnāl pl. -ūn, ة porter, carrier حمالة ḥimāla work and trade of a porter or carrier حمالة ḥammāla (carrier) beam, girder, support, base, post, pier, pillar; suspenders │حمالة الصدر (ṣadr) brassiere حمولة ḥumūla pl. -āt load capacity, load limit, capacity; tonnage (of a vessel); portage, freightage, transport charges; (pl. حمائل ḥamā’il2) family (Ir.) محمل maḥmal see حمل ḥamala; also أخذ شيئا على محمل الجد (m. il-jidd) to take s.th. seriously محمل maḥmil (colloq. maḥmal) pl. محامل maḥāmil2 camel-borne litter; mahmal, a richly decorated litter sent by Islamic rulers to Mecca as an emblem of their independence, at the time of the hadj تحميل taḥmīl burdening; encumbrance; imposition; loading, shipping, shipment تحميلة taḥmīla pl. تحامل taḥāmil2 suppository (med.) تحمل taḥammul taking over, assumption (of burdens); bearing, standing, sufferance, endurance; durability; strength,hardiness, sturdiness, solidity (of a material) تحامل taḥāmul prejudice, bias, partiality; intolerance احتمال iḥtimāl bearing, standing, suffering, sufferance, toleration; probability, likelihood, potentiality │صعب الاحتمال (ṣa‘b) hard to bear, oppressive حامل ḥāmil pl. حملة ḥamala porter, carrier; bearer (of a note, of a check, etc.; of an order or decoration); holder (of an identification paper, of a diploma, of a 207 certificate); holding device, holder, clamp, fastener, hold, support (tech.); fighter (على against), (pl. حوامل ḥawāmil2) pregnant │حامل البريد courier, حملة الأسهم ḥ. al-ashum shareholders; حملة الأقلام the publicists, the writers; حامل كلام الله ḥ. kalām allāh one who knows the Koran by heart; تيار حامل (tayyār) carrier current (el.), موجات حاملة (maujāt) carrier waves (el.) حاملة ḥāmila pl. -āt device for carrying, carrier │ حاملة خريطةmap case; حاملة طائرات ḥ. ṭā’irāt aircraft carrier محمول maḥmūl carried, borne, bearable, tolerable; load weight, service weight, cargo; tonnage (of a vessel); predicate, attribute (logic), محمول عليه subject (logic) │مشاة محمولة (mušāh) motorized infantry (mil.); جنود محمولون جوا airborne troops (mil.) محمل muḥammal loaded, laden, heavily charged, burdened (ب with), encumbered (ب by) محتمل muḥtamal bearable, tolerable; probable, likely حملق ḥamlaqa (حملقة ḥamlaqa) to stare, gaze (في or ب at) حملايا ḥimalāyā Himalaya 1حمو ḥamū (construct state of حم ḥam) and حماة ḥamāh see 1 حم 2حمو) and حمى) حمي ḥamiya a to be or become hot; to glow (metal); to flare up; to fly into a rage, become furious (على at) │ حمى الوطيسfierce fighting broke out II to make hot, heat (هـ s.th.), to heat to glowing (هـ metal); to fire up (هـ a stove); to kindle, inflame, stir up, excite (هـ s.th.); to bathe (= 3 حم II) IV to make hot, heat (هـ s.th.) حمو ḥamw heat │حمو النيل ḥ. an-nīl prickly heat, heat rash, lichen tropicus (eg.) حمو ḥumūw heat حمة ḥuma pl. -āt, حمى ḥuman sting, stinger (of insects); prick, spine (of plants) حمي ḥamīy hot, glowing; heated, exited حمى ḥummā see 3 حم حمية ḥamīya zeal, ardor, fervor; enthusiasm, ardent zeal, fanaticism; violence, vehemence; passion, rage, fury; heat of excitement; temper, temperament │ الحمية القومية(qaumīya) chauvinism حميا ḥumayyā heat; excitement, agitation; enthusiasm; fire, passion, impetuosity, vehemence; fury, rage; wine حماوة ḥamāwa heat محمى maḥman fire chamber, furnace (of a stove, oven, etc.) حام ḥāmin hot; heated, violent, fierce (e.g., a battle); glowing, passionate, fiery; burning 1 حمى ḥamā i (ḥamy, حماية ḥimāya) to defend, guard (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., من against), protect, shelter, shield (من هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to deny (المريض the patient) harmful food (هـ; = to put him on diet); to forbid (ان ه s.o. to do s.th.) III to defend (من s.o. or s.th., also, of a lawyer in court); to shield, protect, support (عن s.o. or s.th.), take up the cause of (عن), stand up for (عن) VI to keep away (هـ from), shun, avoid (هـ s.th.) VIII to protect o.s. (ه, هـ from s.th., from s.o.), defend o.s., cover o.s. (ب with s.th.), seek protection, seek shelter or refuge (ب with s.o., also عند; من from) حمى ḥiman protection; defense; sanctuary حمية ḥimya that which is defended; diet 208 حماية ḥimāya pl. -āt protection, patronage, sponsorship, auspices; protectorate (pol.) محاماة muḥāmāh defense (jur.); legal profession, practicing of law │ هيأة المحاماة ḥai’at al-m. the bar احتماء iḥtimā’ seeking cover, seeking protection; cover, shelter, protection حام ḥāmin pl. حماة ḥumāh protector, defender, guardian; patron │ الدولة الحامية (daula) protecting power (of a protectorate) حامية ḥāmiya pl. -āt patroness, protectress; garrison (mil.) محمي maḥmīy protected (ب by); being under a protectorate, having the status of a protectorate │منطقة محمية (minṭaqa) protectorate (country) محمية maḥmīya pl. -āt protectorate (country; pol.) محام muḥāmin pl. محاميون muḥāmūn defense counsel, counselor-at-law, lawyer, barrister, attorney (at law), advocate محامية muḥāmiya woman lawyer محتم muḥtamin one who seeks protection; protégé; being under a protectorate, having the status of a protectorate 2 حماة, حماه ḥamāh Hama (city in W Syria) حن ḥanna i (حنين ḥanīn) to long, yearn, hanker (الى for), crave (الى s.th.); -- (حنة ḥanna, حنان ḥanān) to feel tenderness, affection, sympathy (على for s.o.); to sympathize, commiserate (على with), feel compassion (على for); to pity (على s.o.), have mercy (على on) II to move, touch, fill with tenderness, soften, fill with compassion (قلبه qalbahū s.o.’s heart); to blossom, flower, be in bloom (tree) V to feel sympathy, feel pity, feel compassion (على for s.o.), commiserate (على with s.o.); to be tender, affectionate حنة ḥanna sympathy; commiseration, compassion, pity; favorable aspect, advantage حنان ḥanān sympathy, love, affection, tenderness; commiseration, compassion, pity; حنانيك ḥanānaika have pity! have mercy! حنانة ḥanāna compassion, pity, commiseration حنين ḥanīn longing, yearning, hankering, nostalgia, craving, desire حنون ḥanūn affectionate, loving, soft-hearted, tenderhearted, compassionate, merciful; tender, soft, gentle, kind, moving, touching (voice) حنان ḥannān affectionate, loving, tender; compassionate, sympathetic تحنان tiḥnān attachment, devotion, loyalty تحنن taḥannun tenderness, affection, sympathy حنأ II to dye red (هـ s.th., with henna) حناء ḥinnā’ henna (a reddish-orange cosmetic gained from leaves and stalks of the henna plant) │ابو الحناء abū l-ḥ. robin (redbreast); تمر الحناء (colloq. tamr el-ḥinna) henna plant (Lawsonia inermis; bot.) حانبة look up alphabetically حنبلي ḥanbalī Hanbalitic, of or pertaining to the madhab of Aḥmad ibn ḥanbal; puritanical, strict in religious matters; (pl. حنابلة ḥanābila) Hanbalite حانوت, حانوتي see حنو حنث ḥanita a (ḥint) with في يمينه or بيمينه: to break one’s oath V to practice piety, perform works of devotion; to seek religious purification; to scorn sin, not yield to sin حنث ḥint pl. احناث aḥnāt perjury; sin 209 حنجرة ḥanjara pl. حناجر ḥanājir2 larynx, throat حنجور ḥunjūr pl. حناجير ḥanājīr 2 larynx, throat حنجل ḥanjala to prance (horse); to caper, gambol II taḥanjala to dance, caper, gambol, frisk حندس ḥindis pl. حنادس ḥanādis2 dark night حندقوق ḥandaqūq (bot.) melilot, (yellow) sweet clover (Melilotus) حنش ḥanaš pl. احناش aḥnāš snake حنط II to embalm (ه a corpse); to stuff (هـ a carcass) حنطة ḥinṭa wheat حناطةḥināṭa embalming تحنط taḥannuṭ mummification محنط muḥannaṭ mummified عربة الحنطور ‘arabat al-ḥanṭūr, victoria, light carriage. designed for two passengers حنظل ḥanẓal (coll.; n. un. ة) colocynth (Citrullue colocynthis; bot.) حنف ḥanafa i to turn or bend sideways حنيف ḥanīf pl. حنفاء ḥunafā’2 true believer, orthodox; one who scorns the false creeds surrounding him and professes the true religion; true (religion) │الدين الحنيف (din) the True (i.e., Islamic) Religion, also الحنيفة السمحاء (samḥā’) حنفي ḥanafī pagan, heathen, idolater (Chr.); Hanafitic (see حنيفة); (pl. -ūn) Hanafi حنفية ḥanafīya paganism, heathendom (Chr.); Hanafitic madhab (an orthodox school of theology founded by Abu Hanifah); -- (pl. -āt) faucet, tap; hydrant الحنيفية al-ḥanīfīya the True (i.e., Islamic) Religion احنف aḥnaf2 afflicted with a distortion of the foot حنق ḥaniqa a (ḥanaq) to be furious, mad, angry; to be annoyed, exasperated, peeved, irritated (على or من at, by), be resentful (على or من of) IV to infuriate, enrage, embitter, exasperate, irritate (ه s.o.) حنق ḥanaq fury, rage, ire, wrath, anger, exasperation, resentment, rancor حنق ḥaniq furious, mad, angry; resentful, bitter, embittered, annoyed, exasperated, peeved حانق ḥāniq furious, mad, angry; resentful, bitter, embittered, annoyed, exasperated, peeved │حانق على الحياة (ḥayāh) weary of life, dispirited, dejected; حانق على النساء (nisā’) misogynist محنق muḥannaq infuriated, enraged; embittered, bitter, angry, exasperated, resentful حنك ḥanaka i u, II and IV to sophisticate, make experienced or worldly-wise through severe trials (said of fate, time, age) حنك ḥanak pl. احناك aḥnāk palate حنكي ḥanakī palatal حنك ḥunk, ḥink and حنكة ḥunka worldly experience, worldly wisdom gained through experience, sophistication محنك muḥannak experienced, worldly wise, sophisticated │محنك مبنك (mubannak) shrewd, smart, sharp (حنو and حنى) حنا ḥanā u and حنى ḥanā i to bend, curve, twist, turn; to lean, incline (على or الى toward s.o.); to feel for s.o. (على), sympathize (على with s.o.), commiserate, pity (على s.o.), feel compassion, feel pity (على for s.o.); to bend, bow, flex, curve, crook (هـ s.th.) IV to bend, bow, tilt, incline (هـ s.th.; e.g., رأسه ra’sahū one’s head); to sympathize (على 210 with s.o.), feel compassion, feel pity (على for s.o.), commiserate, pity (على s.o.) VII to bend, curve, twist, turn; to be winding, be tortuous, wind, meander (e.g., a road); to turn, deviate, digress (عن from); to bow (ل to s.o.); to lean, incline (على or فوق; over s.th., الى toward s.o., toward s.th.); to devote o.s. eagerly (على to s.th.); to contain, harbor (على s.th.) │ان ضلوعي لا تنحني على ضغن (ḍulū‘ī, ḍign) I harbor no grudge, I feel no resentment حنو ḥanw bending, deflection, flexing, flexure, curving, curvature, twisting, turning حنو ḥinw pl. احناء aḥnā’ bend, bow, turn, twist, curved line, curve, contour; pl. ribs │بين احنائها in her bosom حنو ḥunuw sympathy, compassion, tenderness, affection حني ḥanīy bending, deflection, flexing, flexure, curving, ourvature, twisting, turning حنية ḥanya bend, turn, curve حنية ḥanīya pl. حنايا ḥanāyā arc; camber, curvature │في حنايا صدره in his bosom; في حنايا نفسه in his heart, deep inside him حناية ḥināya curving, curvature, twisting, turning, bending حانوت see below محنى maḥnan pl. محان maḥānin curvature, bend, flexure, bow, turn, curve انحناء inḥinā’ bend, deflection, curvature; curve; arc; inclination, tilt; how, curtsy انحناءة inḥinā’a (n. vic.) bow, curtsy الحواني al-ḥawānī the longest ribs; (fig.) breast, bosom │بملء حوانيهم bi-mil’i ḥ. (they shouted) at the top of their lungs, with all their might محنى maḥnīy bowed, inclined (head); bent, curved, crooked منحن munḥanin bent, curved, crooked, twisted; inclined, bowed منحنى munḥanan pl. منحنيات munḥanayāt bend, flexure, deflection, curvature; turn, twist, break, angle; curve (of a road, end math.); slope حانوت ḥānūt pl. حوانيت ḥawānīt2 store, shop; wineshop, tavern حانوتي ḥānūtī pl. -īya (eg.) corpse washer; undertaker, mortician, gravedigger حواء ḥawwā’2 Eve حوب V to abstain from sin; to lead ش pious life; to refrain, abstain (من from s.th.) حوبة ḥauba sin, offense, misdeed, outrage حوباء ḥaubā’2 soul حوت pl. حيتان ḥītān, احوات aḥwāt fish; whale; Pisces, Fishes (astron.) │حوت سليمان ḥ. sulaimān salmon حوج IV aḥwaja to have need, stand in need, be in went (الى of s.th.), need, require, went (الى s.th.); to put (ه s.o.) in need of (الى), make necessary (الى ه for s.o. s.th.), require (الى ه of s.o. s.th.), compel, oblige (الى ه s.o. to); to impoverish, reduce to poverty (ه s.o.) │ ما احوجه الى (aḥwajahū) how much he .tends in need of ...! how urgently he needs ...! VIII to have need, stand in need, be in went (الى of; also ل), need, want, require (الى s.th. s.o.) حوج ḥauj need, want, lack, deficiency, destitution حاجة ḥāja pl. -āt need (الى or ب of); necessity, requirement, prerequisite; natural, bodily need; pressing need, neediness, poverty, indigence, destitution; object of need or desire; desire, wish, request; necessary article, requisite; matter, concern, business, job, work; thing, object; -- pl. حوائج ḥawā’ij2 needs 211 necessities, necessaries; everyday objects, effects, belongings, possessions, stuff; clothes, clothing │كان في حاجة الى (ل) to stand in need, be in want of (s.th.), need, require (s.th.); لا حاجة الى (ل) (ḥājata) … is not necessary, not required, there is no need of ...; لا حاجة لي به I don’t need it; عند الحاجة if (or when) necessary, if need be, in case of need; في غير حاجة (gairi ḥājatin) unnecessarily; ما به الحاجة the essentials; محل الحاجة maḥall al-ḥ. the essential passage, the gist, the substance, the crux, the interesting part (of an exposition); سد حاجته sadda ḥājatahū to meet s.o.’s needs, provide for s.o.’s needs; قضى حاجته qaḍā ḥājatahū to fulfill s.o.’s wish; قضى الحاجة to relieve nature حاجيات ḥājīyyāt everyday commodities, utensils, utilities, necessaries, necessities احوج in greater need (الى of s.th.); more necessary احتياج iḥtiyāj want, need, requirement, (pre)requisite, necessity; pl. -āt needs, necessities, necessaries محاويج maḥāwīj2 (pl. of محوج muḥwij) needy, poor, destitute people محتاج muḥtāj in need, in want (الى of s.th.), requiring (الى s.th.); poor, destitute, indigent حوجلة ḥaujala pl. حواجل ḥawājil2 phial (chem.) حاد (حود) ḥāda u (ḥaud) to turn aside, turn away (عن from), turn (عن off) II to turn off, take a turning حودة (ḥauda) turn, turning حاذ (حوذ) ḥāda u (ḥaud) to urge on, spur on (هـ animals) IV do. X استحوذ istaḥwada to overwhelm, overcome, overpower (على s.o.; esp. emotions), get the better of (على), gain mastery (على over); to seize (على on), take possession (على of), usurp (على s.th.) حوذي ḥūdī coachman, cabman, driver حوذية ḥūdīya coachman’s work or trade حار (حور) ḥāra u to return (الى to); to recede, decrease, diminish, be reduced (الى to) II to change, alter, amend, transform, reorganize, remodel, modify (هـ or من s.th.); to roll out (هـ dough); to make white, whiten (هـ s.th.); to bleach (هـ a fabric) III to talk, convene, have a conversation (ه with s.o.); to discuss, debate, argue IV (with جوابا jawāban) to answer, reply (with negations only) V to be altered, changed, amended, transformed, reorganized, remodeled, modified VI to carry on & discussion حور ḥawar white poplar (also pronounced ḥaur); bark-tanned sheepskin, basil; marked contrast between the white of the cornea and the black of the iris حارة hāra pl. -āt quarter, part, section (of & city); (Tun.) ghetto; lane, alley, side street (with occasional pl. حواري ḥawārī │حارة السد ḥ. as-sadd blind alley, dead-end street احوار aḥwār2, f. حوراء ḥaurā’2, pl. حور ḥūr having eyes with a marked contrast of white and black, (also, said of the eye:) intensely white and deep-black حوارة ḥawāra (ḥawarāt) cretaceous rook; chalk حواري ḥawārī pl. -ūn disciple, apostle (of Jesus Christ); disciple, follower حوارى ḥawārā cretaceous rock; chalk حورية ḥūrīya pl. -āt, حور ḥūr houri, virgin of paradise; nymph; (pl. -āt) young locust │حورية الماء water nymph, nixie حوران ḥaurān2 the Hauran, a mountainous plateau in SW Syria and N Jordan 212 محور miḥwar pl. محاور maḥāwir2 rolling pin; pivot, core, heart, center; axis; axle, axletree محار maḥār (coll.; n. un. ة) oysters; shellfish, mussels; mother-of-pearl, nacre محارة maḥāra (n. un.) oyster; oyster shell, mussel; trowel تحوير taḥwīr alteration, change, transformation, reorganization, reshuffle, remodeling, modification حوار ḥiwār talk, conversation, dialogue; argument, dispute; text (of a play); script, scenario (of a motion picture) محاورة muḥāwara talk, conversation, dialogue; argument, dispute تحاور taḥāwur discussion (حوز and حيز) حاز ḥāza u (ḥauz, حيازة ḥiyāza) to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); to gain, win, get, receive, obtain, achieve, attain (هـ s.th., e.g., success, victory, etc.); to gain pos....ion. gain control (هـ of s.th.), seize, monopolize (هـ s.th.); -- ḥāza i (حيز ḥaiz) to drive on, urge on (هـ camels) V taḥawwaza and taḥayyaza to writhe, twist, coil; -- taḥayyaza to stay away, keep away, seclude o.s., isolate o.s. (عن from); to be disposed, incline, tend, lean (الى toward); to join (الى s.o. or s.th.); to side (ل, الى with), take sides (ل, الى in favor of) VII to isolate o.s., seclude o.s. separate, segregate,• disengage o.s., dissociate o.s., stay away, keep away, retire, withdraw (عن or من from); to join (الى S.o. or s.th.); to unite (الى with); to side (الى or ل with), take sides (الى or J in favor of) VIII to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); to take possession (هـ of s.th.); to keep, prevent, hinder (عن ه s.o. from) حوز ḥauz possession, holding, tenure; obtainment, attainment, acquisition; taking possession, occupation, occupancy; (jur.) tenancy; -- (pl. احواز aḥwāz) enclosed area, enclosure; precinct(s), boundary, city limits حوزي ḥauzī possessor, tenurial حوزة ḥauza possession, holding, tenure; property; area, territory │في حوزه or في حوزة يده fī ḥ. yadihī in his possession; الدفاع عن حوزة مصر the defense of Egyptian territory حيز ḥayyiz, ḥaiz pl. احياز aḥyāz scope, range, reach, extent, compass, confines, field, domain, realm; sphere │لا يدخل في حيز المعقول (yadkul) it is not within the bounds of reason; برز الى حيز المعقول (to advance to the realm of fact, i.e.) to become a reality; في حيز الامكان fī ḥ. il-imkān within the realm of possibility, quite possible حيازة ḥiyāza possession, holding, tenure; taking possession, occupation, occupancy; acquisition of title, acquisition of the right of possession; obtainment, attainment, acquisition تحيز taḥayyuz partiality; prejudice, bias انحياز inḥiyāz isolation, seclusion, retirement; partiality; prejudice, bias حائز ḥā’iz possessor, holder, tenant متحيز mutaḥayyiz partial, prejudiced, biased منحاز munḥāz secluded, retired, withdrawn, removed (عن from); an outsider, a stranger (عن to) حوس VIII (eg.) to be in a quandary, waver, hesitate 1حاش (حوش) ḥāša u (ḥauš) to round up, drive into a trap (هـ game); to stop, check, prevent, hinder (هـ s.th.), stand in the way (هـ of); to hold back, stem, stave off (هـ s.th.) II to gather, collect, amass, accumulate, pile up, hoard (هـ s.th.); to save, put by (هـ money); to find (هـ s.th.) 213 حوش ḥauš p1. احواش aḥwāš, حيشان ḥīšān enclosure, enclosed area; courtyard حوش ḥawaš mob, rabble, riffraff حوشي ḥūšī wild; unusual, odd, queer, strange اسبوع الحاش usbū‘ al-ḥāš Passion Week (Chr.) 2حاشا, حاشى see حشو, حاش لله ḥāša lillāh = حاشى لله حوص ḥawaṣ squinting of the eye (caused by constant exposure to glaring light) احوص aḥwaṣ2 f. حوصاء ḥauṣā’2, pl. حوص ḥūṣ having narrow, squinting eyes حياصة ḥiyāṣa girth حوصل ḥauṣa, حوصلة ḥauṣala craw (of a bird); bladder; pelican │ الحوصلة المرارية (marārīya) gall bladder, bile (anat.) حويصل ḥuwaisil blister, bleb, vesicle; water blister حويصلة ḥuwaisila pl. -āt blister, bleb, vesicle حوض ḥauḍ pl. احواض aḥwāḍ, حياض ḥiyāḍ basin; water basin; trough, tank, cistern, reservoir, container; basin of a river or sea; pool; (in the Egyptian irrigation system) a patch of land surrounded by dikes, flooded by high water of the Nile; pond; pelvis (anat.); (garden) bed; dock; pl. حياض (ḥiyāḍ) ground, area, domain (to be protected), sanctum │ حوض جاف (jāff) dry dock; حوض حمام ḥammām bathtub; حوض عوام (‘awwām) floating dock; ذاد عن حياضه to assume the defense of s.o., make o.s. the champion of s.o.; to defend o.s.; ذب حن حياض الدين (dabba) to defend the faith; احواض الفم والحديد coal and iron deposits O حويضة ḥuwaiḍa renal pelvis (anat.) حاط (حوط) ḥāṭa u (ḥauṭ, حيطة ḥaiṭa, حياطة ḥiyāṭa) to guard, protect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), watch (هـ, ه over s.o., over s.th.), have the custody (هـ, ه of); to attend (هـ to), take care (هـ of), look after s.th. (هـ); to surround, encircle, enclose, encompass (ب s.o., s.th.) II to build a wall (هـ around s.th.), wall in (هـ s.th.); to encircle, surround (هـ s.th.), close in from all sides (هـ on s.th.) III to try to outwit, dupe, or outsmart (ه s.o.); to mislead, lead astray, seduce (ه s.o.) IV to surround (ب s.o., s.th., also هـ, ه s.o., s.th., y with); to encompass, enclose, embrace, comprise, contain (ب s.th., also هـ); to ring, encircle (ب s.o., s.th., also هـ, ه s.o., s.th., ب with s.th.), close in from all sides (ب on); to know thoroughly, comprehend, grasp completely, understand fully (ب s.th.), be familiar, be thoroughly acquainted (ب with) │احاط به علما (’ilman) to know s.th. thoroughly, have comprehensive knowledge of s.th.; to take cognizance, take note of s.th.; اجاطه علما ب he informed him of ..., he let him know about ... ; he brought ... to his notice V to guard, protect (.., 6 s.o., s.th.); to take precautions (هـ with regard to), attend (هـ to); to be careful, be cautious, be on one’s guard VIII to be careful, be cautious, watch out, be on one’s guard; to take precautions, make provision (ل for, so as to ensure ... ); to surround (ب s.o., s.th.); to guard, protect, preserve (على ب s.th. from), take care (ب of), attend (ب to), look after (ب), see to it (بأن that) حيطة ḥīṯa, ḥaṭa, حوطة ḥauṭa cautiousness, caution, provident care, prudence, circumspection │ أخذ حيطته(ḥīṭatahu) to be on one’s guard, take precautions; بلا حيطة thoughtlessly, unthinkingly, inadvertently حياطة ḥiyāṭa guarding, custody, protection, care 214 تحويط taḥwīṭ encirclement احاطة iḥāṭa encirclement, encompassment; comprehension, grasp, understanding, knowledge, cognizance (ب of s.th.), acquaintance, familiarity (ب with); information, communication تحوط taḥawwuṭ provision, care, attention, precaution, prudence; pl. -āt precautionary measures, precautions احتياط iḥtiyāṭ caution, cautiousness, prudence, circumspection, carefulness; provision, care, attention, precaution, prevention; pl. -āt precautionary measures, precautions │على سبيل المثال as a precaution, out of precaution, to be on the safe side احتياطي ihṭiyāṭī precautionary; prophylactic; preventive; replacement; spare- (in compounds); reserve- (in compounds); stand-by; reserve funds, capital reserves (fin.); reserve (mil.) │حبس احتياطي (ḥabs) detention pending investigation; تدابير احتياطية precautionary measures, precautions قوات احتياطية (quwāt) reserves (mil.); مال احتياطي capital reserve, reserve fund; احتياطى الزيت الخام (crude-)oil reserves حائط pl. حيطان ḥīṭān, حياط ḥiyāṭ, حوائط ḥawā’iṭ2 wall │حائط المبكى ḥ. al-mabkā Wailing Wall (in Jerusalem); ضرب) به عرض الحائط or) القى alqā (ḍaraba) bihī ‘urḍa l-ḥā’iṭ to make little of s.th., scorn, disdain, despise s.th.; to reject s.th., discard s.th., throw s.th. overboard; to ruin, thwart, foil s.th. حويط ḥāwiṭ (eg.) clever, smart, shrewd محيط muḥīṭ surrounding (ب s.th.); comprehensive; familiar, acquainted (ب with); -- (pl. -āt) circumference, periphery; extent, range, scope, compass, reach, domain, area; milieu, environment, surroundings; ocean; pl. محيطات surroundings, environment │ المحيط الاطلنطي(aṭlanṭī) the Atlantic Ocean; المحيط الهادئ (ḥādi’) the Pacific Ocean محاط muluiJ surrounded (ب by) متحوط mutaḥawwiṭ cautious, prudent, provident, circumspect, careful, watchful حوف ḥauf edge, rim, brim, brink; border, hem, fringe حافة ḥāfa pl. -āt, حواف ḥawāfin border, rim, brim, brink, verge; edge; fringe, hem │بين حوافيه within it, in it, therein حاق (حوق) ḥāqa u (ḥauq) to surround, enclose, infold, embrace (ب s.o.. s.th.) II = I (على s.o., s.th.) 1 حوقل ḥauqala (حوقلة ḥauqala) to pronounce the formula: لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله (see حول ḥaul) 2 حوقلةḥauqala pl. حواقل ḥawāqil2 phial (chem.), Florence flask حاك (حوك) ḥāka u (ḥauk, حياك ḥiyāk, حياكة ḥiyāka) to weave (هـ s.th.); to interweave (هـ s.th.); to knit (هـ s.th.); to braid, plait (هـ s.th.); to contrive, devise, hatch, concoct (هـ s.th.; e.g., ruses, intrigues, pretexts), think up, fabricate, create (هـ s.th. in one’s imagination) حياكة ḥiyāka weaving; knitting; braiding, plaiting حائك ḥā’ik pl. حاكة ḥāka weaver; -- (mor.) an outer garment made of a long piece of white woolen material, covering body and head (حول and حيل) حال ḥāla u to change, undergo a change, be transformed; to shift, turn, pass, grow (الى into s.th., also هـ), become (الى s.th.); to deviate, depart (عن from, e.g., a commitment), dodge, evade, fail to meet (عن s.th.); to elapse, pass go by (time); -- (حيلولة ḥailūla) to prevent (دون s.th.); to intervene, interfere, interpose, come (بين between) │حال عن عهد (‘ahd) to withdraw from a contract; حال بين فلان وبين الأمر 215 to make s.th. inaccessible to s.o., impossible for s.o.; to bar or obstruct s.o.’s way to s.th.; to prevent s.o. from s.th., deny s.o. s.th.; حال بين نفسه وبين الإشفاق (išfāq) to resist compassion, deny o.s. any sympathy II ḥawwala to change (الى هـ or هـ هـ s.th. to s.th. else), transform, transmute, convert, turn, make (الى هـ or هـ هـ s.th. into s.th. else); to transplant (s.th.); to transfer (هـ s.th.); to convert (هـ s.th., mathematically); to switch commutate (هـ current; el.); to convert, transform (هـ current; el.); to shunt (هـ a railroad car); to switch (هـ a railroad track); to remit, send, transmit (هـ s.th., e.g., money by mail, الى to s.o.); to pass on, hand on (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to forward (الى هـ s.th. to s.o. or to an address); to endorse (هـ a bill of exchange, a promissory note); to direct, turn (هـ s.th., also نظرة naẓratan a glance, الى to or toward); to divert, distract, keep (عن هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. from); to turn away, avert (بصره عن baṣarahū one's eyes from); to turn off, switch off, disconnect (هـ current; el.) │حول الدفة (daffa) to turn the helm, change the course III (ḥāwala to try, attempt, endeavor (هـ s.th., ان to do s.th.), make an attempt, make an effort (ان to do s.th.); to seek to gain (هـ s.th.) by artful means; to deceive by pretenses, make excuses, hedge, dodge IV to change هـ هـ or الى هـ s.th. to), transform, transmute, turn, make (هـ هـ or الى هـ s.th. into); to convert, translate (هـ هـ or الى هـ s.th. into); to transfer (هـ s.th.); to remit, send (هـ s.th. الى or على to s.o.); to assign (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., الى or على to s.o.); to turn over, hand over, pass on (على هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. to); to forward (على هـ s.th. to); to refer (الى ه s.o. to); to cede, transfer (هـ a debt, على to s.o.; jur.) │احيل على (الى) المعاش (uḥīla, ma‘āš) and احيل الى التقاعد (taqā‘ud) he was pensioned off; احيلت الكمبيالة الى البروتستو the bill was protested (fin.) V taḥawwala to change, undergo a change; to be changed (الى to), be transformed, be transmuted, be converted (الى into), become (الى s.th.), turn, grow (الى into), transform (من-- الى or عن from -- into), change, develop, evolve (من -- الى from to); to withdraw, go away, leave; to move (الى to a residence); to turn away (من from), turn one’s back (عن on); to deviate (عن from); to depart, digress, stray (عن الطريق from the way); to renounce, forgo, relinquish, disclaim (s.th.); to proceed slyly or cunningly │تحول كل حيلة to employ every conceivable trick; -- taḥayyala to employ artful means; to ponder ways and means (ل to an end, in order to attain s.th.) VI taḥāwala to try, endeavor, take pains (على to do s.th.), strive (على for); -- taḥāyala and VIII to employ artful means, resort to tricks, use stratagems (على against s.o.); to deceive, beguile, dupe, cheat, outwit, outsmart (على s.o.); to be out (على for s.th.) or achieve (على s.th.) by artful means, by tricks VIII to work or strive (on one’s own resources), make efforts (on one’s own) IX احول aḥwala to be cross-eyed, to squint X to change (الى to, into), turn, be transformed, be converted (الى into); to be transubstantiated (bread and wine, الى into the body and blood of Christ; Chr.); to proceed, pass on, shift, switch (الى to s.th. new or s.th. different); to be impossible (على for s.o.); to be inconceivable, absurd, preposterous حال ḥāl m. and f., pl. احوال aḥwāl condition, state; situation; position, status; circumstance; case; present, actuality (as opposed to future); circumstantial expression or phrase (gram.); pl.: conditions, circumstances; matters, affairs, concerns; cases; ḥāla (prep.) during; immediately upon, right after; just at; in case of …, in the event of …; حالا 216 ḥālan presently, immediately, at once, right away, without delay; now, actually, at present │في الحال and للحال on the spot, at once, immediately; على كل حال (kulli ḥālin) and على أي حال (ayyi ḥ.) in any case, at any rate, anyhow; يبقى على حاله (yabqā) it remains unchanged, just as it is; في حال من الأحوال in some case or other, anyway, if occasion should arise, possibly; (with neg.) by no means, under no circumstances, not at all, in no way; على حال, بحال, بأي حال bi-ayyi ḥ. with neg.: by no means, not at all, in no way; كذلك الحال في the same goes for ..., it is the same with …; it is also the case with ...; كما هو الحال في as is the case with; كيف حالك how are you? شيء بحاله a thing in itself, a separate, independent thing; الأحوال الجوية (jawwīya) atmospheric conditions; محاكم الأحوال الشخصية (šakṣīya) courts dealing with vital statistics; الأحوال الشخصية (نظام or) قانون personal statute; صاحب الحال noun referent of a circumstantial phrase (gram.); عرض حال ‘arḍ ḥ. application, memorial, petition; لسان الحال, لسان حاله see لسان حالما ḥālama (conj.) as soon as حالة ḥala pl. -āt condition, state; situation; (possible, actual) case; ḥālata (prep.) during │حالة ان ḥālata an (conj.) whereas; والحالة هذه under these circumstances, such being the case, things being as they are; في حالة (ḥālati) in (the) case of ..., in the event of …, e.g., في حالة غيابه (giyābihī) in case of his absence, في حالة الوفاة (wafāh) in case of death; في هذه الحالة in this (that) case; لحالة ان li-ḥālati an in case that …, in the event that …; في حالة ما اذا if; كما هي الحالة في if as is the case with …; حالة اجتماعية (ijtimā‘īya) marital status; الحالة الجوية (jawwīya) atmospheric conditions; حالة الخطر ḥ. al-kaṭar stand-by, alert, state of alarm; الحالة الراهنة the status quo; حالة الطوارئ ḥ. aṭ-ṭawāri’ state of emergency; في حالة التلبس (talabbus) flagrante delicto (jur.); الحالة المدنية (madanīya) civil status, legal status; سوء الحالة sū’ al-ḥ. predicament, plight حالي ḥālī present, current, actual, existing; momentary, instantaneous; حاليا ḥālīyan at present, actually │صورة حالية (ṣūra) snapshot (phot.) حالية ḥālīya actuality, topicality, timeliness حول ḥaul pl. احوال aḥwāl year; might, power │لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله lā ḥaula wa-lā quwata illā bi-llāh there is no power and no strength save in God; لا حول له ولا حيلة (wa-lā ḥīlata) he is completely powerless, he can do nothing, he is at the end of his resources حول ḥiwal change of place, change │لا يبتغون عنه حولا (yabtagūna) they don’t want it otherwise, they ask for it حول ḥaula (prep.) around, about; circa, about, some, approximately, roughly (with following number); about (esp. in news headings, approx. = re, concerning) │ من حوله (ḥaulihī) (= حوله) around him (or it), about him (or it); من حوليهما (ḥaulaihimā) around the two of them, about them; from their vicinity, from their surroundings (dual) حولي ḥaulī periodic, temporary, interim; one year old (animal), yearling; young animal; lamb, wether O حوليات ḥaulīyāt yearbook, annals (= Fr. annales, as a scientific publication) حيل ḥail strength, force, power, vigor │ على حيله(standing) upright, erect; لا قوة له ولا حيل (qūwata) completely helpless and paralyzed حيلة ḥīla pl. حيل ḥiyal, احاييل aḥāyīl2 artifice, ruse, stratagem, maneuver, subterfuge, wile, trick; device, shift; a 217 means to accomplish an end; expedient, makeshift, dodge, way-out; legal stratagem (for the purpose of in fraudem legis agere) │ما الحيلة what’s to be done! لا حيلة له في (ḥīlata) I have no possibility to …, I am in no position to …; ما بيدي حيلة (bi-yadī) I can do nothing, I can get nowhere; لم يجد حيلة الا lam yajid ḥīlatan illā he couldn’t do anything except …, he had no other choice than …; اعيته الحيلة (a‘yathu) he was at a loss, he was at the end of his wits حيلي ḥiyalī cunning, crafty, wily, sly, tricky, foxy احيل aḥyal2 craftier, wilier حول ḥawal squinting, strabismus احول aḥwal2, f. ḥaula’2 ḥaulā2, pl. حول ḥūl squinting, squint-eyed, wall-eyed, walleyed حؤول ḥu’ūl change, transformation, transmutation; prevention (دون of s.th.) حوال ḥiwāl obstacle; partition, screen حيال ḥiyāla (prep.) in view of ..., with regard to …, in the lace of, opposite, in front of, before حوالة ḥawāla pl. -āt assignment, cession (jur.); bill of exchange, (promissory) note, check, draft │حوالة البريد, حوالة بريدية money order; حوالة السفر ḥ. safar traveler’s check حوالى ḥawālā (prep.) around, about; circa, approximately, roughly, about, some (with following number) حيلولة ḥailūla separation, interruption, disruption; prevention (دون of s.th.) لا محال lā maḥalla = لا محالة (see below) محالة muḥāla roller, wheel (of a draw well) لا محالة منه lā maḥālata minhu it is inevitable; there is no doubt about it; (also لا محالة alone) most certainly, positively, absolutely, by all means تحويل taḥwīl transformation, transmutation, conversion (الى into s.th.); change, alteration, modification; transplantation; transposition, reversal, inversion, translocation, dislocation, displacement; transfer, assignment; conversion (e.g., of currency); conversion, transformation (of electric current); O transfer (fin.; also تحويل الدين t. ad-dain); remittance (of money), transmittal, sending, forwarding; bill of exchange, promissory note, draft (com.); check; endorsement (com.); c.o.d., cash on delivery │قابلية العملة للتحويل الى العملات الاجنبية (qābilīyal al-’mla, ajnabīiya) convertibility of currency تحويلة taḥwīla pl. تحاويل taḥāwīl2 branch, offshoot; siding, sidetrack (railroad); side canal (irrigation; Eg.); switch (railroad) محاولة muḥāwala pl. -āt attempt, try; effort, endeavor;. recourse to expedients, shifts, or dodges, dodging, hedging │ محاولة على حياته(ḥayātihī) attempt on s.o.’s life, murderous assault احالة iḥāla transfer, conveyance, assignment; remittance; forwarding, referring (الى or على to a competent authority); transmission, transmittal; O transfer (fin.); cession, assignment (Isl. Law); absurdity │ بالاحالة على with reference to; قاضي الاحالة magistrate sitting at defendant’s arraignment, trial judge; احالة الى (على) المعاش (ma‘āš) and احالة الى التقاعد (taqā‘ud) pensioning off تحول taḥawwul change, transformation, transmutation; abrupt change, sudden turn, reversal; shift, transition; departure, deviation, digression (عن from); renunciation (عن of) │نقطة التحول nuqṭat at-t. turning point تحيل taḥayyul use of tricks, trickery 218 تحايل taḥāyul and احتيال iḥtiyāl use of tricks, trickery; cunning, craft, subtlety, artfulness; malice, treachery, perfidy; deception, fraud تحايلي taḥāyulī and احتيالي iḥtiyālī fraudulent, e.g., افلاس احتيالي (iflās) fraudulent bankruptcy استحالة istiḥāla change, transformation, transmutation, turn, shift, transition; transubstantiation (Chr.); impossibility, inconceivability, absurdity, preposterousness حائل ḥā’il pl. حوائل ḥawā’il obstacle, obstruction, impediment (دون on the way to s.th., بين -- و see حال ḥāla I); barrier; partition, screen, folding screen; -- (pl. حول ḥuwwal) changeable, variable, frequently changing; feeble, languid, wan, pallid محول muḥawwil pl. -āt converter, transformer (el.); endorser محولة muḥawwila switch (railroad) محول عليه muḥawwal ‘alaihi c.o.d., cash on delivery; محول به collected on delivery محيل muḥīl transferor, assignor (Isl. Law) محال muḥāl inconceivable, unthinkable, impossible, absurd, preposterous, unattainable متحول mutaḥawwil changeable, variable, changing │ الأعياد المتحولة(a‘yād) the movable feasts (Chr.) محتال muḥtāl artful, cunning, deceitful, treacherous, perfidious, fraudulent; swindler, cheat, impostor, fraud; crook, scoundrel; assignee (Isl. Law) │ محتال عليه debtor of a ceded claim, transferee (Isl. Law) مستحيل mustaḥīl impossible, absurd, preposterous; مستحيلات impossible things, impossibilities, absurdities (حوم) حام ḥāma u (ḥaum, حوم ḥawamān) to circle, hover. glide (in the air; of a bird, also of an aircraft); to hover, swarm, buzz (حول and على around) │ حامت الشبهة ضده (šubha, ḍiddahū) suspicion concentrated on him, he was suspected II to circle in the air; to hover in circles, to circle; to go around, revolve (thoughts and images, in one’s head or mind); to browse (في in a book) حومة ḥauma pl. -āt turmoil of battle, thick of the fray; main part, bulk, main body; (tun.) quarter, section (of a city) حان and حانة see حين حانوت see حنو حوى ḥawā i to gather, collect, unite (هـ s.th.); to encompass, embrace, contain, hold, enclose, comprise, include (هـ s.th.); to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); to clasp (هـ s.th., the hand) V to curl (up), coil (up) VIII to encompass, embrace, contain, hold, enclose, comprise, include (هـ or على s.th.); to possess, own, have (هـ or على s.th.) حوية ḥawīya convolution, coil, curl, roll; pl. حوايا ḥawāyā intestine, bowels, entrails حواية ḥiwāya pl. -āt (eg.) wase round pad to support a burden on the head or on the back حاو ḥāwin pl. حواة ḥuwāh snake charmer; juggler, conjurer, magician محتويات muḥtawayāt content(s) (of a book. of a receptacle) │محتويات النفوس the innermost thoughts. the secrets of the heart (حى, حيو) حيي ḥayiya, حي ḥayya يحيا yaḥyā (حياة ḥayāh) to live; حي ḥayya to live to see, experience, witness (هـ s.th.), live (هـ through a time) ليحي الملك li-yaḥyā 219 l-malik long live the king! حيي ḥayiya يحيا yaḥyā (حياء ḥayā’) to be ashamed (من of; because of) II حيا ḥayyā to keep (ه s.o.) alive, grant (ه s.o.) a long life; to say to s.o. (ه): حياك الله may God preserve your life!; to greet, salute (ه s.o.) IV احيا aḥyā to lend life (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), enliven, animate, vitalize, endow with life, call into being (هـ s.th.), give birth (هـ to); to revive, reanimate, revivify (هـ s.th.), give new life (هـ to); to put on, produce, stage, arrange (هـ e.g., a theatrical performance, a celebration, and the like); to celebrate (هـ s.th., also a festival) │احيا الذكرى (dikrā) to commemorate (a deceased person), observe the anniversary (of s.o.’s death); احيا الليل (lail) to burn the midnight oil, احيا الليل صلاة (ṣalātan) to spend the night in prayer; احيا السهرة (sahrata) to perform in the evening (of an artist); احيا حفلة (ḥaflatan) to give a performance; to perform at a celebration (artist); قد احيت الفرقة ثلاث ليال qad aḥyat il-firqatu talāta layālin the theatrical troupe gave three evening performances X استحيا istaḥyā to spare s.o.’s (ه) life, let live, keep alive (ه s.o.); استحيا istaḥyā, استحى istaḥā to be ashamed (ه to face s.o.; من of s.th., because of s.th.); to become or feel embarrassed (من in front of s.o.), be embarrassed (من by); to be bashful, shy, diffident حي ḥayy pl. احياء aḥyā’ living, live, alive; lively, lusty, animated, active, energetic, unbroken, undaunted, undismayed; living being, organism; tribe, tribal community; block of apartment houses; section, quarter (of a city) │علم الأحياء ‘ilm al-aḥyā’ biology; حي العالم ‘ilm al-‘ālam houseleek tree (Sempervivum arboreum L.; bot.) حي ḥayya: حي على الصلاة ḥayya ‘alā ṣ-ṣalāh come to prayer! حية ḥayya pl. -āt snake, serpent, viper O احيائي aḥyā’ī biologic(al); (pl. -ūn) biologist │كيمياء احيائية (kīmiyā’) bio-chemistry حيي ḥayīy bashful, shy, diffident, modest حياء ḥayā’ shame, diffidence, bashfulness, timidity; shyness │قليل الحياء shameless impudent; قلة الحياء qillat al-ḥ. shamelessness, impudence حياة ḥayāh pl. حيوات ḥayawāt life; life-blood; liveliness animation │حياة الريف ḥ. ar-rīf country life, rural life; الحياة العامة (‘āmma) public life; الحياة العائلية family life; ميتوى الحياة mustawā l-ḥ. living standard; O علم الحياة ‘ilm al-ḥ. biology حيوي ḥayawī lively, full of life, vital, vigorous; vital, essential to life حيوية ḥayawīya vitality, vigor, vim حيويات ḥayawīyāt: مواد مضادة للحيويات (mawādd muḍādda) antibiotics حيوان ḥayawān pl. -āt animal, beast; (coll.) animals, living creatures │حيوانات ثدية (tadyīya) mammals; حيوانات مجترة (mujtarra) ruminants; حيوان طفيلي (ṭufailī) parasite; علم الحيوان ‘ilm al-ḥ. zoology حيواني ḥayawānī animal (adj.); zoologic(al) حيوانية ḥayawānīya bestiality; animality, animal nature حوين ḥuwayyin pl. -āt minute animal, animalcule احيى aḥyā livelier; more vigorous, more vital تحية taḥīya pl. –āt, تحايا taḥāyā greeting, salutation; salute; cheer (= wish that God may give s.o. long life) │تحية لذكراه taḥīyatan li-dikrāhu in order to keep his memory alive, in remembrance of him; التحية العسكرية (‘askarīya) military salute احياء iḥyā’ animation, enlivening; revival, revitalization, revivification; arranging, staging. conducting, putting on, 220 holding (of a celebration) │احياء الذكرى i. ad-dikrā commemoration (of a deceased person); احياء لذكرى I (iḥyā’an) (with foll. gen.) in commemoration of …, in memoriam ...; احياء الموات i. al-mawāt cultivation of virgin land استحياء istiḥyā’ shame; diffidence, bashfulness, timidity; shyness محيا mūḥayyan face, countenance الست المستحية as-sitt al-mustahīya sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica; bot.) 1حيث ḥaitu (conj.) where (place and direction); wherever; since, as, due to the fact that; whereas; inasmuch as │حيث ان (anna) since, as, because, due to the fact that ... ; in that ... ; حيث كان wherever it be; in any case, at any rate; الى حيث ilā ḥaitu where (direction); to where …, to the place where ...; من حيث min ḥaitu from where, whence, wherefrom; where (place); whereas; (with foll. nominative) as to, as for, concerning, regarding, with respect to, in view of, because of; من حيث الثقافة min ḥ. taqāfatu with regard to education, as far as education is concerned; من حيث يدري ولا يدري (yadrī wa-lā yadrī) whether he knows it or not, knowingly or without his knowledge; من حيث لا (with foll. perf.) without (being, doing, etc.); من حيث هو such, in itself, العالم من حيث هو (‘ālam) the world in itself, the world as such; من حيث ان (anna) inasmuch as; in view of the fact that; since, as, due to the fact that; بحيث bi-ḥaitu inasmuch as; in such a manner that ..., so as to ...; so that ...; such as ...; (he found himself) at a point or degree where, e.g., كان من البراءة بحيث لا ترى (barā’a, tarā) = she was so naive that she couldn't see ...; بحيث لا insofar as ... not, provided that … not; بحيث ان (anna) in such a manner that ..., so as to ..., so that ... حيثما ḥatumā wherever, wheresoever (place); wherever, no matter where ... (direction) │حيثما اتفق (ittafaqa) anywhere, wherever it was (or he), haphazardly, at random حيثية ḥaitīya pl. -āt standpoint; view, point, point of view, approach; aspect, respect, regard, consideration; high social standing, social distinction, dignity; pl. also: considerations, legal reasons on which the judgment is based, opinion (jur.) │ذوو الحيثية (البارزة) (dawū) or اصحاب الحيثية, اصحاب الحيثيات people of (high) social standing, prominent people, people of distinction; من الحيثية الحيوانية (ḥayawānīya) from a zoological viewpoint 2الحيثيون al-hātīyūn the Hittites (حيد) حاد ḥāda i (ḥaid, حيود ḥuyūd, حيدان ḥayadān, محيد maḥīd) to deviate, swerve, depart, desist (If from); to leave, quit, give up, abandon, relinquish (عن s.th.); حاد به عن to dissuade or get s.o. away from ... ; to incline, tend (الى, نحو to, toward), sbade, blend (الى, نحو into) II to keep aside, put aside (هـ s.th.) III to stay away, keep apart (هـ, ه from s.o., from s.th.); to avoid, shun (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VII to depart, deviate, digress, swerve (عن from) حيد ḥaid, حيدان ḥayadān deviation, digression, departure, swerving, turning aside, turning away حيدة ḥaida deviation, digression, swerving, departure (from a course); neutrality; impartiality │على حيدة aside, apart, to one side محيد maḥīd avoidance (عن of s.th.) │لا محيد (maḥīda) it is unavoidable حايد ḥiyād neutrality (pol.) │على الحياد neutral; حياد عن الخط (kaṭṭ) derailment (railroad) 221 حيادي ḥiyādī neutral (pol.) محايدة muḥāyada neutrality (pol.) حائد ḥā’id neutral (pol.) محايد muḥāyid neutral (pol.); المحايدون the neutrals (pol.) متحايد mutaḥāyid neutral (pol.) حيدراباد ḥaidarābād2 Hydarabad حار (حير) ḥāra (1st pers. perf. حرت) a (حيرة ḥaira, حيران ḥayarān) to become confused; to become or be helpless, be at a loss, know nothing (في of, about); to waver, hesitate, be unable to choose (بين -- وبين between - and) │حار في امره (amrihi) to be confused. baffled, bewildered, dismayed to be at a loss, be at one’s wit’s end II to confuse, baffle, bewilder, nonplus, embarrass (ه s.o.) V to become confused; to be or become dismayed, startled, baffled, perplexed (في by), be at a loss (في to); to waver (uncertainly) (بين between) │تحير في امره (amrihi) to be confused, baffled, bewildered, disconcerted, be at a loss, be at one’s wit’s end VIII = V حير ḥair fenced-in garden, enclosure │حير الحيوان ḥ. al-ḥayawān zoological garden, zoo حيرة ḥaira confusion, perplexity, bewilderment, embarrassment, helplessness في حيرة embarrassed, at a loss, helpless حيران ḥairān2, f. حيرى ḥairā, pl. حيارى ḥayārā, ḥuyārā confused, perplexed, startled, dismayed, disconcerted, baffled, Nonplused, bewildered, appalled, taken aback, stunned; embarrassed, at a loss, at one’s wit’s end; uncertain, helpless, sheepish (smile, etc.), confused, incoherent (words, and the like) تحير taḥayyur confusion, perplexity, bewilderment, dismay; embarrassment, helplessness حائر ḥā’ir disconcerted, perplexed, startled. dismayed; embarrassed, helpless, at a lost, at one’s wit’s end; baffled, bewildered, confused, uncertain (في about); straying, astray │حائر في امره (amrihī) confused, baffled, bewildered, embarrassed, at a loss, helpless محير muḥayyar embarrassed, at a loss, helpless محير muḥayyir and محتار muḥtār = حائر حيز see حوز حيزبون see حزب حاص (حيص) ḥāṣa i (ḥaiṣ, حيصة ḥaiṣa, محيص maḥīṣ) to flee, escape (عن s.th. or from s.th.), run away (عن from), turn one’s back (عن on) VII do. حيص ḥaiṣ, حيصة ḥaiṣa flight, escape وقع في حيص بيص waqa‘a fī ḥaiṣa baiṣa to get into a bad fix, meet with difficulties حياصة see حوص محيص maḥīṣ flight, escape; place of refuge, retreat, sanctuary │ما عنه محيص it is unavoidable; لم يكن لهم من محيص they couldn’t but ..., they had no other alternative but to ... (حيض) حاضت ḥāḍat i (ḥaiḍ, محيض maḥīḍ, محاض maḥāḍ) and V to menstruate, have a monthly period حيض ḥaiḍ (n. un. حيضة) and حياض ḥiyāḍ menstruation, monthly period حائض ḥā’iḍ (f.) and حائضة menstruating حيطة, حياطة, حيطان, حياط see حوط 1حاف (حيف) ḥāfa i (ḥaif) to deal unjustly (على with s.o.), wrong, injure, harm (على s.o.); to restrict, limit, curtail, impair (على s.th.), encroach (على upon) V to 222 impair, injure, prejudice, violate (هـ or من s.th.), encroach, infringe (هـ or من upon) حيف ḥaif wrong, injustice; harm, damage, prejudice │ حيف عليهwhat a pity! too bad! لا حيف به (ḥaifa) it is not out of place, it is quite appropriate 2 حيفاء ḥaifā’ Haifa (seaport in NW Israel) حاق (حيق) ḥāqa i to surround, beset from all sides (ب s.o.); to fall, descend, come (ب upon s.o., punishment), befall, overtake, grip, seize, overcome (ب s.o.), happen, occur (ب to); to penetrate, pierce (في the body; of a sword); to affect, influence (في s.o., s.th.) IV to surround, beset from all sides (ب s.o.); to bring down (هـ ب upon s.o. s.th.), cause s.th. (هـ) to descend (هـ ب upon s.o.) حيق ḥaiq consequence, effect (of a misdeed redounding upon the evildoer) حيك II to weave حياكة see حوك حيك ḥaik = حائك see حوك 1 حيل V, حيلة, احيل, حيال, حيلولة, etc., see حول; احيلي see حلو 2 حايلḥāyil2 Hail (town and oasis in N Nejd) حان (حين) ḥāna i to draw near, approach, come, arrive (time); to happen accidentally │حان الوقت the (right) time has come; now is the time; حان له الوقت the time has come for him to …; اما حان لهم ان يفهموا (amā, an yafhamū) haven’t they understood yet ...?; حانت مني التفاتة (minnī iltifāta) I happened to turn around (الى to), it just happened that my eyes fell on (الى) II to set a time (ه for s.o.) IV to destroy, wipe out (ه s.o.) V to watch, wait (هـ fur a time or an opportunity) │تحين الفرصة (furṣata) to wait for an opportunity, bide one's time X استحين istaḥyana to wait for the right time حان ḥān bar; cabaret حانة ḥāna pl. -āt bar, wineshop, wine tavern; pub, tavern, taproom حين ḥain death, destruction حين ḥīn pl. احيان aḥyān, احايين aḥāyīn2 time; propitious time, good time, opportunity; ḥīna (prep.) at the time of ..., at, upon; (conj.) at the time when, when; as soon as; حينا ḥīnan for some time; once, one day; احيانا aḥyānan occasionally, from time to time, sometimes │حينا -- حينا sometimes -- sometimes, at times -- at times; في الاحايين at times, sometimes, once in a while; في بعض الأحيان (الأحايين) fī ba‘ḍi l-a. and بعض الأحيان ba‘ḍa l-a. sometimes, occasionally, now and then, once in a while, from time to time, at times; في اغلب الأحيان fī aglabi l-a. mostly, most of the time, in most cases; الى حين for some time; meanwhile, for the time being; في حينه then, at the time, in his (its) time; in due time, at the appointed time; ذا الحين dā l-ḥīna just now, right now; من ذلك الحين from that time on, from then on; الى ذلك الحين until that time, till then; في حين (with foll. verb) whereas; في حين ان and على حين ان (ḥīni) at the same time when ..., while; whereas, also without ان, e.g., على حين هم يزعمون ‘alā ḥīni hum yaz‘umūna whereas they, on the other hand, claim; من حين الى حين, بين حين وحين, حينا بعد حين, من حين لآخر (li-ākara) and بين حين ولآخر (wa-ākara) from time to time, now and then, once in a while حينئذ ḥīna’idin at that time, then, that day حينذاك ḥīnadāka at that time, then, that day حينما ḥīnamā (conj.) while; when, as حيوان, حيوي and حيوية see حي 223 خ خاء ḳā’ name of the letter خ خاتون ḳātūn pl. خواتين ḳawātīn2 lady, socially prominent woman│زهرة الخاتون zahrat al-ḳ. little blue flower of the steppe (syr.) خاخام ḳāḳām (=حاخام) rabbi خارصين ḳāriṣīn and خارصينى ḳāriṣīnī (eg.) zinc خازوق ḳāzūq pl. خوازيق ḳawāzīq2 post, stake, pole; dirty trick│ هذا خازوق that’s tough luck! خاقان ḳāqān pl. خواقين ḳawāqīn2 overlord, ruler, sovereign, monarch, emperor خاكى ḳākī earth-colored, khaki خؤول, خؤولة see خول خام ḳām raw, unworked, unprocessed; untanned; linen; calico; (pl. -āt) raw material; inexperienced, green, untrained, unskilled, artless, uncouth, boorish; pl. خامات raw materials│جلود خام raw leather; خيوط خام raw fibers; زيت خام (zait) crude oil; سكر خام (sukkar) raw sugar; المواد الخام (mawādd) the raw materials خان ḳān pl. -āt hostel, caravansary; inn, pub, tavern│الخان الخليلى (ḳalīlī) district of Cairo (center of art trade and market activity); خان يونس Khan Yunis (town in Gaza sector) خانة pl. -at column (e.g., of a newspaper); square (e.g., on a chessboard) خب ḳabba u (ḳabb, خبب ḳabab, خبيب ḳabīb) to amble (animal); to trot (horse); to jog, saunter (person), to sink (فى in sand); -- u (ḳabb) to surge, heave, be rough (sea) V and VIII to amble (animal); to trot (horse) خبب ḳabab amble; trot خب ḳabb, ḳibb heaving, surging (of the sea, rough sea خب ḳabb impostor. swindler خب ḳaba’a a and II to bide, conceal (هـ s.th) V to hide, conceal o.s.; to be hidden, be concealed VIII to hide, conceal o.s.; to disappear; to be hidden, be concealed خبء ḳib’ that which is hidden, a hidden thing خبيئة ḳabī’a pl. خبايا ḳabāyā that which is hidden; a hidden, secret thing; a cache│ خبايا الارض ḳ. l-arḍ that which is hidden in the earth; natural resources مخبأ maḳba’ pl. مخابئ maḳābi’2 hiding place; hide-out, refuge, haunt, retreat; cellar, shelter, air-raid shelter خباء ḳibā’ pl. اخبئة aḳbi’a, اخبية aḳbiya tent; husk, hull (of grain) خابئة ḳābi’a, خابية ḳāiya pl. خوابئ ḳawābī’2, خواب ḳawābin large vessel, cask, jar مخبآت muḳabba’āt hidden, secret things; secrets مختبئ muḳtabi’ hidden, concealed خبت IV to be humble (الى before God( خبث ḳabuta u (ḳubt, خباثة) to be bad; to be wicked, evil, malicious, vicious, malignant VI to behave viciously, display malice; to feel awkward, feel embarrassed خبث ḳubt badness, wickedness; malignancy (e.g., of a disease); malice, malevolence, viciousness خبث ḳabat refuse, scum, dross, slag خبيث ḳabīt pl. خبث ḳubut, خبثاء ḳubatā’2, اخباث aḳbāt, خبثة ḳabata bad, evil, wicked; malicious, vicious, spiteful; noxious, injurious, harmful; malignant (disease); offensive, repulsive, nauseating, disgusting (odor) اخبث aḳbat worse; more wicked خباثة ḳabāta badness wickedness; malice, malevolence, viciousness, malignancy خبر ḳabara u (ḳubr, خبرة ḳibra) to try, test (هـ s.th.); to experience (هـ s.th.); to have tried, have experienced, know by experience (هـ s.th.); to get to know thoroughly, know well (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); ḳabura u to know thoroughly (ب or هـ s.th.), be fully acquainted (ب or هـ with s.th.) II to notify, advise, apprise, inform, tell (ه s.o., ب of or about) III to write (ه to s.o.). address (ه s.o.), turn, appeal (ه to s.o.), contact (ه s.o.) in writing; to negotiate, treat, parley (ه with s.o.) IV to notify, inform, apprise, advise (ب ه s.o. of), let know, tell (ب ه s.o. about); to communicate, report, relate (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), tell (ب ه s.o. s.th.) V to inquire (ه of s.o.), ask (ه s.o.) VI to inform one another, notify one another; keep one another informed; to correspond, write each other; to negotiate, treat, parley (مع with s.o., في about) VIII to explore (هـ s.th.), search (هـ into), seek information (هـ about); to test, examine (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to try, put to the test (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to have tried, have experienced, know by experience (هـ s.th.); to know well (هـ s.th.) X to inquire (عن ه of s.o. about), ask (عن ه s.o. about) خبر ḳabar pl. اخبار aḳbār news; information, intelligence: report, communication, message; notification; rumor; story; matter, affair; (gram.) predicate of a nominal clause; pl. annals │سأله عن أخباره to inquire of s.o. about s.o. else; كان في خبر كان or دخل في خبر كان (ḳabari kana) to belong to the past, be passé, be no longer existent خبرة ḳibra, خبر ḳubr experience; knowledge خبير kabīr experienced, expert (ب in); familiar, conversant, well-acquainted (ب with), cognizant (ب of); الخبير the Knowing (one of the attributes of God); (pl. خبراء kubarā’2) expert, specialist │ خبير الضرائبtax expert, tax adviser خابور kābūr pl. خوابير kawābīr2 peg; pin; wedge مخبر makbar sense, intrinsic significance; (pl: مخابر makābir2) laboratory مخبار mikbār pl. مخابير makābīr2 test tube (chem.) مخابرة mukābara pl. -āt correspondence, (esp. written) information (in classified ads: المخابرة ب please write to ..., please contact ...), notice, notification, communication │ مخابرة تلفونية telephone call, telephone conversation; مخابرة خارجية (kārijīya) long-distance call; مخابرة سرية (sirriya) secret communiqué; قلو المخابرات qalam al-m. intelligence bureau; المخابرة حضوريا (ḥuḍūrīyan) apply in person (in classified ads) اخبار ikbār notification, information, communication, note, message; report; indirect discourse, oratio obliqua (gram.) اخباري ikbārī news-, information- (in compounds) تخابر takābur negotiation; correspondence اختبار iktibār pl. -āt exploration, study; examination; test; test item (of an examination); trial, testing; (scientific) investigation, research, experiment; experience, empirical knowledge; practical experience │اختبارات تحريرية (taḥrīrīya) written examination items; اختبار ذاتي 225 (dātī) personal experience; على سبيل الاختبار experimentally; تحت الاختبار on probation, on trial; حقول الاختبار experimental fields اختباري iktibārī experimental; experiential; empirical اختبارية ihtibārīya empiricism استختبار istikbàr pl. -āt inquiry │ دائرة الاستختباراتinformation bureau مخبر mukbir pl. -ūn reporter; detective مختبر muktabar pl. -āt laboratory خبز kabaza i (kabz) to bake (هـ bread) VIII do. خبز kubz pl. اخباز akbāz bread خبزة kubza loaf of bread خباز kubza pl. -ūn, خبازة baker خباز kubbaz, خبيز kubbaiz, خبازى kubbazā mallow (bot.) خبازة kibāza baker’s trade, art of baking مخبز makbaz, مخبزة pl. مخابز makābiz2 bakery خبص kabaṣa i (kabṣ) to mix, mingle, intermix (ب هـ s.th. with) II to mix, mingle, intermix (هـ s.th.); to muddle, jumble, confuse (هـ s.th.), make a mess (هـ of) خبيص kabīl, خبيصة medley, mess, mishmash, hodgepodge; خبصة a jellylike sweet خباص kabbāṣ one who causes confusion, who messes things up; an irresponsible, light-minded person خبط kabaṭa i (kabṭ) to beat, strike (هـ s.th., against s.th.); to knock, rap (هـ on, الباب on the door); to stamp (الارض the ground; of animals) │ يخبط خبط عشواء (kabṭa ‘ašwā’) he acts haphazardly, he proceeds rashly or at random V to beat, strike, hit (ه s.o.); to bring down, fell, knock out, throw to the ground (ه s.o.); to bump, hit (هـ against), collide (هـ with), stumble (هـ over); to be lost, wander about, stray; to grope about, fumble about; to struggle, resist; to clatter over the ground, gallop (horse) VIII to bump (against); to struggle, resist; to grope about, fumble about; to be lost, wander around, stray; to stir, bustle خبطة kabta blow, stroke; rap, knock; noise, din, uproar خباط kubāṭ insanity, madness, mental disorder خبل kabala u (kabl) to confound, confuse, mess up, complicate (هـ s.th.); to hinder, impede, handicap, stop, hold back (ه s.o.); to befuddle (ه s.o.), confuse s.o.’s (ه) mind, rob (ه s.o.) of his senses make (ه s.o.) crazy; -- kabila a (kabal, خبال kabal) to get confused; to be or become mentally disturbed, crazy, insane II to confound, confuse (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to complicate, entangle, mess up, muddle, throw into disorder (هـ s.th.); to rob of his senses, drive insane (ه s.o.) VIII to become muddled, disordered (mind) خبل kabl, kabal confusion; mental disorder, insanity خبل kabil mad, crazy, insane; feebleminded, dim-witted اخبل akbal 2 mad, crazy, insane; feeble-minded, dim-witted اختبال iktibāl mental disorder مخبول makbūl mad, crazy, idiotic, imbecilic, mentally deranged, insane; muddlehead, dolt, fool مخبل makbal confused. baffled, perplexed, dismayed; muddled, confused, mixed up (خبو) خبا kabā u (kabw, kubūw) to go out, die (fire) خبايا and خباء pl. اخبية see خبأ خابية pl. خواب see خبأ 226 خبياري kibyārī caviar ختر katara i (katr) to betray (ه s.o.), act perfidiously, disloyally (ه toward s.o.); to deceive, cheat, dupe (ه s.o.) ختر katr disloyalty, breach of confidence, perfidy, treachery, betrayal, deception ختار kattār traitor, disloyal person, cheat, swindler خاتر kātir treacherous, perfidious, disloyal ختل katala i u (katl, ختلا katalan) to dupe, gull, cheat, double-cross, deceive (ه s.o.) III to deceive, cheat, dupe (ه s.o.); to behave hypocritically VIII = I ختل katl and مخاتل mukātala deception, trickery, double-dealing, duplicity, duping, gulling مخاتل mukātil deceitful, crafty, wily, foxy ختم katama i (katm, ختام kitām) to seal, provide with a seal or signet (هـ s.th.); to stamp, impress with a stamp (هـ s.th.); to seal off, close, make impervious or inaccessible (هـ s.th.; also على the hearts, said of God); to put one’s seal (هـ on), conclude, terminate (هـ s.th.); to wind up, finish, complete (هـ s.th.); to close, heal, cicatrize (wound) V to put on or wear a ring (ب) │ تختم بالذهب (dahab) to wear a golden ring VIII to conclude, finish, terminate, wind up (هـ s.th.) ختم katm sealing; -- (pl. اختام aktām, ختوم kutūm) seal, signet, seal imprint; stamp, stamp imprint; also = ختمة (see below) │ ختم البريدpostmark, (postal) cancellation stamp; شمع الختم šam‘ al-k. sealing wax ختمة katma pl. katamāt recital of the entire Koran, esp. on festive occasions خاتم kātam, kātam pl. خواتم kawātim2 seal ring, signet ring; ring, finger ring; seal, signet; stamp │خاتم الزواج k. zawāj wedding ring; خاتم النبيين k. an-nabīyīn the Seal (i.e., the last) of the Prophets = Mohammed خاتام kātām pl. خواتيم kawātīm2 seal ring, signet ring; ring ختام kitām sealing wax; end, close, conclusion, termination │في الختام at the end, at last, finally, eventually ختامي kitāmī final, concluding │كلمة ختامية (kalima) concluding speech اختتام iktitām end, close, conclusion, termination خاتمة kātima pl. خواتم kawātim2, خواتيم kawātīm2 end, close, conclusion, termination; epilogue (of a book); خواتيم final stage مختم mukattam ringed, adorned with a ring or rings (hand) مختتم muktatam end, close, conclusion, termination 1 ختنkatana i (katn) to circumcise (ه a boy) VIII pass ختن katn circumcision ختن katan pl. اختان aktān son-in-law bridegroom ختان kitān, ختانة kitāna circumcision 2 خاتون look up alphabetically خثر katara u and katira a to become solid, become thick, solidify, thicken; to be or become viscous, syrupy; to clot, coagulate (liquid); to curdle (milk) II and IV to thicken, inspissate, condense, coagulate (هـ liquid); to curdle (هـ milk) V = I O خثرة katra thrombosis (med.) خثار kutar dregs (of a liquid); scum of the earth, riffraff, mob خثارة kutāra dregs (of a liquid); sediment, lees 227 تخثر takattur coagulation │O تخثر المخ (mukk) cerebral thrombosis خاثر kātir thickened, inspissated, condensed; viscous, ropy, sirupy; curdled, coagulated, clotted; yoghurt, curd مخثر mukattar thickened, inspissated, condensed; viscous, ropy, sirupy; curdled, coagulated, clotted خجل kajila a (kajal) to become embarrassed; to be ashamed (من of s.th. or to face s.o.), be abashed ( by s.th.), feel embarrassed (من about s.th. or in front of s.o.) II and IV to shame (ه s.o.); to embarrass, abash, put to shame (ه s.o.) خجل kajal shame (من at); bashfulness diffidence, timidity, shyness; abashment; disgrace, shame, ignominy │يا للخجل (la-l-kajal) O disgrace! the shame of it! خجل kajil abashed, embarrassed; bashful, diffident, shy, timid; overgrown with luxuriant, profuse vegetation; long and flowing (garment) خجول kajūl abashed, ashamed, shame-faced; shy, bashful, diffident, timid خجلان kajalān abashed, ashamed, shamefaced; shy, bashful, diffident, timid; bewildered with shame, embarrassed مخجول makjūl ashamed, shamefaced مخجل mukjil arousing shame, shameful; shocking, disgraceful, ignominious │اعضاء المخجلة (a‘ḍā’) the pudenda خد kadda u to furrow, plow (a the ground) V to be furrowed; to become wrinkled (akin) خد kadd pl. خدود kudūd cheek; lateral portion, side │صعر خده ṣa‘‘ra kaddahū to put on a contemptuous mien خد kadd and خدة kudda pl. خدد kudad furrow, ridge, groove, rut اخدود ukdūd pl. اخاديد akādīd2 furrow, ridge, groove, rut; trench, excavation خد mikadda pl. مخاد makadd2 cushion, pillow; seat cushion خديج kadīj premature child خداج kidāj abortion, miscarriage خدر ¬kadira a (kadar) to be numb, prickle, tingle (leg, arm); to be or become limp, benumbed, paralyzed; -- kadara u to confine to women’s quarters, keep in seclusion (ها a girl) II to numb, benumb, stupefy (ه s.o., هـ a s.th.); to anesthetize, narcotize, put to sleep (ه s.o., هـ s.th.; med.); to confine to women’s quarters, keep in seclusion (la a girl) IV to make torpid, stupefy, benumb, deprive of sensation, narcotize (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) V to be numbed. be stunned, be stupefied, be deprived of sensation; to come to rest, calm down خدر kidr pl. خدور kudūr, اخدار akdār, اخادير akādīr2 curtain, drape; women’s quarters of a tent; boudoir, private room (of a lady) خدر kadar and خدرة kudra numbness, insensibility (esp. of a limb gone to sleep); daze. torpor, stupor خدر kadir numb (limb); benumbed, torpid, dazed خدر takdīr anesthetization, narcotization خادر kādir limp, languid; benumbed, torpid, dazed; hidden in his den, lurking (lion) خادرة kādira chrysalis (of a caterpillar; zool.) مخدر mukaddir anesthetic, painkilling, tranquilizing; (pl. -āt) an anesthetic; a narcotic, drug, dope مخدر mukaddar numb, torpid, insensible; (eg.) tipsy, fuddled, drunk مخدرة mukaddira girl kept in seclusion from the outside world 228 خدش kadaša i (kadš) to scratch (هـ s.th.); to maul, lacerate, tear to pieces (هـ s.th.); to violate (هـ the rules of decency, s.o.’s honor, and the like); to disturb (هـ the peace); to ruin, sully, run down (سمعته sum‘atahū s.o.’s reputation) II to scratch (هـ s.th.) j to maul, lacerate, tear to pieces (هـ s.th.); to violate (هـ the rules of decency, s.o.’s honor, etc.); to ruin, sully, run down (سمعته sum‘atahū s.o.’s reputation) خدش kadš pl. خدوش kudūš, اخداش akdāš scratch, scratch mark; graze, abrasion خدع kada‘a a to cheat (ه s.o., عن out of s.th.); to deceive, mislead, dupe, gull (ه s.o.); pass. kudi‘a to be mistaken, be wrong (عن about); to fail to see clearly (عن with regard to), get the wrong impression (عن of s.th.) III to cheat, dupe, deceive, take in (ه s.o.); to try to deceive or double-cross (ه s.o.) VII to let o.s. be deceived, be deceived, deluded, misled (ب by); to be mistaken, be wrong خدع kud‘a pl. خدع kuda‘, -āt deception, cheating, swindle خدعة kuda‘a impostor, swindler, cheat, sharper سوى خدع sawwā akda‘ahū to crush s.o.’s pride, humble s.o. خديعة kadī‘a pl. خدائع kadā’i‘2 deception, deceit, betrayal, treachery, perfidy, trickery, imposture خداع kaddā‘ impostor, swindler, sharper, cheat, crook; deceptive, delusive خيدع kaida‘ fata morgana, mirage اخاديع akādi‘2 swindles, underhand dealings, crooked practices; phantoms, phantasms, delusions مخدع mika‘, mukda‘, makda‘ pl. مخادع makādi2 small room, chamber, cabinet; bedchamber خداع kidā‘ deception, deceit, swindle, imposture, betrayal, treachery, perfidy, trickery, duplicity خداعي kidā‘ī deceitful, fraudulent; deceptive, delusive, fallacious مخادع mukādi‘ swindler, impostor, cheat, sharper, crook خدل kadala a to stiffen, become rigid; to become numb, torpid, limp خدم kadama i u (خدم kidma) to serve, be at service, do service; to have a job; to work; to wait (ه on s.o.); to serve (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to render a service (ه to s.o., هـ to s.th.), stand up (ه for s.o.) │ خدم الأرض to till or cultivate the soil; خدمه خدمات كثيرة (kidamātin katīratan) he rendered him many services; خدم ركاب فلان (rikāba) to be at s.o.’s beck and call; خدم مصالح فلان (maṣāliḥa) to serve s.o.’s interests; خدم القداس (quddāsa) to celebrate Mass (Chr.) II to employ, hire (ه s.o.), engage the services (ه of s.o.); to give work (ه to s.o.), provide work (ه for) X to employ, hire, take on (ه s.o., ل for s.th.), engage the services (ل ه of s.o. for s.th.); to put in operation, operate (هـ e.g., a public utility); to employ, use (هـ s.th., ل for), make use, avail o.s. (هـ of s.th., ل for a purpose) خدم kadam servants, attendants خدمة kidma pl. خدم kidam, -āt a service (rendered); attendance, service; operation; office, employment, occupation, job; work │ في خدمة شيءin the service of s.th.; في خدمتكم at your service; خدم للحقيقة (kidmatan) in the interest of truth, for the sake of truth; خدمة عسكرية ('askarīya) military service; الخدمة الاجبارية (ijbārīya) conscription, compulsory service; الخدمة السرية (sirrīya) secret service (pol.); خدمة القداس k. al-quddās celebration of Mass (Chr.) 229 خدام kaddām pl. ة manservant, servant, attendant; woman servant, female domestic servant, maid خدام kadāma attendance, service; employment, occupation, office, job خدام kaddāma pl. -āt woman servant, female domestic servant, maid تخديم takdīm work, occupation or duty of an employment agent (مخدم mukaddim see below) │ مكتب التخديم maktab at-t. labor office, employment bureau استخدام istikdām (putting into) operation; use, utilization; employment, hiring (of an employee); service, occupation, position, job خادم kādim pl. خدام kuddām, خدمة kudama domestic servant, help; manservant; woman servant; employee; attendant; waiter; deacon (Chr.) خادمة kādima woman servant; female domestic servant, maid; woman attendant خادمية kādimīya status of a servant مخدوم makdūm pl. -ūn, مخاديم makādīm2 master, employer مخدومة makdūma mistress, lady (of the house), woman employer مخدومية makdūmīya status of the master or employer مخدم mukaddim pl. -ūn employment agent مستخدم mustakdim pl. -ūn employer; -- mustakdam (colloq. mustakdim) pl. -ūn employee, official خدن III to befriend (ه s.o.), make friends (ه with s.o.); to associate socially (ه with) خدن kidn pl. اخدان akdān (intimate) friend, companion, confidant خدين kadīn (intimate) friend, companion, confidant خديو kidīw, خديوي kudaiwī khedive خديوي kidīwī khedivial خذأ X to submit, subject o.s. مستخذئ mustakdi’ submissive, servile, subservient, obedient خذروف kūdrūf pl. خذاريف kadārīf2 (spinning) top خذروفي kudrūfī turbinate, toplike خذف kadafa i (kadf) to hurl away (هـ, ب s.th.) مخذفة mikdafa sling, slingshot, catapult خذل kadala u (kadl, خذلان kidlān) to leave, abandon, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch (ه or عن s.o.); to stay behind; to disappoint; pass. kudila to fail, suffer a setback, meet with disappointment III to leave, abandon, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch (ه s.o.) VI to let up, flag, grow slack, languish, wane, decrease, fade, grow feeble VII to be left in the lurch; to be helpless; to be defeated; to meet with disappointment خذل kidlān disappointment تختذل ta!:d4u.l fatigue, languor, weakness, feebleness; relaxation, lessening of tension; disagreement, dissent, disunion انخذال inkidāl forsakenness, desertedness, abandonment; defeat خذل mutakādil languid, weak, exhausted, spent, effete خذو X to submit, subject o.s. استخذاء istikdā’ subservience, submissiveness, servility مستخذ mustakdin submissive, servile, subservient, obedient خر karra i (خرير karīr) to murmur, bubble, gurgle, purl (of running water); to ripple, trickle; to snore; -- (karr, خرور 230 kurūr) to fall, fall down, drop; to sink to the ground, prostrate o.s. │ خر على الأرضfall to the ground; خر بين يديه (baina yadaihi) he prostrated himself before him; خر تحت قدميه (taḥta qadmnaihi) he fell at hill feet خرير karīr purl, murmur, ripple (of water) خرئ kari’a a (خرء kar’) to evacuate the bowels, defecate خرء kur’ and خراء karā’ excrement, feces خراسان kurāsān2 Khurasan (province in NE Iran) 1خرب karaba i (karb) to destroy, wreck, demolish, shatter, devastate, lay waste (هـ s.th.); -- kariba a (خراب karāb) to be or become destroyed, ruined, waste, go to ruin, fall apart, disintegrate II to devastate, lay waste, destroy, wreck, demolish, ruin, lay in ruins (هـ s.th.) IV = II; V to be or become destroyed, ruined, waste, go to ruin, Call apart, disintegrate خرب karb destruction, devastation خرب kurb hole; eye of a needle; anus خرب karib destroyed, demolished, wrecked, devastated, waste; dilapidated, tumble-down, ramshackle; broken, ruined, out of order خربة kirba pl. خرب kirab (site of) ruins; ruin, disintegrating structure خربة karba, kurba irreligion, lawlessness خربة kurba pl. خرب kurab hole; eye of a needle; anus خربة kariba (site of) ruins خراب karàb ruin, ruination; state of destruction or dilapidation; desolation; (pl. اخربة akriba) (site of) ruins خرابة karāba pl. -āt, خرائب karā’ib2 disintegrating structure, ruin, ruins خربان karbān, kirbān destroyed, wrecked, demolished, devastated, waste; ruined, broken, out of order تخريب takrīb pl. -āt devastation, destruction, wrecking, demolition; sabotage عمل تخريبي ‘amal takrībī act of sabotage خارب kārib annihilator, destroyer مخرب mukarrib pl. -ūn annihilator, destroyer; saboteur مخرب mukrib annihilator, destroyer 2خروب karrūb (coll.; n. un. ة) carob, locust; carob bean, locust pod, St.-John’s-bread خروبة karrūba pl. -āt kharouba, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1/16 قدح = .291 l) خربش karbaša to scratch; to scrawl, scribble خربوش karbuš pl. خرابيش karābīš (syr.) tent O مخربشات mukarbašāt graffiti خربط karbaṭa to throw into disorder, disarrange, confuse (هـ s.th.) خربق karbaqa to perforate, riddle (هـ s.th.); to spoil, mar (هـ s.th.) خربق karbaq hellebore (bot.) خرت karata u (kart) to pierce, bore, perforate (هـ s.th.), make a hole (هـ in) خرت kurt, kart pl. اخرات akrāt, خروت kurūt hole; bore, drill hole; ring, eye, eyelet حريت kirrīt experienced, practiced, skilled; guide خرتيت kartīt rhinoceros خرج karaja u (خروج kurūj) to go out, walk out; to come out (من of), emerge (من from); to drive or ride out, go out (in a vehicle); to flow out, exude, effuse; to go away, depart, leave, retire; to protrude, 231 project, stick out; to leave (من s.th.); to dismount, alight, disembark (من from), get out, step out (من of); to emanate, issue, arise, originate, result (من from); to draw away, segregate, separate, secede, dissent (عن from), disagree (عن with); to deviate, depart (عن from an arrangement, from a principle); to be an exception (عن to); to be outside a given subject (عن), go beyond a topic (عن), exceed (عن a topic); to be alien (عن to), be extraneous (عن from), not to belong (عن to), be not included (عن in), have nothing to do with (عن); لا يخرج عن it is limited to ..., it is nothing but ... ; to go forth (into battle); to attack (على s.o., s.th.), rise, fight (على against); to rebel, revolt (على against); to violate, break, infringe (على a rule, a regulation); خرج عليه ب to come up to s.o. with …, confront s.o. with ... ; to get out, bring out, take out (ب s.o.); to turn out, oust, dislodge (ب s.o.); to lead away, dissuade (عن ب s.o. from); to find out, discover (ب s.th.) │خرج عن الخط (kaṭṭ) to be derailed, run off the track (train) II to move out, take out, dislodge (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to turn out, oust, expel, evict, drive out (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to remove, eliminate (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to exclude, except (هـ s.th.); to train (ه s.o., في in a skill, and the like); to educate, bring up (ه s.o.); to distill (هـ s.th.); to pull out, extract (هـ s.th.); to gather, deduce, infer (هـ s.th.); to explain, interpret, expound, elucidate (هـ s.th.) IV to move out, take out, get out, bring out, dislodge (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to unload (هـ s.th.), disembark, detrain, etc. (ه s.o., e.g., troops); to turn out, oust (ه s.o.); to emit, send out (هـ s.th., e.g., electric waves); to stick out (هـ e.g., the tongue); to fish out (هـ s.th. from the pocket); to bring out into the open, make public (هـ s.th.); to remove, extract (هـ s.th.); to eliminate (هـ s.th.); to expel, evict, exile, expatriate (ه s.o., من from a country); to dismiss, fire, remove (ه s.o., من from an office); اخرجه من ثروته (tarwatihī) to rob s.o. of his property, dispossess, expropriate s.o.; to give off, sound, emit (هـ s.th., e.g., a tone; said of a musical instrument); to set forth, state, express, utter, voice (هـ an opinion); to break (ريحا rīḥan wind); to educate, bring up (ه s.o.); to train (ه s.o.); to stage, produce (هـ a play; theat.); to bring out, make, shoot (رواية riwāyatan a film, said of a director); to except, exclude (هـ s.th., عن from); to pull out, extract (هـ s.th.); to select (هـ s.th.) V to be educated; to be trained (في in a school, college, also من; في in a field); to graduate (في from a school, from a college, also من) VI to part company, separate; to disengage, disassociate, withdraw from one another; to cede, assign, transfer, make over (ل عن s.th. to s.o.) X to get out, move out, remove (هـ s.th., من from); to take out, draw (هـ s.th., من from); to pull out, extract (هـ s.th., من from); to mine, extract, recover (هـ mineral resources); to win, gain, make (هـ a product, من from); to copy, excerpt (A s.th., من from a book or document); to derive, draw, deduce, figure out, compute (من هـ s.th. from); to elicit (هـ s.th., e.g., astonishment, من from s.o.); to find out, discover (هـ s.th.) خرج karj expenditure, outlay, expense(s), costs; land tax; s.th. appropriate or suitable, that which is s.o.’s due, which s.o. deserves, which s.o. needs; (eg.) ration (food); (pl. خروجات kurūjāat) trimming; edge, edging, piping; pl. lace; trimmings │هذا خراجك that’s what you need, what you deserve; خرج المشنقة k. al-mašnaqa one who deserves to be hanged خرج kurj pl. خرجة kiraja saddlebag, portmanteau 232 خرجة karja pl. karajāt exit, departure; protrusion, protuberance, projection, salient part; (eg.) funeral خراج karāj tax; kharaj, land tax (Isl. Law) خراجي karājī of or pertaining to land tax; of or pertaining to the taxed and cultivable area خرج kurāj (coll.; n. un. ة, pl. -āt) skin eruption; tumor, abscess خروج kurūj exit; egression, emergence; departure; exodus; emigration; raid, foray, sortie (على against), attack, assault (على on) │ خروج عن الخط (kaṭṭ) derailment (of a train) خريج kirrīj pl. -ūn graduate (of a school, college, or university) │مؤتمر الخريجين العرب mu’tamar al-k. al-‘arab Congress of Arab Graduates (a supra-national organization of university graduates advocating a unified Arab world) مخرج makraj pl. مخارج makārij2 (place of) exit; way out (of a difficult situation), outlet, escape, loophole, shift, dodge, excuse; articulation (of a sound); O cathode (el.) │علم مخارج الحروف phonetics تخريج takrīj education, training (in schools, colleges); raising, upbringing, rearing (of children); extraction; derivation, deduction; interpretation, exegesis اخراج ikrāj taking out, moving out, removal; unloading, disembarkment, detrainment; emission; moving, carting away, hauling off; evacuation; publication, publicizing, bringing before the public; extraction, removal; elimination; dismissal, removal (from an office); ousting, expulsion, eviction, expatriation, banishment (from a country); excretion (biol.); finding out, discovery, figuring out; training, formation, education; direction, production, staging (motion pictures, theater) │تولى الاخراج (tawallā) to have the, direction (motion pictures, theater); من اخراج ... directed by (motion picture) تخرج takarruj graduation (from a school or college) تخارج takāruj separation, disassociation, disengagement, (mutual) withdrawal استخراج istikrāj taking out, moving out, pulling out, removal; withdrawing; extraction, derivation, gaining (of industrial products, etc.), mining, recovery (of mineral resources); preparation of an extract; excerpting, copying; deduction, inference; solution (of a problem) خارج kārij outer, outside, outward, exterior; external, foreign j outside, exterior (n.); foreign country or countries; quotient (arith.); karija (prep.) outside, out of خارجا kārijan outside │خارجا عن outside of, apart from; في الخارج abroad, in foreign countries; outside; الى الخارج abroad, to foreign countries; to the outside, outward, out الخارجة El Khārga (town in central Egypt, in Khārga oasis) خارجي kārijī outer, out- (in compounds), outside, outward, exterior, external; foreign; nonresident │عيادة خارجية (‘iyāda) policlinic; وزارة خارجية ministry of foreign (external) affairs, foreign ministry; تلميذ خارجي (tilmīd) a student not living at a boarding school, a day student خوارج kawārij2 the Khawarij, Kharijites (the oldest religious sect of Islam); dissenters, dissidents, backsliders, rebels مخرج mukrij pl. -ūn (screen or stage) director مخرج mukraj excerpt, extract (from a book); مخرجات excretions (biol.) 233 متخرج mutakarrij pl. -ūn graduate (في or من of a school or college) مستخرج mustakraj pl. -āt extract; excerpt (من from), partial copy (من of) خرخر karkara to snore 1خرد karida a to be a virgin, be untouched, innocent, chaste خريدة karida pl. خرائد karā’id2, خرد kurud virgin; unbored pearl 2خردة kurda scrap metal, scrap iron; pl. خردوات kardawāt notions, smallwares; small goods, smalls, miscellaneous small articles; (eg. also) novelties, fancy goods for ladies خردجي kurdajī dealer in miscellaneous smallwares خردق kurdaq, kurduq small shot, buckshot خردل kardal (coll.; n. un. ة) mustard seeds; mustard خرز karaza I u to pierce, bore (هـ s.th.) خرز karaz (coll.; n. un. ة) pearls مخرز mikraz pl. مخارز makāriz2 awl; punch مخراز mikrāz awl; punch 1 خرس karisa a (karas) to be dumb mute; to become silent, keep silent, hold one’s tongue IV to silence, reduce to silence, gag (ه s.o.) خرس karas dumbness, muteness اخرس akras2, f. خرساء karsā’2 pl. خرس kurs, خرسان kursān dumb, mute خرسان karsān2 dumb, mute 2 خرسان karasān, خرسانة karasāna concrete (béton) │O خرسانة مسلحة (musallaḥa) armored (or reinforced) concrete خرشوف kuršūf (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. خراشيف karāšīf artichoke خرص karaṣa u (karṣ) to guess estimate (هـ s.th.); to conjecture, surmise (هـ s.th.), form conjectures (هـ about); to tell an untruth, a falsehood, to lie V to fabricate lies (على against s.o.); to raise false accusations (على against s.o.) خرص kirṣ, kurṣ, pl. خرصان kirṣān, kurṣān earring خراص karrāṣ pl. -ūn Ii&!', slanderer, calumniator خرط karaṭa u i (karṭ) to pull off, strip (هـ leaves from a tree); to turn, lathe, shape with a lathe (هـ wood, metal); to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie; -- u (eg.) to cut into small pieces; to mince, chop, dice (هـ meat, carrots, etc.) II (eg.) to cut into small pieces, mince, chop (هـ s.th.) VII to be turned. be lathed. be shaped with a lathe; to join, enter (في, في سلك fī silk an organization, a community), affiliate (في, في سلك with an organization, a community); to penetrate (في s.th. or into); to plunge headlong (في into), embark rashly (في upon); to labor, slave, toil │انخرط في البكاء (bukā’) to break into tears خرط karṭ pulling-off (of leaves); دون ذلك خرط القتاد see دون turning, turnery خراط karrāṭ pl. -ūn turner, lather; braggart, bluffer, storyteller خراطة kirāṭa turner’s trade, turnery, art of turning خراطة karrāta skirt (syr.) خريطة karīṭa pl. خرائط karā’iṭ, خرط kuruṭ map, chart مخرطة mikraṭa, makraṭa pl. مخارط makāriṭ2 lathe خارطة kāriṭa pl. -āt map, chart مخروط makrūṭ cone (math.); conic 234 مخروطي makrūṭī conic خرطوش karṭūš, خرطوشة karṭūša pl. خراطيش karāṭīš 2 cartridge; lead (of a pencil); cartouche (arch.); daybook خرطال karṭāl oats خرطوم karṭūm pl. خراطيم karāṭīm2 proboscis, trunk (of the elephant); hose الخرطوم al-karṭūm Khartoum (capital of the Sudanese Republic) خراطين karāṭīn2 a kind of earthworm خراطيني karāṭīnī wormlike, vermiform خرطيط karṭīṭ rhinoceros خرع karu‘a u (kur‘, خراعة kurā‘a) and kari‘a a (kara‘) to droop, be or become slack, limp, flabby; to be or become languid, soft, spineless, yielding VII do. VIII to invent, devise, contrive (هـ s.th.); to create. originate (هـ s.th.) خرع kari‘ and خريع karī‘ soft, languid, yielding, spineless, devoid of energy, nerveless خروع kirwa‘ castor-oil plant, palma Christi (Ricinus communis; bot.) اختراع iktirā‘ pl. -āt invention مخترع muktari‘ pl. -ūn inventor مخترع muktara‘ pl. -at invention خرف karifa a (karaf) to dote, be senile and feeble-minded; to drivel, talk foolishly خرف karaf feeble-mindedness, dotage, senility; childishness (of an old man) خرف karif and خرفان karfān feeble- minded, doting; childish; dotard خريف karīf autumn, fall خريفي karīfī autumnal خروف karūf pl. خراف kirāf, اخرفة akrifa, خرفان kirfān young sheep, lamb, yearling; wether خرافة kurāfa pl. -āt superstition; fable, fairy tale خرافي kurāfī fabulous, fictitious, legendary مخرفة makrafa prattle, drivel, twaddle, bosh تخريف takrīf folly, delusion; foolish talk, drivel, twaddle, bosh, buncombe مخرف mukarrif childish, foolish; (pl. -ūn) prattler, chatterbox, windbag; charlatan خرفش kartaša to shuffle, mix (هـ s.th.) خرفوشة karfūša pl. خرافيش karāfīš2 card of low value, discard (in card playing) خرق karaqa I u (karq) to tear, rend, tear apart (هـ s.th.); to make a hole (هـ in); to perforate, pierce, bore (هـ s.th.); to penetrate (هـ s.th.), break, pass (هـ through s.th.); to traverse, cross, transit (هـ s.th., a country); to violate, impair, infringe (هـ s.th.), encroach (هـ upon); to break (هـ a vow, and the like), commit a breach of (هـ); to exceed the ordinary, be unusual, extraordinary, unprecedented, unheard-of │خرق العادة to go beyond what is ordinary or customary IV to lurk, lie in wait V and VII to be torn, be rent, be pierced, be broken VIII to pierce (هـ s.th.); to cut, break, pass' (هـ through s.th.), penetrate (هـ s.th.); to traverse, cross, transit (هـ s.th.), travel through s.th. (هـ); to exceed (هـ e.g., a limit), go beyond s.th. (هـ) │اخترق مسامعه (masāmi‘ahū) to shrill in s.o.’s ears خرق karq tearing, rending, laceration; piercing, boring, perforation; penetration; disruption; breakthrough; traversion, crossing, transit; violation, breach; (pl. خروق kurūq) hole, aperture, opening │خرق الأمن من العام k. al-amn al-‘āmm violation of public security; خرق العادة offense against common usage, violation of mores; اتسع الخرق على الراقع (ittasa‘a) the rent is beyond repair 235 خرق kurq and خرقة kurqa awkwardness, clumsiness; stupidity │ خرق في الرأي (ra’y) stupidity; folly, madness; من الخرق في الرأي ان ... it would be very unwise to ... خرقة kirqa pl. خرق kiraq tatter, shred; rag; scrap (of paper); polishing cloth; eraser (cloth) اخرق akraq2 f. خرقاء karqā’2, pl. خرق kurq clumsy, awkward; stupid; irregular; illegal, illicit, unlawful مخرقة makraqa trickery, sleight of hand, legerdemain, hocus-pocus, swindle مخارق makāriq2 a kind of pastry (tun.) اختراق iktirāq penetration; piercing, disruption; traversion, crossing, transit خارق kāriq and (للعادة or) خارق العادة exceeding the customary, unusual, extraordinary, unprecedented, unheard-of; pl. خوارق kawāriq2 preternatural phenomena. miracles; that which transcends the conceivable or the rational │ خارق الطبيعة supernatural; خوارق المصادفات k. al-muṣādafāt miraculous coincidences مخترق muktaraq passage, passageway خرم karama i (karm) and II to pierce (هـ s.th.), make a hole or holes (هـ in); to perforate (هـ s.th.) VII to be pierced, be riddled, be torn; to be deranged, unsettled, disorganized; to come to an end, run out, peter out, get lost VIII to destroy, annihilate (ه s.o.); to carry off, carry away (ه s.o., of death); to break (الصفوف the ranks), pass through s.th. (هـ) خرم karm pl. خروم kurūm gap, blank (e.g., in a manuscript, or the like) خرم kurm hole │ خرم الابرة k. al-ibra eye of the needle خرامة karāma drill, bit, auger, gimlet; punch, perforator خرم akram2 having a perforated nasal septum تخريم takrīm piercing, boring, drilling; perforation; punching; lace-making, lace-work تخريمة takrīma lace, lace-work, openwork, filigree انخرام inkirām state of unsettlement, disturbance, disorganization, derangement │انخرام في التوازن (tawāzun) disturbance of equilibrium مخروم makrūm defective, incomplete (e.g., a manuscript) مخرم mukarram perforated; done in openwork, in filigree خرماشة kurmāša pl. -āt (ir.) harrow خرنوب kurnūb carob, locust; carob bean, locust pod, St.-John’s-bread خرنق kirniq pl. خرانق karāniq2 young hare, leveret خروع kirwa‘ castor-oil plant, palma Christi (Ricinus communis; bot.) 1 خز kazza u to pierce, transfix (ه s.o.); to stab (ه s.o., ب with) VIII to pierce, transfix (ه s.o., ب with) 2خز pl. خزوز kuzūz silk fabric 1خزر kazara uto look askance (ه at s.o.), give s.o. (ه) a sidelong glance 2بحر الخزر baḥr al-kazar the Caspian Sea خيزران kaizurān pl. خيازر kayāzir2 cane, reed; rattan; bamboo خيزرانة kaizurāna cane, stick خزع kaza‘a a (kaz‘) to cut, sever (هـ s.th.) خزعبل kuza‘bal idle talk, bosh خزعبل kuza‘bala pl. -āt idle talk, bosh; joke, jest, hoax; fib, yarn; cock and bull story 236 خزف kazaf pottery, earthenware; porcelain, china; ceramics خزفي kazafī (made of) porcelain; porcelaneous, porcelain, china (adj.) خزاف kazzāf dealer in chinaware; potter خزافة kizāfa potter’s trade, pottery خزق kazaqa i to pierce, stab, transfix (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to drive, ram هـ في الأرض s.th. into the ground); to tear, rend, rip apart (هـ s.th.) II to tear, rend, rip apart (هـ s.th.) V and VII pass of I and II خزق kazq rip, rent, tear, hole (in a garment) خازوق kāzūq pl. خوازق kawāziq2 post, stake, pole; dirty trick │هذا خازوق that’s tough luck! 2خوزق look up alphabetically خزل kazala i (kazl) to cut off, sever (هـ s.th.); to hinder, prevent, hold back, restrain, keep (ه s.o., عن from) VIII to cut off, cut short, end abruptly (هـ s.th.); to shorten, abridge, abbreviate (هـ s.th.); to stand alone (ب with an opinion) اختزال iktizāl abridgment, abbreviation; shorthand, stenography مختزل muktazil stenographer خزم kazama i (kazm) to string, thread (هـ pearls) │ خزم انفه (anfahū) to pierce the nasal septum (of a camel) and insert the nose ring for the bridle; to make s.o. subservient to one’s will خزام kizām, خزامة kizāma pl. خزائم kazā’im2 nose ring خزامى kuzāmā lavender (bot.) خزن kazana u (kazn) to store, stock, lay up, hoard, amass, accumulate; to keep secret, keep (هـ a secret) II and VIII to store, stock, lay up, warehouse (هـ s.th.); to store up, accumulate (هـ s.th.); to dam (هـ s.th.); to put in safekeeping, keep (هـ s.th.) خزن kazn storing; accumulation, hoarding, amassing; storage, warehousing خزنة kazna treasure house; safe, coffer, vault; wardrobe, locker; cupboard خزانة kizāna pl. -āt, خزائن kazā’in2 treasure house; vault, coffer, safe; treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; locker, wardrobe, closet; cupboard; library │خزانة الدولة k. ad-daula and خزانة عامة (‘āmma) public treasury, exchequer; خزانة الثلج k. at-talj icebox, refrigerator; خزانة الكتب k. al-kutub bookcase; library; خزانة خصوصية (kuṣūṣīya) private library; خزانة الملابس wardrobe, closet, locker خزينة kazīna pl. خزائن kazā’in2 treasure house; public treasury, exchequer; treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; cashier’s office; vault, coffer, safe; cashbox, till (of a merchant) │ الخزينة الخاصة (kāṣṣa) (formerly) the Royal Privy Purse (Ir.); خزينة الدولة k. ad-daula public treasury, exchequer; خزينة راصدة, خزينة نقود راصدة cash register خزان kuzzān pl. -āt, خزازين kazāzīn2 dam; reservoir; basin, sump, pool; storage tank (also for oil); - (pl. -ūn) storehouseman, warehouseman مخزن makzan pl. مخازن makāzin2 storeroom, storehouse; depository; stock-room, storage room; depot, magazine, warehouse; store, shop, department store; المخزن al-makzan the Makhzan, the Moroccan government (formerly: govemmental finance department; Mor.) │ مخزن ادوية m. adwiya drugstore; مخزن الاصدار m. al-iṣdār shipping room (com.); مخزن العفش m. al-‘afš trunk (of an automobile) 237 مخزني makzanī being under government control or administration. belonging to the government (Mor.) │املاك مخزنية (amlāk) government land (Mor.) مخازني makāzinī pl. -īya native gendarme (Mor.) مخازن makāzin2, مخازن الطريق m. aṭ-ṭarīq the nearest, shortest way, a short cut مخزنجي makzanjī storehouseman, warehouseman خزندار kazandār, kaznadār treasurer تخزين takzīn storage, storing, warehousing; storing up, accumulation; damming خازن kāzin pl. خزنة kazana, خزان kuzzān treasurer مخزون makzūn stored, stored up, deposited, warehoused; (pl. -āt) stock, supply, stock in trade خزي kaziya a (kizy, kazan) to be or become base, vile, despicable, contemptible; (خزاية kazāya) to be ashamed (من of); -- kazā i to disgrace, dishonor, discredit, put to shame (ه s.o.); to shame, abash, embarrass (ه s.o.) IV to humiliate, degrade, dishonor (ه s.o.); to shame, put to shame (ه s.o.) X to be ashamed خزى kizy, kazan shame, disgrace, ignominy │يا للخزى! yā la-l-kazā what a shame! خزيان kazayān2 f. خزيا kazyā, pl. خزايا kazāya ashamed, shamefaced, abashed; shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, infamous, base, mean, vile مخزاة makzāh pl. مخاز makāzin a shameful thing, a disgrace; reason for shame; pl. shameful things, disgraceful acts, infamies مخزي makzīy ashamed, shamefaced, abashed; embarrassed, confused; المخزي the Devil مخز mukzin disgraceful, shameful, scandalous, infamous مخزية mukziya pl. -at disgraceful act, infamy خس kassa (1st pers. perf. kasistu) a (خسة kissa, خساسة kasāsa) to be mean, base, vile; to become less, decrease, diminish, depreciate, fall in value; -- kassa u to lessen, reduce, diminish (هـ s.th.) II to lessen, reduce, diminish (هـ s.th.) خس kass lettuce (Lactuca sativa; bot.) خس kassa (n. un.) head of lettuce خس kissa and خساسة kasāsa meanness, baseness, vileness خسيس kasīs pl. اخساء akissā’2 mean, base, low, vile, despicable, contemptible, miserable خسيسة kasīsa pl. خسائس kasā’is mean trick, infamy خسأ kasa’a a (kas’) to chase away (ه s.o.); -- خسئ kasi’a a to be driven away, make off │خسئت kasi’ta beat it! scram! اخسأ اليك iksa’ ilaika do. اخسأ aksa’2 baser, meaner, more despicable; weaker خاسئ kāsi’ spurned, rejected, outcast; low, base, vulgar, despicable, contemptible; disgraceful, shameful, scandalous, infamous; futile, vain (attempt); weak, feeble, languid خستكة kastaka indisposition مخستك mukastak indisposed, unwell, sickly خسر kasara a (kusr, خسار kasār, خسارة kasāra, خسران kusrān) to incur a loss, suffer damage; to lose, forfeit (هـ s.th.); to go astray, lose one’s way, get lost; to perish II to cause loss or damage (هـ to s.o.); to do harm (ه to s.o.); to destroy, 238 ruin (هـ s.o.); to corrupt, deprave (ه s.o.) IV to cause a loss (ه to s.o.); to shorten, cut, reduce (هـ s.th.) X to grudge (على or في s.o., s.th.), envy s.o. (على or في) the possession of (هـ) خسر kur loss, damage خسران kusrān loss, damage, forfeiture; decline, deterioration; depravity, profligacy خسارة kasāra pl. خسائر kasā’ir2 loss, damage; pl. losses, casualties (في in; mil.) │ يا خسارة what a pity! too bad! خسران kusrān (eg.) loser; affected by damage or loss خاسر kāsir lost, hopeless; involving substantial losses; loser; depraved, corrupted; profligate, disreputable person, scoundrel مخسر mukassir causing damage, harmful, noxious, injurious, detrimental خسف kašafa i (kasf, خسوف kusūf) to sink, sink down, give way, cave in, disappear, go down; to be eclipsed (moon); -- i (kasf) to cause to sink, cause to give way │ خسف الله به الأرض k. llāh bihī l-arḍa God made him sink into the ground, God made the ground swallow him up VII to sink, sink down, go down خسف kasf baseness, ignominy, disgrace, shame; inferiority │ سام خسفا sāma kasfan to humiliate, abase, degrade (.s.o.) خسوف kusūf occultation (astron.); lunar eclipse خش kašša i u (kašš) to enter (في s.th.) خشاش kišāš vermin, insects خشب II to lignify, become woody or woodlike; to line, face or cue with wood, to panel, wainscot (هـ 8.tb.) V to lignify, become woody or woodlike; to become bard, still, firm, rigid; to stiffen, freeze (e.g., with panic) خشب kašab pl. خشب akšāb wood, lumber, timber │خشب الأنبياء k. al-anbiyā’ guaiacum wood, lignum vitae خشبة kašaba pl. –āt, اخشاب akšāb piece of wood; a timber; pale, post; plank, board │خشب الميت al-mayyit coffin; خشبة المسرح al-masraḥ stage (of a theater), على خشبة المسرح on the “boards” خشبي kašabī wooden, woody, ligneous, made of wood; timber-, lumber- (in compounds) خشاب kaššāb pl. ة lumber merchant تخشيب takšīb paneling, wainscoting تخشيبة takšība pl. -āt, تخاشيب takāšīib2 barrack, wooden shed تخشب takaššub stiffness, rigor, rigidity; stiffening متخشب mutakaššib frozen, rigid; stiff, bard, firm خشت kušt pl. خشوت kušūt javelin 1خشخاش kaškāš (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. خشاخيش kašākīš2 poppy خشخش kaškša to clank, clatter, rattle; to rustle خشخشة kaškaša pl. -āt noise; clank, clatter, rattle; rustle, rustling; crash خشخشية (= شخشيخة) rattle (toy) خشارة kušāra leftover (of a meal); offal, refuse; a discard, a worthless thing خشع kaša‘a a (خشوع kušū‘) to be submissive, be humble; to humble o.s.; to fade (voice) │ خشع ببصره (baṣarihī) to lower one’s eyes II to humble, reduce to submission (ه s.o.) V to display humility; to be humble; to be moved, be touched خشوع kušū‘ submissiveness, submission, humility خاشع kaši‘ pl. خشعة kaša‘a submissive, humble 239 خشاف kušāf various fruits, stewed and waked in syrup or rose water, compote خشكار kuškār coarsely ground grain, grits خشكريشة kaškarīša scab, slough, scurf خشم II to intoxicate, make drunk (ه s.o.) خشم kašm nose; mouth; vent, outlet خيشوم kaišūm pl. خياشم kayāšim2 nose; gills; also pl. خياشيم nose خشن kašuna u (خشونة) to be rough, coarse, crude; to be raw, uncut, unpolished II to roughen, coarsen, make crude (هـ s.th.) III to be rude, uncivil, boorish (ه to s.o.) V to display rough, rude, or coarse, manners; to be rough, uneven; to lead as rough life XII اخشوشن ikšaušana to be rough, coarse, crude; to lead a rough life خشن kašin pl. خشان kišān rough, crude; coarse (as opposed to ناعم nā‘im); rude, unpolished, uncouth; tough, harsh (life); hoarse, raucous (voice) │خشن اللمس k. al-lams coarse to the touch, rough, uneven, wrinkled; خشن الخلق k. al-kulq uncouth, boorish; خشن القشرة k. al-qišra thick-shelled; الجنس الخشن (jins) the strong sex اخشن akšan2, f. خشناء kašnā’2, pl. خشن kušn rough, tough, harsh, rude, uncouth الخشناء al-kašnā’ the vulgar, uneducated people خشونة kušūna roughness, coarseness; crudeness; rudeness خشي kašiya a (kašy, خشية kašya) to fear, dread (ه s.o., هـ s.th., على for s.o. or s.th.), be afraid (ه of) II to frighten, scare, terrify, alarm (ه s.o.) V = I; VIII to be embarrassed; to be ashamed خشية kašya fear, anxiety, apprehension │خشية من kašyatan min for fear of اخشى akšā more timorous, more fearful; more to be feared. more frightening خشيان kašyān2. f. خشيا kaāyā, pl. خشايا timorous, timid, anxious, apprehensive خاش kāšin timorous, timid, anxious, apprehensive خص kašša u to distinguish, favor (especially, before others), single out (ه s.o.), bestow special honors (ه upon s.o., in preference to others); to endow (ب s.o. with), confer, bestow (ب upon s.o. s.th.); to apportion, allot, assign, accord, give, dedicate, devote (ب ه to s.o. s.th., in preference to others); with لنفسه to take possession (هـ of), demand (هـ s.th.; also خص به نفسه nafsahū); to be specifically associated (ه with s.o.), be characteristic (ه of s.o.), be peculiar (ه to); to apply in particular (هـ to), be especially valid (هـ for); to concern, regard (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), have special relevance (هـ to), bear (هـ on) │خصه بعنايته (bi-‘ināyatihī) to devote one’s attention to s.o., favor s.o. with one’s attention; خصه بالذكر (bi-d-dikr) to make special mention of s.o. or s.th.; واخص منهم (akuṣṣu) I mention, among them, especially (with foll. acc.); هذا لا يخصني this does not concern me, this is none of my business II to specify, particularize, itemize (هـ s.th.); to specialize (هـ s.th.), narrow, restrict (ل هـ s.th. to); to designate, destine, set aside, earmark, single out (ل هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. for a purpose); to devote in particular, dedicate, assign (ل هـ s.th. to); to allocate, allot, apportion (ل هـ s.th. to); to appropriate (ل هـ funds for); to reserve, held, withhold (ل هـ s.th. for); to tie down (ب ه s.o. to a special field) V to specialize (ل in, also ب or في in a scientific field); to devote all one’s attention (ل to s.th.); to apply o.s. (ل to), go in for s.th. (ل); to be peculiar (ب to); to be chosen, destined, earmarked (ل for) VIII to distinguish, favor (ب ه s.o. with), confer distinction (ب ه upon s.o. by); to devote, give, accord, afford (ب ه to s.o. s.th., in preference to others); to dedicate (ب ه to s.o. s.th., e.g., one’s services); (with لنفسه) to take exclusive possession (هـ of), claim, demand (هـ s.th.), lay special claim (هـ to; also اختص به نفسه nafsahu); to be distinguished, be marked (ب by); to possess alone, in distinction from all others, have above others (ب s.th.), have the advantage over others (ب that); to be peculiar (ب to); to concern, regard (ب s.th.), bear (ب on); to be pertinent, have relevance (ب to), have to do (ب with); to be duly qualified, be competent, have jurisdiction (ب in; e.g., an authority); to have as a special function or task (ب s.th.) خص lettuce (bot.) خص kuṣṣ pl. خصاص kiṣāṣ, اخصاص akṣāṣ, خصوص kuṣūṣ, hut, shack, shanty, hovel خصة kaṣṣa jet of water خصاص kaṣāṣ interstice, interval, crevice, crack, gap خصاصة kaṣāṣa crevice, crack, interval, gap خصيصة kaṣīṣa pl. خصائص kaṣā’iṣ2 special characteristic or quality, specialty, particularity, peculiarity خصيصا kiṣṣīṣan particularly, especially, specifically خصوص kuṣūṣ specialness; خصوصا kuṣūṣan especially, in particular, specifically │بخصوص, في خصوص and من خصوص (with foll. genit.) as to, concerning, regarding, with respect to, as regards; بهذا الخصوص and من هذا الخصوص in this connection, in this matter, in this respect, about this, concerning this; على الخصوص and على وجه الخصوص (wajhi l-k.) especially, particularly, in particular, specifically خصوصي kuṣūṣī; special; private, personal خصاصة kaṣāṣa poverty, penury, privation, destitution, want اخص akaṣṣ2 more special, more specific │على الأخص especially; في الأخص do. اخصاء akiṣṣā’2 intimate friends, confidante اخصائي ikṣā’ī see 2خصى تخصيص takṣīṣ specialization; specification, particularization, itemization; designation, destination (for a purpose); allotment, apportionment, allocation; reservation; (pl. -āt) appropriation, financial allocation; credit │على تخصيص and على وجه التخصيص specifically تخصص takaṣṣuṣ specialization (esp., in a scientific field) اختصاص iktiṣāṣ pl. -āt jurisdiction, competence; special province or domain, bailiwick (fig.); pl. prerogatives, privileges, monopolies; concessions (Intern. Law); ذو (ذات) الاختصاص ( duly qualified, authorized, responsible, competent; دائرة الاختصاص scope of competence, sphere of authority, jurisdiction, province, domain, field اختصاصي iktiṣāṣī pl. -ūn specialist خاص kaṣṣ special, particular; specific, peculiar; relative, relevant, pertinent (ب to), concerning (ب s.th.); earmarked, Designated, destined, set aside (ب for); especially valid or true (ب for), especially applicable (ب to), characteristic (ب of); distinguished; private; exclusive, not public │جريدة خاصة ب professional journal for ...; الخاص والعام (‘āmm) the special and the general; high and low, all people; الطبيب الخاص physician in ordinary 241 خاصة kāṣṣa pl. خواص kawāṣ2 exclusive property; private possession; specialty, particularity, peculiarity, characteristic, property, attribute; essence, intrinsic nature; leading personalities, people of distinction, الخاصة the upper class, the educated; kāṣṣatan and بخاصة bi-kāṣṣatin especially, in particular │في خاصة انفسهم fī k. anfusihim at the bottom of their hearts, deep inside خاصية kāṣṣīya pl. -āt, خصائص kaṣā’iṣ2 specialty, particularity, characteristic, peculiarity, property, special attribute, feature, trait, qualification; prerogative, privilege; jurisdiction, competence خويصة kuwaṣṣa (dimin. of خاصة) one’s own business, private affair │يدخل في خويصة امري he meddles in my private affairs مخصوص makṣūṣ special مخصص mukaṣṣaṣ chosen, set aside, earmarked, designated, destined (ل for); allotted, apportioned, allocated; -- pl. مخصصات (financial) allocations; appropriations, credits; (daily) allowance; (food) rations │ مخصصات اضافية (iḍāfīya) extra allowances; مخصصات الملك m. al-malik civil list مختص muktaṣṣ pertaining, pertinent, relevant, relative (ب to); duly qualified, authorized, responsible, competent; special; pl. مختصات muktaṣṣāt competences │ المقامات المختصةthe competent authorities; الدوائر المختصة competent (or authoritative) quarters خصب kaṣaba i and kaṣiba a (kiṣb) to be fertile (soil) II to make fertile (هـ s.th.); to fructify, fertilize (هـ s.th.) IV = I خصب kaṣib fertility; abundance, plenty; superabundance, profusion خصب kaṣib and خصيب kaṣīb fertile, productive, fat خصوبة kuṣūba fertility تخصيب takṣīb fructification, fertilization اخصاب ikṣāb fertility مخصبات mukaṣṣibāt fertilizers مخصب mukṣib fertile, productive, fat خصر kaṣira a (kaṣar) to become cold; to suffer from the cold III to clasp (ه s.o.) around the waist, put one’s arm around s.o.’s (ه) waist VIII to shorten, condense, abridge, epitomize (هـ s.th.); to summarize (هـ s.th.) خصر kaṣr pl. خصور kuṣūr hip, haunch, waist مخصرة mikṣara pl. مخاصر makāṣir2 stick, baton, wand; mace, scepter اختصار iktiṣār shortening, condensation, abridgment, summarization, epitomizing (of a statement); brevity │بالاختصار and باختصار briefly, in short, in a few words مختصر muktaṣar shortened, condensed, abridged; brief, short; concise, terse, succinct; (pl. -āt) short excerpt, brief exposition, synopsis, outline, summary, abstract, epitome, compendium خاصرة kāṣira pl. خواصر kawāṣir2 hip, haunch, waist │ شوكة في خاصرته (šauka) a thorn in his side خصف kaṣafa i (kaṣf) to mend, repair, sew (هـ a shoe) خصفة kaṣfa pl. خصاف kiṣāf basket (made of palm leaves) خصلة kuṣla pl. خصل kuṣal, -āt tuft; bunch, cluster; lock, wisp (of hair) خصلة kaṣla pl. خصال kiṣāl quality, property, characteristic, peculiarity, trait; (natural) disposition خصم kaṣama i to defeat (ه an opponent) in argument; to deduct, subtract (هـ s.th., من from): to discount (هـ a bill, a note III to argue, quarrel, dispute (ه with s.o. 242 to bring legal action (ه against s.o.), sue (ه s.o.), litigate (ه with); VI to quarrel, argue, have a fight; to go to law, carry on a lawsuit, litigate (مع with s.o.) VII to be deducted, be subtracted VIII to quarrel, argue, have a fight خصم kaṣm pl. خصوم kuṣūm, اخصام akṣām adversary, antagonist, opponent; opposing party (in a lawsuit) خصم deduction; subtraction; rebate; discount; pl. خصوم kuṣūm liabilities (fin.) │سعر الخصوم si‘r al-k. discount rate, bank rate; خصم الكمبيالات k. al-kambiyālāt bill discount خصيم kaṣīm pl. خصماء kuṣamā’2, خصمان kuṣmān adversary, antagonist, opponent خصومة kuṣūma quarrel, argument, dispute, controversy, feud; lawsuit خصام kiṣām quarrel, argument, dispute, controversy, feud; lawsuit مخاصم mukāṣim adversary, opponent, opposing party (in a lawsuit); antagonist; litigant 1خصى kaṣā (خصاء kiṣā’) to castrate, emasculate (ه s.o.) خصى kasīy pl. خصيان kiṣyān, خصية kiṣya a castrate, eunuch خصية kuṣya pl. خصى kuṣan testicle مخصى makṣīy castrated, emasculated فرس مخصى (faras) gelding 2اخصائي ikṣā’ī pl. -ūn specialist; expert (of a specialized field) خض kaḍḍa (kaḍḍ) to jolt, jog (هـ s.th.); to shake (هـ s.th.); to frighten, scare (ه s.o.) لبن خض laban kaḍḍ buttermilk خضة kaḍḍa concussion, shock, jolt; fright, terror, fear خضب kaḍaba i (kaḍb) to dye, color, tinge (هـ s.th.); -- kaḍaba i and kaḍiba a (خضوب kuḍūb) to be or become green (plant) II to color, tinge (هـ s.th.); to dye (هـ s.th) XII اخضوضب ikḍauḍaba to be or become green (plant) O خضب kaḍb chlorophyll (biol.) خضاب kiḍāb dye, dyestuff │O خضاب الدم k. ad-dam hemoglobin (biol.) خضوب kuḍūb green, greenness, green color خضيب kaḍīb dyed خضخض ḳaḍkaḍa (خضخض ḳaḍkaḍa) to set in motion, upset, rock, shake (هـ s.th.) خضخض kaḍkaḍa concussion, shock, jolt خضد kaḍada i (kaḍd) to cut off, break off (هـ thorns) │ خضد شوكته (šaukatahū) to tame s.o., hold s.o. in check, curb s.o.’s power خضر kaḍira a (kaḍar) to be green II to make green, dye or color green (هـ s.th.) │ خضر الأرض (arḍ) to sow the land, till the earth IX to be or become green XII اخضوضر ikḍauḍara = IX خضر kaḍir green, verdant; verdure, greenery; young green crop (of grain) الخضر al-kaḍir, al-kiḍir a well-known legendary figure خضرة kuḍra green, greenness, green color; - (pl. خضر kuḍar) vegetation, verdure, greenery, greens; meadow; خضر vegetables خضري kuḍarī greengrocer خضار kaḍār green, greenness, green color; greens, herbs, potherbs خضير kadīr green خضارة kaḍāra greens, herbs, potherbs خضار kaḍḍār greengrocer اخضر akḍar f. خضراء kaḍrā’ pl. خضر kuḍr green │اتى على الاخضر واليابس (atā) to destroy everything, wreak havoc الخضراء al-kaḍrā’ “the Verdant” (epithet of Tunis); the sky 243 خضراوات kaḍrāwāt vegetables; greens, herbs, potherbs الخضيراء al-kuḍairā’ Paradise O يخضور yakḍūr chlorophyll (biol.) مخضرة makḍara meadow, lawn, turf, sod, greens, verdant land مخضرات mukaḍḍarāt vegetables خضرم kiḍrim pl. خضارم kaḍārim2 abundant, copious; well-watered, abounding in water; openhanded, generous, liberal, munificent مخضرم mukaḍram designation of such contemporaries of Mohammed, esp. of poets, whose life span bridges the time of paganism and that of Islam; an old man who has lived through several generations or historical epochs خضع kaḍa‘a a (خضوع kuḍū‘) to bow, defer, submit, yield, surrender (ل to s.o., to s.th.), humble o.s. (ل before), obey, follow (ل s.o. or s.th.); to be subject (ل and الى to a law, to a power, etc.), be under s.o.’s (ل or الى) control II and IV to humble, subjugate, subdue, make tractable (ه s.o.); to submit, subject, expose (ل ه or هـ s.th. or s.o. to s.th.) خضوع kuḍū‘ submission, obedience, humility, subjection خضوع kaḍū‘ pl. خضع kuḍu‘ submissive, humble اخضاع ikḍā‘ subjugation, subdual; subjection خاضع kāḍi‘ pl. خضع kuḍa‘, خضعان kuḍ‘ān, kiḍ‘ān submissive, humble; obedient, pliant, tractable; subject, liable, prone (ل to s.th.) خضل kaḍila a to be or become moist II and IV to moisten, wet (هـ s.th.) IX = I خضل kaḍil moist, wet; juicy, succulent; refreshing, gay, lighthearted خضم kaḍama i (kaḍm) to munch (هـ s.th., with a full mouth), bite (هـ into s.th.) خضم kiḍamm vast (said of the sea); sea, ocean خط kaṭṭa u (kaṭṭ) to draw or trace a line (على on); to draw, trace, sketch, design (هـ s.th.); to write, pen (هـ s.th.); to carve, engrave, inscribe (هـ s.th.); to outline, mark, trace out, prescribe (هـ ل for s.o. s.th.) │ خط خطا (سطرا) (kaṭṭan, satran) to draw a line; خطه الشيب (šaibu) his hair turned gray II to draw lines; to rule (هـ s.th.); to furrow, ridge (هـ s.th.); to mark with lines or stripes, stripe, streak (هـ s.th.); to pencil (هـ the eyebrows); to mark, designate, earmark, indicate (هـ s.th.); to demarcate, delimit, delineate, stake out, survey (هـ land, real estate); to layout, map out (هـ roads) VIII to trace out, mark, outline, prescribe (هـ a way); to mark, demarcate, delimit, stake out, delineate (هـ s.th.); to map out, plan, project (هـ e.g., the construction of a city); to make, design, devise (هـ a plan); to plan (هـ s.th.), make plans (هـ for) خط kaṭṭ pl. خطوط kuṭūṭ line; stroke; stripe, streak; (railroad) line, line of communication; telephone line; frontline (mil.); furrow, ridge; handwriting; writing, script; calligraphy, penmanship │O خط ارضي (arḍī) ground wire (radio); O الخط الاسفيني (isfīnī) cuneiform writing; الخطوط الأمانية (amāmīya) the foremost lines, battle lines (mil.); خط بارز (bāriz) relievo script; خط تلفوني telephone line; خطوط جوية (jawwīya) airlines; خط حديدي (ḥadīdī) and خط سكة الحديد k. sikkat al-ḥadīd railroad line, railroad track; خط الزوال k. az-zawāl meridian (astron.; = خط نصف النهار k. niṣf an-nahār); O الخط المسماري (mismārī) cuneiform writing; خط الاستواء k. al-istiwā’ equator; خط الطول k. aṭ-ṭūl or خط طولي (ṭūlī) circle of longitude, meridian (geogr.); خط العرض k. al-‘arḍ or خط عرضي (‘arḍī) parallel (of latitude) (geogr.); خط تقسيم المياه k. taqsīm al-miyāh divide, watershed; خط القوة الكهربائية k. al-qūwa al-kahrabā’īya power lines; خط الهاجرة meridian (grogr.); خرج عن الخط to derail, run off the rails (train); على خط مستقيم (mustaqīm) straightaway, in a straight line; outright, out and out; على طول الخط (ṭūl al-k.) all along the line خط kuṭṭ section, district, quarter (of a city) خطي kaṭṭī handwritten; linear; spear خطة kuṭṭa matter, affair; condition, state; office, function, position خطة kiṭṭa, kuṭṭa pl. خطط kiṭaṭ, kuṭaṭ a place of land acquired for the purpose of building a house; a place of real estate, lot; district; map or plan of a place of real estate, layout; plan, project, design, intention; line of action, course, policy, rule, precept, guiding principle │خط العمل k. al-‘amal operation plan, work plan; طبقا لخطة مرسومة (ṭibqan) according to schedule, as scheduled or planned خطاط kaṭṭāṭ pl. -ūn penman, calligrapher; -- tracing lines, leaving straight trace │فشك خطاط (fašak) or قذيفة خطاطة tracer bullet, tracer (mil.) تخطيط takṭīṭ ruling, drawing of, or marking with, lines; lineation; designation, marking, earmarking; surveying, survey (of land); planning; projecting, mapping out, laying out (of cities, of roads); plan, design رسم تخطيطي (rasm) rough draft, first sketch, design مخطوط makṭūṭ handwritten; manuscript مخطوط makṭūṭa pl. -āt manuscript مخطط mukaṭṭaṭ striped, streaked, ruled; furrowed; designated, marked, earmarked; planned, guided, controlled; (pl. -āt) sketch, design, plan, layout; map (of a city) خطئ kaṭI’a a (خطأ kaṭa’) to be mistaken; to commit an error, make a mistake; to sin II to charge with an offense, incriminate, declare guilty (ه s.o.); to accuse (ه s.o.) of an error or mistake; to fine (ه s.o.; tun.) IV to be mistaken, to err, commit an error, be at fault (في in); to be wrong (في about, in); to make a mistake (في in, with); to miss (ه s.o., e.g., a shot; هـ the target); to escape (ه s.o. or s.o.’s notice; a fact) │ أخطأ فأله(fa’luhū) (his omen was wrong, i.e.) his expectations do not come true, are not fultilled; that’s where he is wrong, that’s where he made a mistake! أخطأه الشيء (šai’u) (lit.: the thing escaped him, missed him, i.e.) he lacked it; أخطأه التوفيق he failed, was unsuccessful; أخطأ في استنتاجاته he drew the wrong conclusions; أخطأ بين الشيئين he confused the two things, he mistook one thing for the other خطء kiṭ’ slip, lapse, fault, offense, sin خطأ kaṭa’ and خطاء kaṭā’ error; mistake, incorrectness; offense, fault; kaṭa’an erroneously, by mistake │ من الخطأ ان ...it is (would be) wrong to …; اصلاح الخطأ iṣlāḥ al-k. corrigenda, errata, list of corrections; قتل الخطأ qatl al-k. accidental homicide (jur.) خطيئة kaṭī’a pl. -āt, خطايا kaṭāyā mistake, blunder; slip, lapse; fault, offense; crime, sin; fine (tun.) خاطئ kāṭi’ wrong, incorrect, erroneous; mistaken, at fault; (pl. خطاة kuṭāh, actually, pl. of colloq. kāṭī), f. خاطئة kāṭi’a pl. خواطئ kawāṭ’2 sinner مخطئ mukṭi’ mistaken, at fault, wrong; incorrect, wrong, erroneous خطب kaṭaba u (خطبة kuṭba, خطابة kaṭāba) to deliver a public address, make a speech; to preach, deliver a sermon (في الناس and الناس an-nāsa to the people); -- (kaṭb, 245 خطبة kiṭba) to propose (ها to a girl; said of the man), ask for a girl’s hand (ها) in marriage (ل on behalf of s.o.; said of the matchmaker); to give in marriage, betroth, affiance, engage (على or بنته ل one’s daughter to s.o.) │خطب ودها (wuddahā) and خطب مودتها (mawaddatahā) he courted her love III to address (ه s.o.), speak, talk, direct one's words (ه to s.o.), turn (ه to s.o., orally or in writing) │خاطبه بالتليفون to telephone s.o., call s.o. up; خاطبه بالكاف (bi-l-kāf) to address s.o. on an intimate first-name basis VI to talk to one another; to converse, confer, have a talk, carry on a conversation; to write each other, correspond, carry on a correspondence VIII to seek a girl’s (ها) hand in marriage, ask for a girl’s hand خطب kaṭb pl. خطب kuṭb matter, affair, concern, business; situation, conditions, circumstances; misadventure, mishap │ ما خطبكwhat do you want? what’s the trouble? what’s the matter with you? ما خطبه في what concern of his is ...? what has he to do with ...? ما خطب ذلك what’s it all about? خطبة kiṭba courtehip; betrothal, engagement خطبة kuṭba pl. خطب kuṭab public address; speech; lecture, discourse; oration; sermon, specif., Muslim Friday sermon, khutbah │ خطبة الافتتاحopening address خطاب kiṭāb pl. -āt, اخطبة akṭiba public address, speech; oration; letter, note, message │ خطاب ترحيب welcoming address; خطاب العرش k. al-‘arš speech from the throne; خطاب مستعجل (musta‘jil) express letter, special-delivery letter; خطاب تقدمة taqdima letter of introduction; O خطابات ذات القيمة المقررة (dāt al-qīma al-muqarrara) (= lettres avec valeur declarée) registered, insured letters (eg.); فصل الخطاب faṣl al-k. (in letters:) conclusion of the formal greetings by the words اما بعد amma ba‘du; conclusion, termination, end; decision; unmistakable judgment; بيني وبينك فصل الخطاب we’re through with one another once and for all خطابي kiṭābī oratorical, rhetorical, speech-, lecturing (in compounds) خطيب kaṭīb pl. خطباء kuṭabā’ (public) speaker; orator; lecturer; preacher, khatib; suitor (for the hand of a girl); fiancé خطيبة kaṭība fiancée خطابة kaṭāba preaching, sermonizing, oratory خطابة kiṭāba rhetoric, oratory; speech, lecture, discourse خطوبة kūṭūba courtship; betrothal, engagement مخاطبة mukāṭaba pl. -āt address; public address, speech; proclamation; conversation, talk; conference, parley │مخاطبة تليفونية telephone conversation, telephone call تختطب takāṭub conversation; talk, discussion; (inter)communication (also, e.g., telephonic, by radio, etc.) │لغة التخطاب lugat it-takāṭub colloquial language خاطب kāṭib pl. خطباء kuṭabā’2, خطاkuṭṭāb suitor; matchmaker خاطبة kāṭiba pl. خطاب kuṭṭāb woman matchmaker مخطوبة makṭūba fiancée مخاطب mukāṭab addressed, spoken to; (gram.) second person اخطبوط look up alphabetically خطر kaṭara i (خطران kaṭarān) to swing, wave, brandish (ب s.th.); to shake, tremble, vibrate; to walk with a (proud) swinging gait; to strut, parade haughtily; -- i u (خطور kuṭūr) to occur (ل to s.o.), come 246 to s.o.’s (ل) mind │ خطر على باله (bālihī) the matter came to his mind, occurred to him, he recalled the matter (also في باله and بباله or. على باله); خطر له خاطر he had an idea; امر لم يخطر ببال (lam yakṭur bi-bālin) an unexpected matter, s.th. one wouldn’t dram of; -- kaṭura u (خطورة kuṭūra) to be weighty; to be important, significant; to be grave, serious, momentous, dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous III to risk, hazard, stake (ب s.th. بنفسه one’s life); to incur the danger, run the risk (ب of), risk (ب s.th.); to bet, wager (ه s.o., على a stake) IV to notify, inform (ه s.o.), let (ه s.o.) know (ب about s.th.); to warn, caution (ه s.o.) V to walk with a lofty, proud gait; to stride, strut (with a swinging gait); to pendulate, oscillate, vibrate VI to make a bet (على against stake) خطر kaṭar weightiness, momentousness; importance, consequence, significance; seriousness, gravity; -- (pl. -āt, اخطار akṭār) danger, peril, menace (على to); riskiness, dangerousness; risk; hazard; (pl. خطار kiṭār) stake, bet, wager │جليل الخطر of very great importance, momentous; ذو خطر dangerous, perilous; معرض للخطر (mu‘arraḍ) endangered, jeopardized; اشارة الخطر išārat al-k. alarm signal خطر kaṭir dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous; serious, grave, weighty, important, significant خطر kaṭara pl. kaṭarāt pompous walk, strut; swinging gait; idea, thought, notion خطار kaṭṭār pendulum (phys.) خطير kaṭīr pl. خطر kuṭr weighty, momentous; important, significant; grave, serious │خطير الشأن of great importance خطورة kuṭūra weight(iness), importance, moment(ousness); consequence, significance; gravity, seriousness خطران kaṭarān swinging, oscillation, vibration اخطر akṭar2 more dangerous, riskier; weightier, of greater consequence; more serious, graver مخطرة look up alphabetically مخاطر makāṭir2 dangers, perils مخاطرة mukāṭara pl. -āt venture, risk, hazard اخطار ikṭār notification, information; warning خاطر kāṭir pl. خواطر kawāṭir2 ideas, thought, notion; mind; desire, inclination, liking │لأجل خاطرك (li-ajl) for your sake; من كل خاطر min'n kulli kāṭirin with all one’s heart, most gladly; عن طيبة خاطر ‘an ṭībati kāṭirin gladly, with pleasure; of one’s own free will, voluntarily; على خاطرك as you like; اخذ بخاطره to afford satisfaction to s.o., to comfort, reassure s.o.; اخذ على خاطر من to feel offended by, to take offense at; صدع خاطره ṣadda‘a kāṭirahū to trouble, bother s.o.; طمن الخواطر (ṭammana) to calm the excitement; مر بخاطره ان (marra) the thought crossed his mind that ...; اكراما لخاطرك (ikrāman) for your sake, to please you; سرعة الخاطر sur‘at al-k. presence of mind; سريع الخاطر quick-witted مخاطر mukāṭir one who risks s.th., who takes a chance; daring, bold, venturesome مخطر mukṭir dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous خطرف kaṭrafa (eg.) to be delirious,. to rave, to talk irrationally خطرفة kaṭrafa delirium, raving خطف kaṭifa a, kaṭafa i (kaṭf) to snatch, wrench or wrest away, seize, grab (هـ s.th.); to make off (هـ with s.th.); to abduct, kidnap (ه s.o.); to dazzle (البصر 247 al-baṣara the eyes) V to carry away, sweep away (. s.o.) VI to snatch or seize (هـ s.th.) from one another VII to be snatched away, be wrested away; to be carried away, be swept away VIII to grab, seize, take forcibly (هـ s.th.); to snatch, wrest, wrench (من هـ s.th. from s.o.); to abduct, kidnap (ه s.o.); to run away, elope (ها with a woman); to make off (هـ with s.th.); to dazzle (البصر al-baṣara the eyes) خطف kaṭf grabbing, forcible seizure, rape; abduction, kidnapping; خطفا kaṭfan rapidly, quickly خطفة kaṭfa pl. kaṭafāt (n. vic.) a snatching away, a grab; sudden stirring, flash │في خطفة البرق (barq) instantly, in a trice, like a streak of lightning; خطفة من خطفات الشعور an impulse, a sudden emotion خطاف kaṭṭāf rapacious; robber خطاف kuṭṭāf pl. خطاطيف kaṭāṭīf2 (iron) hook; fishhook; (coll.; n. un. ة) swift, a variety of swallow خطيف kaṭīf pl. خطاطيف kaṭāṭīf2 iron hook اختطاف iktiṯāf grabbing, forcible seizure, rape; abduction, kidnapping خاطف kāṭif pl. خواطف kawāṭif2 ravenous; rapacious; rapid, prompt; quick, sudden; lightninglike; fleeting; short, brief │ذئاب خاطفة ravenous wolves; صورة خاطفة (ṣūra) snapshot; حرب خاطفة (ḥarb) Blitzkrieg خطل kaṭila a (kaṭal) to talk nonsense IV do. V to strut, walk with a pompous gait; to walk with a proud, swinging gait خطل kaṭal idle talk, prattle خطل kaṭil garrulous, chattering, given to silly talk; stupid, foolish خطم kaṭm nose, snout, muzzle (of an animal); front part (nose and mouth); foremost or first part; important matter │اطل مخطمة (aṭalla) approx.: to manifest its force, set in (e.g., of a disaster) خطمي kiṭmī, kaṭmī (coll.; n. un. ة) marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis; bot.) خطام kiṭām pl. kuṭum noseband, halter (of a camel) خطا (خطو) kaṭā u (kaṭw) to step, pace, walk; to proceed, advance, progress │خطا خطوات واسعة (kaṭawātin) to take large strides, also fig. = to make extraordinary progress II and V to overstep, transgress (هـ s.th.), to cross (هـ s.th.), go or walk through s.th. (هـ); to ford (هـ a river); to leave its banks, overflow (river); to cross, traverse (البحار the seas); to omit, disregard, ignore, pass by (ه so.); to go beyond s.th. (هـ); to extend (الى to); to exceed, transcend (هـ s.th.); to excel, surpass, outstrip, outdo (ه s.o.); to proceed, pass (هـ through s.th., الى to), leave s.th. (هـ) behind and turn to s.th. else (الى); to disregard (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) in order to turn one’s attention to (الى) │تخطى به الى الامام (ilā l-amāmi) to promote, advance s.th. VII to step, pace, walk; to proceed, advance, progress خطوة kaṭwa pl. kaṭawāt and kuṭwa pl. kuṭwāt, kuṭuwāt, خطى kuṭan step, pace, stride │سار في خطاه (kuṭāhū) to walk, or follow, in s.o.’s footsteps; تقدم خطوة فخطوة taqaddama kutwatan fa-kutwatan to proceed or advance step by step; اتخذ خطوة حاسمة (ittakada) to take a decisive step; خطوتان وقفزة kaṭwatan wa qafza hop, skip and jump (athlet.) خطية kaṭīya (= خطيئة) slip, lapse, transgression, fault, offense, sin خطاة kuṭāh pl. of خاطئ kāṭi’ sinner خف kaffa i to be light (of weight); to be slight, insignificant; to become lighter, decrease in weight, lose weight; to decrease in intensity, grow lighter (color); to be nimble, agile, quick; to hasten, hurry, rush (الى to) II to make lighter (هـ s.th.), reduce the weight of (هـ); to ease, lighten, relieve, soften (هـ عن for s.o. s.th. difficult or oppressive, also هـ على; من s.th., e.g., s.o.’s situation); to lessen, decrease, reduce, diminish (هـ or من s.th.); to mitigate, alleviate, moderate, temper (ه or من s.th.); to thin, dilute (هـ e.g., a liquid); (gram.) to pronounce (هـ a consonant) without tašdīd │خفف عنك kaffif ‘anka! cheer up! be of good cheer! خفف من سرعتك kaffif min su‘atika! slow down! خفف الآلام عنه to soothe s.o.’s pains V to dress lightly; to disburden, relieve o.s. (of a burden); to rid o.s., free o.s. (من of s.th.); to hurry away (من from), leave (من s.th.) in a hurry X to deem (هـ s.th.) light; to value lightly, disdain, scorn, despise (ب s.o. or s.th.), look down (ب upon), think nothing (ب of), make light (ب of), set little store (ب by); not to take seriously (ب s.th.), attach no importance (ب to); to carry away, transport (ه s.o., e.g., joy) خف kuff pl. خفاف kifāf, اخفاف akfāf shoe, slipper; -- (pl. اخفاف akfāf) camel hoof; foot (of the ostrich); sole (of the foot) │ رجع بخفي حنين raja‘a bi-kaffai ḥunain to return with empty hands, without having achieved one’s mission; to accomplish nothing, fail, be unsuccessful خفة`kiffa lightless (of weight); slightness, insignificance, triviality; sprightliness, buoyancy; agility, nimbleness; inconstancy, fickleness, flightiness, levity, frivolity │ خفة الحركة k. al-ḥaraka, خفة في الحركة nimbleness, agility, quickness; خفة الدم k. ad-dam amiability, charm; خف الروح k. ar-rūḥ do.; خفة اليد k. al-yad manual skill, dexterity, deftness اخف akaff2 lighter; lesser, slighter; weaker │ اخف الضررين a. ad-ḍararain the lesser of two evils خفاف kafāf, حجر الخفاف ḥajar al-k. pumice, pumice stone خفان kuffān pumice, pumice stone خفيف kafīf pl. خفاف kifāf, اخفاف akfāf, اخفاء akiffā’2 light (of weight); slight, little, trivial, insignificant; thin, scanty, sparse; nimble, agile, sprightly, lively; -- الخفيف name of a poetic meter │خفيف الحركة k. al-ḥaraka easily movable, very mobile; nimble, agile; خف الدم k. ad-dam amiable, charming; خفيف الروح k. ar-rūḥ likable, charming, winning, amiable; gay, in high spirits, cheerful; خفيف الظل k. az-zill likable, nice (person); خفيف العارضين k. al-‘āriḍīn having a thin beard; خفيف العقل k. al-‘aql feeble-minded, dimwitted; خفيف اليد k. al-yad nimble-fingered, deft; شاي خفيف weak tea تخفيف takfīf lightening, easing; lessening, decrease, diminution; reduction; allaying, mitigation, alleviation, palliation, moderation; commutation (jur.); relief; thinning. dilution (e.g., of a liquid) │ظروف التخفيف extenuating circumstances (jur.) استخفاف istikfāf disdain, scorn, contempt; levity, frivolity ظروف مخففة ẓurūf mukaffafa extenuating circumstances (jur.) مخفف mukaffaf thin, diluted خفت kafata u (خفوت kufūt) to become inaudible, die down, die away (sound, voice); to become silent, become still III خافت بكلامه، بصوته (bi-kalāmihī, bi-ṣautihī) to lower one’s voice IV to silence, reduce to silence (ه s.o.) VIII = I خفوت kufūt fading (radio) خفت kāfit dying away, dying down, becoming silent; inaudible; faint, dying, fading, trailing off (sound, voice); soft, subdued (light, color) مختفت muktafit soft, low, subdued 249 خفر kafara u (kafr, خفارة kifāra) to watch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th. or over s.o., over s.th.), guard, protect (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); -- kafira a (kafar, خفارة kafāra) to be timid, shy, bashful II = I kafara V = I kafira خفر kafr watching, watch, guard(ing) خفر kafar guard detachment, guard; escort │ خفر السواحل coast guard (Eg.) خفر kafar timidity, shyness, bashfulness, diffidence خفر kafir bashful, diffident, timid, shy, embarrassed, coy خفير kafīr pl. خفراء kufarā’2 watchman; protector, guardian; guard, sentry, sentinel خفارة kafāra watch(ing), guard(ing), protection; guard duty مخفر makfar pl. مخافر maḳāfir 2 guardhouse, guardroom; guard, control post │ مخفر الشرطة m. aš-šurṭa police station خافرة kāfira: خافرة السواحل k. as-sawāḥil coastguard cruiser (Eg.) مخفور makfūr under escort, escorted; covered, sheltered, protected خفس kafasa u (kafs) to ridicule, scorn (ه s.o.), laugh, mock (ه at); to destroy, demolish, tear down (ه a house) خفش kafaš day blindness, hemeralopia اخفش akfaš2, f. خفشاء kafšā’2, pl. خفش kufš day blind, hemeralopic; weak-sighted, afflicted with defective vision خفاش kuffāš pl. خفافش kafāfiš2 bat (zool.) خفض kafada i (kafḍ) to make lower (هـ s.th.); to lower, decrease, reduce, lessen, diminish (هـ s.th.); to lower, drop (هـ, من s.th., also, e.g., the voice); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant of a word with i; to put (هـ a word) in the genitive │خفض جناحه (janāḥahū)to unbend toward s.o., show o.s. open-minded, responsive, accessible to; -- kafuḍa u to be carefree, easy, comfortable (life); to sink, dip, drop, settle, subside; to become low, drop to an undertone (voice) II to lower, decrease, reduce (هـ s.th., price) │خفض عليك kaffiḍ ‘alaika! take it easy! خفض عليك جأشك (ja’šaka) cool off! calm down! relax! IV اخفض صوته (ṣautahū) he lowered his voice V and VII to sink, dip, drop, settle, subside; to be lowered, be reduced (price); to decrease, grow less; to be diminished خفض kafḍ lowering, lessening, decrease, diminution, reduction; subduing, lowering, muffling (of the voice); curtailment, limitation, restriction; ease (of life); (gram.) pronunciation of the final consonant with i │خفض القيمة k. al-qīma devaluation (of a currency); خفض العيش k. al-‘aiš carefree, easy life; هو في خفض من العيش he lives in ease and comfort; خفض الصوت k. aṣ-ṣaut lowering of the voice; حرف الخفض ḥarf al-k. preposition (gram.) خفض kafiḍ low, soft, subdued (voice) تخفيض takfīḍ lowering, cutback, reduction (esp. of prices); diminution, decrease, lessening, curtailment, restriction, limitation انخفاض inkifāḍ sinking, dropping, subsidence; lowering, reduction; lessen ing, decrease. diminution, decrement; dropping of the water level, low water │انخفاض جوي (jawwī) low-pressure area (meteor.) مخفض mukaffaḍ lowered, reduced, low, moderate (price, rate); lower منخفض munkafiḍ low (altitude, frequency, price, etc.); soft, low, subdued, muffled (voice) │الأراضي المنخفضة the Netherlands; -- munkafaḍ pl. -āt low ground; depression (geogr.) 250 خفق kafaāqa i u (kafq, خفقان kafaqān, خفوق kufūq) to vibrate; to tremble, shake; to beat, throb, palpitate (heart); to flutter, wave, stream (flag); to flap the wings, flutter (bird); to waver, flicker; -- (kafq) to flash (lightning); to beat, whip (ه s.th.; eggs, cream, etc.); to make the sound of footsteps (shoe); - (خفوق kufūq) to drop one’s head drowsily, nod off, doze off (خفق خفقة k. kafqatan); -- i (خفوق kufūq) to set, go down (celestial body) II to roughcast, plaster, stucco (هـ a wall) IV to flap the wings, flutter (bird); to set, go down (celestial body); to be unsuccessful, go wrong, fail, miscarry, come to nothing, be abortive; to fail, be unsuccessful (في in s.th.) خفق kafq throb(bing) palpitation; beating, beat; footfall, footstep, tread (of a boot, of the foot) خفقة kafqa pl. kafaqāt (n. vic.) beat, throb; tap, rap, knock; ticking noise, tick خفقان kafaqān palpitation of the heart, heartbeat; throb(bing), beat(ing); f1uttering, flutter خفاق kaffāq palpitant, throbbing (heart); fluttering, waving, streaming (flag) O مخفقة mikfaga whisk, eggbeater اخفاق ikfāq failure, fizzle, flop, fiasco خافق kāfiq palpitant, throbbing (heart); fluttering, waving, streaming (flag); الخفقان al-kafaqān East and West; الخوافق al-kawāfiq the cardinal points, the four quarters of the world خافقي kāfiqī mortar, plaster, rough-cast; stucco خفان see خف خفى kafiya a to be hidden, be concealed; to be unknown (a fact; على to s.o.); to disappear, hide │لا يخفى ان it is well known that ...; as everybody knows ..., it is obvious that ... ; لا يخفى عليك you know very well ..., you are well aware (of it); -- kafā i to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.); to keep secret (هـ s.th.) IV to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.); to afford (هـ s.o.) a place to hide, shelter, hide (هـ s.o.); to keep secret (هـ s.th.); to disguise, conceal (هـ s.th., على or عن from s.o.) │اخفى الصوت to lower the voice, speak in an undertone V to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to disguise o.s. VIII to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to disappear, vanish; to be hidden, be unknown; to be lacking, be missing, be absent │اختفى عن الأنظار to be hidden or disappear from sight X to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to be hidden, be concealed; to be hidden from s.o.’s (عن) view, become invisible (عن to s.o.), disappear from sight خفي kafīy hidden, concealed; secret, unknown; unseen, invisible; mysterious │خفي الاسم k. al-ism anonymous; O انوار خفية (anwār) indirect lighting خفية kufyatan, kifyatan secretly, clandestinely, covertly; خفية عنه without his knowledge خفية kafīya pl. خفايا kafāyā a secret, a secret affair خفاء kafa’ secrecy, hiddenness │في الخفاء secretly, clandestinely, covertly; لا خفاء في ان (kafā’a) it is quite evident, it is quite obvious that ... اخفاء ikfā’ hiding, secretion; concealment; lowering of the voice تخف takaffin disguise اختفاء iktifā’ disappearance خاف kāfin hidden, concealed; secret, unknown; unseen, invisible خافية kāfiya pl. خواف kawāfin a secret; -- pl. الخوافى al-kawāfī the coverts, the secondaries (of a bird’s wing) مخفي makfīy hidden, concealed 251 متخف mutakaffin disguised, in disguise مختف muktafin hidden. Concealed, clandestine, covert, secret; disappearing, vanishing مختفى muktafan hiding place, hide-out خاقان look up alphabetically خل kalla u (kall) to pierce, transfix (هـ s.th.) II to turn sour; to make sour, to sour, acidify (هـ s.th.); to pickle, marinate (هـ s.th.); to salt. cure with salt or in brine (هـ s.th.); to pick (هـ the teeth); to run the fingers (ه through s.th.), part, comb (هـ the hair, the beard, also with the fingers) III to treat (ه s.o.) as a friend IV to offend (ب against), infringe, transgress (ب s.th.); to violate, break (ب s.th., e.g., a rule, a custom); to fail to fulfill, fail to meet (ب an agreement); to forsake, desert, abandon (ب s.o., s.th.); to disturb, upset, harm, prejudice (ب s.th.) V to be, lie or come between s.th. (هـ; also in time), intervene (هـ between); to be located or situated, be Interposed, be placed (هـ between); to Permeate, pervade, interpenetrate (هـ s.th.), mix, mingle, blend (هـ with) VIII to be or become defective; to be in disorder, be faulty, deficient, imperfect; to become disordered; to be upset, be unbalanced; to be disturbed (order, system) │اختلت الشروط the conditions are not fulfilled; اختل توازنه (tawāzunuhū) to lose one’s balance, become unbalanced; اختل عقله (‘aqluhū) to be mentally deranged خل kall vinegar خل kill, kull pl. اخلال aklāl friend, bosom friend خلل kalal pl. خلال kilāl gap, interval, interstice; cleft, crack, rupture, fissure; a defective, unbalanced state, imbalance; defectiveness, imperfection; fault, flaw, defeat, shortcoming; disturbance, upset, disorder; damage, injury, harm (that s.th. suffers or suffered); خلال kilāla during; between; through │في خلل fī kalali and في خلال fī kilāli during; in the course of, within, in a given period of; في خلال ذلك meanwhile, in the meantime; من خلال min kilāli across, through, right through the middle of; out of, from within; (to judge, reason, draw conclusions, etc.) by, on the basis of, on the strength of, (to recognize) from خلة kalla need, want, luck; -- (pl. خلال (kilāl) property, attribute, peculiarity; characteristic; natural disposition خلة kulla pl. خلل kulal friendship خلال kilāl pl. اخلة akilla boring or drilling implement; peg, pin; spit, skewer; (also خلالة pl. -āt) toothpick; see also خلل kalal خليل kalīl pl. اخلاء akillā’2, خلان kullān friend, bosom friend; lovers; الخليل Hebron (town in Jordanian Palestine) │خليل الله epithet of Abraham خليلة kalīla pl. -āt girl friend, woman friend; sweetheart, paramour ام الخلول umm al-kulūl river mussel (zool.) اخلال iklāl pl. -āt breach, infraction, violation (of a law, of a treaty, and the like); offence (against), transgression, infringement (of); disturbance (of an order, of a system); impairment, injury, harm (to); average, damage, by sea │مع عدم الاخلال ب (‘adami l-i.) without prejudice to, without detriment to اختلال iktilāl deficiency, defectiveness, imperfection; (a falling into) disrepair, deterioration; faultiness; disturbance (of a system, of a function, of the equilibrium, etc.); disorder, confusion مخلل mukallal pickled; salted; (pl. -āt) pickles, pickled vegetables مخل mukill disgraceful, shameful │مخل بالآداب immoral, indecent, improper 252 خلب kalaba i u (kalb) to seize with the claws, clutch (هـ s.th.), pounce (هـ on); -- u (خلابة kilāba) to cajole, coax, wheedle (ه s.o.); to inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (ه s.o., عقله ‘aqlahū s.o.’s mind); to charm, fascinate, captivate (ه s.o.) III to cajole, wheedle, coax. inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (ه s.o.) VIII to seize with the claws, clutch (هـ s.th.), pounce (هـ on); to cajole, inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (ه s.o.) خلب kilb pl. اخلاب aklāb fingernail, claw, talon برق خلب barqun kallābun and barqu kullabin lightning without a downpour; a disappointing, disillusioning matter; خلب and خلب من برق delusion, illusion خلبي kullabī: فشك خلب (fašak) blank cartridges (Syr.; mil.) خلاب kallāb gripping, captivating, fascinating; attractive, engaging, winning; tempting, enticing; fraudulent, deceitful; deceptive, delusive, fallacious خلابة kilāba engaging manners, attractiveness, charm مخلب miklab pl. مخالب makālib claw, talon خالب kālib = خلاب kallāb خلبص II kalbaṣa (eg.) to clown خلبوص kalbūṣ pl. خلابيص kalābīṣ2, خلابصة kalābiṣa (eg.) clown, buffoon, harlequin خلج kalaja i and III to be on s.o.’s (ه) mind, trouble, preoccupy, prepossess (ه s.o., s.o.’s mind; said of worries, doubts, etc.); to pervade, fill (ه s.o.; said of a feeling) │ خالج قلبه (qalbahū) to be uppermost in s.o.’s heart V to be shaken, be convulsed, be rocked VIII to quiver, tremble, quake, shake; to twitch (eye, limb, body); to animate, move, stir, inspire, fill, pervade, possess (هـ, في the heart; said of a feeling) │ اختلج غما (gamman) to be filled with sorrow, with grief (heart) خلجة kalja pl. ka1ajāt emotion, sentiment; scruple, qualm, misgiving خليج kalīj pl. خلج kulj, خلجان kuljān bay, gulf; canal; الخليج name of Cairo’s ancient city canal which was abandoned and leveled at the end of the 19th century │الخليج الفارسي the Persian Gulf خلاج kilāj misgiving, doubt, scruple, qualm اختلاجة iktilāja (n. vic.) convulsion, jerk, twitch; tremor خالجة kālija pl. خوالج kawālij2 emotion, sentiment; scruple, qualm; idea خلخل kalkala to shake, convulse, rock (هـ s.th.); to rarefy (هـ s.th., e.g., air; chem.- phys.) II takalkala to be shaken, be rocked; to come off, become disjointed, become detached; to become loose, work loose; to be or become rarefied (chem.- phys.) خلخل kalkal pl. خلاخل kalākil2 anklet خلخال kalkāl pl. خلاخيل kalākīl 2 anklet تخلخل takalkul rarefication مخلخل mukalkal and متخلخل mutakalkil rarefied خلد kalada u (خلود kulūd) to remain or last forever, be everlasting; to be immortal, deathless, undying; to abide forever (الى or ب in, with); to remain, stay (الى or ب or ل at a place) │ خلد الى الراحةto rest, relax; خلد الى النوم to lie down to sleep II to make eternal or everlasting, perpetuate, eternalize (هـ s.th.), make immortal, immortalize (هـ s.o.); to make ineffaceable, unforgettable (هـ s.th.; a memory); to remain, stay, abide, linger (ب at, in a place); to grow very old, enjoy a long life, be long-lived IV to eternize, immortalize, make immortal (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to perpetuate (هـ s.th.); to remain, stay, abide, linger (الى or ب at, in a place) 253 to be disposed, incline, lean, tend (الى to) V to become eternal or immortal, perpetuate o.s. j to be or become long, lasting, perpetual خلد kuld infinite duration, endless time, perpetuity, eteruity │ دار الخلدParadise, the hereafter خلد kuld mole (zool.) خلد kalad, pl. اخلاد aklād mind, heart, spirit, temper خلود kulūd infinite duration, endless time, perpetuity, eternity; eternal life, immortality; abiding, remaining, staying تخليد taklīd perpetuation, eternization, immortalization خالد kālid everlasting, perpetual, eternal; immortal, deathless, undying; unforgettable, glorious; pl. خوالد kawālid2 mountains │الجزائر الخالدات the Canary Islands مخلد muklid disposed, inclined, tending (الى to) خلس kalasa i (kals) to steal (هـ s.th.); to pilfer, filch, swipe, purloin (هـ s.th.) III خلسه النظر (naẓara) to glance furtively at s.o. VIII to steal, pilfer, filch, swipe (هـ s.th.); to get under false pretenses or by crooked means (هـ s.th.); to embezzle, misappropriate (هـ s.th.); to spend secretly (هـ hours) │اختلس الخطى الى (kuṭā) to sneak up on s.o.; اختلس النظر الى (في) to glance furtively at s.o. خلسة kulsatan by stealth, stealthily, surreptitiously, furtively خلاسي kilāsī mulatto, bastard اختلاس iktilās pl. -āt embezzlement, misappropriation, defalcation مختلس muktalis embezzler, defalcator خلص kalaṣa u (خلوص kulūṣ) to be pure, unmixed, unadulterated; to belong (ل to s.o.); to get, come (الى to), arrive (الى at); -- (خلاص kallāṣ) to be or become free, be freed, be liberated (من from), be cleared, get rid (من of); to be saved, be rescued, escape (من from); to be redeemed, be delivered, attain salvation (Chr.); -- (colloq.) to be finished, be done, be through, be over; to be all gone II to clear, purify, refine, purge, rectify (هـ s.th.); to clarify (هـ a situation); to liberate, free, save, rescue (ه s.o., من from), rid (. s.o., من of); to redeem, deliver (Chr.); to prepay the postage (على on); to pay duty (على البضائع on merchandise), clear (على goods); to settle (هـ a bill); (colloq.) to finish (هـ s.th.) │خلص حقه (ḥaqqahū) to restore one’s right, secure one’s due III to act with integrity, with sincerity (ه toward s.o.), treat (ه s.o.) fair and square; to get even, become quits (ه with s.o.) IV to dedicate (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.); to be loyal (ل to s.o.); to be devoted, be faithful (ل to) │اخلص له الحب (ḥubba) to love s.o. dearly; اخلص لله دينه (li-llāhi dīnahū) to worship God faithfully and sincerely V to rid o.s. (من of), free o.s. (من from), get rid (من of); to be freed, be delivered, be saved, be rescued, escape (من from) VI to act with reciprocal integrity and sincerity; to be quits, be even X to extract (هـ s.th., من from); to copy, excerpt (هـ s.th., من from); to abstract, take, gather, work out (هـ s.th., as the quintessence, من of); to deduce, infer, derive (من s.th., من from); to discover, make out, find out (هـ s.th.); to select, choose (هـ s.th.) ; to demand payment of a sum (هـ) and get it (من from s.o.) │استخلص فائدة من to derive profit from, profit, benefit from; استخلص منه وعدا (wa‘dan) to exact a promise from s.o. خلاص kalāṣ liberation, deliverance, riddance; rescue, salvation (من from); redemption (Chr.); payment, settlement, liquidation (of a bill); receipt; placenta, afterbirth 254 خلاصة kulāṣa pl. -āt excerpt; extract, essence; quintessence, substance, gist (of s.th.); abstract, resume, summary, epitome; synopsis │خلاصة نهائية (nihā’īya) summation (jur.); الخلاصة اللاهوتية (al-lāhītīya) the “summa theological” (of Thomas Aquinas); خلاصة عطرية (‘iṭrīya) perfume essence; والخلاصة in short, briefly, in a word (introducing a summary of the basic ideas) خليص kalīṣ, pl. خلصاء kulaṣā’2 pure, clear, unmixed, unadulterated; sincere, faithful, loyal; loyal adherent خلوص kulūṣ clearness, purity; sincerity, candor; frankness خلاص kallāṣ (magr.) tax collector مخلص maklaṣ safe place; refuge, escape, rescue, salvation, deliverance تخليص taklīṣ clearing, purification, refining, rectification; clarification; liberation, extrication, deliverance, rescue, salvation; payment, settlement, liquidation; prepayment of postage (على on); customs clearance, payment of duty (على البضائع on merchandise; also تخليص البضائع) مخالصة mukālaṣa pl. -āt receipt اخلاص iklāṣ sincere devotion, loyal attachment, sincere affection; sincerity, frankness, candor; loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, allegiance (ل to) تخلص takalluṣ freedom, liberation, release, extrication, escape (من from) استخلاص istiklāṣ extraction; excerption; derivation, deduction; selection; collecting (of a sum of money) خالص kāliṣ pl. خلص kullaṣ clear; pure, unmixed, unadulterated; sincere, frank, candid, true; free, exempt (من from) │خالص الأجرة k. al-ujra post-free; خالص الرد k. ar-radd prepaid, reply paid for (telegram); خالص من الكمرك (gumrug) dutyfree; خالص الضريبة tax-exempt مخلص mukalliṣ liberator; Savior, Redeemer (Chr.) مخلص (عليه) mukallaṣ (‘alaihi) postage paid مخلص mukliṣ devoted; sincere, frank, candid; loyal; faithful (ل to s.o., to s.th.); purehearted, virtuous, righteous; المخلص (in letters) approx.: yours truly …, sincerely yours ... مستخلص mustaklaṣ pl. -āt extract, excerpt خلط kalaṭa i (kalṭ) to mix, mingle, commingle, blend (ب هـ s.th. with); to confuse, confound, mix up (بين two things; بين – وبين s.th. with), mistake (بين -- و s.th. for) II to mix, mingle, commingle, blend (هـ s.th.); to cause confusion III to mix, mingle, blend, merge, fuse (هـ with s.th.); to meddle (هـ in), interfere (هـ with); to mix, associate (ه with s.o.); to have to do (ه with s.o.) │خالط نفسه (nafsahū) to befall, attack s.o. (pain, etc.); خولط في عقله kūliṭa fī ‘aqlihi to be or become disordered in mind VIII to be mixed, mix, mingle, form a mixture or blend; to consist of a heterogeneous mixture, be motley, promiscuous; to associate, be on intimate terms (ب with); to be or become confused, get all mixed up خلط kalṭ mixing, blending; combination; mingling, commingling (ب with); confusing, confounding, mistaking, mix-up, confusion خلط kilṭ pl. اخلاط aklāṭ component of a mixture; ingredient; pl. mixture, blend │ اخلاط الانسان the four humors of the human body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile); اخلاط من الناس common people, populace, rabble, riffraff, mob; خلط ملط kilṭ milṭ, kalṭ malṭ motley, pell-mell, promiscuously 255 خلطة kalṭa mixture, blend, medley خلطة kulta company; mixture خلاط and خلاطة kallāṭa pl. -āt mixer, mixing machine خليط kalīṭ mixed, blended; motley, heterogeneous, promiscuous; mixture, blend (من of); medley, hodgepodge; (pl. خلطاء kulaṭā’2) associate, companion, comrade تخليط taklīṭ pl. -āt insanity; delirium مخالطة mukālaṭa company, intercourse, association اختلاط iktilāṭ (process of) mixing, blending; mingling, commingling; confusion; mental disorder; (social) intercourse, association, dealings (ب with) مخلوط maklūṭ pl. مخاليط makālīṭ2 mixture, blend; alloy مخلط mukallaṭ confused, disordered مخالط mukālaṭ stricken, afflicted (ب e.g., by a disease) مختلط muktaliṭ mixed │ المحاكم المختلطة the mixed courts, see محكمة; تعليم مختلط coeducation خلع kala‘a a (kal‘) to take off, put off, slip off (هـ a garment); to doff, take off (طربوشة one’s tarboosh); to extract, pull (هـ a tooth); to wrench, dislocate, luxate (هـ a joint); to depose, remove, dismiss, discharge (ه s.o., من from an office); to renounce, forgo, give up (هـ s.th.), withdraw (هـ from); to throw off, cost off (عذاره ‘idārahū one’s restraint, one’s inhibitions); to refuse (الطاعة obedience); to disown, repudiate (ابنه one’s son); to divorce (ها one’s wife) in return for a compensation to be paid by her; to get through, have done (هـ with s.th.), be through, have gone through s.th. (هـ, e.g., a hard day); to impart (على هـ s.th. to); to confer, bestow (على هـ s.th. upon s.o.), grant, award (على هـ s.th. to s.o.) │ خلع ثيابه (tiyābahū) to undress; خلعه من العرش (‘arš) to dethrone s.o.; خلع عليه خلعة (kil‘atan) to bestow a robe of honor upon s.o.; خلع على نفسه حق (ḥaqqa) to arrogate to o.s. the right of ...; -- kalu‘a u (خلاعة kalā‘a) to be dissolute, morally depraved II to take away, remove, displace, dislocate (هـ s.th.); to knock out of joint, take or break apart (هـ s.th.); pass. kulli‘a to fall to pieces, get out of joint III to divorce (ها one’s wife, in return for a compensation to be paid by her) V to go to pieces, fall apart, break; to become or be luxated, dislocated (joint); to take a vacation in the country (tun.) │ تخلع في الشراب(šarāb) to be addicted to drinking, drink heavily VII to be displaced, be dislocated, be removed; to be divested, be deprived, be stripped (من of s.th.), forfeit, lose (من s.th.) │ انخلع قلبه (qalbuhū) he was completely taken aback, he was alarmed, startled خلع kal‘ slipping off, taking off (of clothes); deposition (e.g., of a ruler); dislocation, luxation │خلع الأسنان extraction of teeth خلع kul‘ khula, divorce at the instance of the wife, who must pay a compensation (Isl. Law) خلعة kil‘a pl. خلع kila‘ robe of honor خليع kalī‘ pl. خلعاء kula‘a’2 deposed, dismissed, discharged (from an office); repudiated, disowned; wanton, dissolute, dissipated, profligate, morally depraved خلاع kallā‘ wild, unruly, wanton, shameless, impudent خلاعة kalā‘a dissoluteness, dissipation, profligacy, wantonness, licentiousness, moral depravity; (tun.) recreation in the country, summer vacation خولع kaula’ fool, dolt, simpleton 256 خالع kāli‘: خالع العذار k. al-‘idār unrestrained, ;uninhibited, wanton; libertine, debauchee, roué, rake مخلوع maklū‘ unrestrained, uninhibited, wanton; wild, unruly; reckless, heedless, irresponsible; crazy, mad خلف kalafa u to be the successor (ه of s.o.), succeed (ه s.o.): to follow (ه s.o.), come after s.o. (ه): to take the place of s.o. (ه), substitute (. for s.o.): to replace (ه s.o., هـ s.th.): to lag behind s.o. (عن): to stay behind (عن after s.o.’s departure); to be detained, be held back, be kept away, stay away (من from) II to appoint as successor (ه s.o.); to leave behind, leave (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to have descendants, have offspring III to be contradictory, contrary, opposed (هـ to): to conflict, clash, be at variance (هـ with); to contradict (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to be different, differ, diverge (هـ from), be inconsistent, incompatible, not in keeping, not to harmonize (هـ with); to offend (هـ against a command, a rule), break, violate, disobey (هـ a command, a rule) IV to leave (ه offspring, children); to compensate, requite, recompense (على s.o.; said of God): to break, fail to keep (وعده wa‘dahū one’s promise), go back on one’s word; to disappoint (الرجاء ar-rajā’a the hopes) V to stay behind; to lag or fall behind (عن); to stay, stay on, remain; to fail to appear or show up; to play truant; to be absent; to stay away (عن from), not go (عن to), not attend (عن s.th.) │تخلف عن المجيء (majī’) to fail to come or arrive; تخلف عن العودة (‘auda) not to return VI to disagree, differ, be at variance; to differ in opinion, be of a different mind VIII to differ, be different, vary (عن from); to be varied, varying, variable, various, diverse, dissimilar; to vary (بين between); to disagree, differ in opinion, be at variance, argue, quarrel, dispute (في about); to come or go frequently (الى to), frequent, patronize (الى a place), visit frequently (الى s.o., s.th.), come and go (الى at); to come, descend (على upon s.o.; said of afflictions), befall, overtake (على s.o.) X to appoint as successor or vicar (ه s.o.) خلف kalf back, rear, rear part or portion; successors; kalfu and من خلف min kalfu (adv.) at the back, in the rear; kalfa (prep.) behind, after, in the rear of │ جرى خلفها he ran after her: من خلف min kalfi behind, in the rear of; من الخلف from behind, from the rear; الى الخلف to the rear, backward, back; الى خلف الشيء in the wake of s.th.; في الخلف in the rear; at the back, in the background خلفي kalfī rear, hind, hinder, back خلف kilf pl. اخلاف aklāf test, nipple, mammilla خلف kulf dissimilarity, disparity, difference, contrast, variance, discrepancy خلف kalaf pl. اخلاف aklāf substitute; successor; descendant, offspring, scion خلفة kilfa dissimilarity, disparity, difference; that which follows s.th. and replaces it (e.g., second growth of plants, day and night, etc.) خليفة kalīfa pl. خلفاء kulafā’2, خلائف kalā’if2 vicar, deputy; successor; caliph; (formerly) senior official of the native administration in Tunis, assigned to a قائد (formerly) title of the ruler of Spanish Morocco المنطقة الخليفية al-minṭaqa al-kalīfīya the Caliphate Zone (formerly, designation of Spanish Morocco) خلافة kilāfa vicarship, deputyship; succession; caliphate, office or rule of a caliph: (formerly) administrative department of a خليفة (Tun.), see above مخلاف miklāf pl. مخاليف makālīf2 province (Yemen) 257 خلاف kilāf pl. -āt difference, disparity, dissimilarity; divergence, deviation; contrast, contrariety, incongruity, contradiction, conflict; disagreement, difference of opinion (على or في about); dispute, controversy; kilāfa (prep.) beside, apart from, aside from │خلافه kilāfuhū (= غيره) other, the like, خلافهم others (than those mentioned), وخلافه and the like (after an enumeration); بخلاف bi-kilāfi beside, apart 'from, aside from; contrary to, as opposed to, unlike; خلافا ل kilāfan li contrary to, against, in contradiction to; على خلاف ذلك unlike that, contrary to that, on the contrary, on the other hand خلافي kilāfī controversial, disputed مخالفة mukālafa pl. -āt contrast, contrariety; contradiction, inconsistency; contravention, infringement, violation; misdemeanor (jur.; as distinguished from جنحة and جناية); fine (for a misdemeanor) تخلف takalluf staying away, nonappearance, nonattendance, nonpresence, absence, truancy (also تخلف عن الحضور); staying behind, staying on; stopover (railroad); backwardness اختلاف iktilāf pl. -āt difference, dissimilarity, disparity; diversity, variety; variant, variation; difference of opinion, disagreement; controversy │الرعية على اختلاف المذاهب الدينية (ra‘īya, dīnīya) the subjects of every (= irrespective of their) religious denomination; على اختلاف احزابهم whichever party they may belong to; الفواكه على اختلافها all the different fruits, fruits of every kind مخلوفة maklūfa pl. -āt camel saddle مخلف mukallaf left, left behind; left over; pl. مخلفات heritage, legacy, estate; scraps, leftovers مخالف mukālif divergent, varying, different; inconsistent, incompatible, contradictory, contrasting, conflicting; transgressor (of a command) متخلف mutakallif residual; left over; retarded, backward, underdeveloped (mentally, in growth, etc.); pl. -ūn one left behind; straggler; pl. متخلفات heritage, legacy, estate; leftovers; scraps, refuse, offal │اتربة متخلفة (atriba) waste material, overburden, superstratum (in mining); المياه المتخلفة (miyāh) waste water, sewage مختلف muktalif different, varying, divergent (من from); varied, various, diverse; having a different opinion, disagreeing (في or على about) مختلف فيه (عليه) muktalaf fīhi (‘alaihi) controversial, disputed خلق kalaqa u (kalq) to create, make, originate (هـ s.th.); to shape, form, mold (هـ s.th.); -- kaliqa a and kaluqa u to be old, worn, shabby (garment); -- kaluqa u (خلاقة kalāqa) to be fit, suitable, suited II to perfume (هـ s.th.) IV to wear out (هـ s.th.), let (هـ s.th.) become old and shabby V pass. of II; to be molded, be shaped (ب by a model or pattern), change (ب with a model); to become angry VIII to invent, contrive, devise (هـ s.th.); to fabricate, concoct, think up (هـ s.th.); to attribute falsely (هـ على to s.o. s.th.) خلق kalq creation; making; origination; s.th. which is created, a creation; creatures; people, man, mankind; physical constitution خلق kulq, kuluq pl. اخلاق aklāq innate peculiarity; natural disposition, character, temper, nature; -- pl. اخلاق aklāq character (of a person); morals; morality │ سوء الخلق sū’ al-k. ill nature; سيئ الخلق sayyi’ al-k. ill-natured; سهل الخلق sahl al-k. complaisant, obliging; ضيق الخلق ḍayyiq al-k. impatient, restless; علم الأخلاق ‘ilm al-a. ethics; moral science, morals; 258 سمو الأخلاق sumūw al-a. nobility of character; مكارم الأخلاق noble manners, high moral standards; شرطة الأخلاق šurṭa al-a. vice squad خلقي kulqī ethic(al), moral │ جرائم خلقية offenses against public morals خلق kalaq (m. and f.) pl. خلقان kulqān, اخلاق aklāq shabby, threadbare, worn (garment) خلقة kilqa pl. خلق kilaq creation; innate peculiarity of character, natural disposition, nature; constitution; physiognomy; kilqatan by nature خلقي kilqī natural, native, congenital, innate, inborn, inbred خلقة kalaqa rag, tatter خلاق kalāq share (of positive qualities, of religion) │ لا خلاق له (kalāqa) disgraceful, ignominious, despicable; a worthless fellow, a good-for-nothing خليق kalīq pl. خلقاء kulaqā’2 fit, qualified, suitable, appropriate (ب, ل for s.th., ان to do s.th.); apt (ان to do s.th.); in keeping with (ب), adequate (ب to), worthy (ب of) │نحن خليقون ان it is (would be) only fair that we ..., we should ..., we ought to ...; هو خليق ان he is apt to ..., it is only natural for him that he ...; خليق بهذا ان يكون مؤلما (mu’liman) this is apt to be paicful. it is only natural that this is painful; نظرة يسيرة خليقة ان تقنعنا بأن (tuqni‘anā) no more than a quick glance is apt to convince us that ... خلوق kalūq of firm character, steadfast, upright اخلق aklaq more adequate, more appropriate, more natural خلاق kallāq Creator, Maker (God) خليقة kalīqa the creation, the universe created by God; nature; natural disposition, trait, characteristic; creatures, created beings; pl. خلائق kalā’iq2 creatures, created beings اخلاقي aklāqī moral; ethic(al); ethicist, moral philosopher │جرم اخلاقي (jurm) offence against public morals; الفلسفة الأخلاقية (falsafa) moral science, moral philosophy; ethics أخلاقية aklāqīya morality, moral practice خلقاني kulqānī dealer in old clothes خالق kāliq creative; Creator, Maker (God) مخلوق maklūq created; (pl. -āt. مخاليق makālīq2) creature, created being مختلق muktaliq inventor, fabricator (of untruths) مختلق muktalaq fabricated, trumped up, invented, fictitious; apocryphal; pl. -āt lies, falsehoods, fabrications, fictions خلقين kalqīn pl. خلاقين kalāqīn2 caldron, boiler, kettle 1 خلنج kalanj heath, erica (bot.) 2 خلنجان kulungān (eg.) (rhizome of) galingale (Polypodium Calaguala Kz.; bot.) خلا (خلو) kalā u (kulūw, خلاء kalā’) to be empty, vacant; -- (kuluw) to be free (من or عن from); to be devoid (من of s.th.), lack, want (من s.th.), be in need (من of); to be vacant (office); -- (خلوة kalwa) to be alone (ب, الى, مع with s.o., الى also: with or in s.th.); to isolate o.s., seclude o.s.; to withdraw, retire (للمداولة li-l-mudāwala for deliberation; court, jury); to withdraw for spiritual communion, in order to take counsel (الى with); to devote o.s., apply o.s.. give one's attention (ل to s.th.); خلا به to forsake, desert s.o., leave s.o. in the lurch; -- to pass (ه s.o.), go by s.o. (ه); to pass, elapse, go by, be bygone, past, over (time) │خلا له الجو (jaww) to have free scope. have freedom 259 of action; لا يخلو من جمال (jamāl) it is not without a certain beauty; لا يخلو من مبالغة (mubālaga) it is slightly exaggerated; لا يخلو من فائدة it is not quits useless; خلا الى نفسه to be alone with o.s.; to commune with o.s., take counsel with o.s., search one’s heart; منذ عشر سنوات خلت mundu ‘ašri sanawātin kalat for the past ten years II to vacate, evacuate (هـ s.th.); to leave, leave alone (ه s.o.); to release, let go (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from), give up (عن s.th.) │خلى سبيله (sabīlahū) to let s.o. off, let s.o. go, release s.o.; خلى بين فلان وبين الشيء to give s.o. a free hand in, let s.o. have his own way with or in, let s.o. alone with; to open the way for s.o. to; خل عنك هذه الميول kalli ‘anka h. l-muyūla desist from such desires! IV to empty, void, drain, deplete (من هـ s.th. of); to vacate, leave uninhabited or untenanted (هـ a place); to evacuate (هـ a city) │اخلى سبيله (sabīlahū) to let s.o. off, let s.o. go, release s.o.; اخلى السبيل ل to open the way for ...; اخلى طرف (ṭarafahū) to dismiss, discharge s.o., send s.o. away; to exonerate, exculpate, clear s.o.; اخلى سمعه ل (sam‘ahū) to be all ears for ..., listen intently to ...; اخلى بينه وبين ما يقول to let s.o. say whatever he likes, let s.o. talk freely V to give up, relinquish, forgo, abandon (عن or من s.th.), withdraw, resign (عن or من from); to cede, leave, surrender (ل عن s.th. to s.o.); to lay down (عن an office) VIII to retire, withdraw, step aside, be alone (ب or مع with) خلو kilw free (من from), devoid (من of) خلو kulūw emptiness, vacuity; freedom (من from) خلا kalā and ما خلا (with foll. acc. or genit.) except, save, with the exception of خلاء kalā’ emptiness, vacuity; empty space, void, vacancy, vacuum; open country │تحت الخلاء or في الخلاء under the open sky, outdoors, in the open air; بيت الخلاء bait al-k. toilet, water closet خلوة kalwa pl. kalawāt privacy, solitude; seclusion, isolation, retirement; place of retirement or seclusion, retreat, recess; secluded room; hermitage; religious assembly hall of the Druses; booth, cabin │على خلوة alone; in retirement, in seclusion; خلوة الحمام k. al-ḥammām bathhouse خلوي kalawī lonely, solitary, secluded, isolated, outlying; located in the open country, rural, rustic, country │بيت خلوي (bait) country house خلى kalīy pl. اخلياء akliyā’2 free (من from), void, devoid (من of) │خلى البال carefree, easygoing, happy-go-lucky خلية kalīya pl. خلايا kalāyā beehive; cell (biol.) │الخلية الحيوية الأولى (al-ḥayawīya l-ūlā) protoplasm; من خلايا from within ..., from inside ..., out of ... مخلاة miklāh nosebag تخلية takliya vacating, evaluation اخلاء iklā’ emptying, voiding, draining; clearing; vacating, evacuation │اخلاء سبيله i. sabīlihī; his release تخل takallin relinquishment, abandonment, surrender, renunciation, resignation (عن of s.th.) اختلاء iktilā’ privacy, solitude خال kālin empty, void; open, vacant (office, position); free, unrestrained, untrammeled, unencumbered; free (من from), devoid (من of) │in numerous compounds corresponding to Engl. -less or un-, e.g., خال من الفائدة useless, خال من السكان (sukkān) uninhabited, untenanted, unoccupied; خالي الدين kālī d-dain not bound by, without obligation to, free (من from); خالى البال carefree, easygoing, happy-go-lucky; -- (pl. خوال kawālin) 260 past, bygone (time) │القرون الخالية the past centuries; في الايام الخوالي fī l-ayyāmi l-kawālī in the days past خم kamma u (kamm) to sweep (هـ a room); -- i u (kamm, خموم kumūm) to exude a rotten, foul smell; to rot, putrefy, decay خم kumm pl. اخمام akmām coop, chicken coop, brooder; poultry pen خمة kamma putrid smell, stench خام kāmm stinking, rotten, putrid, foul-smelling; kām look up alphabetically مخم mukimm stinking, rotten, putrid, foul-smelling خمج kamija a (kamaj) to spoil, rot, decay خمد kamada u (خمود kumūd) to go out, die (fire); to abate, subside, let up, calm down, cease, die down IV to extinguish, put out (هـ fire); to calm, appease, placate, soothe, lull, still, quiet (هـ s.th.); to suppress, quell (هـ s.th.); to subdue, soften, deaden, dull (هـ s.th.); to stifle, smother, kill (هـ s.th.; fig.) خمود kumūd extinction; decline, degeneration, deterioration; quietness, stillness, tranquility, calm; immobility, motionlessness اخماد ikmād extinction, putting out; calming, soothing, placation, appeasement, lulling, stilling; subduing, softening, dulling; settlement; suppression, quelling (of a riot) خامد kāmid dying; abating, subsiding; calm, tranquil, still, quiet خمر kamara u (kamr) and II to cover, hide, conceal (هـ 8.th.); to leaven, raise (هـ dough); to ferment (هـ s.th.), cause fermentation (هـ in) III to permeate, pervade (هـ s.th.), mix, blend (هـ with); to possess, seize, overcome (ه s.o., e.g., an idea, a feeling) IV to leaven, raise (هـ dough); to ferment (هـ s.th.), cause fermentation (هـ in); to harbor, entertain (هـ s.th.); to bear a grudge, feel resentment (ل against s.o.) V to ferment, be in a state of fermentation; to rise (dough); to veil the head and face (woman) VI to conspire, plot, collude, scheme, intrigue (على against) VIII to ferment, be in a state of fermentation; to rise (dough); to become ripe, ripen (also fig.: an idea in s.o.’s mind) خمر kamr m. and f., pl. خمور kumūr wine; pl. alcoholic beverages, liquor خمرة kamra wine خمري kamrī golden brown, reddish brown, bronze-colored (actually, wine-colored) خمرية kamrīya pl. -āt wine poem, bacchanalian verse خمار /fimar pl. اخمرة akmira, خمر kumur veil covering head and face of a woman خمار kumār aftereffect of intoxication, hang-over خمير kamīr leavened (dough); ripe, mature, mellow; leaven; leavened bread خميرة kamīra pl. خمائر kamā’ir2 leaven; ferment; barm, yeast; enzyme (chem.); (fig.) starter, nucleus, basis (from which s.th. greater develops) خمار kammār wine merchant, keeper of a wineshop خمارة kammāra wineshop, tavern خمير kimmīr winebibber, drunkard, tippler, sot تخمير takmīr leavening, raising (of dough); fermenting, fermentation اختمار iktimār (process of) fermentation مخمور makmūr drunk, intoxicated, inebriated مختمر muktamir fermenting, fermented; alcoholic 261 خمس II to quintuple, make fivefold, multiply by five (هـ s.th.); to make pentagonal (هـ s.th.); to divide into five parts (هـ s.th.) خمس kums pl. خمس akmās one fifth │ضرب اخماسه في اسداسه ḍaraba akmāsahū fī asdāsihī and ضرب اخماسا لأسداس (li-asdāsin) to rack one’s brain in search of a way out; to be at one’s wit’s end; to scheme, intrigue خمسة kamsa (f. خمس kams) five خمسة عشر kamsata ‘ašara (f. خمس عشرة kamsa ‘ašrata) fifteen خمسون kamsūn fifty │ عيد الخمسين ‘īd al-k. Whitsuntide, Pentecost; احد الخمسين aḥad al-k. Whitsunday; أيام الخمسين ayyām al-kamsīn the period of about 50 days between Easter and Whitsuntide; □ خمسين and خماسين khamsin, a hot southerly wind in Egypt عيد خمسين ‘īd kamsīn 50th anniversary خميس kamīs and يوم الخميس yaum al-k. Thursday │خميس الجسد k. al-jasad Corpus Christi Day (Chr.); خميس الفصح k. al-fiṣḥ, خميس الأسرار k. al-asrār, and خميس العهد k. al-‘ahd Maundy Thursday (Chr.) خماس kammās pl. خماسة kamāmisa (magr.) sharecropper receiving one fifth of the crop as wages خماسي kumāsī fivefold, quintuple; consisting of five consonants (gram.) │خماسي (zawāyā) pentagonal, five-cornered خميسة kumaisa (mor. Pronounced kmīsa) ornament in the shape of a hand (worn by women and children as a talisman against the evil eye) الخامس al-kāmis the fifth مخمس mukammas pentagonal, five-cornered; pentagon; fivefold, quintuple; O pentameter خمش kamaša i u (kamš) and II to scratch (هـ e.g., the face, the skin, with the nails) خمش kamš pl. خموش kumūš scratch, scratch mark, scar خماشة kumāša pl. -āt scratch, scar خمص kamaṣa u and kamiṣa a to be empty, hungry (stomach) خميص kamīs خميص البطن k. al-baṭn, خميص الحشا k. al-ḥašā with an empty stomach, hungry اخمص القدم akmaṣ al-qadam pl. اخامص akāmiṣ2 hollow of the sale (of the foot) │ من الرأس الى اخمص القدم from head to toe خمع kama‘a a (kam‘, خموع kumū‘) to limp, walk with a limp خمل kamala u (خمول kumūl) to be unknown, obscure, undistinguished; to be weak, languid خمل kami and خملة kamla nap, the rough, hairy surface of a fabric; fibers خمل kamil languid, sluggish, dull, listless خمول kumūl obscurity; weakness lassitude, languor, lethargy; indolence, sluggishness, inactivity; apathy, indifference; sleepiness, drowsiness خميلة kamīla pl. خمائل kamā’il2 place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, brush, scrub خامل kāmil unknown, obscure, undistinguished, unimportant, minor; weak, languid, sluggish مخمل mukmal velvet-like fabric, velvet مخملي mukmalī velvety │جلد مخملي (jild) deerskin, buckskin خمن II to guess, conjecture, surmise; to make conjectures (هـ as to); to assess, appraise, estimate (هـ s.th.) 262 تخمين takmīn appraisal, assessment, estimation; تخمينا takmīnan and على تخمين approximately, roughly خمن mukammin appraiser, assessor 1 خنkanna i (خنين kanīn) to speak nasally, nasalize; to twang, speak through the nose خنة kunna nasal twang خنين kanīn twanging, nasal twang اخن akann2, f. خناء kanna’2 twanging, speaking through the nose 2خن kunn (= خم kumm) pl. اخنان aknān coop. chicken coop, brooder خنث kanita a to be soft, effeminate V to display effeminate manners, become or be effeminate خنث kanit oft, effeminate خنثى kuntā pl. خناث kināt, خناثى kanatā hermaphrodite خنوثة kunūta effeminacy تخنث takannut effeminacy مخنث mukannat bisexual; effeminate; powerless, impotent, weak خنجر kanjar pl. خناجر kanājir2 dagger خنخن kankana to nasalize, speak, nasally; to twang, speak through the nose خندق kandaqa to dig a ditch or trench (خندقا); to take up positions, prepare for battle خندق kandaq pl. خنادق kanādiq2 ditch; trench خنزوانية kunzuwānīya megalomania خنزب kanzab Satan, Devil خنزير kinzīr pl. خنازير kanāzir2 swine, pig, hog; خنزير بري (barrī) wild hoar; خنازير scrofula, scrofulosis (med.) خنزيرة kinzīra sow خنازيري kanāzīrī scrofulous الخناس al-kannās epithet of the Devil (properly speaking, he who withdraw, when the name of God is mentioned) اخنس aknas f. خنساء kansā’2, pl. خنس kuns pug-nosed خنشار kinšār fern (bot.) خنوص kinnauṣ pl. خنانيص kanānīṣ2 piglet خنصر kinṣir pl. خناصر kanāṣir2 little finger │عقد الخنصر (الخناصر) على to give s.th. top-rating because of its excellence, put s.th. above everything else خنع kana‘a a (خنوع kunū‘) to yield, surrender, bow, stoop (ل or الى to s.o.). humble o.s., cringe (ل or الى before s.o.) خنوع kanū‘ submissive, servile, meek, humble; treacherous, perfidious, disloyal خنوع kunū‘ submissiveness, meekness, servility خنف kanaf (eg.) twanging, nasal twang خنفر kanfara to snuffle, snort خنفس kunfus and خنفساء kunfusā’2 pl. خنافس kanāfis2 dung beetle, scarab خنق kanaqa u (kanq) to choke (ه s.o.); to suffocate, stifle, smother, strangle, throttle, choke to death (ه s.o.); to throttle down (techn.; هـ s.th.); to slow down, cut, check, suppress (هـ s.th.) III to quarrel, have a fight (ه with s.o.) VI to quarrel, dispute, have a fight (مع with s.o.) VII pass. of I; VIII to he throttled, be suppressed; to be tight, constricted (throat); to be strangled, be choked to death خنق kanq strangling, strangulation; throttling, suppression │ خنق الأنوارk. al-anwāar dim-out خنقة اليد kanqat (kunqat) al-yad wrist خناق kunāq suffocation; angina (med.); kunāq and خانوق kānūq quinsy, diphtheria 263 (med.); pl. خوانق kawāniq2 and خوانيق kawānīq2 do. خناق kannāq choking, throttling, strangling مخنق maknaq neck, throat │أخذه بمخنقه to grab s.o. by the throat, bear down on s.o.; to have power over s.o. خناق kināq strangling cord; neck, throat │ضيق الخناق على (ḍayyaqa) to tighten the grip around s.o.’s throat, tread on s.o.’s neck, oppress s.o., beset s.o. grievously; أخذ بخناقه to grab s.o. by the throat خناق kināq and خناقة kināqa quarrel, fight, row اختناق iktināq suffocation, asphyxiation; constriction; asphyxia (med.) خانق kāniq choking, strangling; suffocating, asphyxiating, stifling, smothering; throttling, throttle• (in compounds; tech.); (pl. خوانق kawāniq2) choke coil, reactor (radio); gorge, ravine, canyon │ غاز خانق asphyxiating gas; خانق الذئب k. ad-di’b wolfsbane, monkshood, aconite (bot.) مخنوق maknūq strangled; suffocated, stifled, smothered; suppressed, choking (voice, laughter, etc.); constricted; strangulated; throttled مختنق muktaniq crammed, jammed, crowded, chock-full (ب with) (خنو and خنى) خنا kanā u, خني kaniya a (خنى kanan) to use obscene language IV to hit hard, afflict grievously, wear down, ruin, destroy, crush (على s.o., s.th.; said of fate) خنى kanan obscene language; s.th. indecent or obscene; prostitution; fornication خواجة kawāja pl. -āt sir, Mr. (title and form of address, esp., for Christians and Westerners, used with or without the name of the person so addressed) خوان kuwān, kiwān pl. اخونة akwina, اخاوين akāwīn2 table │خوان الزينة k. az-zīna dressing table خوجة kōga (eg.) teacher, schoolmaster خوخ II (eg.) to rot, decay, spoil خوخ kauk (coll.; n. un. ة) peach (eg.); plum (syr.) خوخة kauka pl. kuwak skylight, windowlike opening; wicket (of a canal lock, of a gate); (eg.) alley connecting two streets خوذة kūda pl. -āt, خوذ kuwad helmet 1خار (خور) kāra (خوار kuwār) to low, moo (cattle); -- خور kawira a (خور kawar) and خار kāra u to decline in force or vigor; to grow weak, spiritless, languid, to languish, flag; to dwindle, give out (strength) خور kaur pl. اخوار akwār, خيران kīrān inlet, bay خور kawar weakness, fatigue, enervation, languor, lassitude خوار kuwār lowing, mooing خوار kawwār weak, languid, strengthless 2خوري kūrī pl. خورنة kawārina parson, curate, priest; see also under خير خورس kūrus choir (of a church) خوزق kauzaqa to impale (ه s.o.); to comer, drive into a comer, get into a bad fix (ه s.o.) خازوق see خزق ورق خوشق waraq kaušaq wrapping paper; blotting paper 1خوص kūṣ (coll.; n. un. ة) palm leaves خوصة kūṣa (eg.) plaitwork of palm leaves (resembling that of Panama hats; used as a tarboosh lining) خواصة kiwwāṣa art of palm-leaf plaiting 264 2خوص kawaṣ and اخوص see خوص 3خويصة see خصّ 1خاض (خوض) kāḍهـ u (kauḍ, خياض kiyāḍ) to wade (هـ into water); to plunge, dive, rush (هـ into s.th.), tackle courageously (هـ s.th.), embark boldly (هـ on); to penetrate (هـ or في into), become absorbed, engrossed (هـ or في in); to go into a subject (في), take up (في هـ subject), deal (في with) │خاض المعركة (ma‘raka) to rush into battle; خاض غمار الحرب (gimāra l-ḥarb) to enter the war خوض kawḍ, plunge, rush (into); entering, entry (into, e.g., into war, into negotiations); penetration; search (في into), examination, discussion, treatment (في of a subject) مخاضة makāḍa pl. -āt, مخاوض makāwiḍ2 ford 2مخاض see مخض خاف (خوف) kāfa (1st pers. perf. kiftu) a (kauf, مخافة makāata, خيفة kīfata) to be frightened, scared; to be afraid (هـ, ه or من. of), dread (هـ, ه or من s.o. or s.th.); to fear (هـ, ه or من s.o., s.th.; على for s.o., for s.th.; ان that) II and IV to frighten, scare, alarm, fill with fear (ه s.o.) V = I خوف kauf fear, dread (من of); خوفا kaufan for fear (من of), fearing (على for) خيفة kīfa fear, dread (من of) خواف kawwāf, خويف kawīf fainthearted, fearful, timid, timorous; coward, poltroon اخوف akwaf2 more timorous; more dreadful, more to be feared مخافة makāfa fear, dread │مخافة ان (makāfatan) for fear that ..., afraid that ... مخاوف makāwif2 (pl. zu مخافة) fears, apprehensions, anxieties; horrors, dangers, perils تخويف takwīf and اخافة ikāfa intimidation, bullying, cowing, frightening, scaring تخوف takawwuf fear, dread خائف kā’if pl. خوف kuwwaf fearful, timid, timorous; scared, frightened, alarmed (من by); afraid (من of); anxious (على about), apprehensive (على for) مخوف makūf feared, dreaded; dangerous, perilous مخيف mukīf fear-inspiring, frightful, dreadful, terrible, horrible خاكى look up alphabetically خول II to grant, accord, give, concede (هـ ه to s.o. s.th., also هـ ل; esp., the right, the power to do s.th.), bestow, confer (هـ ه upon s.o. s.th., also هـ ل), vest, endow (هـ ه s.o. with s.th., also. ل) خال kāl pl. اخوال akwāl, خؤول ku’ūl, خولة ku’ūla (maternal) uncle; -- (pl. خيلان kīlān) mole, birthmark (on the face); O patch, beauty spot خالة kāla pl. -āt (maternal) aunt خول kawal chattels, property, esp., that consisting in livestock and slaves; servants; (eg.) dancer; effeminate person, sissy خولى kaulī supervisor, overseer (of a plantation); gardener خؤولة ku’ūla relationship of the maternal uncle مخول mukawwal authorized (ب to) خام look up alphabetically 1خان (خون) kana u (kaun, خيانة kiyāna) to be disloyal, faithless, false, treacherous, perfidious, act disloyally, treacherously, perfidiously (ه toward s.o.); to betray (ه s.o.); to cheat, dupe, gull, hoodwink (ه s.o.), impose (ه upon), deceive (زوجته one’s wife); to fool, deceive, mislead 265 (ه s.o.; said, e.g., of the memory); to forsake, let down, desert (ه s.o.); to fail (ه s.o.; e.g., the voice, and the like); to fail to keep (هـ e.g., a promise), break (عهدا ‘ahdan a contract) II to regard as or call faithless, false, disloyal, treacherous, dishonest, unreliable (ه s.o.); to distrust, mistrust (ه s.o.) V to impair, harm, hurt, prejudice (هـ s.th.) VIII to dupe, gull, cheat, deceive, double-cross, betray (ه s.o.) X استخون istakwana to distrust, mistrust (ه s.o.) خيانة kiyāna faithlessness, falseness, disloyalty, treachery, perfidy; breach of faith, betrayal; treason; deception, fooling │خيانة الأمانة k. al-amāna breach of faith; خيانة عظمى (‘uẓmā) high treason; خيانة الوعود breach of promise خؤون ka’ūn faithless, false, disloyal, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious; unreliable, tricky, deceptive خوان kawwān unreliable, faithless, disloyal, treacherous, perfidious; traitor خائن kā’in pl. خوان kuwwān, خونة kawana disloyal, faithless, false, unreliable, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious; traitor 2خان and خانة look up alphabetically 3خوان look up alphabetically 1خوي kawā i (خواء kawā’, خوى kawan) to be empty, be hungry; -- kawiya a (خواء kawā’) to be empty, bare, dreary, desolate, waste خواء kawā’ and خوى kawan emptinessv(of the stomach), hunger خاو kāwin empty, vacant; dreary, waste, desolate │خاو على عروشه (‘urūšihī) completely devastated; خاوى الوفاض k. l-wifāḍ (= خالى الوفاض) with an empty pouch, empty-handed, without a catch خوى III to join (ه s.o.), join the company of (ه), accompany (ه s.o.) خوي kuwaiy little brother خوة kuwa brotherliness, fraternity (= اخوة ukūwa) مخاو mukāwin brotherly, fraternal خيار kiyār (coll.; n. un. ة) cucumber │ خيار شنير k. šanbar (eg.) drumstick tree, purging cassia (Cassia fistula; bot.); خيار قشة k. qašša (eg.) gherkins, pickles خاب (خيب) kāba i (خيبة kaiba) to fail, miscarry, be without success, be unsuccessful; to be frustrated, be dashed, be disappointed (hopes); to go wrong II and IV to cause to fail; to thwart, frustrate, fail, defeat (هـ s.th.); to disappoint, dash (أماله āmālahū s.o.’s hopes) V = I خيبة kaiba failure, miscarriage, defeat, frustration; fizzle, flop; disappointment │ولد خيبة walad k., f. بنت خيبة bint k. (eg.) a good-for-nothing, a ne’er-do-well خائب kā’ib failing; abortive, unsuccessful; disappointed خار (خير) kāra i to choose, make one’s choice; to prefer (على هـ s.th. to) II to make or let (ه s.o.) choose (بين between, في from), give (ه s.o.) the alternative, option or choice (بين between, في in); to prefer (على هـ s.th. to) III to vie, compete (ه with s.o.); to make or let (ه s.o.) choose, give (ه s.o.) the choice, option or alternative V to choose, select, pick (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VIII to choose, make one’s choice; to choose, select, elect, pick (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), fix upon s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to prefer (على هـ s.th. to) │اختار الله الى جواره ... (jiwārihī) approx.: the Lord has taken ... unto Himself X to seek or request what is good or best (هـ) for o.s. (ه from s.o.); to consult an oracle, cast lots │استخار الله في to ask God for proper guidance in خير kair pl. خيار kiyār, اخيار akyār good; excellent, outstanding, superior, admirable; better; best; - (pl. خيور 266 kuyūr) good thing, blessing; wealth, property; -- good, benefit, interest, advantage; welfare; charity │خير الناس the best of all people; خيار الناس, اخيار الناس the beat people, the pick of the human race; هو خير منك he ill better than you; هو خير لك it is better for you; الخير كل الخير the very best; الخير العام (‘āmm) the commonweal, general welfare; دولة الخير العام welfare state; لخير for the benefit of; لخير انفسهم li-k. anfusihim for their own good; اعمال الخير charitable deeds; صباح الخير ṣabāḥ al-k. and صباحك بالخير good morning! ذكره بالخير (dakarahū) to retain a good impression. of s.o.; to speak well of s.o. خيري kairī charitable, beneficent, benevolent, philanthropic │جمعية خيرية (jam‘īya) charitable organization خيرية kairīya charity, charitableness, benevolence, beneficence خير kayyir generous, liberal, openhanded, munificent; charitable, beneficent, benevolent; benign, gracious, kind خيرة kaira pl. -āt good deed, good thing; pl. خيرات resources, treasures (e.g., of the earth, of a country), boons, blessings خيرة kīra and kiyara the best, choice, prime, flower, pick, elite خيري kīrī gillyflower (bot.) اخير akyar 2, f. خيرى kīrā, خورى kūrā pl. اخاير akāyir2 better, superior خيار kiyār choice; option, exercise of the power of choice (Isl. Law); refusal, right of withdrawal (Isl. Law); the best, choice, prime, flower, pick, elite; see also alphabetically خياري kiyārī optional, facultative; voluntary اختيار iktiyār choice; election (also pol.; pl. -āt); selection; preference ( علىto); option; free will (philos.); اختيارا iktiyāran of one’s own accord, spontaneously, voluntarily اختياري iktiyārī voluntary, facultative, elective (studies) مخير mukayyar having the choice or option مختار muktār free to choose, having the choice or option (في in), volunteering, مختارا muktāran (adv.) voluntarily, spontaneously, of one’s own accord; choice, select, exquisite; chosen, preferred, favorite; a favorite; مختارات selection, selected writings, anthology; (pl. مخاتير makātīr2) village chief, mayor of a village (šyr., Leb., Ir.) خيزران see خزر خاس (خيس) kāsa i (خيس kais, خيسان kayasān) to break (ب an agreement, a promise) خيش kaiš sackcloth, sacking, canvas خيش kaiš place of sackcloth; (pl. -āt, خيش kiyaš) sack; straw mattress, pallet; Bedouin tent خيشوم see خشم خاط (خيط) kāṭa i (kaiṭ) and II to sew, stitch (هـ s.th.) خيط kaiṭ pl. خيوط kuyūṭ, اخياط akyāṭ, خيطان kīṭān thread; twine cord; pack-thread, string; fiber │خيط امل k. amal a spark of hope, a thread of hope خيطي kaiṭī threadlike; fibrous خياط kiyāṭ needle خياط kiyāṭa swing; needlework, tailoring, dressmaking │آلة الخياطة sewing machine خياط kayyāṭ pl. -ūn tailor خياطة kayyāṭa pl. -āt dressmaker; seam-stress مخيط mikyaṭ needle خائط kā’iṭ tailor 267 1خال (خيل) kālهـ هـ to imagine, fancy, think, believe, suppose (ان that); to consider, deem, think (ه ه s.o. to be …, هـ هـ s.th. to be ...), regard (ه ه s.o. as, هـ هـ s.th. as) II to make (الى s.o.) believe (ان that), suggest (الى to s.o., هـ s.th.), give s.o. (الى) the impression that (هـ) │خيل اليه (له) ان (kuyyila) he imagined, fancied, thought that it seemed, it appeared to him that …; على مل خيلت (kayyalat; النفس being understood) as the heart dictates, i.e., as chance will have it, at random, unhesitatingly IV to be dubious, doubtful, uncertain, intricate V to imagine, fancy (هـ s.th.); to present itself, reveal itself (ل to s.o.’s mind), become the object of imagination. appear (= II kuyyila; ل to s.o.) │تخيل فيه الخير (kaira) to suspect good qualities in s.o., have an inkling of s.o.’s good qualities, think well of s.o., have هـ good opinion of s.o. VI to pretend (ب ل to s.o. s.th., that ...), act (ل toward s.o., ب as if); to feel self-important, be conceited; to behave in pompous manner, swagger, strut about; to conceive eccentric ideas, get all kinds of fantastic notions, have هـ bee in one’s bonnet; to appear dimly, in shadowy outlines; to appear, show (على on), hover (على about; e.g., هـ smile about s.o.’s lips) flit (على across, e.g., هـ shadow across s.o.’s face, etc.) VIII to feel self-important, be conceited; to behave in هـ pompous manner, swagger, strut about خيال kayāl pl. اخيلة akyilهـ disembodied spirit, ghost, specter; imagination; phantom, apparition; phantasm, fantasy, chimera, vision; shadow, trace, dim reflection │خيال الشك k. ašakk slightest doubt; خيال الصحراء k. aṣ-ṣaḥrā’ scarecrow; خيال الظل k. aẓ-ẓill shadow play خيالة kayālهـ pl. -āt ghost, spirit, specter; phantom; phantasm, fantasy, chimera خيالي kayālī imaginary, unreal; ideal, ideational, conceptual; utopian اخيل akyal2 more conceited, haughtier, prouder اخيل akyal pl. خيل kīl, اخايل akāyil2 green woodpecker خيلاء kuyalā’2 (f.) conceit, conceitedness, haughtiness, pride; الخيلاء al-kuyalā’هـ haughtily, proudly خيلولة kailūlهـ conceit, conceitedness, snobbery, arrogance, haughtiness مخيلة makīlهـ conceit, conceitedness, snobbery, arrogance, haughtiness; (pl. مخايل makāyil2) indication, sign, symptom, characteristic; pl. مخايل visions, mental images, imagery تخييل takyīl playacting │فن التخييل fann at-t. dramatic art تخيل takayyul pl. -āt imagination, phantasy; delusion, hallucination, fancy, whim, fantastic notion تخيلي takayyulī fantastic, fanciful, imaginary اختيال iktiyāl pride; arrogance, haughtiness مخيلة mukayyilهـ imagination, phantasy مخيل mukīl dubious, doubtful, uncertain, intricate, tangled, confused; confusing, bewildering مختال muktāl conceited, haughty, arrogant 2خيل II to gallop (on horseback) خيل kail (coll.) pl. خيول kuyūl horses; horsepower, H.P. │سباق الخيل horse racing, horse race خيال kayyāl pl. ة, -ūn horseman, rider خيالة kayyālهـ cavalry (Ir.; Eg. 1939) سرية خيالة sarīyهـ kayyālهـ cavalry squadron (Eg. 1939) 268 2خال see خول 1خيم II to pitch one’s tent, to camp; to settle down; to stay, linger, rest, lie down, lie (على on, فى or ب at هـ place); (fig.) to reign (e.g., calm, silence, peace, etc.; فى or ب at, in), settle (على over) V to pitch one’s tent; to camp خيمة ḳaimهـ pl. -āt, خيام ḳiyām, خيم ḳiyam tent; tarpaulin; arbor, bower; pavilion خيم ḳayyām tentmaker خيم muḳayyam pl. -āt camping ground, camp, encampment 2خيم ḳīm natural disposition, nature, temper, character; inclination, bent, tendency│اخذ خيمه (eg.) to fool s.o.’s pulse, sound s.o. out 3خام look up alphabetically □ خية ḳayya pl. -āt noose د دأب da’aba a (da’b, da’b, دؤوب du’ūb) to persist, persevere, be indefatigable, untiring, tireless (فى or على in s.th.); to go in for s.th. (على), apply o.s., devote o.s. (على to), practice eagerly (على s.th.) دأب da’b pl. ادؤب ad’ub habit دأب da’b, da’ab and دؤوب du’ūb persistence, perseverance, tirelessness, indefatigability, assiduity, eagerness دئب da’ib and دائب dā’ib addicted, devoted, persistent, assiduous, eager, indefatigable, untiring, tireless (على in) دؤوب da’ūb untiring, tireless, indefatigable, persevering, persistent ادأب ad’ab2 more persistent, more assiduous دادة dāda governess, dry nurse, nurse داغ dāg pl. -āt brand (made on cattle, etc.) دال dāl name of the letter د داليا dāliyā dahlia(s) (bot.) داما dāmā checkers│ لوحة الداما lauḥat ad-d. checkerboard دامجانة see دمجانة دانتيلا (Fr. dentelle) dantilla lace دانق dānaq, dāniq pl. دوانق dawāniq2 an ancient coin. = 1/4 dirham; small coin; a square measure (Eg.; = 4 sahm = 29.17 m2) دانمارك dannmark Denmark دانماركى danmarkī Danish الداننوب ad-dānūb the Danube داية dāya pl. -āt wet nrse; midwife دب dabba i (dabb, دبيب dabīb) to creep, crawl (reptile); to proceed, advance, or move slowly; to go on all fours; to enter (فى s.th.), come (فى into); to steal, creep (فى نفسه into s.o.’s heart; of a feeling, e.g., doubt); to spread (فى over, in, through), fill, pervade, invade (فى s.th.) ; to gain ground; to gain ascendancy (فى in s.o.; of a condition, an idea, a sensation); to stream in, ruah in (of sensations, فى upon s.o.)│ دب فيه دبيب الحياة (d. al-ḥayāh) to gain vitality II to sharpen, point, taper (هـ s.th.) دب dubb pl. ادباب adbāb, دببة dibaba bear│ الدب الاصغر(aṣgar) Little Bear, Ursa Minor (astron.); الدب الاكبر (akbar) Great Bear, Ursa Major (astron.) 269 دبي dubbī ursine دبة dabba sand hill, mound دبيب dabīb creeping, crawling; infiltration; influx, inflow, flow (e.g., of sensations, of life, of vigor); reptile دباب dabbāb creeping, crawling, repent, reptant دبابة dabbāba pl. -āt tank, armored car مدب midabb: من مدب النيل الى مصبه (maṣabbihī) from the lower Nile to its mouth دابة dābba pl. دواب dawābb2 animal, beast; riding animal (horse, mule, donkey) دويبة duwaibba tiny animal, animalcule; insect مدببmudabbab pointed, tapered دبج II to embellish, decorate, adorn, ornament (هـ s.th.); to put in good style, formulate, compose, write down, put down in writing (هـ s.th.) ديباج dībāj pl. دبابيج dabābīj2 silk brocade ديباجة dībāja (n. un. of ديباج) brocade; introductory verses or lines, proem, preamble; face, visage; style, elegance of style; renown, repute, standing, prestige تدبيج tadbīj embellishment, adornment, ornamentation; composition, writing (of a book) مدبجات mudabbajāt embellishments of speech, fine figures of speech دبدب dabdaba to tread, tap دبدبة dabdaba sound of footsteps, footfall, pitapat; pattering or clattering noise; snapping, flapping noise دبدوبة dabdūba pl. دباديب dabādīb2 point, tip, tapered end 1دبر dabara u (دبور dubūr) to turn one’s back; to elapse, pass, go by (time) II to make arrangements, make plans (هـ for), prepare, plan, organize, design, frame, devise, concert, arrange, get up, bring about (هـ s.th.); to hatch (هـ a plot, etc.); to contrive, work up (هـ a ruse); to direct, conduct, manage, run, engineer, steer, marshal, regulate (هـ s.th.), be in charge (هـ of); to manage well, economize (هـ s.th.) │دبر خطة (kiṭṭatan) to devise a plan; دبر الشؤون to conduct the course of business, be in charge IV to turn one’s back (عن or على on s.o.); to flee, run away; to escape, dodge; to slip away V to be prepared, planned, organized, managed; to reflect, ponder (في or هـ on); to consider, weigh, contemplate (في or هـ s.th.); to treat or handle with care, with circumspection (في s.th.) VI to face in opposite directions, stand back to back; to be contrary, opposite, opposed; to be inconsistent, incompatible X to turn the back (ه on s.o.) دبر dubr, dubur pl. ادبار adbār rump backside, buttocks, posteriors; rear part, Rear, hindpart; back; last part, end, tail │ من دبرbehind, at the back, in the rear; from behind, from the rear; ولى دبره wallā duburahū to turn one’s back; to flee, run away دبري dabarī trailing behind, belated, late دبرة dabra turn (of fate) دبور dabūr west wind دبور dabbūr pl. -āt dabābīr2 hornet; wasp تدبير tadbīr pl. -āt planning, organization; direction, management, disposal, regulation; economy, economization; -- (pl. تدابير tadābīr2) measure, move, step │ تدبير المنزل t. al-manzil housekeeping, household management; تدبير منزلي (manzilī) do.; قام بالتدابير اللازمة and اتخذ التدابير اللازمة (ittakada,qāma) to take the necessary measures ادبار idbār flight, retreat تدبر tadabbur reflection, meditation (في on), thinking (في about); consideration, contemplation (في of) تدابر taddbur disparity, dissimilarity, contrast دابر dābir past, bygone (time); the ultimate, utmost, extremity. end; root │قطع دابر الشيء (dābira š-šai’) to eradicate, root out s.th., suppress s.th. radically; بالأمس الدابر (amsi) sometime in the past; ذهب كأمس الدابر (ka-amsi d-dābiri) to vanish into thin air, disappear without leaving a trace (actually: like yesterday gone by) مدبر mudabbir manager, director; ruler, disposer; leader; ringleader │مدبر المكائد schemer, intriguer, intrigant مدبر mudbir: مدبرا ومقبلا mudbiran wa-muqbilan from the rear and from in front 2دبارة dubāra (=دوبارة ) packthread, string, twine, cord, rope j thread 1دبس dibs sirup, molasses, treacle, esp. of grapes 2دبوس dabbūs pl. دبابيس dabābīs2 pin; safety pin │دبوس انكليزي safety pin دبش dabaš junk, rubbish, trash; -- dabš rubblestone, rubble; crushed rock (used as substratum in macadamizing) دبغ dabaga a i u (dabg) to tan (هـ a hide) دباغة dibāga tanning, tanner’s trade دباغ dabbāg tanner مدبغة madbaga pl. مدابغ madābig 2 tannery دبق dabiqa a (dabaq) to stick, adhere (ب to); to cleave, cling (ب to) II to catch with birdlime (هـ a bird) دبق dibq birdlime دبق dabiq sticky, gluey, limy دبك dabaka u (dabk) to stamp the feet; to dance the dabka (see below) دبكة dabka (syr.) a group dance in which the dancers, lined up with looked arms or holding hands, stamp out the rhythm and sing دبلة dibla pl. دبل dibal ring دبلوم diblōm and دبلومة diblōma pl. -āt diploma دبلوماسي diblōmāsī diplomatic; diplomat دبلوماسية diblōmāsīya diplomacy دثر datara u (دثور dutūr) to fall into oblivion, be forgotten, become obsolete, antiquated, extinct; to be blotted out, wiped out, effaced, obliterated (track by the wind) II to cover, envelop (ه s.o.); to destroy, annihilate (هـ s.th.) V to wrap o.s. (في in), cover o.s. (في with) VII to be or become wiped out, blotted out, effaced, obliterated; to be old; to be forgotten, have fallen into oblivion, be obsolete VIII iddatara to wrap o.s. (ب in), cover o.s. (ب with) دثار ditār pl. دثر dutur blanket, cover مدثور madtūr past, bygone, ancient (time) دج dajja i (dajj, دجيج dajīj) to walk slowly II دججه بالسلاح to arm s.o. to the teeth دج dujj (syr.) thrush (zool.) دجة dujja intense darkness, pitch-darkness دجاج dajāj (coll.) chickens; fowl (as a generic designation) دجاجة dajāja (n. un.) hen; chicken │ دجاجة الحبشd. al-ḥabaš guinea fowl مدجج بالسلاح mudajjaj bi-s-silāḥ heavily armed, bristling with arms 271 دجر dajira a (dajar) to be embarrassed, be at a loss ديجور dajūr pl. دياجير dayājīr2 gloom, darkness, dark ديجوري daijūrīi dark, gloomy دجل dajala u to deceive, dupe, cheat, take in (على s.o.); to be a swindler, a charlatan, a quack II to coat, smear (هـ s.th.); to gild (هـ s.th.); to deceive, dupe, cheat, take in (على s.o.), impose (على on) دجل dajl deceit, trickery, humbug, swindle دجال dajjāl pl. -ūn, دجاجلة dajājila swindler, cheat, imposter; quack, charlatan (fem. دجالة); Antichrist تدجيل tadjīl imposture, humbug; charlatanry, quackery 2دجلة dijla the Tigris river دجن dajana u (dajn, دجن dujūn) to be dusky, murky, gloomy (day); -- (dujūn) to remain, stay; to get used, become accustomed, become habituated; to become tame, be domesticated II to tame; to domesticate (هـ an animal) │ دجنه لخدمة فلان (li-kidmati f.) to put s.th. or s.o. to use for s.o., make s.th. or s.o. of service to s.o. III to flatter, cajole, coax, wheedle, try to win or entice by gentle courtesy (ه s.o.) IV to be murky, gloomy, overcast (day); to be dark (night) دجنة dujna, dujunna darkness, gloominess, gloom ادجن adjan2 dark داجن dājin tame, tamed, domesticated (animal); dark, gloomy │ حيوانات داجنة (ḥayawānāt) domestic animals دواجن dawājin2 poultry دجا (دجو) dajā u to be dark, gloomy, dusky; to overshadow, cover, veil, shroud, blanket (هـ s.th.), spread (هـ over) III to play the hypocrite, JlOIl'l as a friend (ه of s.o.); to cajole, flatter (ه s.o.) دجى dujan gloom, darkness, duskiness دياج الليل dayājī l-lail dark of night مداجاة mudājāh hypocrisy; flattery, adulation, sycophancy داج dājin dark, gloomy دحدح II tadaḥdaḥa to waddle دحدح daḥdaḥ and دحداح daḥdāḥ dumpy, squat, stocky دحر daḥara a (daḥr, دحور) to drive away, chase away (ه s.o.); to dislodge, remove (ه s.o.); to defeat (ه an army) VIII to be driven away, be routed, be repelled, be thrown back; to be defeated (army); to go under, go to ruin, succumb, break down, collapse اندحار indiḥār banishment, rejection; (pl. -āt) defeat (mil.); ruin, fall, break-down, collapse; catastrophe │اندحار الكون ind. al-k. end of the world مدحور madḥūr routed, repelled; expelled, cast out; ostracized, banished دحرج daḥraja to roll (هـ s.th.) II tadaḥraja to roll, roll along; to roll down داحس dāḥis pl. dawāḥis whitlow, felon (med.) دحس daḥasa a (daḥs) to insert, thrust in, shove in, foist in, smuggle in VII to interfere, meddle; to mix دحض daḥāḍa a to be invalid, void, untenable (argument); to disprove, refute, invalidate (هـ an argument) II and IV to disprove, refute, invalidate (هـ an argument) دحض daḥḍ refutation, disproof دحوض duḥūḍ: invalidity, shakiness, weakness, refutability (of an argument or a claim) مدحاض miḍḥāḍ: دعوى مدحاض (da‘wā) an invalid, unjustified claim 273 دحا (دحو) daḥā u (daḥw) to spread out, flatten, level, unroll O مدحى midḥan pl. مداح madāḥin roller, steamroller ادخر iddakara, مدخرة see ذخر دخس dukas dolphin دخل dikala u (دخول dukūl) to enter (هـ, less frequently في, also الى, s.th.), go, step, walk, move, come, get (هـ, في, الى into); to penetrate, pierce (هـ, في, الى s.th.); to take possession of s.o. (ه), befall, seize (ه s.o.; e.g., doubt); to take up (خدمة a post), start at a job; to enter s.o.’s (على) room or house, drop in on s.o. (على), come to see s.o. (على); to call on s.o. (على); to consummate the marriage, cohabit, sleep (", or على with a woman); to come (على over s.o.; e.g., joy); (gram.) to be added (على to); to supervene, enter as a new factor, aspect, element, etc. (على upon s.th.), be newly introduced (على into s.th.); to make one’s own, acquire (على s.th.); to join, enter (هـ or في e.g., a religious community); to participate, take part (هـ in); to set in, begin (time, event); to be included (في in; ضمن ḍimna), fall, come (في, ضمن, تحت under), belong, pertain (في, ضمن, تحت to), be within s.th. (في, ضمن, تحت); pass.: dukila to be sickly, diseased, abnormal │دخل على الأمر تعديل (ta’dīlun) the matter has undergone modification; دخل الخدمة (kidma) to take up one’s post, start at a job, report for work; دخل المدرسة (madrasa) to enter school; دخل الميناء (mīnā’) to enter the harbor, put in; دخل الموضوع to come to the point; دخل في عقله (في جسمه) dukila fī ‘aqlihi (fī jismihī) to suffer from a mental (physical) disturbance II to make or let enter, bring in, let in (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to enter, insert, include (ه s.th., في or هـ in) III to come over s.o. (ه), befall, seize (ه s.o.; e.g., doubt, suspicion, despair) IV to make or let enter, bring in, let in, admit, lead in, show in (ه s.o.); to move, take, haul (على or في هـ s.th. into); to incorporate, include, embody, insert (في or هـ هـ s.th. in); to cause to set in, bring about, produce, set off, trigger (على هـ s.th. in); to introduce (هـ s.th., e.g., an innovation, an improvement, على in or on s.th.) │ادخله المدرسة (madrasa) to send s.o. to school; ادخل تغييرا على to bring about a change in ...; ادخلت عليه تعديلات (udkilat) the matter was subjected to modifications V to meddle (في in), interfere (في in, with); to interpose, intervene (في in); to invade (في s.th.), intrude, obtrude (في on), disturb (في s.th.); to interlock, mesh, gear VI to meddle (في in, e.g., في شؤونه in s.o.’s affairs), butt in (في الحديث on a conversation); to interfere (في in, with), interpose, intervene (في in); to interlock, mesh, gear; to be superimposed; to intergrade, shade, blend (ببعض or بعضه في بعض one into the other); to come over s.o. (ه), befall, strike, seize (ه s.o.; e.g., doubt. grief) دخل dakl income; revenues, receipts, returns, takings (as opposed to karj); interference, intervention; doubt, misgiving │ضريبة الدخل income tax; ليس له اي دخل فيه (ayyu daklin) and لا دخل به or له فيه (dakla) he should not meddle in ..., he has nothing to do with ..., it is none of his business دخل dakal disturbance, derangement, disorder, imbalance, or defect of the mind; defect, infirmity دخلة dikla intrinsic nature, essence; inner self, innermost, heart, soul (of a person); secret intention │راجع دخلته rāja‘a diḳlatahū to commune with o.s., search one’s soul دخلة dukla: ليلة الدخلة lailat ad-d. wedding night دخلة dukkala a variety of warbler 273 دخيل dakī1 inner, inward, internal; inner self, heart, core; -- (pl. دخلاء dukalā’2) extraneous; foreign, alien; exotic; foreigner, alien, stranger; not genuine, false, spurious; newly added (على to); novice; (new) convert; guest; protégé, charge, ward │كلمة دخيلة (kalima), لفظ دخيل (lafẓ) foreign word or expression; (syr.-pal.) دخيلك (dakīlak) please, if you please دخيلة dakīla pl. دخائل dakā’il2 inner self, inmost being, intrinsic nature, essence; heart, soul │في دخيلة نفسه inwardly, inside, in his heart; دخائل نفوسنا our inmost being; دخائل الأمور the underlying nature of things, the factors at the bottom of things; دخائل شؤونه d. šu’ūnih his private affairs, (of a country, etc.) its internal affairs دخول dukūl entry, entranoe, admission; entering, ingress; beginning, setting in; penetration; intrusion, invasion; first coition in marriage (Isl. Law) │دخول الحرب d. al-ḥarb entry into war دخولية dukūlīya octroi, city toll دخل madkal pl. مداخل madākil2 entrance; hallway, vestibule, anteroom; entrance hall, lobby, foyer; mouth (of a port, of a canal); O anode (el.); introduction (to a field of learning); behavior, conduct │مدخل السيارات (sayyārāt) driveway; مدخل لدراسة القانون introduction to the study of law; حسن المدخل ḥusn al-m. good manners, good conduct مداخلة mudākala interference, intervention; participation, interest (في in) ادخال idkāl leading in, showing in, bringing in, taking in, hauling in; involvement, implication; insertion, interpolation, incorporation, inclusion; introduction (e.g., of a constitution; of an improvement, على on an apparatus, or the like) تدخل tadakkul entry, entrance; invasion; interference (في with, in), intervention; intrusion, obtrusion │ عدم التدخل ‘adam at-t. noninterference, nonintervention (pol.) تداخل tadākul interference, intervention; interlock, meshing, gearing; superimposition; intergradations; permeation, pervasion; O interference (phy.) داخل belonging, pertaining (في to), falling (في under), included (في in); inner, inward, inside, interior, internal; inside, interior (of s.th.); dākila (prep.) within, inside, in; داخلا dākilan inside (adv.) │من الداخل from within; from the inside داخلة dākila pl. دواخل dawākil2 interior, inside, inmost, hidden part; الداخلة the Dakhla oasis (in central Egypt) داخلي dākilī inner, inward; internal; interior, inside; domestic, home, inland (as opposed to خارجي kārijī external, foreign; pol.); indigenous, native; private; belonging to the house; داخليا dākilīyan inside (adv.) │تلاميذ داخلية boarding students (as opposed to خارجية day students); حرب داخلية (ḥarb) civil war; مدرسة داخلية (madrasa) boarding school; ملابس داخلية underwear; ملاحة داخلية inland navigation داخلية dākilīya interior │داخلية البلاد the interior of the country, the inland; وزارة الداخلية ministry of the interior; وزير الداخلية minister of the interior مدخول madkūl sickly, diseased, abnormal; (mentally) disordered; of weak character, spineless; (pl. مداخيل madākīl2) revenue, receipts, takings, returns دخمس dakmasa (دخمسة, dakmasa) to fool (على s.o.) about one’s real intentions, pull the wool over s.o.’s (على) eyes; to cheat; to be sly, crafty, artful دخمسة dakmasa deception, fooling, trickery; cunning, craft, slyness 274 دخن dakina a to be smoky; to taste or smell of smoke; -- dakina a u to smoke, emit smoke (fire) II to fumigate, fume (هـ s.th.); to smoke, cure with smoke (هـ foodstuffs); to smoke (هـ a cigarette, tobacco, a pipe) IV to smoke, emit smoke (tire) V to be smoked, be cured with smoke; to be fumigated دخن dukn pearl millet, dukhn دخن dakan smoke, fume, vapor دخان dukān (dukkān) pl. ادخنة adkina smoke, fume, vapor; tobacco دخنة dukna smoke color; a kind of incense (Calamus aromatious) O دخينة dakīna cigarette دخاخني dakākinī (eg., tun.) tobacconist دخن madkana pl. مداخن madākin2 chimney, smokestack, funnel تدخين tadkīn fumigation; smoking (e.g., of fish); (tobacco) smoking داخنة dākina pl. دواخن dawākin2 chimney, smokestack, funnel مدخن mudakkin smoker ديدبان look up alphabetically ديدن daidan habit, practice ددى III to pamper, spoil (ه a child) در darra i u (darr) to flow copiously; to stream, flow, well; to accrue (على to s.o.; profit, wealth); to be abundant, plentiful IV to cause to flow; to bestow lavishly, heap (على ه s.th. upon s.o.), shower, overwhelm (على ه with s.th. s.o.); to yield (هـ a profit, على to s.o.) X to stream, flow; to be abundant; to cause or try to bring about the abundant flow of (هـ); to cause s.th. (هـ) to yield in abundance; to be out for s.th. (هـ), seek to gain (هـ a profit), try to make (هـ a living) درر darr milk; achievement, accomplishment │لله دره li-llāhi darruhū (literally: his achievement is due to God) how capable, how good, how excellent he is! در durr (coll.) pearls درة durra (n. un.) pl. -āt, درر durar pearl; -- a variety of parrot (Psittacus A1exandri L.) دري durrī glittering, twinkling, brilliant (star) درة dirra, darra pl. درر dirar teat; udder مدرار midrār showering abundant rain (sky, cloud); spouting, pouring forth, welling out دار dārr flowing copiously; productive, rich, lucrative; profitable مدر mudirr: مدر البول (baul) diuretic(al), pl. مدرات البول diuretics; مدر العرق (‘araq) sudorific درأ dara’a (dar’) to reject (هـ s.th.); to avert, ward off (هـ s.th., e.g., خطرا kaṭaran a danger, عن from) VI iddāra’a to contend (في for) درء dar’ repulsion, prevention, averting; warding off, parrying دريئة darī’a pl. -āt target درابزين darābazīn railing, parapet, banisters, balustrade دراج Durrës (It. Durazzo, seaport in W Albania) دراق durrāq (syr.) peach درامي dərāmī dramatic درب dariba a (darab, درب durba) to be accustomed, be used (ب to), be practiced, trained, skilled (ب in) II to habituate, accustom (هـ, ه s.o.) s.th., في or ب or على to); to practice, drill (ه s.o., على ب or على in); to school, train, coach, tutor (ه s.o., في, ب or على in) V to be accustomed, be used (على or في to); to be or become 275 practiced, skilled, trained, drilled, schooled (على or فى in); to train (athlet.) درب darb pl. دروب durūb narrow mountain pass; path, trail, track; road; alley, lane│درب التبانة d. at-tabbāna the Milky Way دربة durba habituation, habitude, habit; familiarity (with s.th.), experience; skill, practice دريبة darība court of first instance (Tun.) تدريب tadrīb habituation, accustoming; practice; drill; schooling, training, coaching, tutoring│ التدريب العسكري (‘askarī) military training مدرب mudarrib pl. -ūn instructor, drill instructor; trainer, coach (atthlet.); tamer (of wild animals) مدرب mudarrab experienced; practiced, skilled; trained; schooled درازين darābazīn and درزين darbazīn railing, parapet, banisters, balustrade دربس darbasa to bolt (هـ a door) درباس dirbās pl. درابيس darābīs2 bolt, doorbolt دربكة darabukka (eg.), dirbakka (syr.) pl. –āt darabukka, a conical, one-headed hand drum, open at the small end دربكة darbaka banging or rattling noise, din, uproar, turmoil درج daraja u (دروج durūj) to go, walk, move, proceed, advance (slowly); to approach gradually, step by step (الى s.th.); to follow a course (على), proceed along the lines of (على), proceed in such and such a manner (على); to go away, leave, depart; to outgrow (من a nest, a habitation); to be past, bygone, over (time); to have passed away, be extinct; to circulate, be in circulation, be current, have currency; to grow up (child); -- (darj) to roll up, roll together (هـ s.th.); to wrap, wind, twist (على هـ s.th. around); -- darija a to rise or advance step by step│درج العرف على daraja l-‘urfu ‘alā it has become the general practice to ... II to make (ه s.o.) rise or advance by steps, promote (ه s.o.) by degrees; to move or bring (هـ s.th.) gradually closer (الى to); to approximate (الى هـ s.th. to); to roll up, fold up (هـ s.th.); to circulate, put into circulation (هـ s.th.), give currency (هـ to s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) the general practice; to divide into degrees, steps or grades, graduate, grade, gradate (هـ s.th.); to insert, include, enter (فى هـ s.th. in) III to go, keep up (هـ with, e.g., with the time, with a fashion) IV to insert, include, incorporate, embody (فى هـ s.th. in); to enter, register (فى هـ s.th., e.g., in a list), book (هـ s.th.) V to progress by steps, advance gradually; to proceed step by step (الى to); to make progress (فى in); to graduate, grade, be graded, graduated, gradated VII to be inserted, entered, incorporated, embodied, included (فى in); to be classified (فى in, تحت under) X to make (ه s.o.) advance or rise gradually, promote (ه s.o.) by degrees; to lead (ه s.o.) gradually (الى to), bring (ه s.o.) around to (الى, ل); to bait, allure (ه s.o.); to entice, tempt, lure into destruction (ه s.o.) درج darj entry, entering, registering, registration, recording; a rolled or folded paper; roll, scroll│ فى درج الكتاب in the book; فى درج الكلام d. il-kalām in the course of the talk درج durj pl. ادراج adrāj drawer (of a table, desk, etc.); desk (e.g., for pupils in school) درج daraj pl. ادراج adrāj way, route, course; flight of steps, stairs, staircase│ رجع ادراجه raja‘a adrājahū (also عاد ادراجه) to retrace one's steps, go back the way one came; to go back, turn back; 276 ذهب ادراج الرياح (adrāja r-riyāḥ) to go the ways of the winds, i.e., to pass unnoticed, without leaving a trace; to end in smoke, come to nothing, be futile, be in vain درجة daraja pl. -at step, stair; flight of steps, stairs, staircase; degree, step, tone (of a scale; mus.); degree (math., geogr.; of temperature); grade, fate; degree, order, rank; club (also, e.g., in trains, of a decoration); phase state, stage (of a development); mark, grade (in school)│ درجة الحرارة d. al-ḥarāra (degree of) temperature; الدرجات العليا (‘ulyā) the maximal temperatures; الدرجات السفلى (suflā) the minimal temperatures; درجة الطول d. aṯ-ṯūl degree of longitude (geogr.); درجة علمية (جامعية) (‘ilmīya, jāmi’īya) academic degree; درجة العقل d. al-'aql level of intelligence, IQ; دفتر الدرجات report card (in school); من (فى) الدرجة الاولى (ūlā) first-rate, first-class; ذو درجة of superior quality, high-grade, high-class; لدرجة ان (li-darajati) to the extent that ... ; to such an extent that ...; to much that ... دراج durrāj pl. دراريج darārīj2 francolin (zool.); see also alphabetically تدرج tadruj2, تدرجة tadruja pheasant دراجة darrāja pl. -at bicycle│دراجة نارية motorcycle مدرج madraj pl. مدارج madārij2 way that one follows or pursues; course, route; road, path; starting point, outset, rise, growth, birth, dawn, beginning(s); tarmac, runway (of an airfield); (as also mudarraj) amphitheater; (amphitheatered) auditorium or lecture room; grandstand, bleachers│ منذ مدرجه since its beginnings; مدرج نشأته naš’atihī the place where he grew up; سار فى مدارج الرقي (m. ir-ruqīy) to travel the road of progress تدريج tadrīj graduation; classification, categorization; gradation│ على التدريج, مع التدريج, بالتدريج gradually, by and by, by degrees, by steps, step by step, more and more تدريجى tadrījī gradual, gradatory, progressive; تدريجيا tadrījīyan gradually, by and by, by steps, by degrees, in stages ادراج idrāj insertion, interpolation, incorporation; entry, registration, recording (فى in a list) تدرج tadarruj gradual advance or progress; gradation, graduation│ بالتدرج gradually, by and by; تدرج ارتقائه t. irtiqā’ihi his gradual rise استدراجistidrāj capability of gradually winning s.o. over, persuasiveness, art of persuasion دراجdarrāj current, prevalent, widespread, popular, common, in vogue, circulating, in circulation│ الكلام الدراج (kalām) and اللغة الدارجة (luga) the popular language, colloquial language مدرج mudarraj graded, graduated; -- (pl. -āt) open staircase, open-air stairs, fliers, stoop; grandstand, bleachers; amphitheater; (amphitheatered) auditorium or lecture room مدرج mudrai inserted, interpolated, incorporated; entered, registered; contained, included (فى, ب in), comprised (فى, ب by) درد darida a (darad) to become toothless, lose one’s teeth ادرد adrad2 toothless دردى durdī sediment, dregs, lees دردبيس dardabīs ugly old woman. hag دردرة dardara roar, rush (of water); idle talk, prattle, chatter دردار dardār elm (bot.) دردور durdūr eddy, whirlpool, vortex دردش dardaša idle talk, prattle, chatter 277 1درز daraza u to sew, stitch درز darz pl. دروز durūz seam, hem; suture 2درزى durzī pl. دروز durūz Druse│جبل الدروز jabal ad-d. the Jebel ed Druz, the mountainous homeland of the Druses in S Syria درس darasa u (dars) to wipe out, blot out, obliterate, efface, extinguish (هـ s.th.); to thresh (هـ grain); to learn, study (هـ s.th., على under s.o.), درس العلم على (‘ilm) to study under (a teacher, a professor); -- u (دروس durūs) to be effaced, obliterated, blotted out, extinguished II to teach; to instruct (ه s.o., هـ in s.th.); III to study (ه together with s.o.) VI to study (هـ s.th.) carefully together VII to become or he wiped out, blotted out, effaced, obliterated, extinguished درس dars effacement, obliteration, extinction; -- (pl. دروس durūs) study, studies; lesson, chapter (of a textbook); class, class hour, period; lecture; lesson (taught by experience, etc.)│ القى دروسا عن (alqā) to lecture on ... ; اعطى دروسا (a‘ṯā) to give lessons; دروس منزلية (manzilīya) homework (of a pupil or student) دراس dirās threshing (of grain) دراسة dirasa pl. -āt studies; study│ دراسة عالية (‘āliya) collegiate studies; دراسة ثانوية (tānawīya) attendance of a secondary school, secondary education, high-school education; دراسة متوسطة (mutawassiṯa) secondary education, high-school education (Syr.) دراسى dirāsī of or pertaining to study or studies; scholastic, school; instructional, educational, teaching, tuitional│ رسوم دراسية tuition fees; سنة دراسية (sana) academic year; scholastic year, school year دريس darīs dried clover عمال الدريسة ‘ummāl ad-darīsa (eg.) railroad section gang, gandy dancers دراس darrās pl. -ūn (eager) student O دراسة darrāsa flail; threshing machine│O حصادة دراسة (ḥaṣṣāda) combine درواس dirwās mastiff مدرسة madrasa pl. مدارس madāris2 madrasah (a religious hoarding school associated with a mosque); school│ مدرسة ابتدائية (ibtidā’īya) the lower grades of a secondary school, approx. = junior high school; مدرسة اولية (awwalīya) elementary school, grade school; مدرسة ثانوية (tānawīya) secondary school, high school; مدرسة تجارية (tijārīya) commercial college or school; مدرسة حربية (ḥarbīya) military academy; مدرسة داخلية (dāḳilīya) boarding school; مدرسة عالية (عليا) (‘āliya, ‘ulyā) college; مدرسة الفنون والصنائع school of industrial arts, school of applied art and handicraft; مدرسة كبرى (kubrā) college; المدرسة القديمة the old “school” (= intellectual or artistic movement) مدرسي madrasī scholastic, school تدريس tadrīs teaching, instruction, tuition │هيئة التدريس hai’at at-t. teaching staff; faculty, professoriate (of an academic institution) دارس dāris pl. دوارس dawāris2 effaced, obliterated; old, dilapidated, crumbling │تجدد دارسه tajaddada dārisuhū to rise from one’s ashes مدرس mudarris pl. -ūn teacher, instructor; lecturer │مدرس مساعد (musā‘id) assistant professor درع II to arm; to armor, equip with armor (هـ s.th.) V and VIII iddara‘a to arm o.s., take up arms, put on armor درع dir‘ m. and f., pl. دروع durū‘, ادرع adru‘, ادراع adrā‘ coat of mail, hauberk; (suit of) plate armor; armor plate; armor; armature; (pl. ادراع adrā‘) chemise 278 دراعة darrā‘a pl. -āt armored cruiser دراعة durrā‘a pl. درارع darārī‘2 loose outer garment with sleeves, slit in front دارع dāri‘ armored, armor-clad, ironclad دارعة dāri‘a pl. دوارع dawārī‘2 armored cruiser مدرع mudarra‘ armored; armadillo (zool.) │ قوة مدرعة (qūwa) tank corps; سيارة مدرعة (sayyāra) armored car; مشاة مدرعون (mušāh) armored infantry (mil.) مدرعة mudarra‘a pl. -āt armored cruiser درف darf side, flank, wing; protection درفة darfa pl. درف diraf leaf (of a double door or window) درفيل darfīl dolphin 1 درقةdaraqa (leather) shield O درق daraq thyroid gland درقي daraqī shield-shaped; thyroid │ الغدة الدرقية(gudda) thyroid gland 2 دراق look up alphabetically 1درك II to last, continue, keep up (rains) III to reach, get, catch, overtake, outdistance, outrun (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), catch up, come up (هـ, ه with); to keep up, continue without interruption (هـ s.th.) IV to attain, reach (هـ s.th.), arrive (هـ at); to get, catch, overtake (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), catch up, come up (هـ, ه with); to come suddenly, unexpectedly (ه upon s.o.), overtake (ه s.o.; death); to obtain (هـ s.th.); to grasp, comprehend (هـ s.th.); to perceive, discern, notice (هـ s.th.); to realize, understand (هـ s.th.), become aware, become conscious (هـ of s.th.); to mature, ripen (e.g., a fruit); to attain puberty, reach sexual maturity (boy) V تداركت الشمس الى المغيب (šams, magīb) the sun prepared to set VI to reach and seize one another; to continue without interruption, go on incessantly; to face, meet, obviate, take steps to prevent (هـ s.th.); to put in order, set right, correct (هـ s.th.), make amends (هـ for), provide compensation or indemnity (هـ for a loss, or the like) X to correct, rectify, emend (هـ s.th.); to set right, put in order, straighten out (هـ s.th.); to make good, repair, redress (هـ a damage, a mistake, etc.), make up (هـ for); to supplement, supply (هـ that which is missing); to anticipate, forestall, obviate (هـ an event) درك darak attainment, achievement, accomplishment; overtaking, catching up; police; (pl. ادراك adrāk) bottom, lowest level دركي darakī policeman دركة daraka lowest level; pl. –āt descending steps (as opposed to درجات; cf. درجات الحيات ودركات الموت darajāt al-ḥayāh wa-d. al-maut) دراك darrāk much-accomplishing, efficient, successful مدارك madārik2 mental faculties, mental powers, intelligence, intellectual capacities, perception, discernment │المدارك الخمس the five senses دراكا dirākan (adv.) constantly, incessantly, without interruption ادراك idrāk reaching, attainment, achievement, accomplishment; realization, perception, discernment, awareness, consciousness (فقد الادراك faqd al-i. unconsciousness); comprehension, understanding, grasp; reason, intelligence; sexual maturity, puberty; age of maturity │سن الادراك of sinn al-i. age of discretion (Isl. Law) تدرك tadarruk gradual decline استدراك istidrāk redress, reparation; correction, emendation, rectification 279 مدرك mudrik rational, reasonable, endowed with reason, intelligent; (sexually) mature, pubescent, at the age of puberty مدركات mudrakāt realizations; cognitions; fixed notions, established concepts 2درك (Engl.) derrick, derrick crane درم darima a to fall out (teeth) II to clip, trim (هـ nails) درن darina a (daran) to be dirty, filthy IV do. V to suffer from tuberculosis درن darn pl. ادران adrān dirt, filth; tubercles; tuberculosis │ درن رئوي (ri’awī) pulmonary tuberculosis درنة darana (n. un.) pl. -āt tubercle; small tumor, outgrowth, excrescence, tuberculc, nodule درني daranī tubercular, tuberculous تدرن tadarrun tuberculosis │تدرن رئوي (ri’awī) and تدرن الرئة t. ar-ri’a pulmonary tuberculosis تدرني tadarrunī tuberculous متدرن mutadarrin affected with tubercles, tuberculated مدره midrāh pl. مداره madārih2 spokesman درهم dirham pl. دراهم darāhim2 dirhem, drachma (Ir. = coin of 50 فلس); a weight (Eg. = 1/12 اوقية = ca. 3.12 g); دراهم money, cash دريهمات duraihimāt (dimin. with a derogatory sense; approx.:) pennies دروة dirwa pl. -āt (eg.) protecting screen or wall; parapet درواس dirwās mastiff درويش darwīš pl. دراويش darāwīš2 dervish 1درى darī ī (دراية dirāya) to know (ب or هـ s.th. or of s.th.); to be aware, be cognizant (ب or هـ of); to understand, comprehend (ب or هـ s.th.) │وما يدري الا و ... all of a sudden there was ... III to flatter, treat with flattery or gentle courtesy, cajole, coax (ه s.o.); to deceive, fool, mislead (ه s.o.); to dissemble; to conceal, hide, mask, disguise (ه s.th.) IV to let (ه s.o.) know (ب s.th. or about s.th.), inform, notify, advise (ب ه s.o. of) │وما ادراك ما ... (adrāka), also وما ادراك ب do you realize what ... is? you don’t even know what ... means! VI to hide, conceal o.s. دراية dirāya knowledge, cognizance, acquaintance ادرى adrā more knowledgeable, better informed, knowing better (ب s.o., s.th.), better acquainted (ب with) لا ادري lā-adrī a skeptic مداراة mudārāh sociability, affability, companionableness دار dārin knowing, aware, cognizant (ب of s.th.) 2مدرى midran, مدرة midra (= مردى mirdan), مدراة midrāh pl. مدار madārin pole (esp. one for punting boats) درياق diryāq (= ترياق) theriaca; antidote دزينة (It. dozzina) dazzīna dozen دس dassa u (dass) to put, get, slip, shove, thrust, insert (في هـ s.th. into); to bury (في هـ s.th. in the ground); to instill, infuse (في ب, هـ s.th. in); to administer surreptitiously (السم as-samma poison, ل to s.o.); to foist (في هـ s.th. into); to smuggle (في هـ s.th. into, بين ه s.o. among); to interpolate (هـ s.th.); to intrigue, scheme, plot (على, ل against s.o.) │دس الدسائس to engage in secret machinations, intrigue scheme II to put in, get in, slip in, shove in, thrust in, insert (هـ s.th.); to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.) V to engage (secretly, الى in); to be hidden (في in) VII to slip (بين between or among, في into), creep, steal, sneak (بين among, في into), 280 infiltrate (في s.th.); to ingratiate o.s., insinuate o.s. (في or الى to s.o., into s.o.’s confidence); to be hidden دسيسة dasīsa pl. دسائس dasā’is intrigue, machination, scheme, plot │دس الدسائس dass ad-d. machinations, intrigues, scheming, plotting (ضد against); plot, conspiracy دساس dassās pl. -ūn intriguant, intriguer, schemer, plotter, conspirator; sand snake (Eryx jaculus) 1دست dast pl. دسوت dusūt place of honor, seat of honor, seat of office; council │دست الحكم d. al-ḥukm (a ruler’s) throne 2دست dist pl. دسوت dusūt kettle, boiler, caldron made of copper (eg., syr.) 3دستة dasta dozen; pack, packet, package دستور dustūr pl. دساتير dasātīr2 statute; regulations; by-laws; (basic) constitutional law; constitution (pol.); -- (colloq.) dastūr permission دستوري dustūrī constitutional │النظام الدستورى constitutional form of government دستورية dustūrīya constitutionality │ عدم الدستورية’adam ad-d. unconstitutionality دسر dasara u (dasr) to push, shove, push off (هـ s.th.) O داسر dāsir propeller, airscrew دسكر daskara pl. دساكر dasākir2 village دسم dasam fatness (of meat); fat, grease دسم dasim fat; fatty, greasy, grimy, grubby; rich, abundant, substantial; meaty, pithy, full of thoughts (e.g., reading material) ادسم adsam2, f. دسماء dasmā’2, pl. دسم dusm very fat; fatty, greasy, grimy, grubby; -- richer, more substantial, pithier دسامة dasāma fattiness, greasiness, griminess, grubbiness دسومة dusūma fatness; richness, substantiality دسام dassām plug, stopper ديسم daisam amaranth (bot.) دسمبر disembir, disambir December دسو II to introduce, bring in (هـ s.th.) V to be hidden, concealed; to penetrate (الى into) دش (Fr. douche) duš shower, douche دشيش dašīš and دشيشة a kind of porridge made of crushed wheat and butter دشت dašt junk, trash, rubbish, refuse دشن II to hand over, present (هـ s.th.); to consecrate, dedicate, inaugurate (هـ s.th.) تدشين tadšīn consecration, dedication, inauguration │ تدشين الكنيشة consecration of the church دشو V to belch, burp, eruct دعة da‘a see ودع دع da‘‘ to rebuff, turn down (contemptuously, II the poor, an orphan) دعب da‘aba a (دعابة du‘āba) to joke, jest, make fun (ه with s.o.) III to play, toy (ه, هـ with s.th., with s.o.); to joke, jest, make fun (ه with s.o.); to give (ه s.o.) a good-natured slap or smack (ب); to flirt (ها with a woman) ; to dally, philander, play around (ها with a woman); to play (ه about s.o.; e.g., waves); to stroke gently, caress, fondle (ه s.th.); to beguile, tempt, delude (ه s.o.; said of hopes); to play (هـ a musical instrument) │ داعب البيانوto play on the piano VI to make fun, have fun together, have a good time داعب dā‘ib joking, jocose, playful, jolly, gay, funny 281 دعابة du‘āba pl. -āt joking, jesting, fun-making, fun; joke, jest دعاب da‘‘āb jocose, playful, jolly, gay مداعبة mudā‘aba pl. -āt play, fun-making, fun; joke, jest; pleasantry; dalliance, flirtation, philandery داعب dā‘ib joking, jocose, playful, jolly, gay, funny مداعب mudā‘ib joking, jesting دعبل di‘bil frog spawn, frog’s eggs مدعبل muda‘bal indisposed, out of sorts; round, ball-shaped ادعج ad‘aj2, f. دعجاء da‘jā’2, pl. دعج du‘j black-eyed; deep-black and large (eye) دعر da‘ira a (da‘ar) to be immoral دعر da‘ar immorality, indecency دعر da‘ir unchaste, lewd, licentious, dissolute, obscene, bawdy, immoral, indecent دعارة da‘āra, di‘āra indecency, immorality, licentiousness, debauchery │بيت الدعارة bait ad-d. brothel داعر dā‘ir pl. دعار du‘‘ār unchaste, lewd, licentious, dissolute, obscene, bawdy, indecent, immoral دعس da‘asa a (da‘s) to tread underfoot, trample down, crush (هـ s.th.); to knock down, run over (ه s.o.; automobile) VII pass. of I دعك da‘aka a (da‘k) to rub (هـ s.th.); to scrub, scour (هـ s.th.); to scrub on a washboard (هـ laundry); to crush, squash, mash (هـ s.th.); to crumple (هـ paper) دعم da‘ama a (da‘m) and II to support, hold up (هـ s.th.); to prop, shore up, stay, buttress, underpin (هـ s.th.); to cement, consolidate, strengthen (هـ s.th.) VIII ادعم idda‘ama to be supported; to rest, be based (على on) دعمة da‘ma pl. دعم di‘am support, prop دعامة di‘āma pl. -āt, دعائم da‘ā’im2 support, prop, stay, shore; pier; buttress; pillar (esp. fig., e.g., دعائم السيادة pillars of authority) تدعيم tad‘īm support, strengthening, reinforcement, consolidation, underpinning دعو) and دعي) دعا da‘ā u (دعاء du‘ā’) to call (ه s.o.); to summon (ب or ه s.o.), call or send for s.o. (ب or ه); to call up (ب s.o., الى, ل for); to call upon s.o. (ه), appeal to s.o. (ه) for s.th. or to do s.th. (ل, الى), invite, urge (ل, الى ه s.o. to do s.th.); to invite, ask to come (الى ه s.o. to; e.g., to a banquet); to move, induce, prompt (ل, الى ه s.o. to do s.th.), prevail (ل, الى ه on s.o. to do s.th.); to call (ب, هـ ه s.o. by a name), name (ب, هـ ه s.o. so and so), pass.: دعي du‘iya to be called, be named; to invoke (الله God = to pray to); to wish (ل s.o.) well, bless (ل s.o.; properly: to invoke God in favor of s.o.), invoke a blessing (ب) upon s.o. (ل), pray (ب for s.th., ل on behalf of s.o.), implore (ب ل for s.o. s.th.); to curse (على s.o.; properly: to invoke God against s.o.), call down evil, invoke evil (على upon s.o.); to propagate, propagandize (ل s.th.), make propaganda, make publicity (ل for); to demand, require (الى s.th.), call for (الى); to call forth, bring about, cause, provoke, occasion (الى s.th.), give rise (الى to) │دعي للاجتماع (du‘ya) to be summoned, be called into session (parliament); دعي الى حمل السلاح du‘iya ilā ḥamli a-silāḥ to be called up for military service, be called to the colors; رجل يدعى ... (yud‘ā) a man called ..., a man by the name of ...; دعا له بطول العمر (ṭūli l-‘umr) he wished him a long life III to challenge (ه s.o.); to pick a quarrel (ه with); to proceed judicially (ه against), prosecute (ه s.o.) VI to challenge each other, call each 282 other forth or out, summon each other; to evoke one another (thoughts, reminiscences, sentiments); to be dilapidated, be tumble-down, threaten to fall (walls); to sink, subside, cave in; to fall down, sink to the ground (person); to collapse, break down, decline, degenerate (fig., of a cultural phenomenon); to dock together, rally VIII ادعى idda‘ā to allege, claim, maintain (هـ s.th., ان that); to lay claim (هـ to s.th.), demand, claim (هـ s.th.); to make undue claims (هـ to s.th.), arrogate (to o.s.), assume unduly or presumptuously (هـ s.th.); to effect, feign, simulate, pretend, purport (ب s.th.); to testify (in court); to accuse (ب or هـ على s.o. of), charge (ب or هـ على s.o. with), blame (ب or هـ على s.o. for), hold s.th. (ب or هـ) against s.o. (على) X to call or send (ه for s.o.), summon (ه s.o.); to cite, summon for examination or trial (ه s.o.; court, police); to recall (ه s.o., e.g., a diplomatic envoy); to call, appoint (ه s.o., e.g., a professor to a chair); to invoke (ه s.o.); to invite, urge (الى ه s.o. to do s.th.), suggest (الى ه to s.o. s.th. or to do s.th.), call upon s.o. (ه) to do s.th. (الى), appeal (الى ه to s.o. for s.th. or to do s.th.); to call for (هـ), require, demand, necessitate, make necessary or requisite (هـ s.th.) دعوة da‘wa call; appeal; bidding, demand, request; call, convocation, summons (الى to), calling up, summoning; (official) summons, citation; invitation; claim, demand, plea; missionary activity, missionary work (also نشر الدعوة našr ad-d.), propaganda; -- (pl. دعوات da‘awāt) invocation, imploration, supplication, prayer; good wish │دعوات صالحات good wishes; دعوة بالشر (šarr) imprecation, curse; صاحب الدعوة host دعوى da‘wā pl. دعاوى da‘āwā, دعاو da‘āwin allegation, pretension; claim; lawsuit, case, action, legal proceedings (Isl. Law) │بدعوى ان on the pretext that ... دعي da‘īy pl. ادعياء ad‘iyā’2 adopted son; bastard; braggart, bigmouth, show-off; pretender; swindler, impostor دعاء du‘ā’ pl. ادعية ad‘iya call; invocation of God, supplication, prayer; request, plea; good wish (ل for s.o.); imprecation, course (على against s.o.) ادعى ad‘ā more conducive, more stimulating, of greater incentive (الى, ل to), causing or provoking to a greater extent (الى, ل s.th.) دعاوة da’āwa, di‘āwa pl. -āt propaganda (pol.); publicity (الى for) دعاوى da‘āwī, di‘āwī propagandistic دعاية di‘āya propaganda (pol.) دعائي di‘ā’ī propagandistic مدعاة mad‘āh determining factor, decisive motive or incentive, cause, occasion تداع tadā‘in imminent collapse, impending breakdown; mutual summoning │تداعى المعانى tadā‘ī l-ma‘ānī association of ideas ادعاء iddi‘ā’ pl. -āt claim; arrogation, undue assumption, presumption; allegation; pretension, pretense; accusation, charge; الادعاء the prosecution (in a court of justice) استدعاء istid‘ā’ summons, summoning; recall, calling back; official summons, citation داع dā‘in pl. دعاة du‘āh one who invites, inviter; propagandist; host; motive, reason, cause │لا داعي (dā‘iya) it is not necessary, there is no need, there is no cause (ل for) داعية dā‘iya one who calls for s.th. (الى), invites to s.th. (الى); propagandist (with foll. genit. or الى: of s.th.), herald; 283 (pl. دواع dawā‘in) motive, reason, cause, occasion; pl. دواع requirements, exigencies │داعية حرب warmonger; لدواع صحية li-dawā‘in ṣiḥḥīya for reasons of health; من دواعي سروري it gives me great pleasure ... مدعو mad‘ūw one invited, guest; called, named, by the name of متداع mutadā‘in evoking one another, one leading to the other (reminiscences, thoughts); frail. shaky (constitution); dilapidated, tumble-down; ready to fall, threatened with collapse; declining, in a stage of decline, on the downgrade مدع muda‘in one who makes an allegation or pretension, alleger, pretender; claimer, claimant; plaintiff; prosecutor (jur.); arrogant, presumptuous, bumptious │المدعي العمومي (‘umūmī) the public prosecutor; المدعى العام (‘āmm) do. (Mor.) مدعى muda‘an claimed; المدعى عليه the defendant (jur.); pl. مدعيات muda‘ayāt claims, pretensions مستدع mustad‘in applicant, petitioner دغدغ dagdaga to tickle (ه s.o.); to crush; to chew, munch (هـ s.th.) 1دغر dagara a (dagr, دغرى dagrā) to attack (على s.o.). fall upon s.o. (على) دغر dagr attack, assault دغرى dagrā attack, assault 2 دغرى dugrī (eg., syr.) direct, straight; straight ahead دغش IV ادغشت الدنيا adgašat id-dunyā it became dark, twilight fell دغش dagaš darkness, dusk, twilight دغيشة dagīša darkness, dusk دغص dagiṣa a (dagaṣ) to be chock-full, on tile point of bursting داغصة dāgiṣa pl. دواغص dawāgiṣ knee-pan, kneecap, patella دغل dagal pl. ادغال adgāl, دغال digāl place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, bush, jungle; -- defectiveness, faultiness, corruption داغل dagil covered with dense undergrowth (place); impenetrable; corrupted مدغل mudgil covered with dense undergrowth (place); false, perfidious, insidious (in character) دغم IV and VIII ادغم iddagama to put (في هـ s.th. into), insert, incorporate, embody (في هـ s.th. in); (gram.) to contract (في هـ one letter into another), assimilate (في هـ s.th. to) VII to be incorporated, embodied, merged, amalgamated; to be assimilated, contracted دف daffa i (دفيف dafīf) to flap the wings (bird) II to hurry, rush دف daff pl. دفوف dufūf side; lateral surface دف duff, daff pl. دفوف dufūf tambourine دفة daffa side; leaf (of a double door or window); cover (of a book), الدفتان the two covers of a book; rudder, helm │قائد الدفة or مدير الدفة mudīr ad-d. steersman, helmsman; قبض على دفة التنفيذ to take the helm, make o.s. the leader; يد الدفة yad ad-d. tiller; من الدفة للشابورة (eg.) all together, one and all, all without exception دفية diffīya (eg.) loose woolen cloak دفئ dafi’a a and دفؤ dafu’a u to be warm; to feel warm II and IV to warm, heat (هـ s.th.) V, VIII ادفأ iddafa’a and X to warm o.s. دفء dif’ warmth, warmness, heat دفئ dafi’ and دفيء dafī’ warm دفآن daf’ān2, f. دفأى daf’ā warm دفاء difā’ heating دفاءة dafā’a warmth, warmness, heat □ دفاية daffāya pl. -āt stove 284 مدفأ midfa’ and مدفأة midfa’a pl. مدافئ madāfi’2 stove, heating stove تدفئة tadfi’a heating, generation of heat دفتر daftar pl. دفاتر dafātir 2 booklet; notebook, copybook; daybook, journal; ledger (com.); roster, register, official register │ دفتر حسابي (ḥisābī) account book; bank-book, passbook; دفتر الحسابات d. al-ḥisābāt letter file, letter book, folder, portfolio; دفتر الشروط publication setting forth the terms of a purchase, the conditions of a lease, the stipulations of a contract, or the like; دفتر الاشتراك subscription booklet; دفتر الصندوق d. aṣ-ṣundūq cashbook (com.); دفتر المساحة cadastre, land register; دفتر اليومية d. al-yaumīya diary, journal; مسك الدفاتر mask ad-d. bookkeeping دفترخانة daftarkāna archives, public records office (Eg.) │ دفترخانة الأملاك العقارية d. al-amlāk al-‘aqārīya land-registry office (Tun.) دفتيريا diftēriyā diphtheria دفر dafara to push, push back (ه s.o.); dafira a (dafar) to stink دفر dafar stench دفر dafir stinking, fetid دفس dafasa to hide (A s.th.); to push دفع dafa‘a a (daf‘) to push; to push away, shove away, push back, drive back, repel, remove, dislodge, drive away (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); دفعه جانبا (jāniban) to push, shove, or elbow, s.o. aside; to rid (عن نفسه o.s., هـ of s.th.), get rid of s.th.; to get the better (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.), conquer, master control (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to fight (ب هـ s.th. with); to reject, repudiate (هـ s.th.); to rebut, refute, disprove (هـ s.th.); to propel, drive (هـ s.th.); to move, cause, urge, impel, egg on, goad (ه or ب s.o., الى or ل to do s.th.), induce, incite, force, compel, oblige (ه or ب s.o., الى or ل to), make s.o. (ب or ه) do s.th. (الى or ل); to band over, present, turn over (ل or الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to pay (ثمنا tamanan a price, الى or ل to s.o.) │دفع خطاه الى (kuṭāhū) to wend one’s way to III to resist, withstand (ه s.o., .s.th.). offer resistance (هـ, ه to); to contradict, oppose (ه s.o., عن so as to make him abstain from s.th.), dissuade (ه s.o., عن from); to suppress (هـ s.th.); to defend (عن s.o., s.th.), uphold (عن s.th.); to be entrusted with the defense (عن of s.th., of s.o., also jur.) V to dash forward; to dart off, rush off; to pour forth, flow, stream, gush forth (water); to spring up, make itself felt (an idea, a social tendency, and the like) VI to shove or push one another; to push or shove one another away or aside; to push off, shove off (عن from); to issue in intermittent bursts, gush forth intermittently; to burst forth, rush out, sally (من from); to be propelled, be driven forward; to storm forward VII to dart off, rush off; to proceed rashly, blindly, without forethought; to be too impetuous, be too hotheaded; to plunge headlong (في into s.th.); to rush, dart. make (الى at s.th.), pounce (الى on s.th.); to rush off, hurry off, go quickly (الى to; with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.); to give o.s. (ل to s.o.); to burst forth, gush out, pour forth, spurt, spout, flow, run (من from; water); to let o.s. be carried away or be overcome (وراء by s.th., e.g., وراء شهواته šahawātihī by one’s bodily appetites, وراء شعوره by one’s feelings, وراء العاجلة by worldly things); to proceed, set out, begin (with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.) X to try to ward off or stave off (هـ s.th., ب by) دفع daf‘ pushing back, shoving aside; repulsion. driving away, driving off; dispelling; parrying, warding off, staving off; repulse, rejection. repudiation; rebuttal; handing over, turning in; payment 285 دفعة daf‘a (n. vic.) pl. dafa‘āt shove, push, thrust; impetus, impact, momentum, forceful impulse, drive; ejaculation; payment; deposit; disbursement; pl. issues (stock market) دفعة daf‘a pl. dufu‘āt, dafa‘āt that which issues at anyone time, a burst, a gush, a spurt, and the like; time, instance │دفعة واحدة (duf‘atan) all at one time, all at once, in one stroke, in one fell swoop; هذه الدفعة this time; ست دفعات six times; على دفعات متفاوتة (mutafāwita) at different times دفاع daffā’ propelling, impelling, giving impetus; O piston (techn.) مدفع midfa’ pl. مدافع madāfi‘2 gun, cannon │O مدافع بعيدة المرمى (ba‘īdat al-marmā) long-range guns; مدفع رشاش (raššāš) machine gun; O مدافع ضخمة (ḍakma) heavy artillery; O المدافع المضاد للطائرات (muḍādda) or المدافع المقاومة للطائرات (muqāwima) antiaircraft guns; O مدفع ثلاثي مضاد للطائرات (tulātī, muḍādd) three-barreled anti-aircraft gun (mil.); مدفع هون m. hāwun mortar; ضرب مدفع الظهر ḍarb m. aẓ-ẓuhr marking of exact noon by cannon shot مدفعي midfa‘ī gun-, cannon-, artillery- (in compounds); artilleryman, gunner, cannoneer مدفعية midfa‘īya artillery دفاع difā‘ protection; defense (عن of s.th., of s.o., also jur.) │خط الدفاع kaṭṭ ad-d. line of defense; halfbacks (soccer); مجلس الدفاع majlis ad-d. defense council; وزارة الدفاع ministry of defense, war ministry; الدفاع الوطني (waṭanī) national defense; الدفاع المضاد للطائرات (muḍādd) anti-aircraft defense; دفاع شرعي legitimate self-defense دفاعي difā‘ī defensive, protective مدافعة mudāfa‘a defense (عن of s.th.) اندفاع indifā‘ pl. -āt rush(ing), plunging, plunge (في into); outburst, outbreak eruption; élan, dash, impetuosity, rashness, hotheadedness, fire, exuberance, effusiveness; self-abandon; اندفاعا indifā‘an spontaneously اندفاعة indifā‘a (n. vic.) sudden outburst, outbreak (e.g., of wailing) دافع dāfi‘ repellent, expellant; driving, pushing, giving impetus, incentive, impellent, propelling, propulsive, etc.; repeller; payer, e.g., دافعوا الضرائب the tax-payers; (pl. دوافع dawfi‘2) incentive, impulse, impetus, spur, motive; بدافع (with foll. genit.) motivated by ..., by reason of ..., on the strength of … مدفوعات madfū‘āt payments مدافع mudāfi‘ defender (عن of s.o., of s.th.) دفق dafaqa u i (dafq) to pour out, pour forth (هـ s.th.); -- u (dafq, دفوق dufūq) to be shed; to flow, well out, spout, gush forth; to overflow (0 with s.th.) V to pour forth, spout forth, gush forth; to rush in; to break forth, break out, burst out; to go off (shot); to plunge blindly (في, الى into s.th.); to rush (على against); to crowd (على into) VII = V دفق dafq pouring out, effusion دفقة dufqa pl. dufuqāt, dufaqāt, dufqāt = دفعة duf‘a │دفقة واحدة (dufqatan) = دفعة واحدة; دفقات الريح d. ar-rīḥ gusts; دفقة من الماء gush of water دفاق dafāq bursting forth, darting out, rushing out تدفق tadaffuq outpour, outflow, issue, effluence, efflux, effusion; influx, run, rush, inrush, inpour; outbreak, outburst; impulsiveness; exuberance, effusiveness دافق dāfiq pl. دوافق dawāfiq2 bursting forth, breaking out, erupting; gushing, torrential متدفق mutadaffiq impulsive; exuberant, effusive 286 دفلى diflā oleander (Nerium oleander L.; bot.) دفن dafana i (dafn) to bury, inter, inhume (ه s.o.); to hide, conceal, keep secret (هـ s.th.) دفن dafn burial, interment, inhumation دفين dafn pl. دفناء dufanā’2 buried, intend; hidden, secret دفينة dafīna pl. دفائن dafā’in2 hidden treasure, treasure-trove مدفن madfan, مدفنة madfana pl. مدافن madāfin 2 burying place, burial ground, cemetery دفاية see دفئ دق daqqa i (دقة diqqa) to be thin, fine, fragile, frail; to be little, small, tiny, minute; to be subtle, delicate; to be insignificant, unimportant, trifling, inconsiderable; to be too fine, too subtle (عن for perception); -- u (daqq) to crush, bruise, bray (هـ s.th.); to grind, pulverize, powder (هـ s.th.); to pound (هـ s.th., e.g., meat); to strike (clock); to beat, throb (heart); to hammer, throb (engine); to knock, rap, bang (الباب al-bāba on the door); to bump (رأسه بالحائط ra’sahū bi-l-ḥā’iṭ one’s head against the wall); to drive (هـ a nail); to ram in, drive in (constr. eng.); to beat, strum, play (على a musical instrument); to type (على on a typewriter); -- to sound, resound, ring out (said of musical instruments) │ دق الجرس(jarasa) to ring the bell; دق جرس الخطر (j. al-kaṭar) to sound the alarm; دق الجرس على to call s.o. up, give s.o. a ring; دق الجرس (jarasu) the bell rang; دقت الساعة the clock struck II to triturate, pulverize, reduce to powder (oil s.th.); to he precise, exact, strict, meticulous, painstaking, proceed with utmost accuracy or care (في in s.th.); to scrutinize, examine closely, determine exactly (ه s.th.); to do (ه s.th.) carefully, with precision! دقق البحث (baḥta) to investigate carefully; دقق النظر (naẓara) to watch attentively or carefully, scrutinize, examine closely (في s.th.); دقق الملاحظة (mulāḥaẓa) to observe closely III to deal scrupulously (ه with s.o.) IV to make fine, make thin (ه s.th.) VII to be crushed, brayed, pounded; to be broken │اندق عنقه (‘unquhū) he broke his neck X to be or become thin or fine دق daqq crushing, bruising, braying, pounding; pulverization, trituration; grinding (down); beat(ing), throb(bing); bang(ing), knock(ing), rap(ping); tattoo(ing) │دق الجرس d. al-jaras peal, ringing, sound of a bell; دق الحنق d. al-ḥanak chatter, prattle دق diqq fine, thin; little, small, tiny, minute; delicate, fragile, frail │شجر دق (šajar) shrubbery, brush, scrub; حمى الدق ḥumma d-d. hectic fever دقة daqqa (n. vic.) pl. -āt bang, knock, rap; beat, throb; stroke, striking (of a clock); hammer, hammering sound; thumping, thump │دقات القلب d. al-qalb heartbeats; دقة الجرس d. al-jaras peal, or ring, of a bell; telephone call, ring دقة diqqa thinness; fineness; smallness, tininess, minuteness; triviality, pettiness, paltriness; subtlety, subtleness, finesse; critical or precarious state, delicate situation; accuracy, exactness, exactitude, precision │بدقة exactly, accurately, precisely, minutely, painstakingly, meticulously, sharply; دقة الشعور acuteness of feeling, sensitivity, sensitiveness, sensibility دقة duqqa pl. دقق duqaq fine dust; powder دقاق duqāq crushed, brayed, or pulverized, substance; powder; dour of lupine دقيق daqīq pl. دقاق diqaq, ادقة adiqqa fine, thin; delicate, frail, fragile; little, small, tiny, puny, minute; subtle; 287 paltry, petty, trifling, trivial; precise, accurate, exact; painstaking, scrupulous, meticulous; inexorable, relentless, strict, rigorous; delicate (situation), critical, trying, serious, precarious; -- flour, meal │دقيق الحساب keeping strict account, strict, relentless, inexorable; دقيق الشعور sensitive; دقيق الصنع d. aṣ-ṣan‘ finely worked, of delicate workmanship; دقيق النظر d. an-naẓar clear-sighted, penetrating, discerning, sensitive; ابو دقيق abū d. butterfly; الأعضاء الدقيقة (a‘ḍā’) the genitals دقيقة daqīqa pl. دقائق daqā’iq2 particle; nicety; intricacy; detail, particular; minute (time unit) │دقائق الأمور the niceties, intricacies, or secret implications of things دقاق daqqāq grinder, crusher; flour merchant; frequently or constantly beating, striking, etc.; player of an instrument │ساعة دقاقة repeater (watch) دقاقة daqqāqa knocker, rapper (of a door) ادق adaqq2 finer; more delicate; smaller, tinier; more accurate, preciser; stricter مدق midaqq beetle; pounder, pestle; (eg.) trail, footpath مدقة midaqqa pl. مداق madāqq2 pounder, pestle; beetle; clapper. tongue (of a bell) تدقيق tadqīq accuracy, precision, exactness, exactitude بتدقيق exactly, precisely, accurately, minutely مدقق mudaqqiq exact, accurate (scholar), thorough (investigator), painstaking, meticulous, strict, relentless مدقق mudaqqiq precise, exact (data) داقرة dāqira pl. دواقر dawāqir2 elay vessel 2 (tun.); -- stipend for underprivileged students (tun.) دقشوم daqšūm (eg.) rubblestone, crushed rock; brickbats, gravel دقع daqi‘a a (daqa‘) to grovel, cringe; to be miserable, wretched, humble, abject; to live in poverty IV do.; to make miserable (ه s.o.; poverty) ادقاع iddiqā‘ mass poverty مدقع mudqi‘ miserable, wretched; degrading, abasing (poverty) دقل daqal mast (of a ship); mainmast; (coll.; n. un. ة) a brand of dates of good quality (magr.) 1دك dakka u (dakk) to make flat, level or even, to smooth, level, ram, stamp, tamp (هـ earth, the ground, a road); to press down, weigh down; to beat down; to devastate, demolish, destroy, ruin (هـ s.th.) II to mix, mingle (ه s.th.) VII to be crushed; to be leveled دك dakk pl. دكوك dukūk level ground; -- devastation, demolition, destruction دكة dakka pl. -āt rubblestone, crushed rock; hallast دكة dikka pl. دكك dikak bench دكان dukkān pl. دكاكين dakākīn2 bench; store, shop دكانجي dukkānjī storekeeper, shopkeeper, retailer مدك midakk pl. -āt ramrod; O tamper rammer 2دك II to provide (هـ trousers) with a waist-band (dikka or tikka) دكة dikka (= تكة tikka) waistband (in the upper seam of trousers) دكتاتورية diktātūrīya dictatorship دكتاتورى diktātūrī dictatorial دكتور duktūr pl. كاترة dakātira doctor │ دكتور في الحقوقdoctor of laws, LL.D.; دكتور في الطب (ṭibb) doctor of medicine, M.D. دكتوراة duktūrāh doctorate, doctorship, doctor’s degree, title of doctor │ الدكتور الفخرية (fakrīya) honorary doctorate 288 ادكر see ذكر دكريتو (It. decreto) dikrītō pl. دكريتات decree 1ادكن adkan2, f. دكناء daknā’2 pl. دكن dukn blackish, dark (color) داكن dākin dark, dark-colored │احضر داكن dark green; اصفر داكن yellowish, of a dingy yellow, mud-colored 2دكان see 1دك دل dalla a (دلالة dalāa) to show, demonstrate, point out (على ه to s.o. s.th.); to lead, guide, direct, conduct (الى or على ه s.o. to), show s.o. (ه) the way (الى or على to); to show, indicate, mark (على s.th.); to point (على to s.th.), evince, indicate, denote, imply, bespeak, suggest (على s.th.), be indicative, be suggestive (على of); to furnish evidence (على for s.th.), prove (على s.th.); -- (1st pers. perf. dalaltu) i (دلال dalīl) to be coquettish, flirt, dally (of a woman; على with s.o.) II to prove (على s.th.), furnish the proof (على for), confirm, corroborate (ب على s.th. with); to sell or put up at auction, auction off (على s.th.); to pamper, coddle, spoil (ه s.o.); to fondle, caress, pet (ه a child) IV to make free, take liberties (على with s.o.); to pride o.s. (ب on), be conceited (ب of) V to be coquettish, flirt, dally (of a woman; على with s.o.); to be coy, behave affectedly; to take liberties (على with s.o.); to pamper, coddle (على s.o.) X to ask to be shown (على s.th.); to seek information, inform o.s. (على about); to obtain information; to be informed (على about); to be guided (ب by), act or proceed in accordance with (ب); to conclude, gather, infer (على s.th., ب or من from), draw conclusions (ب or من from, على with regard to), judge (على s.th., ب or من by) دل dall proper, dignified conduct; coquetry, flirtation دلة dalla pl. دلال dilāl pot with long curved spout and handle used for making coffee (among Syrian nomads and in some parts of Saudi Arabia) دلال dalāl coquetry, coquettishness; pampering, coddling, spoiling دليل dalīl pl. ادلة adilla, دلائل dalā’l2, ادلاء adillā’2 (the latter of persons) indication (على of); sign, token; symptom; proof, evidence (على of); guide; tourist guide, cicerone; pilot (of a ship, of an airplane); guidebook, guide manual, handbook; directory, telephone directory; railroad guide, timetable; guide rail (tech.); roller path (in steel construction) │اقام الدليل على to furnish the proof for, demonstrate, prove s.th.; دليل ظرفي (ẓarfī) circumstantial evidence; دليل قاطع cogent proof, conclusive evidence دلال dallāl auctioneer; broker, jobber, middleman, agent, commission merchant; hawker دلالة dalāla pl. -āt pointing; guidance; leading, leadership; indication (على of); sign, token; sense, meaning دلالة dilāla auction, public sale; business of a broker or middleman; brokerage commission; trade of a dealer, jobber or agent دلالة dallāla middlewoman, woman broker ادل adall2 proving more cogently (على s.th.), more indicative or suggestive (على of) │ادل دليل على (dalīlin) the surest evidence of, the best proof of تدليل tadlīl reasoning, argumentation, demonstration; proving (على of), furnishing of proof or evidence (على for); corroboration, substantiation, confirmation; pampering, oeddling, spoiling; fondling, petting, caressing; pet form (of a name) │اسم التدليل pet name; تدليلا من a pet form of ... تدلل tadallul coquetry, coquettishness; pampering, coddling, spoiling 289 استدلال istidlāl reasoning, argumentation, demonstration; conclusion, inference, deduction; proof, evidence (على of) دالة dālla familiarity, chumminess; liberty (that one takes with s.o.); audacity. boldness مدلول madlūl proven; (pl. -āt) meaning, sense │مدلولات الكلمات m. al-kalimāt lexical meanings مدلل mudallal pampered, spoiled (child) مدل mudill presumptuous, arrogant │مدل بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) conceited, self-important 1دل dulb plane tree, sycamore (bot.) 2دولب pl. دواليب look up alphabetically دلتا Nile Delta, Lower Egypt دلج IV to set out at nightfall دلوح dalūḥ pl. دلح duluḥ moisture-laden cloud دلدل daldala to set into a swinging motion, dangle II tadaldala to hang loosely, dangle دلدل duldul and دلدول duldūl porcupine (zool.) دلس II to swindle, cheat; to counterfeit, forge, falsify (هـ s.th.) III to deceive, defraud (ه s.o.), impose (ه on) تدليس tadlīs deceit, fraud; swindle تدليسي tadlīsī fraudulent مدلس mudallas forged, counterfeit │نقود مدلسة counterfeit money; مفاتيح مدلسة forged keys دلع dala‘a a (dal‘) with لسانه lisānahū: to stick out one’s tongue; to loll, let the tongue hang out II to pamper, spoil (ه a child); to caress, fondle, pet (ه s.o.) IV شيء يدلع نفسه (eg.) a nauseating, disgusting thing VII to stick out, be stuck out, hang out, loll (tongue); to dart out, lick out, leap out. dare up (dame), break out (fire); to be pampered, spoiled (child) دلع dal‘: اسم الدلع ism ad-d. pet name دلاع dallā‘ (coll.; n. un. ة) watermelon (magr.) دلغان dilgan clay دلف dalafa i (dalf, دلوف dulūf, دلفان dalafān) to walk with short steps. toddle; to go or walk slowly, saunter, stroll (الى to); to advance (Jo toward); to approach step by step (الى s.o. or s.th.); to penetrate, reach (الى as far as); to grope (الى for, of the hand); to leak, drip, trickle (water) O دالف dālif pl. دوالف dawālif2 ricochet (mil.) دلفين dulfīn pl. دلافين dalāfīn2 dolphin دلق dalaqa u to spill, pour out (هـ a liquid) VII to be spilled (liquid) دلك dalaka u (dalk) to rub (هـ s.th.); to stroke (هـ s.th.), pass the hand (هـ over s.th.); to knead (العجين the dough); -- u (دلوك dulūk) to set, go down (sun) II to rub (هـ s.th., ه s.o.), embrocate (هـ s.th.); to knead; to massage (ه s.o.) دلك dalk rubbing; grazing, brushing, touching, touch دلوك dalūk liniment دلوك dulūk, دلوك الشمس d. aš-šams sunset تدليك tadlīk embrocation; massage مدلكة mudallika pl. -āt masseuse دله II to rob s.o. (ه) of his senses, drive (ه s.o.) crazy (love) V to go out of one’s mind, go crazy (with love) │تدلهت في حبه (ḥubbihī) she has fallen in love with him مدله mudallah madly in love 290 دلهم IV idlahamma to be dark, gloomy; to be deep-black دلهم dalham dark, gloomy; deep-black ادلهمام idlihmām a deep black مدلهم mudlahimm dark, gloomy; deep-black دلو II to let hang, dangle (هـ s.th.); to hang, suspend (هـ s.th.); to lower (هـ s.th.); to drop, let down, let fall down (هـ s.th.) IV = II; to cast down (هـ glances, الى on s.o.); to let one’s glance (بانظاره bi-anẓārihī) sweep down; to express, utter, voice (ب s.th., e.g., برأيه bi-ra’yihī one’s opinion); to deliver, make (بتصريح a statement; pol.); to adduce, present, advance, offer (بحجة bi-ḥijjatin an argument); to inform, notify, advise (ب الى s.o. of), let (الى s.o.) know (ب about); to offer, present (ب الى to s.o. s.th.); to grant, give (بحديث ل an interview to s.o.); to slander, defame: asperse (في s.o.) │ادلى دلوه بين الدلاء (dalwahū, dilā’) or ادلى بدلوه في الدلاء to make one’s contribution (together with others), add one’s touch, put in one’s two bits’ worth V to hang down, be suspended, dangle (ب from); to be lowered, be let down; to be or become low; to sink, descend │تدلى للسقوط to threaten to fall down, be ready to fall دلو dalw usually f., pl. ادل adlin, دلاء dilā’, ادلاء adlā’ leather bucket; bucket, pail; Aquarius (astron.) دلاية dallāya pendant ادلاء idlā’ delivery (of a statement); utterance, statement; presentation; granting دالية dāliya pl. دوال dawālin waterwheel (for irrigation); trellis, espalier on which grapevines are trained; varix, varicose vein متدل mutadallin pendent, suspended, hanging, dangling; projecting, overhanging, ready to fall down داليا look up alphabetically 1دم dam pl. دماء dimā’ blood; دماء homicide cases (jur.) │دم الأخوين d. al-akawain dragon’s blood (a dark-red, resinous substance derived from the dragon tree, Dracaena draco) دمي damī blood- (in compounds), sanguine دموي damawī blood- (in compounds), sanguine; sanguinary, bloody 2دم damma u (damm) to coat, smear, besmear (ب هـ s.th. with); to paint, daub, color, dye, tinge, tint (ب هـ s.th. with) II to rub, embrocate, anoint (ب هـ s.th. with) دم damm ointment, unguent, salve, liniment, embrocation; paint; pigment, dye, dyestuff; rouge دمام dimām ointment, unguent, salve, liniment, embrocation; paint; pigment, dye, dyestuff; rouge دميم damīm pl. دمام dimām ugly; deformed, misshapen │ دميم الخلقةd. al-kilqa ugly to look at, of repulsive appearance دمامي damāma ugliness; ugly appearance; abominableness, monstrosity الدمام ad-dammām Dammam (seaport in E Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf) دمث damuta u (دماثة damāta) to be gentle, mild (character) II to soften, mellow (هـ s.th.) دمث damit pl. دماث dimāt: دمث الأخلاق gentle, mild-tempered دماثة damāta mildness, gentleness, tenderness (of character) دمج damaja u (دومج dumūj to enter (في s.th.), go or come into (في), be inserted, incorporated (في in) II to write shorthand IV to twist tightly, twine firmly (هـ s.th.); to enter, insert, include, incorporate, embody (في هـ s.th. in); to 291 introduce, interpolate, intercalate (في هـ s.th. in); to annex (في s.th. to) VII to be inserted, he incorporated (في in); to be annexed (في to); to merge (في with), be swallowed up, he absorbed (في by); to be fused, fuse, amalgamate تدميج tadmīj shorthand, stenography ادماج idmāj insertion, incorporation, interpolation; inclusion (في in); assimilation اندماج indimāj incorporation, insertion (في in); amalgamation, merger, merging (في with); absorption (في by); annexation (في to); fusion; assimilation مدمج mudmaj firm, compact مندمج mundamij firm, compact, tight دمجانة damajāna (also دامجانة) pl. -āt demijohn, carboy دمدم damdama to mutter, grumble, growl, snarl دمدم damdama pl. -āt growl, snarl; rumbling noise, rumble 1دمر damara u to perish, he ruined, he destroyed II to annihilate, destroy, ruin, demolish, wreck (هـ s.th.) V to he destroyed, demolished, ruined, wrecked VII to he destroyed, be annihilated دمار damār ruin, destruction تدمير tadmīr annihilation, destruction, demolition اندمار indimār utter defeat, rout, destruction, annihilation مدمرة mudammira pl. -āt destroyer (naut.) 2 دمورdammūr (eg.) a coarse calico-like fabric دموري dammūrī (eg.) made of dammūr (see above) 3دميرة damīra (eg.) flood season of the Nile 4□ لا دومرىlā dūmarī (= لا تدمري) nobody, no one, not a living soul 5 تدمر tadmur2, usually pronounced tudmur, Palmyra (ancient city in Syria, now a small village) تدمري tadmurī, usually pronounced tudmurī, someone, somebody; لا تدمري nobody, no one, not a living soul دمس damasa u to hide, conceal, disguise (هـ s.th.); to bury (ه في الأرض s.o. in the ground) II do. دمس dims (eg.) cinders, ashes دماسة damāsa darkness ادماس admās (pl.) hovels, shanties, huts دموس dammūs pl. دماميس damāmīs2 cave, cavern ديماس daimās, dīmās, ديموس daimūs pl. دياميس dayāmīs2 dungeon; vault دامس dāmis pitch-dark; dark, gloomy, dusky فول مدمس fūl mudammas stewed beans دمشق dimašq2, dimišq2 Damascus (capital of Syria) مدمشق mudamšaq damascened, damasked; (syr.) having adopted a sophisticated style of living (imitating that of Damascus), urbanized دمع dama‘a a to water (eye) IV to cause to weep, evoke tears, make (the eyes) water دمع dam‘ pl. دموع dumū‘ tears دمعة dam‘a (n. un.) tear, teardrop; (eg.) dim‘a gravy دمعي dam‘ī: قنبلة دمعية (qunbula) teargas bomb دمعة dam‘a and دميع damī’ pl. دمعى dam‘ā, دمائع damā’i‘2 readily inclined to weep, frequently weeping, tearful, lachrymose (woman) 292 دموع damū‘ and دماع dammā‘ watering, watery, tearful (eyes) مدمع madma‘ pl. مدامع madāmi‘ lachrymal canal 1دمغ damaga a to refute, invalidate (هـ a falsehood, an error, a false accusation); to triumph (هـ over falsehood; said of truth) دماغ dimāg pl. ادمغة admiga brain دامغة dāmiga cogent argument; شهادة دامغة (šahāda) irrefutable testimony 2دمغ damaga u (damg) to stamp, provide or mark with a stamp (هـ s.th.); to hallmark (هـ gold and silver articles); to brand (هـ an animal) دمغ damg stamping │دمغ المصوغات d. al-maṣūgāt hallmarking of gold and silver articles دمغة damga stamp; hallmark (on gold and silver articles) │ورق دمغة waraq d. stamped paper مدموغ madmūg stamped, bearing a stamp دمقراطي dimuqrāṭī democratic; democrat دمقراطية dimuqrāṭīya democracy; democratic attitude or conviction دمقس dimaqs raw silk دمقسي dimaqsī silken, silky مدموك madmūk and مدمك mudmak firm, tight, taut دمل damala u (daml, دملان damalān) to fertilize, manure, dung (هـ the soil); -- damila a (damal) to heal, heal up, scar over, cicatrize (wound) VII to heal, heal up, scar overt cicatrize (wound); to fester, suppurate (sore) دمل dummal (n. un. ة) pl. دمامل damāmil 2, دماميل damāmīl2 abscess, boil, sore, tumor, ulcer; furuncle; bubo, plague boil; inveterate evil طاعون دملي ṭā‘ūn dummalī bubonic plague دملج dumluj pl. دمالج damālij2, bracelet, bangle 1دمن damana u (damn) to fertilize, manure, dung (هـ the soil) IV to give o.s. up, devote o.s., apply o.s. (على or هـ to), go in for (على or هـ); to be addicted (على e.g., to liquor) دمن dimn (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. دمن diman fertilizer, manure, dung دمنة dimna pl. دمن diman vestiges or remnants of a dwelling, ruins دمان damān fertilizer, manure, dung ادمان idmān addiction; excess; mania; dipsomania │ادمان المسكرات i. al-muskirāt alcoholism مدمن mudmin addicted, given up (على e.g., to wine); an addict (على of) 2دمان dumān see دومان دمنهور damanhūr2 Damanhur (city in N Egypt) دموي see 1دم 1دمى damiya a to bleed II and IV to cause to bleed دام dāmin bleeding, bloody, gory مدمى mudamman, f. مدماة bloody; blood-red 2دمية dumya pl. دمى duman statue, statuette; image, effigy; dummy; doll دمياط dimyāṭ2 Damietta (city in N Egypt) دن danna u (dann, دنين danīn) to buzz, hum (insect); to drone دن dann and دنين danīn buzz(ing), hum(ming), droning, drone دن dann pl. دنان dinān earthen wine jug 293 دنأ dana’a a and دنؤ danu’a u (دنوءة dunū’a, دناءة danā’a) to be low, mean, base, vile, contemptible, despicable دنيء danī’ pl. ادنياء adniyā’2, ادناء adnā’ low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible; inferior, second-rate, of poor quality ادنأ adna’2 lower, viler, meaner; more inferior, of poorer quality دناءة danā’a lowness, baseness, meanness, vileness; inferiority دنتلا, دنتلة (Fr. dentelle) dantilla lace, lacework دنجل dinjil (eg.) pl. دناجل danājil2 axle, axle-tree دندرمه (Turk. dondurma) dandurma ice cream دنادشة danādiša common people, people of no consequence دندن dandana to buzz, hum; to drone; to hum softly, croon (a song); to murmur دندي dindī (eg.) turkey دينار pl. دنانير look up alphabetically دنس danisa a (danas) to be soiled, sullied, defiled, polluted II to stain, soil, dirty, befoul, sully, pollute, contaminate (هـ s.th.); to dishonor, disgrace (هـ s.th.); to desecrate (هـ s.th.) V pass. of II دنس danas pl. ادناس adnās uncleanness, dirt, filth, squalor; stain, blemish, fault دنس danis pl. ادناس adnās, دنساء dunasā’2 unclean, soiled, sullied, foul, polluted, defiled, stained تدنيس tadnīs pollution, defilement, soiling, sullying, contamination; dishonoring, disgracing; desecration, profanation دنف danifa a (danaf) to be seriously ill IV do. دنف danif pl. ادناف adnāf seriouly ill دنف danaf long illness; O cachexia, marasmus (med.) مدنف mudnif, mudnaf emaciated, haggard, weak دانق look up alphabetically دنقلة dunqula Dongola (town in N Sudan, on the Nile) دنكل = دنجل دنمرك danmark2 Denmark (دنو and دنى) دنا danū u (دنو dunūw, دناوة danāwa) to be near, be close; to come or go near s.o. or s.th. (من or الى or ل), approach (من, الى, ل s.o., s.th.); to come close, get close (من, الى, ل to), approximate (من, الى, ل s.th.); to draw near, be imminent (time, event); دنا به من to bring s.o. close to ...; -- دني daniya a (دنا danan, دناية danaya) to be low, lowly; to be or become mean, base, vile, despicable, contemptible II to bring close (هـ s.th., ه s.o., من to), bring, take or move (هـ s.th., ه s.o.) near (من), approximate (هـ s.th., من to); to apply o.s. (في to s.th.), busy o.s. (في with s.th.), delve (في into); دنى نفسه (nafsahū) to lower o.s., abase o.s., humble o.s. III to approach (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), come or get near s.o. or s.th. (ه, هـ), come or get close (ه هـ to); to approximate (هـ s.th.); to measure up (هـ, ه to) │شيء لا يدانى (yudānā) an unequaled thing IV to be near, be close; to approach (من or الى or ل s.o. or s.th.), come, go or draw near s.o. or s.th. (من, الى, ل), come close, get close (من, الى, ل to); to bring close (ه s.o., هـ s.th., من to), bring, take or move (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) near (من), approximate (هـ s.th., من to); to lower, drop (هـ s.th., e.g., the veil) V to approach gradually (الى s.th. or s.o.); to be debased, sink low, sink, decline; to lower o.s., abase o.s., humble o.s. VI to come near each other, get close to each other, approach one another; to 294 be close together; to approach, approximate (من s.th.) VIII ادنى iddanā to be near, be close, come or draw near, approach X to wish to be nearer or closer, try to come nearer or closer; to seek to fetch or bring closer (هـ s.th., الى to, to o.s.), reach out (هـ for s.th.), wish (اليه ه for s.th.) دنو dunūw advent, approach; proximity, nearness, imminence (of an event) دنى danīy pl. ادنياء adniyā’ near, close; low, lowly; mean, base, vile, despicable, contemptible, inferior, infamous, depraved دنية danīy pl. -āt, دنايا danāyā a base quality or habit; s.th. disgraceful, infamy, vile action ادنى adnā, f. دنيا dunyā pl. m. ادان adānin, ادنون adnūn pl. f. دنى dunan nearer, closer; situated lower down, nether; lower, inferior; lowlier; smaller, of less significance; more appropriate, better suited, more suitable │الشرق الأدنى (šarq) the Near East; المغرب الأدنى (magrib) Algeria; ادنى من حبل الوريد (ḥabli al-warīd) very near or close, imminent; الأقارب الأدنون the closest relatives; من ادناه الى اقصاه (aqṣāhū) from one end to the other; wholly, entirely, completely, altogether; الحد الأدنى (ḥadd) the minimum; ادناه hereinafter, below (in writings, documents, etc.) e.g., الموقعون ادناه (muwaqqi‘ūn) those signed below, the undersigned; لا ادنى (with foll. genit.) not the least, not a single, not one دنيا dunyā (f. of ادنى adnā) world; earth; this world (as opposed to آخرة); life in this world. worldly existence; worldly. temporal things or possessions; earthly things or concerns │الحياة الدنيا life in this world; ام الدنيا umm ad-d. Cairo; اقام الدنيا واقعدها aqāma d-d. wa-aq‘adahā approx.: to kick up a dust, make a stir, move heaven and earth دنيوي dunyawī, دنياوي dunyāwī worldly, mundane, secular; earthly, temporal, transitory, transient دناوة danāwa nearness, closeness, proximity, propinquity; lowness, lowliness; meanness, baseness, vileness دناية danāya lowness, lowliness; meanness, baseness, vileness تدن tadannin sinking, decline; low level, nadir (fig.) │التدني الأخلاقي (a¬klāqī) the low level of morality, the moral decline دان dānin low; near, close متدان mutadānin close together دهر dahr pl. دهور duhūr, ادهر adhur time; long time, age, epoch; lifetime; eternity; fate, destiny │بنات الدهر banāt ad-d. blows of fate, trials, afflictions, misfortune; تصاريف الدهر and صروف الدهر vicissitudes of fate. changes of fortune; adversities, adverse circumstances; دهر الداهرين dahra d-dāhirīn for all eternity, foever and ever; الى أخر الدهر ilā ākir d-d. do.; لا ... الدهر كله (ad-dahra kullahū) never in all one’s life دهري dahrī an adherent of the dahrīya, a materialistic, atheistic doctrine in Islam; atheist, freethinker دهري duhrī very old, far advanced in years دهس dahasa a (= داس) to trample underfoot, trample down, crush (هـ s.th.), tread (هـ on s.th.); to run over (ه s.o.) دهش dahiša a and pass. duhiša to be astonished, amazed, surprised (من or ل at); to wonder, marvel (من at); to be baffled, startled, puzzled, perplexed, taken aback (من or ل by) II and IV to astonish, amaze, surprise, baffle, puzzle, perplex, startle (ه s.o.) VII = dahiša 295 دهش dahaš perplexity, surprise, consternation, alarm, dismay دهش dahiš astonished, amazed, surprised; baffled, puzzled, nonplused, perplexed, startled, disconcerted, alarmed, upset; dazed, stunned دهشة dahša astonishment, amazement, surprise, wonder; perplexity, consternation, bafflement, bewilderment, dismay, alarm اندهاش indihāš astonishment, amazement; perplexity, consternation, bafflement, bewilderment مدهش mudhiš astonishing, amazing, surprising, marvelous; pl. -āt amazing things, marvels, wonders مدهوش madhūš and مندهش mundahiš astonished, amazed, surprised; perplexed, baffled, puzzled, nonplused, startled; overwhelmed 1دهق dahaq stocks (to hold the feet of an offender by way of punishment) دهاق diḥāq full (cup), brimful 2 دهقانdihqān, pl. دهاقنة dahāqina, دهاقين dahāqīn2 man of importance, one who plays an important role, leading personality; grandee (in ancient Persia) │ دهاقين السياسة d. as-siyāsa the political leaders دهك dahaka a (dahk) to crush; to mash (هـ s.th.) دهلز II tadahlaza to stroll about, walk about (in a hall) دهليز dihlīz pl. دهاليز dahālīz 2 anteroom, vestibule, lobby, foyer; corridor, hall-way │ابن الدهليز ibn ad-d. pl. ابناء الدهاليز foundling دهلي dihlī Delhi دهم dahama a (dahm) and dahima a (daham) to come or descend (ه upon s.o.) suddenly; to surprise, take unawares, take by surprise (ه s.o.), come unexpectedly (ه to s.o.); to enter suddenly, raid, invade (هـ s.th.) II to blacken (ه s.th.) III to befall, seize, grip, attack (ه s.o.), come over s.o. (ه; e.g., sickness, despair); to surprise, take unawares, catch red-handed (ه s.o.); to attack suddenly (ه s.o.), fall upon s.o. (ه), invade, raid (ه e.g., a house); to overtake (ه s.o.; fate), catch up with (ه) IX to be black دهمة duhma blackness ادهم adham2, f. دهماء dahmā’ 2, pl. دهم duhm black, deep-black │داهية دهماء (dahiya) disaster, catastrophe الدهماء ad-dahmā’ 2 the masses, the common people, the populace, also دهماء الناس مداهمة mudāhama police raid; house search مدهم mudhamm very dark, pitch-dark دهن dahana u (dahn) to oil (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., ب with); to anoint (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., ب with); to grease, smear (ب, هـ s.th., s.o., ب with); to rub, embrocate (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., ب with); to paint, daub (ه s.th.); to varnish (هـ s.th.) II do. III to treat with gentleness (ه s.o.); to cajole, flatter (ه s.o.), fawn (ه on s.o.); to cheat, dupe, gull, take in, outsmart (ه s.o.) V pass. of I دهن dahn oiling, greasing; painting, daubing دهن duhn pl. ادهان adhān, دهون duhūn, -āt, دهان dihān oil (edible, lubricating, for the skin); fat, grease دهن duhnī oily, oil, oleic, oleo- (in compounds); fatty, greasy دهنيات duhnīyāt fats, oils; fatty substances دهناء dahnā’ desert دهان dahhān house painter, painter دهينة dahīna pomade 296 دهان dihān pl. -āt, ادهنة adhina cosmetic cream, cold cream, salve, ointment, unguent; consecrated oil, anointing oil; paint, varnish; hypocrisy, dissimulation, deceit; -- (without pl.) painting, daubing; whitewashing │ ورشة للدهان (warša) paintshop مداهنة mudāhana flattery, adulation, sycophancy, fawning; hypocrisy, dissimulation; deceit, trickery مداهن mudāhin flatterer, adulator, sycophant; hypocrite مدهن mudhin oily; fatty, greasy دهور dahwara to hurl down (هـ s.th.); to tear down, topple, overthrow (هـ s.th.) II tadahwara pass. of I; to fall, tumble; to slump, sink; to be dragged down, sink to the lowest level تدهور tadahwur fall, downfall; decline, slump دهي dahiya a (دهاء dahā’) to be clever, smart, cunning, artful, wily; -- dahā a to befall, overtake, hit, strike (ه s.o.), come over s.o. (ه; misfortune) II = dahā VI to pretend to be smart or cunning دهاء dahā’ smartness, slyness, shrewdness, subtlety, cunning, craft ادهى adhā smarter, shrewder; craftier, wilier; more skillful, subtler, more resourceful; worse, more calamitous داه dāhin pl. دهاة duhāh smart, sly, shrewd, subtle, cunning, wily, artful; resourceful person داهية dāhiya smart fellow, old fox, sly dog داهية dāhiya pl. دواه dawāhin calamity, disaster, catastrophe │داهية دهياء (dahyā’) and داهية دهماء (dahmā’) disaster, catastrophe; فليذهب في داهية (fal-yadhab) let him go to hell! داء (دوء) dā’ pl. ادواء adwā’ disease, malady │داء الثعلب d. at-ta‘lab alopecia, loss of the hair; O داء الرقص d. ar-raqṣ St. Vitus’s dance; O داء الفيل d. al-fīl elephantiasis; داء المنطقة d. al-minṭaqa shingles, herpes zoster (med.) دواء see دوى دوب II to wear out, wear off (هـ s.th.) دوبرة dūbara packthread, string, twine, cord, rope; thread دوبيت dūbait a rhymed poem consisting of four hemistichs دوح VII to spread دوح dauḥ branching trees, branches دوحة dauḥa tall tree with many branches; family tree, genealogical table داحة dāḥa top (child’s toy) داخ (دوخ) dāka u (dauk) to conquer, subjugate (الى a. country); to resign o.s., humble o.s.; to be or become dizzy, have a feeling of dizziness; to feel ill, be sick, feel nausea II to conquer, subjugate (هـ a people); to make submissive, subdue, humble, humiliate, degrade (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) dizzy; to molest, bother, trouble (ه s.o.); to daze, stun (ه s.o.) │دوخ رأسه (ra’sahū) to make s.o.’s head go round, make s.o. dizzy دوخة dauka vertigo, dizziness; coma; nausea دائخ dā’ik dizzy تدويخ tadwīk subjugation, conquest 1 دود II to be or become worm-eaten دود dūd (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. ديدان dīdān worm; maggot; larva; caterpillar │ دودة الحرير and دود القز d. al-qazz silkworm; دود القرع d. al-qar‘, دود قرعي (qar‘ī) ascarids; دود القرمز d. al-qirmiz cochineal; دود المش 297 d. al-mišš cheese maggots; الدودة الوحيدة tapeworm دودي dūdī wormlike, worm-shaped, vermiform. مدود madūd, mudawwid wormy, worm-eaten 2□ مدود midwad = مذود دار (دور) dāra u (daur, دوران dawarān)to turn, revolve, rotate, move in a circle (على, ب, حول around s.th. or s.o.), circle (على, ب, حول s.th. or s.o.); to begin to turn or rotate; to circulate; to go round, spread, be current, make the rounds (of rumors, etc.); to run, be in operation (of a machine or engine); to start running, start up (engine); to walk or go about, run around; to roam, rove, move about, wander about, gad about; to make the rounds (على among people), turn successively (على to several people); to turn, turn one’s face, wheel around; to veer, shift, change its direction; to change, take a different turn, become different; to turn (على against s.o.); to have to do, deal (حول or على with), treat (حول or على of), refer (حول or على to), bear (حول or على on), concern (حول or على s.th.); to take place, be going on, be in progress, be under way; to be discussed, be talked about (بين among); to circulate, pass around (ب s.th.); to lead, guide or &how around (ب s.o.); to let roam, let wander (بنظره, بعينه bi-naẓarihī, bi-‘ainaihi one’s eyes, one’s glance, في over) │در dur! about face! (command; mil.); دار رأسه (ra’suhū) to be or become dizzy, giddy; دار مع الفرص (furaṣ) to trim sail, adapt o.s. to the situation; دارت رحى الحرب (raḥā l-ḥarb) war broke out; المعارك التي دارت رحالها امس the battles that raged yesterday; دار بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) it passed through his mind; دار على الألسن (alsun) to be much-discussed, be on everyone’s lips; دار على الأفواه واسلات الأقلام (afwāh, asalāt al-aqlāmi to be current in both the spoken and written language, be in general use, be generally accepted (e.g., words); دار بلادا واكل اعيادا (bilādan, a‘yādan) he had bean around in the world and had seen a lot; (colloq.) دار باله (bālahū) to pay attention (الى, على to), be careful (الى, على with); دارت عليهم الدائرة calamity overtook them II to turn in a circle, spin, whirl, rotate, revolve (ب, هـ s.th.); to turn, turn around (ب, هـ s.th.); to invert, reverse (ب, هـ s.th.); to make round, to round (هـ s.th.); to circulate, pass around (هـ s.th.); to set going, set in motion, start (هـ s.th.); to wind (هـ a watch, a clock); to look, search (على for s.th.) │دور رأسه (ra’sahū) to turn s.o.’s head, persuade s.o., bring s.o. round III to go or walk around (ه with s.o.); to try to bring (ه s.o.) round; to ensnare, inveigle (ه s.o.); to try to ensnare (ه s.o.); to try to deceive (ه s.o.); to cheat, trick (على or عن ه s.o. out of s.th.); to get away, escape, dodge, duck out IV to turn, revolve, rotate, spin, whirl (هـ, ب s.th.); to turn around, turn (هـ, ب s.th., رأسه الى one’s head toward); to direct (على or الى هـ s.th. to, toward), aim (على or الى هـ s.th. at); to circulate, pass around (هـ s.th.); to set in operation, set going, set in motion (هـ a machine, an apparatus); to start, start up (المحرك al-muḥarrik the motor); to play, play back (هـ e.g., شرائط ناطقة tapes); to act upon s.th. (هـ), drive (هـ s.th.); to get under way (هـ a job, a project); to take up (هـ s.th.); to initiate (هـ s.th.); to divert, turn away (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to direct, conduct, steer, manage, head, run (هـ s.th.), be in charge (هـ of); to revolve in one’s mind, think over, ponder (هـ s.th., ان that) │ادار بوجهه الى (bi-wajhihī) to turn around to s.o., look back at s.o.; ادار رأسه (ra’sahū) to turn s.o.’s head, persuade s.o., bring s.o. round; ادار الحديث في الموضوع to bring 298 conversation around to a topic, broach or discuss a subject V to be or become round; to be circular X do.; to circle, rotate, revolve, spin, turn; to turn (الى to), face (الى s.o.); to turn around; to turn one’s head, look back; to circle (حول s.th.), walk around s.th. (~حول) دار dār f., pl. دور dūr, ديار diyār, ديارات diyārāt, ديرة diyara house; building, structure, edifice; habitation, dwelling, abode; residence, home; seat, side, locality; area, region; land, country (esp. pl. ديار see below │دار الآثار museum (of antiquities); دار البريد post office; دار البقاء d. al-baqā’ the eternal abode, the hereafter; الدار الباقية (bāqiya) do.; انتقل للدار الباقية to pass away, die; ال دار البيضاء (baiḍā’) Casablanca (seaport in W Morocco); the White House (in Washington); دار التجارة commercial house, business house; دار الحرب d. al-ḥarb war zone, enemy territory (Isl. Law: non-Muslim countries); دار الرياسة seat of the chief executive of a country; دار السعادة d. as-sa‘āda Constantinople; دار السلطنة d. as-salṭana Constantinople (designation before World War I); دار السلام d. as-salām paradise, heaven; epithet of Baghdad; Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika Territory); دور السينما cinemas, movie houses; دار السلطة d. aš-šurṭa police station; دار الصنعة or دار الصناعة arsenal; دار صيني (ṣīnī) cinnamon; دار الضرب d. aḍ-ḍarb and دار السكة d. as-sikka mint (building); الديار العراقية (‘irāqīya) Iraq; دار العلوم name of a college in Cairo; دار الفناء d. al-fanā’ (as opposed to دار البقاء see above) the temporal world, this world; دار القضاء d. al-qaḍā’ court of justice, tribunal; دار الكتب d. al-kutub public library; دور اللهو d. al-lahw amusement centers; night clubs; دار التمثيل theater, playhouse; دار الملك d. al-mulk (royal) residence; الديار المصرية (miṣrīya) Egypt; دار الهجرة d. al-hijra Medina; دار الأيتام d. al-aitām orphanage, orphans’ home دارة dāra pl. -āt halo (of the moon); circle; O (el.) circuit; O villa دارى dārī domestic, native دورى dūrī domestic (animal); عصفور دوري (‘uṣfūr) and دوري house sparrow دور daur pl. ادوار adwār round (of a patrol; in sports); role, part (played by s.o. or s.th.); film role, stage role; periodic change, rotation, alternation; crop rotation; period; (one’s) turn; phase, stage, step, degree, station; epoch, age. era; fit, attack, paroxysm (of a disease); floor, story; musical composition; number, single performance (within a program) │دور وتسلسل (wa-tasalsul) vicious circle, circulus vitiosus; دور نهائي (nihā’ī) final round, finals (athlet.); دور الانعقاد d. al-in‘iqād session, term (parl.); الدور الأول (awwal) or دور البطولة d. al-buṭūla leading role, starring role; قام بدور or لعب دورا (la‘iba) to play a part or role; دور ارضي (arḍī) ground floor, first floor; كان دوره it was his turn; الدور له it is his turn; (انا) بدوري I for one; (I) for my part, (هو) بدوره he in turn, (he) for his part; بالدور alternately, by turns دورة daura pl. -āt turn, revolution, gyration, rotation; circulation; cycle; circuit; round, patrol; procession (Chr.); round trip; tour (in general, of an artist or performer); detour; period (O also el.); session (of parliament); course (of instruction) (ir., syr.) │الدورة الدموية (damawīya) blood circulation; الدورة الجوية (jawwīya) air circulation; دورة اجتياز (تجاوز) الرتبة d. ijtiyāz (tajāwuz) ar-rutba officers’ training course (mil., Syr.); دورة زراعية (zirā‘īya) crop rotation; دورة تشريعية (tašrī‘īya) legislative period; دورة الفلك d. al-falak revolution of celestial bodies; دورة التفافية (iltifāfīya) flanking maneuver (mil.); دورة مالية (mālīya) 299 financial period, fiscal year; دورة المياه d. al-miyāh lavatory (with running water), toilet, water closet دوري daurī patrolling, patrol- (in compounds); periodic, occurring at regular stated times, recurring, intermittent; circulatory, cyclic, etc., see دور and دورة series (athlet.) الجهاز الدوري (jahāz) the circulatory system دورية daurīya pl. -āt patrol, round; patrol, reconnaissance squad │دوريات الاستكشاف reconnaissance squads, patrols □ داورية dāwirīya = دورية daurīya دير dair pl. اديار adyār, اديرة adyira, ديورة duyūra monastery, convent, cloister ديري dairī monastic, ministerial, cloistral ديرة dīra region, area, land, homeland (bedouin) دوار duwār, dawār vertigo, dizziness, giddiness; seasickness دوار dawwār rapidly or constantly turning, whirling, spinning, rotating, circling, circulating; revolving, rotary, rotatory; whirlpool, eddy, vortex; itinerant, ambulant, roving; (eg.) farm building, farm │باب دوار revolving door; بائع دوار peddler, hawker; جهاز حفر دوار (jahāz ḥafr) rotary drilling rig; دار الشمس d. aš-šams sunflower ديار dayyār monastic, friar, monk ديرانى dairānī monastic, friar, monk دوارة dawwāra whirlpool, eddy, vortex; compass, pair of dividers (syr.) │O دوارة الهواء d. al-hawā’ weather vane دياري diyārī domestic; native دوران dawarān turn(ing), rotation, revolution, gyration; circulation, circling, circuiting; round trip, tour ادور adwar2 (elative): ادور على الألسن (alsun) more talked about, more frequently expressed or discussed مدار madār pl. -āt orbit; circling, circuiting, circuit, revolution; axis; pivot; (fig.) that upon which s.th. turns or depends, the central, cardinal, or crucial factor, the pivot; center; subject, topic, theme (of a conversation, of negotiations); scope, range, extent, sphere; tropic (geogr.); O steering wheel │مدار السرطان m. as-saraṭān Tropic of Cancer, مدار الجدي m. al-jady Tropic of Capricorn; كان مداره على it (i.e., the dispute, or the like) was about ..., it hinged on ...; على مدار السنة (m. is-sana) throughout the year, all year round تدوير tadwīr recitation of the Koran at medium speed (between tartīl and ḥadr; a technical term of tajwīd) مداورة mudāwara pl. -āt cheating, humbug, trickery; outwitting; attempted evasion or circumvention, shift, dodge; persuasion, inveigling, ensnaring ادارة idāra turning; turning around or over, reverting, reversion, inversion; starting, setting in operation; operation; drive (techn.); direction, management; administration; administrative agency, department, office, bureau │ادارة الأمن i. al-amn the police; ادارة عرفية (‘urfīya) military administration; سوء الإدارة sū’ al-i. mismanagement, maladministmtion; مجلس الإدارة Majlis al-i. board of directors, administrative board, committee of management; مرنز الإدارة markaz al-i. administration center, headquarters اداري idārī administrative, departmental; administrative officer; manager (athlet.); اداريا idāriyan through administrative channels, administratively, officially استدارة istidāra roundness, rotundity, circularity دائر dā’ir turning, revolving, spinning; circulating; current (e.g., expression), common; ambulant, itinerant; in progress, 300 under way j working, in operation; running (machine, engine); round دائرة dā’ira pl. دوائر dawā’ir2 circle (also math.); ring; circumference, perimeter, periphery; sphere, scope, range, compass, extent, circuit; field, domain (fig.); official agency, department (esp. Ir., Syr., Leb.); office, bureau; department of a court of justice (Eg., Tun.); farm, country estate (eg.); misfortune, calamity, affliction │في دائرة ... within the framework of ...; على شكل نصف دائرة ‘alā šakli niṣfi d. semicircular; نقطة الدائرة nuqṭat ad-d. essential factor, pivot, crucial point, crux; O دائرة كهربائية (kahrabā’īya) electric circuit; O دائرة قصيرة short circuit (el.); دائرة المعارف encyclopedia; دوائر الحكومة government circles, الدوائر الرسمية (السياسية، العسكرية) (rasmīya, siyāsīya, ‘askarīya) official (political, military) circles or quarters (journ.); دائرة الاختصاص jurisdiction (of an official agency, esp., of a court of justice); الدائرة السنية (sanīya) civil list; دائرة استئنافية (isti’nāfīya) appellate court (Eg.; jur.); دائرة انتخابية (intikābīya) electoral district; دارت عليه الدوائر to suffer adversities دائري dā’irī circular, ring-shaped, annular مدور mudawwar round, circular مدير mudīr head, chief, director; administrator; manager; intendant, superintendent; rector (of a university); mudir, chief officer of a mudiria, approx. = governor (Eg.); (pl. مدراء mudarā’2) administrative officer at the head of a county (Syr., Leb., Ir., Saudi Ar.) │ مدير الجوق m. al-jauq bandleader, conductor of an orchestra مديرة mudīra directress; administratress مديرية mudīrīya direction; administration; management; -- (pl. -āt) mudiria, province (Eg.); approx.: main department of a ministry (Ir.) مستدير mstadīr round; circular │مؤتمر المائدة المستديرة (mu’tamar al-mā’idat al-m.) roundtable conference دورق dauraq pl. دوارق dawāriq2 (eg.) bulging vessel with a long, slender neck, carafe دوزن dauzana to tune (a musical instrument); O to tune in (radio) دوزان dūzān and دوزنة dauzana tuning (of a musical instrument); دوزنة O tuning (radio) دوزينة (It. dozzina) dōzīna dozen داس (دوس) dāsa u (daus, دياس diyās) to tread, step (هـ on); to tread (هـ s.th.); to tread down, trample down, trample underfoot, crush (هـ s.th.); to thresh (grain); to treat with disdain, humiliate (ه s.o.); to run over (ه s.o.; automobile) VII pass. of I دوس daus treading, trampling, tread, step ديسة dīsa dense forest, jungle, thicket دواسة dawwāsa pedal مداس madās shoe, sandal مدوس madūs, مداس mudās trodden, trampled down; crushed; run over دوسنطاريا dusinṭāriyā, دوسنتارياdysentery دوسية (Fr. dossier) dosyē, دوسيه dōsē pl. -āt dossier, file 1دوش (eg.) dawaš to irritate (ه s.o.) or drive s.o. crazy by noise دوشة dauša (eg.) din, noise, clamor, uproar, hubbub, hullabaloo 2 دوش(Fr. douche) dūš pl. -āt shower, douche دوطة (It. dote) dōṭa dowry دوغ II to imprint a mark, to brand داغ dāg pl. -āt brand (on cattle) 301 داف (دوف) dāfa u (dauf) to mix, mingle (في هـ s.th. with); to add, admix (في هـ s.th. to) دوق dūq duke دوقة dūqa duchess دوقي dūqī ducal دوقية dūqīya dukedom, duchy دوك II to chatter, prattle دوك dauka din, row, hubbub, turnult, confusion 1دال (دول) dāla u" (دولة daula) to change periodically, take turns, alternate, rotate; to change, turn (time, fortune) │دالت دولة الاستبداد the time of absolutism is over, belongs to the past; دالت له الدولة fortune has turned in his favor (عليه against him) III to alternate, rotate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cause to succeed by turns or to follow one another (الأيام al-ayyāma the days; God); to alternate (بين between); to confer, talk (ه with s.o., في about), discuss (في ه with s.o. s.th.) IV to give ascendancy, afford superiority, give the upper hand (من ه to s.o. over); to make victorious, let triumph (على ه s.o. over), grant victory (على ه to s.o. over); to replace (ب هـ or من s.th. with), exchange, substitute (ب هـ or من for s.th. s.th.) │اديل لبني العباس من بني امية udīla li-banī 1-‘abbās min banī umayyata the rule passed from the Ommaiads to the Abbasides VI to alternate, take turns (هـ with or in s.th., e.g., in some work); to hand each other s.th. (هـ), pass s.th. (هـ) alternately between themselves; to handle alternately (هـ different things), take now this, now that; to exchange (الرأى ar-ra’y views); to make frequent use (هـ of s.th.); to confer, have a discussion, take counsel, deliberate; to parley, negotiate; to circulate, be in circulation, be current, have currency │تداولته الأيدي tadāwalathu l-aidī it passed from hand to hand, it made the rounds, it circulated; تداولته الألسن (alsun) it passed from mouth to mouth, it was the talk of the town, it was on everybody’s lips دولة daula pl. دول duwal alternation, rotation, change; change of time, turn of fortune; dynasty; state, country; power, empire │صاحب الدولة title of the Prime Minister; دولة رئيس الحكومة daulat r. al-ḥ. His Excellency, the Prime Minister; فخامة الدولة fakāmat ad-d. title of the President of the Republic (Syr., Leb.); الدولة العلية (‘alīya) name of the ancient Ottoman Empire; الدول الكبرى (العظمى) (kubrā, ‘uẓmā) the big powers; دولة منتدبة (muntadaba) mandatory power دولة (dam., pronounced dōle = ركوة rakwa) metal vessel with long curved handle used for making coffee دولي daulī state (adj.); duwalī international دولية duwalīya internationality; internationalism; the International دويلات duwailāt petty states, small countries دواليك dawālaika alternately, by turns; successively, one by one, one after the other │وهكذا دواليك (wa-hākadā) and so forth, and so on تدويل tadwīl internationalization مداولة mudāwala pl. -āt parley, negotiation; deliberation, consultation; discussion; mudāwalatan alternately, one after the other, one at a time تداول tadāwul alternation, rotation; circulation, currency; circulation of money │بالتداول alternately, by turns, one by one متداول mutadāwal current, circulating, in circulation; valid; common, in common use, prevailing │الكلام المتداول (kalām) the colloquial language 302 2دوال dawālin see دول دولاب dūlāb pl. دواليب dawālīb2 wheel; tire; gearing, gears, wheels, mechanism, machine, machinery; closet, looker, cabinet, cupboard │دولاب الملابس wardrobe دولار dūlār pl. -āt dollar 2دام (دوم) dāma u (daum, دوام dawām) to last, continue, go on; to persevere, persist │ ما دام mā dāma as long as; (the more so) since, inasmuch as, as, because; while he is ..., when he is ... ; ما دام حيا (ḥayyan) as long as he is alive; ما دمت معك (dumtu) so long as (or while) I am with you II to move in a circle, turn, spin, revolve, rotate, gyrate, circle; to turn, revolve, spin, twirl (هـ s.th.) III to persevere, persist (على in), apply o.s. diligently and steadily (على to), pursue with diligence and perseverance (على s.th.); to continue IV to cause to last or continue, perpetuate, make lasting, make permanent (هـ s.th.) X to make (هـ s.th.) last or continue; to continue, go on (هـ with s.th.) دوم daum continuance, permanence, duration; دوما dauman constantly, at all times, ever, always; -- doom palm (bot.) ديمة dīma pl. ديم diyam, ديوم duyūm continuous rain دوام dawām duration, continuance, permanence, perpetuity; uninterrupted succession; endurance, perseverance; abiding, stay (of s.o., في at a place); دواما dawāman and على الدوام permanently, perpetually, at all times, ever, always │ وقت الدوام, اوقات الدوام, ساعات الدوام working hours, office hours (Ir., Syr.) ديمومة daimūma = دوام دوامة duwwāma top (child’s toy); whirlpool, eddy, vortex مداومة mudāwama perseverance, endurance, persistence; continuance, duration; continuation دائم dā’im lasting, enduring; endless, eternal, perpetual, everlasting; perennial; continued, continuous, continual, incessant, unceasing, constant; permanent, standing, established; durable │دائم التقدم والنمو d. at-taqaddum in a state of constant progress and growth دائما dā’iman always │دائما ابدا (abadan) always and ever دائمي dā’imī = دائم مدام mudām wine مستديم mustadīm constant, continuous, continual, incessant, uninterrupted 2دومان dūmān rudder, helm دومانجي dūmānjī steersman, helmsman 1دون II to record, write down, set down, put down in writing (هـ s.th.); to enter, list, register, book (هـ s.th.); to collect (هـ poems) │دون شرطا (šarṭan) to stipulate a condition V to be recorded, be written down, be put down in writing ديوان dīwān pl. دواوين dawāwīn2 account books of the treasury (in the older Islamic administration); divan, collection of poems written by one author; governmental office, administrative office; chancellery, office, bureau, secretariat; council or state, cabinet; council, consultative assembly, board of advisers, executive committee; government; court or justice, tribunal; hall; davenport, divan; (railway) compartment │لغة الدواوين lugat ad-d. official jargon, officialese; ديوان التفتيش inquisitional court; the Inquisition ديواني dīwānī administrative, administrational, official; an Ottoman style of cursive (used by the secretaries of the State Chancellery for treaties, diplomas, firmans, etc.) تدوين tadwīn recording, writing down; entry, listing. booking; registering, registration 303 مدونة mudawwana pl. -āt record, note; entry: body of laws; pl. مدونات writings, literature (on a given subject) 2دون dūn low, lowly; bad, poor, inferior; meager, inadequate │ عامله بالدون (‘āmalahū) he snubbed him دون dūna (prep.) below, beneath, under (in rank, value, etc.); this side of, short of; before; without more than; with the exclusion of, leaving ... aside, disregarding ...; and not by any means, but not │ دون ذلك (with foll. nominative) on the way to that, there is ... , before accomplishing that one must …, دون ذلك خرط القتاد (karṭ al-qatad) before one can do that, one must strip the tragacanth of its leaves, i.e., accomplish the impossible; بدون, من دون (dūni) without; with the exclusion of, excluding; بدون ان and من دون ان without (+ foll. gerund in Engl.); دونك dūnaka (with foll. acc.) here you are! take ...! watch out (هـ for)! beware (هـ of)! هو دون he is below him, he doesn’t measure up to him; كان دونه أهمية (ahammīyatan) to be of less importance than ...; اثم دونه كل اثم itmun dūnahū kullu itmin a sin to end all sins; الذين هم دون السن العسكرية (sinn, ‘askarīya) those below the age for military service; دون ما نظر الى (naẓarin) regardless of, irrespective of; دون ما فائدة with no benefit at all; completely useless; تخشى ان يسعدن دونها (takšā an yas‘adna) she is afraid they will be happier than she is; تلك الكتب دون غيرها (kutub, gairihā) those books and no others; ان متعجب من فضلك دون علمك (muta‘ajjib, faḍlika, ‘ilmika) I admire your virtue, but not your knowledge, or, I admire your virtue more than your knowledge; كم الأفواه دون دون التذمر والشكوى (kamma, tadammur, šakwā) he stopped their mouths to keep them from muttering and complaining; اذا كان الغصن دون ما يحتمله (guṣnu, yaḥtamiluhū) if the branch is not strong enough to carry him; وصل دونهم الى الغايةit was he, not they, who reached the goal; اشاحت بوجهها دونه (ašāḥat• bi-wajhihā) she averted her face so that he could not see her; حال دون الشيء to prevent s.th.; الأشعة دون الحمراء (aši‘‘a, ḥamrā‘) the infrared rays; الموجات دون القصيرة (maujāt) ultra-short waves (radio) دونم dūnum a square measure (Ir. = about 2500 m2; Pal. = roughly, 900 m2) 1دوى dawā and II to sound, resound, ring out; to drone; to echo, reverberate III to treat (ه a patient, هـ a disease) VI to treat o.s. (with a medicine); to be cured دوى dawan pl. ادواء adwā’ sickness, illness, disease, malady دوي dawīy sound, noise, ring, clang, roar, thunder, drone; echo, reverberation دواة dawāh (□ دواية dawāya) pl. دوي duwīy, diwīy, دويات dawayāt inkwell دواء dawā’ pl. ادوية adwiya remedy, medicament, medication, medicine, drug دوائي dawd'i medicinal, medicative, curative داء see دوء دواء diwā’ treatment, therapy (med.) مداواة mudāwāh treatment, therapy (med.) تداو tadāwin cure 2دوى (Fr. douille) dūy socket (of a light bulb) ديالوج diyalōg (Eg. spelling) pl. -āt dialogue ديباج and ديباجة see دبج ديوث dayyūt (□ ديوس) cuckold; procurer, pimp; a variety of warbler (zool.) ديجور see دجر الديجوليون ad-dēgōlīyūn (Eg. spelling) the Gaullists 304 ديدبان daidabān, daidubān pl. -āt, ديادبة dayādiba guard, sentry: sentinel │ديدبان المراكب ship’s pilot ديدن see ددن دير, ديرة, اديار, اديرة, ديرى, ديار, ديراني see دور ديس dīs diss (Ampelodesma tenax; bot.) ديسم see دسم ديسمبر disembir, disambir December ديك dīk pl. ديكة dīka, ديوك duyūk, ادياك adyāk cock, rooster │ديك الحبش d. al-kabaš turkey, turkey cock; ديك رومي (rūmī) do.; وزن الديك wazn ad-d. bantam weight السعال الديكي as-su‘āl ad-dīkī whooping cough ديكتاتوري = دكتاتوري ديكور (Fr. décor) pl. -āt décor, stage decoration ديماس daimās, dīmās, ديموس daimūs pl. دياميس dayāmīs2 dungeon, vault ديمة, ديم, ديمومة see دوم ديموطيقي dīmūṭīqī demotic (writing) ديموقراطي, ديمقراطي dimuqrāṭī democratic; democrat ديموقراطية, ديمقراطية dimuqrāṭīya pl. -āt democracy; democratic attitude or conviction 1 دان (دين) dāna i to borrow, take up a loan; to be a debtor, be indebted; to owe (ب ل s.o. s.th., also, e.g., دان له بالشكر (šukr) d. lahū bi-š-šukr to owe s.o. one’s thanks; ب s.th., e.g., بالحياة bi-l-ḥayāh one’s life, ل to s.th. or s.o.); to be indebted (ب ل to s.o. for); to be subject, subject o.s., bow, yield, (ل to s.o. or s.th.), be under s.o.’s (ل) power, owe allegiance (ل to s.o.), obey (ل s.o.); to grant a loan, lend money (ه to s.o.); to subject, subjugate (ه s.o.): to requite, repay (ه s.o.): to condemn (ه s.o.), pass judgment (ه on s.o.) III to have a debt (ه with s.o.), be indebted (ه to s.o.): to be the creditor (ه of s.o.), have a money claim (ه on s.o.) │داينه بمبلغ خمسة قروش (bi-mablag kamsat q.) he had a claim of five piasters on him IV to lend money (ه to s.o.): to sell on credit (ه to s.o.); to convict, find guilty, pronounce guilty (ه s.o.) V to be indebted, have debts; to subject o.s. (ل to) VI تداينوا بدين (dain) to contract a mutual loan, borrow money from each other X to make or incur debts, take up a loan دين dain pl. ديون duyūn debt; pecuniary obligation, liability: obligation (Isl. Law); claim (Isl. Law), financial claim │بالدين on credit; رب الدين rabb ad-d. creditor; ديون الحرب d. al-ḥarb war debts: دين مضمون bonded, or funded, debt; دين ممتاز (mumtāz) preferred, or privileged, debt; دين موحد (muwaḥḥlad) consolidated debt; دين مطلق (muṭlaq) debt not bound to the physical person of the debtor, but outliving him (Isl. Law); دين مستغرق (mustagriq) claims against an estate which exceed or equal the assets (Isl. Law) دينونة dainūna judgment; Last Judgment الديان ad-dayyān the Judge (attribute of God) مدينة madīna pl. مدائن madā’in2, مدن mudun town, city; المدينة Medina (city in W Saudi Arabia); see مدن ادانة idāna verdict of guilty: conviction │صدر الحكم بإدانته ṣadara l-ḥukmu bi-idānatihī he was convicted استدانة istidāna incurrence of debts دائن dā’in creditor مديون madyūn indebted, in debt: obligated, under obligation 305 مديونية madyūnīya indebtedness obligation مدين madīn owing; indebted, obligated, under obligation; debtor │مدين بالشكر (šukr) owing gratitude, much obliged; كان مدينا ل to be indebted to s.o., stand in s.o.’s debt مدين mudīn moneylender, creditor مدان mudān convicted, found guilty; guilty; judged, condemned 2دان (دين) dāna i to profess (ب a religion, a conviction. etc.) │ دان بالإسلام to profess Islam; دان بعاداته (bi-‘ādātihī) to adhere to one’s customs V to profess (ب a religion) دين dīn pl. اديان adyān religion, creed, faith, belief │يوم الدين yaum ad-d. the Day of Judgment ديني dīnī religious; spiritual │لاديني ir-religious; O العلم الديني science of religion دين dayyin religious, pious, godly, devout ديانة diyāna pl. -āt religion; communion, confession, denomination, sect │صاحب الديانة founder of a religion ديان dayyān pious, godly, devout, religious تدين tadayyun piety, godliness, devoutness, religiousness, religiosity متدين mutadayyin pious, godly, devout, religious متدينة mutadayyina religious community دينار pl. دنانير danānīr2 dinar, a monetary unit (Ir., Jord.); pl. دنانير money ديناري dīnārī diamonds (of a deck of cards) دينامو dīnāmō dynamo, generator ديناميت dīnāmīt dynamite O دينم dainam pl. ديانم dayānim2 dynamo, generator دية see ودى ديوان pl. دواوين and ديواني see 1دون ذ ذا (demonstr. pron.) pl. اولاء ulā’i this one, this; بذا bi-dā by this, by this means, thereby; لذا li-dā therefore; كذا ka-dā so, thus, in this manner; so and so, so and so much; هكذا hā-ka-dā so, thus, in this manner; serves as intensifier after interrogative pronouns (roughly corresponding in English to such phrase as: ... on earth, ... then, or the like): ماذا what on earth? لماذا why then? why in heaven’s name? – هو ذا huwa dā, f. هي ذي hiya dī that one; look at that one; why, that is ..., now if that isn’t ...!; هاءنذا hā’anadā behold, it is I, here I am, pl. ها نحن اولاء hā naḥnu ulā’i; -- used as an accusative in the construct state: master, owner, or possessor of, with ذو nominative (q.v.), ذي as genitive; -- ذاك dāka, f. تاك tāka, تيك tīka, pl. اولائك ulā’ika this, this one; اذ ذاك (id) then, at that time; in those days; -- ذلك dālika f. تلك tilka, pl. اولائك ulā’ika that, that one; بذلك bi-dālika by that, by that means, in that manner; لذلك li-dālika therefore; بعد ذلك ba‘da dālika after that, upon that, thereafter, thereupon; مع ذلك ma‘a dālika yet, still, 306 nevertheless, for all that; وذلك ان (anna) that is (to say), namely, to wit; وذلك لأن (li-anna) and that is because ..., for the one reason that ...; ذلك بأن (bi-anna) this is due to the fact that ...; كذلك ka-dālika so, thus, in that manner; equally, likewise, in the lame manner; -- ذلكم dālikum f. تلكم tilkum, pl. اولائكم ulā’ikum that one; -- هذا hādā f. هذه hādihī, هذي hādī, pl. هؤلاء hā’ulā’I, dual m. هذان hādāni, f. هاتان hātāni this, this one, see هذا (alphabetically) ذأب X to be wolflike, be fierce or cruel like a wolf ذئب di‘b pl. ذئاب di’āb, ذؤبان du’bān dieb (Canis anthus), jackal; wolf │ مرض الذئب الأحمر maraḍ ad-d. al-aḥmar name of a noncontiguous skin disease ذؤابة du’āba pl. ذوائب dawā’ib2 lock, strand (of hair); tuft, wisp ذات, ذاتي and ذاتية see ذو ذا see ذا ذال dāl name of the letter ذ ذب dabba u to drive away, chase away (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to defend (عن s.o., s.th.) ذباب dubāb (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اذبة adibba, ذبان dibbān flies, fly │ ذباب قارض gadfly, horsefly ذبابة dubāba pl. -āt (n. un. of ذباب) fly; tip (of the sword, or the like) ذبانة dubbāna, dibbāna fly; sight, bead (on a firearm) مذبة midabba fly whisk, fly swatter ذبح dabaḥa a (dabḥ) to kill (by slitting the throat); to slaughter, butcher; to massacre; to murder, slay; to sacrifice, offer up, immolate (هـ an animal) II to kill, slaughter, butcher, massacre, murder ذبح dabḥ slaughtering, slaughter ذبح dibḥ sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice ذبحة dibḥa, dubḥa angina (med.); diphtheria │ الذبحة الصدرية (ṣadrīya) angina pectoris (med.); O الذبحة الفؤادية (fu’ādīya) do. ذباح dabbāḥ slaughtering, killing, murdering; slaughterer, butcher ذبيح dabīḥ slaughtered ذبيحة dabīḥa pl. ذبائح dabā’iḥ2 slaughter animal; sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice; sacrifice, immolation; offering, oblation مذبح madbaḥ pl. مذابح madābiḥ2 slaughterhouse; altar (Chr.) مذبحة madbaḥa massacre, slaughter, carnage, butchery ذبذب dabdaba to set into a swinging motion, swing, dangle (هـ s.th.) II tadabdaba to swing, pendulate; to oscillate (el.); to be deflected (magnetic needle); to vibrate; to fluctuate; to waver, vacillate, hesitate ذبذبة dabdaba pl. -āt pendulous motion, pendulation; oscillation (el.); vibration تذبذب tadabdaba pendulous motion, pendulation, swinging; oscillation (el.); deflection (of a magnetic needle) O مذبذب mudabdib oscillator (el.) مذبذب mudabdab fluctuating, variable; vacillating, wavering, hesitant, unsteady متذبذب mutadabdib: تيار متذبذب (tayyār) oscillating current (el.) ذبل dabala, dabula u (dabl, ذبول dubūl) to be wilted, to wilt, wither; to fade; to become dry, dry up; to waste away; to become dull, lose its luster (eye) ذبل dabl mother-of-pearl, nacre ذبالة dubāla wick ذابل dābil pl. ذبل dubul wilted, withered; dry, dried up; faded (color); languid, dull, lackluster, languishing (glance); feeble, weak, tired 307 ذحل daḥl pl. اذحال adḥāl, ذحول duḥūl resentment, rancor, hatred; revengefulness, vindictiveness; blood revenge ذخر dakara a to keep, preserve, store away, put away (هـ s.th.); to save, lay by (هـ s.th.) VIII ادخر iddakara to keep, preserve, store away, put away (هـ s.th.); to store, accumulate, gather, hoard, amass (هـ s.th.); to lay by (هـ s.th.); to save (هـ s.th., also strength, trouble, etc.) │ ادخر حبا ل (ḥubban) to harbor love for; لا يدخر جهدا (juhdan) he spares no effort ذخر dukr pl. اذخار adkār s.th. stored away, put by, hoarded, or accumulated; stores, supplies; treasure ذخيرة dakīra pl. ذخائر dakā’ir2 treasure; stores, supplies; provisions, food; ammunition (mil.); (holy) relic ادخار iddikār storage; hoarding, amassing, accumulation; storing, gathering; saving مذخر mudakkir pl. -ūn assistant gunner, ammunition passer (mil., Syr.) مذخر mudakkar pl. -āt supply مدخرة muddakira pl. -āt (Syr.) storage battery, battery 1ذرة dura see ذرو 2 ذرdarra u (darr) to strew, scatter, spread (هـ s.th.); to sprinkle (ب هـ on s.th. s.th.) │ ذر الرماد في عينيه(ar-ramāda fī ‘ainaihī) to throw dust in s.o.’s eyes; -- u (ذرور durūr) to rise, come up, rise resplendent over the horizon (sun) │ ذر قرنه (qarnuhū) it began to show, it emerged ذر darr strewing, scattering, sprinkling; (coll.) tiny particles, atoms, specks, motes ذرة darra (n. un.) pl. -āt atom; tiny particle; speck, mote │ مثقال ذرة mitqāl d. the weight of a dust particle, a tiny amount; a little bit; مقدار ذرة miqdār d. a tiny amount, a jot, an iota; ذرة من الشك (šakk) the least doubt ذري darrī atomic │ قنبلة ذرية (qunbula) atomic bomb; النشاط الذري (našāṭ) and طاقة ذرية (ṭāqa) atomic energy ذرور darūr powder ذروري darūrī powdery, powdered, pulverized ذريرة (darīra pl. ذرائر darā’ir2 fragrant powder, cosmetic scented powder ذري durrī of or pertaining to the offspring or progeny ذرية durrīya pl. -āt, ذراري darārīy progeny, descendants, children, offspring 3يذر yadaru see (وذر) ذرب dariba a (darab) to be sharp, cutting ذرب darab diarrhea (med.) ذرب darib pl. ذرب durb sharp, cutting │ جرح ذرب (jurḥ) a malignant, incurable wound ذراح durrāḥ pl. ذراريح darārīḥ2 Spanish fly, blister beetle (zool.) ذرع dara‘a a (dar‘) to measure (هـ s.th.); to take the measure or measurements (هـ of s.th.); to cover (هـ a distance); to cross, travel (هـ a country), travel through (هـ); to intercede, intervene, mediate, put in a word (ل for s.o., on behalf of s.o., عند with s.o. else) V to use, employ, apply (بذريعة bi-darī‘a or بوسيلة bi-wasīla a means, an expedient); to use as a pretext, as an excuse (ب s.th.); to use as a means (ب s.th., الى to an end) VII to proceed, advance; to intervene ذرع dar‘ power, ability, capability (ب to do s.th.) │ضاق ذرعا ب and ضاق عنه ذرعا (dar‘an) not to be up to s.th., be unable to do or accomplish s.th.; to be unable to stand or bear s.th., be fed up with, be tired of, feel uneasy about, be oppressed by 308 ذراع dirā‘ f. and m., pl. اذرع adru‘, ذرعان dur‘ān arm; forearm; connecting rod; cubit, in Syria = .68 m │in Egypt: ذراع بلدي (baladī) = .58 m, ذراع استانبولي (istanbūlī) = .665 m, ذراع هندازة (hindāza) = .656 m, ذراع معماري (mi‘mārī) = ca. .75 m, ذراع معماري مربع (murabba‘) = .5625 m; in Iraq: ذراع حلبي (ḥalabī) = ca. .68 m, ذراع بغدادي (bagdādī) or ذراع بلدي (baladī) = ca. .80 m, ذراع معماري see 800 above ذريع darī‘ stepping lively, walking briskly; rapid, quick; torrential; rapidly spreading, sweeping (death); devastating; intercessor ذريعة darī‘a pl. ذرائع darā’i‘2 medium, means, expedient; pretext, excuse ذرف darafa i (darf, ذريف darīf, ذروف durūf, ذرفان darafan) to flow, well forth (tears); to shed (هـ tears; said of the eye) II to exceed (على an age) X to let flow, shed (هـ tears) ذرق daraqa i u (darq) to drop excrement (bird) IV do. ذرق darq droppings, excrement (of a bird) (ذرو and ذرى) ذرا darā u (darw) to disperse, scatter (هـ s.th.); to carry off, blow away (هـ dust; said of the wind); to winnow, fan (هـ grain); -- ذرى darā i (dary) do. II do. IV = I; to throw down, throw off (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) │ اذرت العين الدمع (dam‘a) the eye shed tears V to be winnowed, be fanned; to climb (هـ on), scale (هـ s.th.); to seek shade or shelter (ب in, at, under); to take refuge (ب with), flee (ب to) X to take refuge (ب with), place o.s. under s.o.’s (ب) protection, flee (ب to s.o.) ذرة dura durra, a variety of sorghum │ ذرة شامي (eg.) Indian corn, maize (Zea mays L.); ذرة صفراء (ṣafrā’) do. (syr.); ذرة عويجة (eg.) a variety of millet (Andropogon Sorghum Brot. var. Schwein furtianus Kcke.); ذرة بيضاء (baiḍā’) millet (syr.) ذرى daran protection, shelter ذروة durwa, dirwa pl. ذرى duran summit; top; peak; culmination, climax, acme, apex مذرى midran and مذارة midrāh pl. مذار madārin winnow, winnowing fork ذعر da‘ara a (da‘r) to frighten, scare, alarm, terrify (ه s.o.); pass. du‘ira to be frightened (ل by), get alarmed (ل at); -- da‘ira a (da‘ar) to be terrified, alarmed, dismayed IV to frighten, scare, alarm, terrify (ه s.o.) V and VII to be frightened, become alarmed ذعر du‘r fright, terror, alarm, panic ذعر da‘ar fright, alarm, dismay, consternation ذعاف du‘āf lethal, deadly, immediately killing (poison) │ موت ذعاف (maut) a sudden, immediate death ذعق da‘aqa a (da‘q) to frighten (ه s.o.) by screaming ذعن da‘ana a (da‘an) and IV to submit, yield, give in (ل to s.o.), obey (ل s.o., an order, etc.); to concede voluntarily, grant willingly (ب ل to s.o. s.th.) اذعان id‘ān submissiveness, pliability, compliance, obedience مذعن mud‘in submissive, pliable, tractable, obedient مذعان mid‘an pliable, tractable, docile, obedient, obliging, compliant ذفر dafar pungent smell, stench ذقن daqan, diqan pl. اذقان adqān, ذقون duqūn chin; -- daqn f., pl. ذقون duqūn beard, whiskers │ ذقن الشيخ d. aš-šaik; worm-wood, absinthe; خروا لأذقانهم karrū li-adqānihim they prostrated themselves; 309 غرق في العمل حتى الذقن (gariqa fī l-‘amal) to be up to one’s neck in work, be swamped by work (properly: to drown in work); ضحك على ذقنه (ḍaḥika) pl. على ذقونهم (eg., syr.) to fool s.o., make fun of s.o., lead s.o. around by the nose (ب with s.th.); to put on an act for s.o.; ضحك في ذقنه to laugh in s.o.’s face ذكر dakara u (dikr, تذكار tadkār) to remember, bear in mind (هـ s.th.), think (هـ of); to keep in mind (هـ s.th.); to recall, recollect (هـ s.th.); -- (dikr) to speek, talk (هـ of, about); to name, mention, cite, quote (هـ s.th.); to state, designate, indicate (هـ s.th.); to give (هـ e.g., foots, data); to point, refer (هـ to s.th.); to report, relate, tell (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.) │ تقدم يذكر taqaddumun yudkaru notable progress; لا يذكر (yudkaru) inconsiderable, not worth mentioning; ذكره بخير (بالخير) (kair) to have pleasant memories of s.o., hold s.o. in fond remembrance; to speak well of s.o.; ذكره بشر (šarr) to have unpleasant memories of s.o.; to speak ill of s.o. II to remind (ب ه s.o. of s.th.), point out (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), call s.o.’s (ه) attention (ب to); to make (هـ a word) masculine (gram.) III to parley, negotiate, confer, have a talk, take counsel (ه with s.o.); to memorize, commit to memory, learn, study (هـ one’s assignment, one’s lesson) │ ذاكر دروسه (durūsahū) to study one’s lessons, do one’s homework IV to remind (هـ ه s.o. of s.th.), call (هـ s.th.) to s.o.’s (ه) mind V to remember, bear in mind (هـ s.th.), think (هـ of s.th.) VI to remind each other (هـ of), revive each other’s memory of (هـ); to confer (together), have a talk, take counsel VIII ادكر iddakara = V; X to remember, recall, keep in mind, know by heart (هـ s.th.) ذكر dikr recollection, remembrance, reminiscence, memory, commemoration; reputation, repute, renown; naming, stating, mention(ing), quoting, citation; report, account, narration, narrative; invocation of God, mention of the Lord’s name; (in Sufism) incessant repetition of certain words or formulas in praise of God, often accompanied by music and dancing │على ذكر (with foll. genit.) apropos of, speaking of ...; وعلى ذكر ذلك speaking of that, incidentally, in that connection; الذكر الحكيم the Koran; سالف الذكر abovementioned, afore-mentioned; سعيد الذكر of blessed memory, deceased, late; اشاد بذكره (ašāda) to celebrate, praise, commend s.o. or s.th., speak in glowing terms of s.o. or s.th.; ما زال على ذكر من (dikr min) he still remembered ..., he could still recall ... ذكر dakar pl. ذكور dukūr, ذكورة dukūra, ذكران dukrān male; (pl. ذكور) penis ذكرة dukra reputation, repute, renown ذكرى dikrā pl. ذكريات dikrayāt remembrance, recollection, memory; pl. reminiscences, memoirs ذكير dakīr steel تذكار tadkār, tidkār remembrance; reminder, memento; memory, commemoration; souvenir, keepsake; memorial day │تذكار جميع القديسين t. jamī‘ al-qiddīsīn All Saints’ Day (Chr.) تذكاري tadkārī, tidkārī serving to remind, helping the memory; memorial, commemorative تذكرة tadkira reminder; memento تذكرة tadkira, mostly pronounced tadkara, pl. تذاكر tadākir2 message, note; slip, paper, permit, pus; card; ticket; admission ticket │ تذكرة بريد postcard; تذكرة اثبات الشخصية t. itbāt aš-šakṣīya identity card; تذكرة ذهاب واياب t. dahāb wa-iyāb round-trip ticket; تذكرة الرصيف (eg.) platform ticket; تذكرة اشتراك subscription ticket; تذكرة طبية (ṭibbīya) medical prescription; تذكرة مرور permit, pass, laissez-passer; passport; تذكرة النفوس 310 (Syr.) identity card (= بطاقة شخصية Eg.); تذكرة الانتخاب t. al-intikāb ballot تذكرجي tadkarjī, تذكري tadkarī ticket seller, ticket clerk; (streetcar) conductor تذكير tadkīr reminding (of s.o., ب of s.th:). reminder, memento; fecundation, pollination (of female blossoms; in pomiculture) مذاكرة mudākara pl. -āt negotiation, consultation. conference; deliberation (of a court; Syr.); learning, memorizing, memorization; study تذكر tadakkur memory, remembrance, recollection استذكار istidkār memorizing, memorization, committing to memory ذاكرة dākira memory مذكور madkūr mentioned; said, above-mentioned; celebrated │ لم يكن شيئا مذكورا lam yakun šai’an m. it was of no importance, it was nothing مذكر mudakkar masculine (gram.) مذكرة mudakkira pl. -āt reminder; note; remark.; notebook; memorandum, memorial, aide-mémoire, (diplomatic) note; ordinance, decree; treatise, paper, report (of a learned society, = Fr. mémoires); pl. reminiscences, memoirs │ مذكرة الاتهام m. al-ittihām bill of indictment (jur.); مذكرة الجلب m. al-jalb writ of habeas corpus; مذكرة شفاهية (šifāhīya) verbal note (dipl.) (ذكو and ذكى) ذكا dakā u (dukūw, ذكا dakan, ذكاء dakā’) to blaze, flare up (fire); to exude a strong odor; -- ذكي dakiya (ذكاء dakā’) to be sharp-witted, intelligent II and IV to cause to blaze, fan (هـ the fire); to kindle (هـ s.th.) II to immolate an animal X = dakā ذكاء dakā’ acumen, mental, acuteness, intelligence, brightness; -- dukā’2 the sun ذكي dakīy pl. اذكياء adkiyā’2 intelligent, sharp-witted, clever, bright; redolent, fragrant; tasty, savory, delicious ذل dalla i (dall, dull, ذلالة dalāla, ذلة dilla, مذلة madalla) to be low, lowly, humble, despised, contemptible II to lower, debase, degrade, humiliate, humble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to subject, break, subdue, conquer (ه s.o.); to overcome, surmount (هـ difficulties, obstacles) IV to lower, debase, degrade, humiliate, humble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to subject, break, subdue, conquer (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.) V to lower o.s, humble o.s., cringe (الى or ل before s.o.); to be humble, obsequious X to think (ه s.o.) low or despicable; to think little (ه of), disesteem (ه s.o.); to deride, flout, disparage, run down (ه s.o.) ذل dull lowness, lowliness, insignificance; ignominy, disgrace, shame, degradation, humiliation; humility, humbleness, meekness, submissiveness ذلة dilla lowness, baseness, vileness, depravity; submissivness, obsequiousness ذليل dalīl pl. اذلاء adillā’2, اذلة adilla low, lowly; despised, despicable, contemptible; docile, tractable, pliable; humble, submissive, abject, servile; obsequious, cowering, cringing ذلول dalūl pl. ذلل dulul docile, tractable, gentie (animal); female riding camel مذلة madalla humbleness, meekness, submissiveness; humiliation تذليل tadlīl derogation, degradation, bemeaning; overcoming, conquering, surmounting (of difficulties, of an obstacle, and the like) اذلال idlāl degradation, debasement, humiliation تذلل tadallul self-abasement 311 ذلذل duldul pl. ذلاذل dalādil2 lowest, nethermost part of s.th.; train, hem (of a garment) │ذلاذل الناس the mob, the riffraff اذلف adlaf2, f. ذلفاء dalfā’, pl. ذلف dulf having a small and finely chiseled nose ذلق dalq tip, point; tip of the tongue الحروف الذلق al-ḥurūf ad-dulq, الحروف الذلقية and الحروف الذوللقية (dulaqiya) the liquids r, l, n (phon.) ذلق dalq, daliq, ذليق dalīq eloquent, glib, facile (tongue) ذلاقة dalāqa eloquence, glibness (of the tongue) ذلك etc., see ذا ذم damma u (damm, مذمة madamma) to blame, find blameworthy, dispraise, criticize (ه s.o.), find fault (ه with s.o.) II to rebuke, censure sharply (ه s.o.) ذم damm censure, dispraise, derogation, disparagement ذمة dimma pl ذمم dimam protection, care, custody; covenant of protection, compact; responsibility, answerableness; financial obligation, liability, debt; inviolability, security of life and property; safeguard, guarantee, security; conscience │بالذمة؟ honestly? really? seriously? في ذمتي and على ذمتي upon my word, truly; بذمته, في ذمته in s.o.’s debt, indebted to s.o.; ما بذمته his debt; على ذمته under s.o.’s protection; at s.o.’s disposal; for the benefit of s.o. or s.th., for s.o. or some purpose (allocation of funds); هي على ذمته she is financially dependent on him, he has to support her; اهل الذمة ahl ad-d. the free non-Muslim subjects living in Muslim, countries who, in return for paying the capital tax, enjoyed protection and safety; طاهر الذمة of pure conscience, upright, honest; برأ ذمته (barra’a) to relieve one’s conscience, meet one’s obligation ذمي dimmī a zimmi, a free non-Muslim subject living in a Muslim country (see ذمة dimma: اهل الذمة) ذمام dimām pl. اذمة adimma right, claim, title; protection, custody; security of life and property │ في ذمام الليل fī d. al-lail under cover of darkness ذميم damīm censured; blameworthy, objectionable, reprehensible; ugly, unfair, nasty ذميمة damīima pl. ذمائم damā’im2 blame, censure مذمة madamma pl. -āt blame, censure مذموم madmūm censured; blameworthy, objectionable, reprehensible ذمر V to grumble, complain (من or على about) ذمار dimār sacred possession, cherished goods; honor تذمر tadammur pl. -āt grumbling, complaint, grievance ذمي damiya a (ذماء damā’) to be in the throes of death ذماء damā’ last remnant; last breath of life │ ذماء من الحياة (ḥayāh) last breath of life ذنب IV to do wrong, commit a sin, a crime, an offense; to be guilty, be culpable X to find or declare (ه s.o.) guilty of a sin, of a crime, of an offense ذنب danb pl. ذنوب dunūb offense, sin, crime, misdeed ذنب danab pl. ذنب adnāb tail; end; adherent (pol.), follower, henchman ذنبي danabī caudal, tail- (in compounds); append aged, appendant, dependent ذنيب dunaib petiole, leafstalk (bot.) مذنب mudannab comet مذنب mudnib culpable, guilty; sinner; evildoer, delinquent, criminal 312 ذهب dahaba a (ذهاب dahāb, مذهب madhab) to go (الى to); to betake o.s., travel (الى to); to go away, leave, depart; to disappear, vanish, decline, dwindle; to perish, die, be destroyed; with ب: to carry s.th. off, take s.th. away, abduct, steal s.th., sweep s.th. or s.o. away, annihilate, destroy s.th. or s.o.; ذهب به الى to lead or conduct s.o. to, take s.o. along to; to think, believe (الى s.th.), hold the view, be of the opinion (الى that); to escape (عن s.o.; fig.), slip (عن s.o.’s mind), ذهب عنه ان to lose sight of the fact that ..., forget that ... ; to ignore, skip, omit (عن s.th.); (with imperf.) to prepare to ..., be about to ... │ ذهب وجاء to go back and forth, walk up and down; ذهب الى ابعد من (ab‘ada) to go beyond ... (fig.); ما يذهب في نزعته (naz‘atihī) what follows along these lines; اين يذهب بك! (yudhabu) the idea of it! you can’t mean it! ذهب سدى (sudan) to be futile, be in vain, be of no avail; ذهب ادراج الرياح (adrāja r-riyāḥ) to go the ways of the winds, i.e., to pass unnoticed, without leaving a trace; to end in smoke, come to nothing, be futile, be in vain; ذهب كأمس الدابر (ka-amsi d-dābir) to vanish into thin air, disappear without leaving a trace (lit.: like yesterday gone by); ذهب ببهائه (bi-bahā’ihi) to take the glamor away from s.th.; ذهب بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) to kill s.o. (joy, terror, etc.); ذهب بخياله (bi-kayālihī) to let one’s imagination wander (الى to); ذهب مذهبه (madhabahū) to embrace s.o.’s madhab (see below); to follow s.o.’s teaching, make s.o.’s belief one’s own, embrace s.o.’s ideas; to adopt s.o.’s policy, proceed exactly like s.o.; ذهب كل مذهب (kulla madhabin) to do everything conceivable, leave no stone unturned, go to greatest lengths II to gild (هـ s.th.) IV to cause to go away, make disappear, remove, eliminate (هـ s.th.); to take away (هـ s.th., عن from s.o.) مذهب II tamadhaba (deriv. of مذهب madhab) to follow, adopt, embrace (ب a teaching, a religion, etc.) ذهب dahab (m. and f.) gold; gold piece, gold coin │O ذهب ابيض (abyaḍ) platinum ذهبي dahabī golden, of gold; precious, excellent, apposite (e.g., advice, saying, etc.) │ آية ذهبية golden word, maxim, epigram ذهبية dahabīya pl. -āt dahabeah, a long light-draft houseboat, used on the Nile ذهاب dahāb going; passing, passage, falling away, decrease, dwindling, loss, disappearance; leave, departure; trip, journey; outward-bound trip or journey (as opposed to اياب iyāb return trip; railroad); opinion, view (الى ان that) │ذهابا وايابا (iyāban) there and back; back and forth, up and down; تذكرة ذهاب واياب tadkarat d. wa-iyāb round-trip ticket ذهوب duhūb going │ ذهوب ومآب coming and going; في جيئة وذهوب coming and going, in a state of fluctuation, having its ups and downs مذهب madhab pl. مذاهب madāhib2 going, leave, departure; way out, escape (عن from); manner followed, adopted procedure or policy, road entered upon; opinion, view, belief; ideology; teaching, doctrine; movement, orientation, trend (also pol.); school; mazhab, orthodox rite of fiqh (Isl. Law); religious creed, faith, denomination │O مذهبه في الحياة (ḥayāh) his philosophy of life, his weltanschauung; المذهب المادي (māddī) the materialistic ideology, the materialistic approach to life; ذهب مذهبا بعيدا to go very far, be very extensive مذهبي madhabī denominational, confessional; sectarian مذهبية madhabīya sectarianism 313 ذاهب dāhib: ذاهب اللون d. al-laun faded, colorless, discolored مذهوب به madhūb bihī and مذهوب العقل m. al-‘aql out of one’s mind, demented مذهب mudahhab gilded ذهل dahala a (dahl, ذهول duhūl) to forget, overlook, omit, neglect, fail to heed (عن s.th.); -- dahlia a (ذهول duhūl) to be perplexed, alarmed, dismayed, startled, surprised, baffled; to be astonished, be amazed; to frighten, scare, take alarm, flinch; to be absent-minded, be distracted; to be or become distracted (عن from), forget, overlook, fail to heed, neglect (عن s.th.) IV to baffle, startle, nonplus (ه s.o.); to distract (عن ه s.o. from), make (ه s.o.) forget (عن s.th.) VII = dahila ذهول duhūl perplexity, consternation, bafflement, daze, stupor; confusion, bewilderment, dismay, alarm, fright; surprise; amazement, astonishment; absentmindedness, distraction, distractedness (عن from) ذاهل diJAil negligent, forgetful, oblivious, distracted, absent-minded; dazed, in a stupor مذهول madhūl perplexed, startled, alarmed, dismayed, dazed, confused, baffled, bewildered; distracted, absentminded ذهل mudhil startling, baffling, amazing منذهل mundahil alarmed, dismayed, perplexed, startled, baffled; distracted, absent-minded ذهن dihn pl. اذهان adhān mind; intellect ذهني dihnī mental, intellectual ذهنية dihnīya mentality ذو dū, genit. ذي dī, acc. ذا dā, f. ذات dāt, pl. m. ذوو dawū, اولو ulū, pl. f. ذوات dawāt (with foll. genit.) possessor, owner, holder or muter of, endowed or provided with, embodying or comprising s.th. │ذو عقل dū ‘aql endowed with brains, bright, intelligent; ذو مال rich, wealthy; ذو صحة dū ṣiḥḥa healthy; ذو شأن dū ša’n important, significant; ذو القربى dū l-qurbā relative, kin(sman); غير ذي زرع (zar‘) uncultivated (land); من ذي قبل min dī qablu than before; من ذي نفسه of one’s own accord, spontaneously; ذووه dawūhu his relatives, his kin, his folk; ذوو المعرفة dawū l-mawadda wa-l-ma‘rifa friends end acquaintances; ذوو الشبهات dawū š-šubuhāt dubious persons, people of ill repute; ذوو الشأن dawū š-ša’n important, influential people; the competent people (or authorities), those concerned with the matter; اولوا الامر ulū l-amr rulers, leaders; اولو الحل والعقد ulū l-hall wa-l-‘aqd influential people, those in power ذات dāt pl. ذوات dawāt being, essence, nature; self; person, personality; the same, the selfsame; -self; الذوات people of rank, people of distinction, notables; ذاتا dātan personally │ ذات البين d. al-bain disagreement, dissension, disunion, discord, enmity; friendship; ذات الجنب d. al-janb pleurisy (med.); ذات الرئة d. ar-ri’a pneumonia; ذات الصدر d. aṣ-ṣadr disease of the chest, pectoral ailment; ذات اليد d. al-yad wealth, affluence; ذات ايدينا d. aidīnā our possessions; ذات اليمين dāta l-yamīn to the right, ذات الشمال dāta š-šimāli to the left, ذات اليسار dāta l-yasāri do.; ذات مرة dāta marratin once, one time, في ذات مرة fī dāti marratin do.; ذات يوم dāta yaumin one day, في ذات يوم fī dāti yaumin do.; في ذات غد fī dāti gadin sometime in the future, before long; في ذات ... fī dāti ... (with foll. genit.) as to …, concerning ..., with reference to …, re; بالذات bi-d-dāt none other than ..., ... of all things, ... of all 314 people; personally, in person; انا بالذات I, of all people, ..., none other than I ...; في لندن بالذات in London, of all places; السعادة بالذات (sa‘āda) essential happiness, happiness proper; ذات نفسه dāt nafsihī, ذات انفسهم d. anfusihim his sejf, their selves, his (their) very nature; هو ذاته, هو بذاته (he) himself; ذات الشيء the same thing; ذات الأشياء the same things; السنة ذاتها (sana) the same year; لذاته by himself (itself); in itself; as such; for his (its) own sake; في ذاته in itself; في حد ذاته fī ḥaddi d. do.; قائم بذاته self-existent, independent, self-contained, isolated; الثقة بالذات (tiqa) self-confidence; حب الذات ḥubb ad-d. and محبة الذات maḥabbat ad-d. self-love, selfishness, egoism; الاعتماد على الذات self-confidence, self-reliance; صريح بذاته self-evident, self-explanatory; مناقض ذاته munāqiḍ dātahū self-contradictory; ابن ذوات ibn dawāt descended from a good family, highborn ذاتي dātī own, proper; self-produced, self-created, spontaneous; personal; self-acting, automatic; subjective (philos.); (pl. -ūn) subjectivist (philos.); ذاتيا dātīyan of o.s., by o.s.; personally, in person │ الحكم الذاتي (ḥukm) autonomy ذاتية dātīya personality; subjectivism (philos.); identity (of a person) │تحقيق الذاتية identification (of a person) لا ذاتية lā-dātīya impersonality ذواتي dawātī high-class, exclusive, luxurious 1ذوابة see ذأب 1ذاب (ذوب)) dāba u (daub), (daub, ذوبان) to dissolve; to melt; to melt away; to liquefy, deliquesce; to dwindle away, vanish; to pine away, waste away (حسرة واسى ḥasratan wa-asan with grief and sorrow) │ذاب حياء (hayā’an) to die of shame; ذابت اظفاره في (aẓfāruhū) to strive in vain for, make futile efforts in order to II to dissolve, melt, liquefy (هـ s.th.) IV to dissolve (also, e.g., tablets in water), liquefy (هـ s.th.); to melt (هـ s.th.); to smelt (هـ metal); to consume, spend, exhaust, use up, sap (هـ s.th.) │اذاب جهده (juhdahū) to exhaust s.o.’s energy; اذاب عصارة مخه في (‘uṣārata mukkihī) to rack one’s brain with ذوب daub dissolution; solution (also, as a liquid) ذوبان dawabān dissolution, melting, deliquescence, liquefaction │ذوبان الثلج (الثلوج) d. at-talj (at-tulūj) snowbreak, thaw; قابل للذوبان qābil li-d-d. meltable, soluble, dissoluble تذويب tadwīb dissolution, solution, melting, liquefaction اذابة idāba dissolution, solution, melting, liquefaction ذائب dā’ib dissolved; melted, molten; salable, dissoluble ذات and ذوات see ذو ذاد (ذود) dāda u (daud, ذياد diyād) to scatter, drive away, chase away; to remove (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to defend, protect (عن s.o., s.th.) │ذاد النوم عن عينه (an-nauma ‘an ‘ainihī) to drive or keep the sleep from his eyes ذود daud defense, protection (عن of s.th.) ذياد diyād defense, protection (عن of s.th.) مذود midwād pl. مذاود madāwid manger, crib, feeding trough ذائد dā’id pl. ذادة dāda defender, protector ذاق (ذوق) dāqa u (dauq, ذواق dawāq, مذاق madāq) to taste, sample (هـ food, etc.); to try, try out, teat (هـ s.th.); to get a taste 315 (هـ of s.th.), experience, undergo, suffer (هـ s.th.), go through s.th. (هـ) IV to have (ه s.o.) taste or sample (هـ s.th.), give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) to taste V to taste (هـ s.th.) slowly, repeatedly, thoroughly; to get a taste (هـ of s.th.); to sense, perceive (هـ s.th.); to enjoy thoroughly, savor, relish (هـ s.th.); to derive pleasure (من from) ذوق dauq pl. اذواق adwāq gustatory sense; taste (ل for; also, e.g., literary taste); perceptivity, responsiveness (في for); sensitivity, sensitiveness; savoir-vivre, suavity, urbanity, tact; liking, inclination; taste, flavor (of food, etc.) │الذوق السليم good taste ذوقي dauqī of taste, gustative, gustatory ذواق dawāq taste ذواق dawwāq epicure, connoisseur, gourmet, bon vivant مذاق madāq taste ذائقة dā’iqa sense of taste ذوى dawā i and dawiya a to wither, wilt, fad.; to be withered, be dry IV to cause to wilt, to dry ذاو dāwin withered, faded, drooping ذي see ذو ذاع (ذيع) dā’a i (ذيوع duyū‘) to spread, get about, circulate, be spread, be disseminated, be or become widespread; to leak out, become public, become generally known IV to spread. spread out, disseminate, propagate (هـ or ب s.th.); to make known, announce, make public, publicize, publish (هـ or ب s.th.); to promulgate (هـ or ب s.th.); to show, manifest, display (هـ or ب s.th.), give evidence (هـ or ب of); to reveal, disclose, divulge (هـ or ب s.th.); to emit (هـ electric waves); to broadcast, transmit (هـ s.th., على to the public; radio) │ اذاع بالتلفزة (talfaza) to telecast (هـ s.th.) ذيوع duyū‘ widespreadness, commonness; spreading, spread, dispersion, diffusion; circulation (of news) مذياع midyā‘ pl. مذاييع madāyī‘2 telltale, talebearer, tattler, blabber,: indiscret person; radio station, broadcasting station; broadcasting; microphone; O radio set اذاعة idā‘a spreading, dissemination, propagation; announcement, proclamation; publication; revelation, disclosure; playback (of a tape; as opposed to recording); broadcasting, radio; (pl. -āt) (radio) broadcast, transmission │ اذاعة الأخبار i. al-akbāir newscast, news (radio); اذاعة تلفزية (talfazīya) television broadcast, telecast; اذاعة لاسلكية (lā-silkīya) and اذاعة راديوفونية radio broadcast; broadcasting, radio; اذاعة البوليس police radio; مجلة الإذاعة majallat al-i. radio magazine ذائع dā’i‘ widespread, common, general; circulating, in circulation; widely known │ذائع الصيت d. aṣ-ṣīt famous, noted, renowned, widely known مذيع mudī‘ spreader, disseminator, propagator, proclaimer; broadcasting, transmitting (used attributively); (radio) transmitter; radio announcer مذيعة mudī‘a pl. -āt woman announcer (radio) ذيل II to furnish (هـ s.th., esp. a book) with an appendix, add a supplement (هـ to); to provide (هـ s.th.) at the end (ب with) IV to trample underfoot, degrade, debase (هـ s.th.) ذيل dail pl. ذيول duyūl, اذيال adyāl the lowest or rearmost part of s.th., lower end; tail; hem, border (of a garment); train (of a skirt); lappet, coat tail; bottom, foot, end (of a page); appendage, appendicle; add.nda, supplement, appendix (of a book); retinue, 316 attendants, suite; dependent; result, consequence │في ذيله immediately thereafter: طاهر الذيل innocent, blameless, upright, honest; طهارة الذيل ṭahārat ad-d. innocence, moral integrity, probity, uprightness, honesty; طويل الذيل long, lengthy, extensive: تمسك باذياله tamassaka bi-adyālihī to cling to s.o.’s coat tails, hold on to s.o.; جر عليه ذيل العفاء (jarra, ‘alaihi) to wipe out s.th., bring about the doom of s.th., let s.th. sink into oblivion: لاذ بأذيال الشيء to resort to s.th. ر راء rā’ name of the letter ر رئة ri’a pl. رئون ri’ūn, رئات ri’āt lung رئوي ri’awī pulmonary, pulmonic, pneumonic, of or pertaining to the lung, lung (used attributively) رأب ra’aba a (ra’b) to mend, repair, patch up (هـ a rent, and the like); to rectify, put in order, set right (هـ s.th.) رؤبة ru’ba patch (for mending a rent) مرأب mir’ab pl. مرائب marā’ib2 repair shop, garage رابور (Fr. rapport) report راتينج ratinaj resin راتينة = رتينة (look up alphabetically) رؤد ru’d soft, tender; ru’d and فتاة رؤد (fatāh) delicate young girl رئد ri’d pl. ارآد ar’ād person of approximately the same age, contemporary رادار rādār radar راديكال radikālī radical راديو rādiyō radio راديولوجي radiyōlōjī radiology راديوم radiyūm radium │ ذو راديوم فاعل radioactive رأرأ ra’ra’a: رأرأ بعينه (bi-‘ainaihī) to roll one’s eyes رأس ra’asa a (رئاسة ri’āsa) to be at the head, be the chairman, be in charge (هـ of s.th.); to preside (هـ over s.th.); to had, lead, direct, manage, run (هـ s.th.); -- رؤس ra’usa u to be the chief, the leader II to appoint as chief or head, make the director or leader, entrust with the direction, management or chairmanship (ه s.o.) V = ra’asa VIII to become or be the chief, head, leader, or director رأس ra’s m. and f., pl. رؤوس ru’ūs, ارؤس ar’us head (also as a enumerative of cattle); chief, chieftain, head, leader; upper part, upper end; tip; top, summit, peak; vertex, apex; extremity, end; promontory, headland, cape (geogr.); main part; beginning: رأسا ra’san directly, straightway; immediately │برأسه sui generis, in a class by itself, independent, self-contained, e.g., علم برأسه (‘ilm) a science in itself; رأس برأس (both) alike, one like the other, equally, without distinction: على رأس (with foll. genit.) at the head of; at the end of; at the beginning of, before, prior to; على الرأس والعين (wa-l-‘ain) very gladly; juts as you wish! at your service! على رؤوس الأشهاد ‘alā r. il-ašhād in public, for all the world to see; رأسا على عقب ra’san ‘alā ‘aqbin upside down, topsy-turvy, e.g., قلبه رأسا على عقب 317 (qalabahū) to turn s.th. completely upside down, upset s.th. from the bottom up; الرأس الى القدم (qadam) or من الرأس الى أخمص القدم (akmaṣi l-qadam) from head to toe; رفع به رأسا to pay attention to s.th.; رأس الآفات the principal evil, the root of all evil; رأس تنورة Ras Tanura (cape. E Saudi Arabia, oil center); رأس ثوم r. tūm clove of garlic: رأس الجسر r. al-jisr bridgehead; رأس حامية (ḥāmiya) hothead, hotspur, firebrand; رأس السنة r. as-sana New Year; رأس العمود r. al-‘amūd capital (of a column or pilaster); رأس الكتاب letter-head; رأس المال pl. رؤوس المال capital (fin.): مسقط الرأس masqaṭ, masqiṭ ar-r. birthplace, home town; سمط الرأس samṭ ar-r. zenith (astron.); البلد الرأس (balad) the capital city; رؤوس الأصابع tiptoes رأسي ra’sī head (adj.), cephalic; main, chief, principal; perpendicular, vertical رأسمالي ra’s-mālī capitalistic; (pl. -ūn) capitalist رأسمالية ra’s-mālīya capitalism رئيس ra’īs pl. رؤساء ru’asā’ one at the head, or in charge, of; head; chieftain; leader; chief, boss; rais; director; head-master, principal, chairman; governor; president; manager, superintendent; conductor (mus.); superior (as distinguished from مرؤوس subordinate); (mil.) captain (Ir. 1922. Leb.; formerly also Syr. And Eg.); رئيس اول (awwal) military rank between captain and major (= Fr. capitaine 1ière classe; Ir. 1922, Syr. 1952) │ رئيس الأساقفة archbishop; رئيس البلدية r. al-baladīya chief of a municipality, mayor; رئيس التحرير editor-in-chief; رئيس اركان الحرب r. arkān al-ḥarb chief of general staff; رئيس التشريفات r. at-tašrīfāt chief of protocol, master of ceremonies (of the king; formerly Ir.); رأس الشماسمة archdeacon; رئيس عرفاء r. ‘urafā’ (mil.) master sergeant (Ir., Syr.); رئيس الأقسام r. al-aqsām technical director general (of the State Railways; Eg.); رئيس النواب r. an-nuwwāb president of parliament, speaker of the (lower) house; رئيس هيئة اركان الحرب r. hai’at arkān al-ḥarb chief of general staff; رئيس الوزراء r. al-wuzarā’ and رئيس الوزارة prime minister, premier رئيسة ra’īsa manageress; directress; mother superior رئيسي ra’īsī main, chief, principal, leading │دور رئيسي (daur) leading role, leading part; سبب رئيسي (sabab) principal cause, main reason; شارع رئيسي main street; الفضائل الرئيسية cardinal virtues (Chr.); مقالة رئيسية (maqāla) editorial, leading article, leader □ ريس rayyis (= رئيس) mate (naval rank; Eg.) │رئيس ممتاز (mumtāz) a naval rank (approx. = petty officer 3rd class; Eg. 1939) رئاسة ri’āsa, رياسة riyāsa (also رآسة) leadership, leading position; management, direction; chairmanship; presidency, presidentship; supervision, superintendency │ رئاسة الوزارة prime ministry, premiership; دار الرياسة presidential palace, seat of the chief executive of a country ترؤس tara‘‘us direction, management; chairmanship روائس rawā’is2 cliffs lining river bode (wadis) مرؤوس mar’ūs subordinate; (pl. -ūn) a subordinate, a subaltern رأف ra’afa a and رؤف ra’ufa u (رأفة ra’fa, رآفة ra’āfa) to show mercy (ب on s.o.), have pity (ب with s.o.), be kind, gracious, merciful (ب to s.o.) V do. رأفة ra’fa and رآفة ra’āfa morcy, compassion, pity: kindliness graciousness رؤوف ra’ūf merciful, compassionate; kind, benevolent; gracious ارأف ar’af kindlier, more gracious (ب toward) 318 رافيا rāfiyā raffia, raftia palm 1رأم ra’ama a (ra’m) to repair, mend (هـ s.th.) 2رئم ra’ima a (رئمان ri’mān) to love tenderly (هـ s.th.), be very fond (هـ of); to treat tenderly, fondle, cares (هـ s.th.) رئم ri’m pl. ارآم ar’ām white antelope, addax رءوم ra’ūm loving, tender (mother to her children) رام الله rāmallāh Ramallah (town in W Jordan, N of Jerusalem) رامية rāmiya ramie, a strong, lustrous bast fiber; China jute (bot.) راوند rāwand rhubarb 1رأى ra’ā يرى yarā (ra’y, رؤية ru’ya) to see; to behold, descry, perceive, notice, observe, discern (هـ s.th.); to look (هـ هـ at s.th. as), regard (هـ هـ s.th. as), consider, deem, think (هـ هـ s.th. to be ...); to judge; to be of the opinion (ان that), believe, think (ان that); to express one’s opinion; to feel (ان that); to deem appropriate, think proper (هـ s.th.), decide (هـ on s.th., انto do s.th.); to consider, contemplate │أرأيت a-ra’aita tell me! what do you think? رأى رأي العين (ra’ya l-ain) to see with one’s own eyes; رأى رؤيا (ru’yā) to have a dream; رأى منه العجب (‘ajaba) to be amazed at s.th.; رأى للشيء فائدة expect some benefit from s.th.; رأى من واجبه (min wājibihī) to regard as one’s duty, deem incumbent upon o.s.; رأى له ان to think that it would be in s.o.’s interest to ...; رأى رأيه (ra’yahū) to share s.o.’s. opinion; pass.: رؤي ان (ru’iya) it was decided that ...; رؤي الشيء it was felt proper to do III it was thought to be the right thing to do ill to act ostentatiously, make a show before people, attitudinize; to do eyeservice; to behave hypocritically, act the hypocrite, (dis)simulate, dissemble (ه toward s.o.) IV ارى arā to show, demonstrate (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) يا ترى yā turā (in interrogative sentences) what’s your opinion? would you say ...? │I wonder ..., متى يا ترى I wonder when ..., ترى هل wonder if ..., would you say that ...? اتراها جاءت (a-tarāhā) I wonder if she has come, would you say she has come? اتراني اعود would you say I should go back? V to deem, think, believe VI to present o.s. to or come into s.o.’s (ل) view, show o.s. (ل to s.o.); to appear, seem (ل to s.o.); to appear right, seem appropriate (ل to s.o.), be thought proper (ل by s.o.); to see one another; to look at o.s. (in a mirror); to act the hypocrite; to fake, feign, simulate (ب s.th.) VIII to consider, contemplate (هـ s.th.); to be of the opinion (ان that), decide (ان that) │ارتأى رأيا (ra’yan) to have an opinion; ارتأى رأيه (ra’yahū) to share s.o.’s opinion رأي ra’y pl. آراء ārā’ opinion, view; idea, notion, concept, conception; advice, suggestion, proposal; (Isl. Law) subjective opinion, decision hued on one’s individual judgment (not on Koran and Sunna) │ في رأيي and عند رأيي in my opinion; انا من هذا الرأي I am of this opinion; من رأيه ان he is of the opinion that ...; أخذ الرأي على (ukida) it was put to the vote, (the matter) was voted upon; لم يكن عند رأيهم he was not what they had expected; لم يكن له فيه رأي he had no say in the matter; الرأي العام (‘āmm) public opinion; ذو الرأي pl. ذوو الآراء sensible, judicious; man of good sense and judgment; well-informed, knowledgeable person, one in the know; تبادل الآراء tabādul al-ārā’, exchange of views; صلب الرأي ṣulba ar-r. obstinate, stubborn, opinionated; قسم الرأي qism ar-r. committee of experts, council on legal and economio matters (attached to the ministries; Eg.) راية rāya pl. -āt banner, flag 319 رؤية ru’ya seeing, looking, viewing; inspection, examination رؤيا ru’ya pl. رؤى ru’an vision; dream │ سفر الرؤيا sifr ar-r. the هـpocalypse (Chr.) مرأى mar’an sight, view; vision; apparition │ على مرأى من before s.o.’s eyes; على مرأى ومسمع من (wa-masma‘in) before the eyes and ears of; with full knowledge of مرآة mir’āh pl. مراء marā’in, مرايا marāyā looking glass, mirror; reflection, reflected image □ مراية mirāya pl. -āt looking glass mirror رئاء ri’ā and رياء riyā’ eyeservice; hypocrisy, dissimulation; dissemblance; simulation (ب of s.th.) مراآة, مراءاة murā’āh eyeservice; hypocrisy, dissimulation, dissemblance; simulation (ب of s.th.) راء rā’in viewer, onlooker, spectator, observer O رائية rā’iya pl. -āt view finder (of a camera) مرئي mar’īy seen; visible; المرئيات the visible things, the visible world مراء murā’in pl. مراؤون murā’ūun hypocrite 2رئة and رئوي see رء 3 راي rāy an Egyptian variety of salmon 4 راية see 2 رأى رب rabba u (rabb, ربابة ribāba) to be master, be lord, have possession (هـ, ه of), control (هـ, هـ s.o., s.th.), have command or authority (هـ, ه over); -- u (rabb) and II to raise, bring up (ه a child) II to deify, idolize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) رب rabb pl. ارباب arbāb lord; master; owner, proprietor (Isl. Law); (with foil. genit.) one possessed of, endowed with, having to do with, etc.; الرب the Lord (= God) │رب بحري (baḥrī) a naval rank (approx. = seaman; Eg.); رب العائلة father of the family, paterfamilias; ارباب السلطان a. as-sulṭān the rulers; ارباب المال the capitalists; صعود الرب the هـscension (Chr.); ارباب المعاشات a. al-ma’āšāt pensioners; ارباب السوابق those previously convicted; ارباب الفنون artists ربة rabba pl. -āt mistress; lady │ربة المنزل r. al-manzil the lady of the house; ربة البيت r. al-bait landlady; ربة شعره r. ši‘rihī his muse; ربات الحجال r. al-ḥijāl the ladies رب rubb pl. رباب ribāb, ربوب rubūb rob, thickened juice (of fruit): mash, pulp رب rubba (with fol. indet. genit.) many a, e.g., رب رجل (rajulin) many a man, رب مرة (marratin) many a time ربما rubbamā sometimes; perhaps, maybe, possibly ربة rabba, ribba a kind of skin eruption affecting the head and face رباب rabāib, ربابة rabāba rebab or rebec, a stringed instrument of the هـrabs resembling the fiddle, with one to three strings (in Eg. usually two-stringed) ربيب rabīb pl. -āt ارباء aribbā’ foster son, stepson; foster father; confederate, ally ربيبة rabība pl. ربائب rabā’ib2 foster daughter, stepdaughter; foster mother; (woman) ally ربوبية rubūbīya divinity, deity, godship ربان rubbān pl. -īya, ربابنة rabābina captain, skipper; a naval rank, approx. = captain, ربان ثان (tānin) approx. = commander (Eg. 1939) رباني rabbānī divine; pertaining to God │ الربانيات divine things; الصلاة الربانية (ṣalāh) the Lord’s Prayer (Chr.) مربة (eg.) mirabba (= مربى murabban) jam, preserved fruit 320 راب rābb stepfather رابة rābba stepmother ربأ raba’a a to hold in esteem, esteem highly (ب s.o.); If '! 4J to consider s.o. above s.th., above doing s.th., have too high an oplnion of s.o. as to suspect him of (doing) s.th. or as to expect him to do s.th.; ربأ بنفسه عن (bi.-nafsii) to deem o.s. above s.th., be too proud for, stand aloof from ربيئة rabī’a pl. ربايا rabāya guard ربت rabata i (rabt) to pat, caress, stroke (ه s.o.) II do. │ربت على خده (kaddihi) to pat s.o.’s cheek; ربت على كتفه (katifihi) to pat s.o. on the shoulder; ربت نفسه to be self-satisfied, self-complacent, smug ربح rabiḥa a (ribḥ, rabaḥ) to gain (هـ من from s.th. s.th.), profit (من from); to win (sports, games) │ما ربحت تجارتهم (tijāratuhum) their business was unprofitable II and IV to make (ه s.o.) gain, allow s.o. (ه) a profit ربح ribḥ pl. ارباح arbāḥ gain, profit; benefit; interest (on money); pl. proceeds, returns, revenues; O dividends │ربح بسيط simple interest, ربح مركب (murakkab) compound interest رباح rabbāḥ pl. ربابيح rabābīḥ2 monkey اربح arbaḥ2 more profitable, more lucrative مرابحة murābaḥ (Isl. Law) resale with specification of gain, resale with an advance رابح rābiḥ profiteer, gainer, winner; beneficiary; lucrative, gainful, profitable (business) مربح murbiḥ lucrative, gainful, profitable ربد V to become clouded, become overcast (sky); to turn ashen, take on a glowering expression (face, with anger) IX to become ashen, assume a glowering expression (face) مربد murbadd clouded; gloomy, morose (face) ربص rabaṣa u (rabṣ) to wait, look, watch, be on the lookout (ب for) V to lurk, lie in wait (ل for s.o.), waylay, ambush (ل s.o.); to lay an ambush, move into an ambush; to take up positions (mil.); to expect (هـ, ب s.th.), wait (هـ, ب for s.th.) │تربص الفرصة (furṣata) to wait (or look) for an opportunity; تربص الأمر (amra) to wait for s.th. to befall s.o. or to happen to s.o., e.g., ; تربص به الدوائر to wait; for s.o. to meet with disaster تربص tarabbuṣ probationary term (adm.) متربص mutarabbiṣ candidate, aspirant ربض rabaḍa (rabḍ, rubūd) to lie down; to lie, rest (animals; with the chest to the ground); to lurk (ل for s.o.) ربض rabaḍ pl. ارباض arbāḍ outskirts, suburb; place where animals lie down to rest مربض marbaḍ pl. مرابض marābiḍ2 place where animals lie down to rest; sheep pen, fold ربط rabaṭa u i (rabṭ) to bind, tie up, make fast, moor (هـ s.th.); to tie, fasten, attach, hitch (الى هـ s.th. to); to connect (الى هـ s.th. with); to fix, appoint, determine (هـ s.th.); to value, rate, assess (هـ s.th.); to add, append, affix (الى هـ s.th. to); to insert (الى هـ s.th. in); to combine, unite (هـ s.th., بين – وبين s.th. with); to ligate (هـ s.th.), apply a tourniquet (هـ to); to bandage, dress (هـ a wound); to bridle, check (هـ, على s.th.); to brake (هـ a train); to suspend (ه a cleric; Chr.) │ربط لسانه (lisānahū) to silence s.o.; ربط على قلبه (qalbihī) to fortify s.o., give s.o. patience (said of God); ربط جأشه (ja’šahū) to keep one’s self-control, remain calm, be undismayed; 321 ربط الطريقة to practice highway robbery III to be lined up, posted, stationed (troops); to line up, take up positions; to be moored (ship); to move into fighting positions │رابط في قضيته (qaḍīyatihī) to defend the cause of, fight for VIII to bind o.s., commit o.s. engage o.s.; to be bound (ب by, also, e.g., by an obligation), be tied (ب to); to be linked, be connected (ب with); to depend (ب on); to unite, join forces ربط rabṯ binding, tying; fastening, joining, attaching, connecting; fixation, determination (of an amount, of a number); valuation, assessment │ ربط مالي financial allocation; اهل الحل والربط ahl al-ḥall wa-r. infIuentiBJ people, those in power; مكان الربط makān ar-r. (welded) seam, weld (techn.) ربط rabaṭ (tun.) section, quarter (of a city), suburb ربط rabṭa pl. -āt, رباط ribāṭ ribbon, band, bandage; bundle; parcel, package │ربطة الرقبة r. ar-raqaba necktie; ربط الساق r. as-sāq garter; ربطة النقود money purse رباط ribāṭ pl. -āt, ربط rubuṭ, اربطة ar-biṭa ribbon, band; ligature, ligament; bandage; dressing (of a wound); bond, fetter, shackle; -- suspension (of a cleric; Chr.); (pl. -āt, ربط rubuṭ) inn for travelers, caravansary; hospice (for Sufis or the poor) │رباط الاجربة r. al-ajriba garter; رباط الجزمة r. al-jazma shoestring; رباط الرقبة r. ar-raqaba necktie رباط ribāṭ, رباط الفتح ribāṭ al-fatḥ Rabat (capital of Morocco) رباط الجأش ribāṭ al-ja’š composure, self-control, calmness, intrepidity مربط marbiṭ, marbaṭ pl. مرابط marābiṭ2 place where aniimals are tied up مربط mirbaṭ pl. مرابط marābiṭ2 hawser, mooring cable; rope; O terminal (el.) ارتباط irtibāṭ connectedness, connection, link; contact, 1iaison; tie (ب to); obligation, engagement, commitment; bearing (ب on), connection ((ب with), relation (ب to); unity; league, confederation │ بدون ارتباطbidūn irt, not binding, without obligation (com.); ضابط ارتباط liaison officer رابط الجأش rābiṭ al-ja’š composed, calm, unruffled, undismayed, fearless رابطة rābiṭa pl. روابط rawābiṭ2 band; bond, tie; connection, link; confederation, union, league │ روابط الصداقة r. aṣ-ṣadāqa bonds of friendship; الرابطة الاسلامية (Islāmīya) the Moslem League مربوط marbūṭ bound; connected; fastened, tied, moored (الى to); fixed, appointed; fixed salary; estimate (of the budget) مرابط murābiṭ posted, stationed; garrisoned (troops); Marabout │ الجيش المربوط (jaiš) the Territorial Army (Eg.) مرتبط murtabiṭ connected, linked (ب with); bound, committed (ب by); depending, conditional (ب on) ربع raba‘a a to gallop (horse); -- to sit; to squat; to stay, live II to quadruple, multiply by four, increase fourfold (هـ s.th.); to square (هـ a number) V to sit or sit down cross-legged; to sit │ تربع على العرش(‘arš) to mount the throne, sit on the throne ربع rab‘ pl. ربوع rubū‘, رباع ribā‘, ارباع arbā‘, اربع arba‘ home, residence, quarters; pl. ربوع region, area territory, lands; ربع (group of) people │ الربع الخاليRub‘ al Khali (desert region in S Arabia) ربع rib‘: حمى الربع ḥummā r-rib‘ quartan (fever) ربع rub‘ pl. ارباعarbā‘ quarter, fourth part; roubouh, a dry measure 322 (Eg. = قدح = 8.25 l); (syr.) 25-piaster piece │ربع سنوي r. sanawī quarterly, trimestral ربعي rub‘ī quarterly, trimestral ربعة rab‘a: ربعة القوام r. al-qiwām and ربعة القامة r. al-qāma (m. and f.) or medium height, medium sized ربعة rub‘a robhah, a dry measure (Eg.; = قدح = 0.516 l) رباع rabbā‘ athlete (boxer, wrestler, weight lifter, etc.) ربيع rabī‘ spring, springtime, vernal season; name of the third and fourth months of the Muslim year (ربيع الأول r. al-awwali Rabia I, and ربيع الثاني r. at-tānī Rabia Il); quarter, fourth part اربعة arba‘a (f. اربع arba‘) four │ذوات الأربع dawāt al-arba‘ the quadrupeds اربعة عشر arba‘ata ‘ašara (f. اربع عشرة arba‘a ‘ašarata) fourteen اربعون arba‘ūn forty; الأربعون a ceremony held on the 40th day after s.o.’s death │عيد الأربعين ‘īd al-a. Ascension Day (Chr.) رباعي rubā‘ī consisting or four, quadripartite, fourfold, quadruple; quadrangular; tetragonal; (gram.) consisting of four radical letters, quadriliteral; quartet; (pl. -āt) quatrain (poet.) │مؤتمر رباعي (mu’tamar) four-power conference; رباعي الأضلاع quadrilateral; رباعي الأرجل r. l-arjul quadruped(al), four-footed; محرك رباعي المشوار muḥarrik r. l-mišwār four-cycle engine الأربعاء al-arba‘ā’, al-arbi‘ā’, يوم الأربعاء yaum al-a. Wednesday يربوع yarbū‘ pl. يرابيع yarābī‘ jerboa (Jaculus jaculus; zool.) مربع marba‘ pl. مرابع marābi‘ meadow تربيع tarbī‘ lunar quarter; -- (pl. ترابيع tarābī‘2) quadrangle; square, plaza (surrounded by houses) │تربيع الدائرة quadrature or the circle تربيعة tarbī‘a pl. ترابيع tarābī‘2 square, quadrangle; square, plaza; square panel; tile, floor tile تربيعي tarbī‘ī quadratic, square الرابع ar-rābi‘ the fourth; رابعا fourthly, in the fourth place رابع rābi‘ (due to erroneous pointing) = رائع q.v. مربوع marbū‘ of medium height, medium-sized مربع murabba‘ fourfold, quadruple; quadragular; tetragonal; square, quadratic; quadrangle; square; (pl. -āt) quadrangular piece; quartet │متر مربع (mitr) square meter; مربع الأضلاع quadrilateral (math.) مربعة murabba‘a pl. -āt section, district, area مرابع murābi‘ partner in an agricultural enterprise (sharing one quarter of the gains or losses) جلس متربعا jalasa mutarabbi‘an to sit crosslegs رابغ rābig pleasant, comfortable ربق ribq lasso, lariat ربقة ribqa, rabqa pl. ربق ribaq, رباق ribāq, ارباق arbāq noose ربك rabaka u (rabk) to muddle, entangle, complicate (هـ s.th.); to confuse, throw into confusion (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); -- rabika a (rabak) to be in an involved, confused situation VIII to be confused; to become involved (في in) ربك rabak involved, confused situation ربك rabik: confused; in trouble, beset by difficulties ارتباك irtibāk pl. -āt entanglement, involvement; snarl, tangle, muddle, mess; confusion; embarrassment; upset (of the stomach) 323 مربك murabbik confusing, bewildering, disconcerting مرتبك murtabik; confused, complicated, involved; bewildered, disconcerted, embarrassed; involved (في in) ربل rabil plump, fleshy, fat (person) ربلي rablī, rabalī fleshy ربلة rabla pl. rabalāt (mass of) flesh (of the body) ربيل rabīl fleshy, corpulent, fat ربالة rabāla corpulence ربما see رب ربا (ربو) rabā u (رباء rabā’, ربو rubūw) to increase; to grow; to grow up; to exceed, (على a number, also عن), be more than (على) │ما يربو على المئة more than a hundred II to make or let grow; to raise, rear, bring up (ه s.o.); to educate; to teach, instruct (ه a child); to breed, raise (هـ e.g., poultry, cattle); to develop (هـ e.g., a method) III to practice usury IV to make grow, augment, increase (هـ s.th.); to exceed (على a number, an age, a measure) V to be brought up, be educated; to be bred, be raised ربو rabw dyspnea, asthma ربوة rubwa (rabwa, ribwa) pl. ربى ruban hill ربوة ribwa pl. -āt ten thousand, myriad ربا riban interest; usurious interest; usury ربوى ribawī usurious رباء rabā’ surplus, excess; superiority (على over s.o.); favor تربية tarbiya education, upbringing; teaching, instruction; pedagogy; breeding, raising (of animals) │سيئ التربية sayyi’ at-t. ill-bred; قليل التربية ill-bred, uncivil, ill-mannered; علم التربية ‘ilm at-t. pedagogy, pedagogics; تربية الأطفال baby care; التربية البدنية (badanīya) physical education, physical training; تربية الحيوان t. al-ḥayawān cattle farming, stockbreeding; تربية الدجاج t. ad-dajāj chicken farming, poultry husbandry; تربية السمك t. as-samak pisciculture; تربية النباتات t. an-nabātāt plant cultivation تربوي tarbawī, تربيوي tarbiyawī pedagogic, pedagogical رابية rābiya pl. رواب rawābin hill مرب murabbin pl. مربون murabbūn educator; pedagogue; breeder (of livestock) مربية murabbiya pl. -āt tutoress, governess; dry nurse, nursemaid مربى murabban raised, brought up; educated; well-bred, well-mannered; jam, preserved fruit; pl. مربيات murabbayāt preserves مراب murābin usurer مترب mutarabbin well-bred, well-mannered ربورتاج (Fr. reportage) pl. -āt reportage, report ارت aratt2, f. رتاء rattā’2, pl. رت rutt afflicted with a speech defect رتب II to array, arrange, dispose (هـ s.th. in a regular sequence or order); to decorate, dress (iii a show window); to settle, determine, regulate (هـ s.th.); to put into proper order, put together (هـ words); to prepare, set aside, earmark (هـ s.th.); to fix, appoint (ل هـ a salary for s.o.); to make (هـ s.th.) result or accrue (على from), derive (على هـ s.th. from), make (هـ s.th.) the result or consequence of (على) V to fall in line; to be arranged, organized or set up (along the lines of); to be set aside, be assigned; to be subordinate (على to s.th.), be the result or consequence (على of), result, follow, derive, spring (على from), be caused (على by) │ترتب بذمته (bi-dimmatihī) to become the debtor of s.o. 324 رتبة rutba pl. رتب rutab degree, grade, level; rank, standing, station; class, quality; (mil.) rank; clerical rank, order (of the Christian ministry); religious ceremony (Chr.) │كتاب الرتب ritual (of the Roman Catholic Church) رتابة ratāba monotony رتيب ratīb monotonous رتباء rutabā’2 noncommissioned officers (Syr.; mil.) مرتبة martaba pl. مراتب marātib2 step; a steplike elevation serving as a seat; mattress; grade, degree, rank, class │في المرتبة الأولى (ūlā) first (mortgage) ترتيب tartīb pl. -āt order, arrangement, array; sequence, succession; make-up, setup; layout (of a complex, e.g., of houses); organization; preparation, arrangement, provision, measure, step; rite of administering a sacrament (Chr.) │بالرترتيب one by one, in proper succession; من غيرترتيب disorderly, in confusion ترتيبي tartībī ordinal │عدد ترتيبي (‘adad) ordinal number . راتب rātib monotonous; (pl. رواتب rawātib2 salary, pay, emolument; pl. رواتب certain supererogatory exercises of devotion مرتب murattab arranged; organized, set up, regulated, etc.; (pl. -āt) salary, pay, emolument رتج rataja u (ratj) to look, bar, bolt (هـ the door); -- ratija a (rataj) to be tonguetied, be speechless, falter IV pass. ارتج عليه (urtija) words failed him, he was speechless, he didn't know what to say, he was at a loss رتاج ritāj pl. رتج rutuj, رتائج ratā’ij2 gate, gateway I eli)1 p muḥkam ar-r. firmly bolted (gate) رتع rata‘a a (rat‘,رتوع rutū‘, رتاع ritā‘) to pasture, graze; to gormandize, carouse, feast; to revel, indulge freely (في in) IV to pasture, put out to graze (هـ cattle) مرتع marta‘ pl. مراتع marāti‘2 rich grazing land, pasture; fertile ground (ل for; fig.); breeding ground, hotbed (of vice, of evil, etc.) رتق rataqa u i (ratq) to mend, repair, patch up, sew up (هـ s.th.) رتق ratq pl. رتوق rutūq patching, mending, repair; dam (of a stocking) رتك rataka u i, (ratk, ratak, رتكان ratakān) to run with abort steps, trot مرتك martak litharge (chem.) رتل ratila a (ratal) to be regular, well-ordered, neat, tidy II to phrase elegantly (الكلام al-kalāma one’s words); to psalmodize, recite in a singsong; to sing, chant (هـ spiritual songs, hymns; Chr.) رتل ratl pl. ارتال artāl railroad train │رتل آلي (ālī) motorized convoy (mil.) رتيلاء rutailā’2 harvestman (Phalangium), daddy longlegs; tarantula ترتيل tartīl slow recitation of the Koran (a technical term of tajwīd); psalmodizing, psalmody, singsong recitation; singing, chanting (of hymns, etc.; Chr.); -- (pl. تراتيل tarātīl2) hymn; religious song (Chr.) ترتيلة tartīla pl. تراتيل tarātīl2 hymn مرتل murattal church singer; choirboy, chorister (Chr.); singer, chanter رتم ratama i (ratm) to utter, say (بكلمة bi-kalima a word; only with neg.) رتم ratam (coll.; n. un. ة) retem (Retama raetam Webb., Genista raetam Forsk.; bot.) رتمة ratma and رتيمة ratīma pl. رتائم ratā’im2, رتام ritām thread wound around one’s finger as a reminder 325 رتا (رتو) ratā u and II رتى rattā to mend, darn (هـ e.g., stockings) رتوش (Fr. retouche) ritūš retouch رتينج ratīnaj (= راتينج) resin رتينة (It. retina) ratīna pl. رتائن ratā’in2 incandescent mantle رث ratta i (رثاثة ratāta, رثوثة rutūta) to be ragged, tattered, shabby. worn (garment) رث ratt pl. رثاث ritāt old, shabby, worn, threadbare │رث الهيئة r. al-hai’a of shabby appearance رثة ritta old, outmoded things, worn clothes رثيث ratīt old, .habby, worn, threadbare رثاثة ratāta shabbiness, raggedness رثوثة rutūta shabbiness, raggedness رثو) and رثي) رثا ratā u (ratw) to bewail, lament, celebrate in an elegy, in a funeral oration (ه a deceased person); -- رثى ratā i (raty, رثاء ritā’, مرثية martiya, مرثاة martāh) to bewail, lament, bemoan (ه a deceased person); to elegize, celebrate in an elegy, in a funeral oration (ه a deceased person); to mourn (ل for, over), deplore (ل s.o. or s.th.); to pity (ل s.o.), feel sorry (ل for) │رثاه بمرثاة to elegize s.o. (a deceased person), bewail and celebrate him in an elegy; شيء يرثى له (yurtā) a deplorable, regrettable thing رثى raty bewailing, bemoaning, lamentation رثاء ritā’ bewailing, bemoaning, lamentation; regret; elegiac poetry رثية ratya pl. ratayāt arthritis, gout مرثية martiya and مرثاء martā’ pl. مراث marātin elegy, dirge, epicedium; pl. مراث funeral orations رج raja u (rajj) to convulse, shake, rock (هـ s.th.); pass. rujja to be shaken, tremble, shake, quake VIII to be convulsed, shake, tremble, quake رج rajj shaking, rocking, convulsion رجة rajja convulsion; shook, concussion رجاج rajjāj trembling, quaking, shaking, rocking ارتجاج irtijāj shock, concussion; trembling, tremor │ O ارتجاج المخ irt. al-mukk cerebral concussion (med.) رجأ IV to postpone, adjourn, defer, put off (هـ s.th.) ارجاء irjā’ postponement, deferment, adjournment رجب rajaba u and rajiba a (rajab) to be afraid (من or عن of), be awed (من or عن by) رجب rajab Rajab, the seventh month of the Muslim year رجح rajaḥa a i u (رجوح rujūḥ, رجحان rujḥān) to incline (scale of a balance); to weigh more, be of greater weight; to preponderate, predominate; to surpass, excel (ه s.o.); to be very likely (ان that), رجح عنده ان it appeared to him most likely that ...; -- to weigh (هـ بيده s.th. in the hand) II to make (هـ s.th.) outweigh (على s.th. else), give preponderance (هـ to s.th., على over); to think (هـ s.th.) weightier; to prefer (على هـ s.th. to), give (هـ s.th.) preference (على to), favor (على هـ s.th. more than); to think likely or probable (هـ s.th., ان that) V to carry greater weight, be weightier, preponderate; to swing back and forth, pendulate; to rock; to seesaw, tester VIII to swing back and forth, pendulate; to rook; to seesaw, tester رجاحة rajāḥa forbearance, indulgence, leniency; composure, equanimity رجحان rujḥān preponderance, predominance (على over), ascendancy, superiority 326 ارجح arjaḥ2 superior in weight, preponderant; having more in its favor, more acceptable; preferable; more likely, more probable │ الأرجح ان it is most likely that ...; probably ...; على الأرجح probably, in all probability ارجحية arjaḥīya preponderance, predominance, prevalence ارجوحة urjūḥa pl. اراجيح arājīḥ2 seesaw; swing; cradle راجح rājiḥ) superior in weight, preponderant; having more in its favor, more acceptable; preferable; probable, likely مرجوحة marjūḥa pl. مراجيح marājīḥ2 seesaw; swing مرجح murajjaḥ preponderant, predominant; probable, likely رجرج rajraja and II tarajraja to tremble, quiver; to sway رجراج rajrāj agitated; trembling, tremulous; swaying; quivering; الرجراج the sea 1 رجزVIII to compose or declaim poems in the meter rajaz; to thunder, roar, surge (sea) رجز rujz, rijz punishment (inflicted by God); dirt, filth رجز rajaz name of a poetical meter ارجاز arjāz verses in the meter rajaz; little (work) song ارجوزة urjūza pl. اراجيز arājīz2 poem in the meter rajaz 2ارجوز look up alphabetically رجس rajisa a (rajs) and rajusa u (رجاسة rajāsa) to be dirty, filthy; to commit a shameful act, do s.th. disgraceful or dirty رجس rijs pl. ارجاس arjās dirt, filth; dirty thing or act, atrocity رجس rajas pl. ارجاس arjās dirt, filth رجس rajis dirty, filthy رجاسة rajāsa dirt, squalor رجاس rajjās roaring, surging (sea); thundering رجع raja‘a i (رجوع rujū‘) to come back, come again, return; to recur; to resort, turn (الى to); to recommence, begin again, resume (الى s.th.); to fall back (الى on), go back, revert (الى to); to look up (الى s.th. in a book), consult (الى a book); to go back, be traceable (الى to), be attributable (الى ان to the fact that ...), derive, stem, spring (الى from); رجع به الى to reduce s.th. to (its elements, or the like); to depend (الى on); to be due, belong by right (الى to); to fall under s.o.’s (ل) jurisdiction, be s.o.’s (ل) bailiwick; to desist, refrain (عن from); to withdraw (عن, also في e.g., what one has said), revoke, countermand, repeal, cancel (عن or على e.g., a decision); to turn against s.o. (على); رجع به على فلان to claim restitution of s.th. from s.o.; to demand, claim (ب s.th., على from s.o.); to entail, involve (ب s.th., a consequence); to have a good effect (في on), be successful (في with) │رجع على عقبه (‘aqbihī) pl. رجعوا على اعقابهم (a‘qābihim) to retrace one's steps, go back the way one came; رجع الى الصحة (ṣiḥḥa) to regain one’s health; رجع الى صوابه (ṣawābihī) to come to one's senses; رجع الى نفسه to watch o.s., examine o.s.; يرجع ذلك الى ان this is due to the fact that ...; يرجع السبب الى (sabab) the reason is to be found in ...; رجعت به الذاكرة الى he recalled, remembered ...; رجع في كلامه (kalāmihī) to go back on one’s word II to cause to come back or return; to return, give back; to send back; to turn away (عن ه s.o. from); to sing or chant in a vibrant, quavering tone; to echo, reverberate (هـ s.th.) │رجع صداه (ṣadāhū) to return the echo of s.th., echo s.th. III to return, come back (هـ, ه to); to revert 327 رجعع rujū‘ return; reverting, coming back (الى to); recourse (الى to); traceability (الى to); revocation, withdrawal, retraction (عن of s.th.); resignation, surrender (عن of s.th.); reclamation; recall; restitution, return │برجوع البريد by return mail رجيع rajī‘ excrement مرجع marji‘ pl. مراجع marāji‘ return; authority to which one turns or appeals; place of refuge, retreat; recourse resort; authority, responsible agency; source (esp. scientific), authoritative reference work; resource; source to which s.th. goes back or to which s.th. can be attributed; starting point, origin; recourse (jur.) │ مرجع النظرm. An-naẓar jurisdiction, competence; المرجع اليه he is the one to turn to; المرجع في ذلك الى I am thereby referring to …; كان مرجع هذا الشيء الى this was due to …, was attributable to …; اليهم مرجع الفضل (m. ul-faḍl) the merit is due to them مرجعية marji‘īya authority مراجعة murāja‘a reiteration, repetition; inspection, study, examination; consultation (of a reference work); request; application, petition (esp. to an authority); application for advice or instruction, etc., consultation (of s.o.); checking, verification, re-examination; auditing, audit (also مراجعة الحساب); revision, correction (of a manuscript) ارجاع irjā‘ return, restitution; refundment; attribution (الى to); reduction (الى to) تراجع tarāju‘ withdrawal, retreat; recession, retrogadation ارتجاع irtijā‘ return to an older form or order, reactionism, reaction ارتجاعي irtijā‘ī reactionary 328 استرجاع istirjā‘ reclamation; recovery, retrieval; retraction, withdrawal, revocation راجع rāji‘ returning, reverting, etc.; due, attributable (الى to); rightfully belonging (الى to s.o.); subject (ل to s.th.); depending (ل on) │ الحمى الراجعة (ḥummā) relapsing fever مراجع murāji‘ checker, verifier, examiner; reviser │ مراجع m. al-ḥisāb auditor, comptroller رجف rajafa a (rajf, رجفان rajfān) to be convulsed, be shaken; to tremble, quake; to shiver, shudder; -- to agitate, convulse, shake (ه s.o.) IV to make (ه s.o.) tremble or shudder; to convulse, shake, rock (هـ s.th.); to spread lies, false rumors; also with ب, e.g., ارجف بافتراءات (bi-ftirā’āt) to spread calumnies VIII to tremble, quake; to shudder رجفة rajfa (n. vic.) trepidation, tremor; shudder, shiver رجاف rajjāf trembling, quaking; shaken, convulsed ارجاف irjāf pl. اراجيف arājīf untrue, disquieting talk, false rumor رجل rajila a to go on foot, walk II to comb (هـ the hair); to let down (هـ the hair), let it hang long V = I; to dismount (من or if from; rider); to assume masculine manners, behave like a man │ترجل في طريقه to walk all the way VIII to improvise, extemporize, deliver offhand (هـ a speech) X to become a man, reach the age of manhood, grow up; to act like a man, display masculine manners or qualities رجل rijl f., pl. ارجل ari"l foot; leg رجل rijl pl. ارجال arjāl swarm (esp. of locusts); -- common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.; bot.) رجل rajil going on foot, pedestrian, walking رجل rajul pl. رجال rijāl man; pl. رجالات rijālāt great, important men, leading personalities, men of distinction │رجال الدولة r. ad-daula statesmen; رجال السند r. as-sanad informants, sources of information رجالي rijālī men’s, for men (e.g., apparel) رجولة rajūla masculinity, virility, manhood رجولية rajūlīya masculinity, virility, manhood مرجل mirjal pl. مراجل marājil2 cooking kettle, caldron; boiler ارتجال irtijāl improvisation, extemporization, extemporary speech ارتجالي irtijālī extemporary, improvised, impromptu, offhand, unprepared راجل rājil pl. رجل rajl, رجالة rajjāla, رجال rujjāl, رجلان rujlān going on foot, walking; pedestrian مرتجل murtajal improvised, extemporaneous, extemporary, impromptu, offhand 1رجم raiama u (raim) to stone (ه a.o.); to curse, damn, abuse, revile (ه s.o.) │رجم بالغيب (gaib) to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; to guess, surmise, make conjectures; to predict the future II رجم بالغيب do. رجم rajm stoning; (pl. رجم rujam) missile │ رجم بالغيب (gaib) conjecture, guesswork; prophecy رجم rujum shooting stars, meteorites رجمة rajma pl. رجم rujam, رجام rijām tombstone رجيم rajīm stoned; cursed, damned; see also alphabetically 2ترجم, ترجمة look up alphabetically مرجونة marjūna basket 329 رجا (رجو) rajā u (رجاء rajā’, رجاة rajāh, مرجاة marjāh) to hope; to hope for s.th. (هـ); to .xpeat, anticipate (هـ s.th.), look forward (هـ to); to wish (هـ for s.th., هـ ل s.o. s.th., e.g., success); to ask (هـ for s.th., من or s.o., ان to do s.th.), request (هـ s.th., من from s.o., ان that he ...) │ رجاه في الحاح(ilḥāḥ) to plead with s.o., implore s.o.; اجو عدم المؤاخذة (‘adama l-mu’ākadata) │ I must ask your indulgence V to hope (ه, هـ for); to expect, anticipate (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.), look forward (هـ to); to request (ه s.o.); to ask (ه s.o.) VIII to hope (ه, هـ for); to expect, anticipate (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.), look forward (هـ to); to dread (ه s.o.) رجا rajan and رجاء rajā’ pl. ارجاء arjā’ side, direction; region; -- pl. ارجاء arjā’ vastness (of a land), expanses; whole vicinity or area │في ارجائه about its interior, e.g., في ارجاء الغرفة (gurfa) all about the room, في ارجاء البلاد all over the country, throughout the country; تجاوبت ارجاء الردهة باتصفيق (a. ur-radha) the entire auditorium resounded with applause; شاسع الأرجاء and واسع الأرجاء vast in extent, vast-dimensioned رجاء rajā’ hope (ب, في and genit.; of); expectation, anticipation; urgent request │ على رجاء in the hope of, hoping for; رجاء العلم rajā’ al-‘ilm for your information (on memos, records, etc.); رأس الرجاء الصالح Cape of Good Hope رجاة rajāh hope, expectation, anticipation رجية rajīya s.th. hoped for; hope مرجاة marjāh hope راج rājin hoping, full of hope مرجو marjūw hoped for, expected; requested │المرجو من فضلك ان (min faḍlika) approx.; I hope you will be kind enough to ...; المرجو مراعاة ان (murā‘ātu) please notice that …, attention is called to the fact that … رجي rajiya a to become silent; to remain silent; pass. رجي عليه (rujiya) to be tongue-tied, be unable to utter a sound رجيم (Fr. régime) rijīm diet رحب raḥiba a (raḥab) and raḥuba u (ruḥb, رحابة raḥāba) to be wide, spacious, roomy II to welcome (ب s.o., also ب s.th., e.g., news), bid welcome (ب to s.o.); to receive graciously, make welcome (ب s.o.) V to welcome (ب s.o.), bid welcome (ب to) رحب raḥb wide, spacious, roomy; unconfined │ رحب الصدر r. aṣ-ṣadr generous, magnanimous; broad-minded, open-minded, liberal; frank, candid, open-hearted; carefree; صدر رحب (raḥb) generosity, magnanimity; open-mindedness, broad-mindedness, liberality; frankness, candor; رحب الباع generous, openhanded, liberal; رحب الذراع do. رحب ruḥb vastness, wideness, spaciousness unconfinedness │ اتى على الرحب والسعة (atā, ṣa‘a) to be welcome; وجد رحبا وسعة (sa‘atan) to met with a friendly reception رحب raḥab vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness │رحب الصدر r. aṣ-ṣadr magnanimity, generosity; lightheartedness رحبة raḥba, raḥaba pl. -āt public square (surrounded by buildings); (pl. raḥabāt and رحاب riḥāb) vastness, expanse │رحاب الكون and رحاب الفضاء r. al-faḍā’ vastness of outer space رحيب raḥīb = رحب raḥb رحابة raḥāba wideness, vastness, spaciousness, unconfinedness │رحابة الصدر r. aṣ-ṣadr magnanimity, generosity مرحبا بك marḥaban bika welcome! ترحاب tarḥāb welcome, greeting │قابله بترحيب (qābalahū) to receive s.o. with open arms ترحيب tarḥīb welcoming, welcome, greeting 330 رحرح raḥraḥa: رحرح بالكلام (kalām) to equivocate, speak ambiguously, beat around the bush رحرح raḥraḥ and رحراح raḥrāḥ wide, broad, flat; carefree, pleasant (life) رحض raḥaḍa a (raḥḍ) to rinse, wash مرحاض mirḥāḍ pl. مراحض marāḥīḍ2 lavatory, toilet رحيق raḥīq exquisite wine; nectar 1 رحلraḥala a (رحيل raḥīl) to set out; to depart, leave; to move away, emigrate; to start (عن from a place) │ رجل يرحل ويقيم (yuqīm) a man constantly on the go, a dynamic man II to make (ه s.o.) leave, induce or urge (ه s.o.) to depart; to evacuate (الى ه s.o. to), resettle, relocate (الى ه s.o. in); to deport (الى ه s.o. to); to allow (ه s.o.) to emigrate; to give (ه s.o.) travel clearance; to carry (passengers e. g., a ship); to transfer (هـ s.th.); to transport, convey, forward (هـ s.th.); to dispatch, send out (هـ s.th.); to carry over, post (هـ an item; bookkeeping); to carry forward (هـ the balance; bank) V to wander, roam, migrate, lead a nomadic life; to be evacuated VIII to set out, leave, depart; to move away, emigrate │ارتحل الى رحمة ربه (ilā raḥmati rabbihī) to pass away, die رحل raḥl pl. رحال riḥāl camel saddle; saddlebags; baggage, luggage; pl. stopping place, stop, stopover │شد الرحال (šadda) to set out, break camp; القى رحاله alqā riḥālahū to stop (في in, at) رحلة riḥla travel, journey; trip, tour; travelogue رحلة ruḥla destination, place for which one is bound رحيل raḥīl departure, setting out; emigration; exodus; demise رحال raḥḥāl pl. رحل riḥal roving, roaming, peregrinating, wandering, migratory nomadic; -- (pl. رحالة raḥḥāla) great traveler, explorer; nomad │الطيور الرحالة migratory birds; الأعراب (العربان) الرحل (‘urbān) the nomadic Bedouins رحالة raḥḥāla great traveler, explorer; globetrotter مرحلة marḥala pl. مراحل marāḥil2 a day’s journey; leg of a journey; way station; stage, phase │يزيد عليه بمراحل (yazīdu) it exceeds it by far; في مراحل حياتها (ḥayātihā) throughout her life, in every stage of her life ترحال tarḥāl departure, setting out │حياة الترحال ḥayāt at-t. nomadic life ترحيل tarḥīl emigration, exodus; effectuation of (s.o.’s) departure; deportation; evacuation; resettlement; transfer; moving; transport, transportation; posting (of accounts); carrying forward (fin.); dispatch │ترحيل عمال t. ‘ummāl assignment (or detailing) of workmen ارتحال irtiḥāl departure, setting out; emigration, exodus; demise راحل rāḥil pl. رحل ruḥḥal departing leaving, parting; traveling; (pl. -ūn) deceased, late, الفقيد الراحل the deceased راحلة raḥila pl. رواحل rawāḥil2 female riding camel│شد راحلته (šadda) to saddle one’s camel, start out on a journey مرحل muraḥḥal pl. -āt carry-over │مجموع مرحل balance carried forward (fin.) 2راحيل rāḥīl Rachel رحم raḥima a (رحمة raḥma, مرحمة marḥama) to have mercy (ه upon s.o.), have compassion (ه for s.o.) ; to spare, let off (ه s.o.); to be merciful II رحم عليه to say to s.o.: رحمك الله raḥimaka llāh may God have mercy upon you; to ask God to have mercy (على upon s.o.), plead for God’s mercy (على for what has happened) V = II; VI to show human understanding for one another, love and respect one another X to ask (ه s.o.) to have mercy 331 رحم raḥim, riḥm f., pl. ارحام arḥām uterus; womb; relationship, kinship │ذوو الارحام dawū l-a. relatives on the maternal side رحمة raḥma pity, compassion; human understanding, sympathy, kindness; mercy │كان تحت رحمته to be at s.o.’s mercy; جعله تحت رحمته to leave s.th. or s.o. to s.o.’s mercy; بساط الرحمة pall رحيم raḥīm pl. رحماء ruḥamā’ and رحوم ruḥūm merciful, compassionate الرحمن ar-raḥmān the Merciful (i.e., God) مرحمة marḥama pl. مراحم marāḥim2 pity, compassion, sympathy; mercy ترحيم tarḥīm: ترحيم الموتى (mautā) pl. تراحيم tarāḥīm2 intercessory prayer for the dead (Chr.) استرحام istirḥām plea for mercy مرحوم marḥūm deceased, late, e.g., المرحوم السيد the late M. … رحى raḥan f., pl. ارحاء arḥā’, رحى ruḥīy, ارحية arḥīya quern, hand mill │ حجر الرحى ḥajar ar-r. millotone; دارت رحى الحرب (القتال) dārat r. l-ḥarb the war (fighting) broke out; the war (fighting) was going on رحوى raḥawī rotating, rotatory رحاوى raḥḥāy pl. -ūn grinder رخ raḳḳa u to mix with water, dilute (هـ wine) رخ raḳḳ (n. un. ة) light shower رخ rukk roc, name of a fabulous giant bird; (pl. رخخة rikaka) rook, castle (chess) رخاخ rakāk soft (ground); comfortable, pleasant, easy (life) رخص rakuṣa (rukṣ) to be cheap, inexpensive; (رخاصة rakāṣa) to be supple, tender, soft II to permit, allow (ل s.o. ب or في s.th.); to authorize, license (ل s.o., ب or في to do s.th.); to empower (ل s.o.); to reduce the price (هـ of s.th.) IV to reduce the price (هـ of s.th.) V to be willing to please, meet on fair term. (مع في s.o. in), show o.s. ready to compromise (مع with s.o. في in s.th.); to make concessions (في or ب in s.th.); to permit o.s. liberties, take liberties (في in) X to find cheap, regard as inexpensive (هـ s.th.); to request s.o.’s (ه) permission رخص rakṣ supple, tender, soft رخص rukṣ cheapness, inexpensiveness رخصة rukṣa pl. رخص rukaṣ permission; concession, license, franchise; admission; authorization; leave; permit │رخصة قيادة السيارات r. qiyādat as-sayyārāt driving permit, operator’s license رخيص rakīṣ supple, tender, soft, cheap, inexpensive, low-priced; base, mean, low; trash, trumpery ترخيص tarkīṣ pl. -āt, تراخيص tarākīṣ2 granting of permission; permission; authorization; mandate; concession; license; price reduction, price cut مرتخص murtakiṣ low-priced, inexpensive, cheap │كل مرتخص وغال kullu murtakaṣin wa-gālin every conceivable effort, everything (in one’s power) رخم rakuma u (رخامة rakāma) and rakama u to be soft, mellow, gentle, pleasant (voice); رخمت بيضها (على بيضها) rakamat baiḍahā (‘alā baiḍihā) to sit on the eggs (hen) II to soften, mellow (هـ the voice); to apocopate (هـ a word); to tile with marble (هـ the floor) رخم rakam (coll.; n. un. ة) Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus; zool.) رخام rukām marble رخام rukāma pl. -āt marble slab رخيم rakīm soft, mellow, pleasant, melodious (voice); O note lowered by a semitone, flat (mus.) 332 ترخيم tarkīm shortening, apocopation, esp. of a name in the vocative by elision of the final consonant (gram.) (رخو and رخي) رخو rakuwa u and رخي rakiya a (رخاوة rakāwa, رخاء rakā’) to be or become loose, slack, relaxed; to slacken, slump, sag, relax; -- رخاء rakā’ u (رخاء rakā’): رخا عيشه (‘aišuhū) to live in easy circumstances, live in opulence IV to loosen, slacken (هـ s.th.); to relax (هـ s.th.); to let go (هـ s.th.); to lower, drop, let down (هـ s.th.) VI to slacken, sag, droop, become limp; to show little energy or zeal, let up, become lax, be remiss (عن in s.th.); to go down, slump (prices); to lag, become dull or listless (stock market); to diminish, flag, wane, ebb, decrease; to desist (عن from); to be lowered, drop, fall (curtain); to be delayed, be retarded VIII to slacken, slump, sag, droop, become limp, flaccid, flabby; to become loose, work loose; to soften, become soft; to relax, become relaxed, unbend; to abate, let up; to languish, nag, lose force or vigor X = VIII رخو rakw, rikw loose, slack; limp, flabby, flaccid; indolent, languid; soft; supple رخاء rakā’ ease, comfort, happiness; prosperity; abundance, opulence (of living); welfare; fairness, lowness (of prices) رخاء rukā’ gentle breeze رخاوة rakāwa softness; flaccidity, limpness; laxity │رخاوة العود r. al-‘ūd weakness of character رخي rakīy feeble, weakened, languid; relaxed, at ease; cozy, comfortable تراخ tarākin, limpness; slackness; languor, lassitude; abatement, mitigation, letup; relaxation; loosening, looseness ارتخاء irtikā’ loosening, slackening; looseness, slackness; laxity; abatement mitigation, letup; ease, relaxedness; relaxation; limpness; languor, lassitude استرخاء istirkā’ = ارتخاء irtikā’ راخ rākin sagging, drooping متراخ mutarākin limp, flaccid, flabby; drooping; languid; negligent, indolent, slack رد radda u (radd) to send back; to bring back, take back (الى هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to); to return (الى هـ s.th. to its place). put back, lay back (الى هـ s.th. in its place); to throw back, repel, drive back, drive away (ه s.o.); to resist, oppose (ه s.o.); to turn down, refuse, decline (هـ s.th., e.g., the fulfillment of a wish); to ward off, parry, repel (هجوما hujūman an attack); to reject (تهمة tuhmatan a suspicion); to hand back, give back, return, restore (هـ s.th., الى to s.o.); to return (السلام as-salāma the greeting); to reply (على to s.o.), answer (على s.o.); to reflect (هـ light); to throw back, echo (هـ the voice); to refute, disprove (على s.th.); to hold back, keep, restrain (عن ه s.o. from s.th.); to dissuade (عن ه s.o. from), prevail upon s.o. (ه) not to do s.th. (عن); to trace back, attribute (الى هـ s.th. to an origin); to bring, yield ( هـ على s.th. to s.o.); to reappoint, reinstate (ه ه s.o. as, e.g., حاكما ḥākiman as governor) │رد الباب to close the door; رد جوابا (jawāban) to answer; ما يرد هذا عليك شيئا this won’t help you at all; لا يرد (yuraddu) irrefutable; رده على عقبيه (‘aqibaih) pl. ردهم على اعقابهم (a‘qābihim) to drive s.o. back to where he came from; رد عينه عنه (‘ainahū) he averted his eyes from it II to keep away, avert, prevent, stave off (هـ s.th.); to repel, throw back (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to repeat (constantly, frequently); to break forth, burst (هـ into, e.g., into singing), strike up, intone, let ring out (هـ a tune, or the like) │ردد الصدى (ṣadā) to return the echo; ردد النظر في (naẓara) to look at s.th. again and again; 333 ردد طرفه بين (ṭarafahū) to let one’s eyes wander between, look first at one, then at the other V to be thrown back, be reflected (voice, echo); to ring out (shouts); to shift repeatedly (wind); to come and go (على at s.o.’s house; rarely الى), frequent, visit frequently (على s.o.’s house, a place; rarely الى); to return, recur; to hesitate, be reluctant (في in s.th., to do s.th.); to waver, become uncertain, become doubtful في in s.th. or as to s.th.) │تردد على الألسنة (alsina) to be frequently diocussed (question) VIII to withdraw, retreat, fall back; to move backward, retrogress; to go back, return, revert (الى to); to fall back (الى on); to go away, absent o.s.; to desist, refrain (عن from), renounce, give up, abandon, quit, leave (or s.th.); to forsake, desert (or one’s faith, one’s principles, etc.), apostatize, fall off (عن from) │ارتد على عقبيه (‘aqbaihi), pl. ارتدوا على اعقابهم (a’qābihim) to withdraw, turn back X to reclaim, demand back, call in (هـ s.th.), demand the return (هـ of s.th.); to bring back, lead back (ه الى s.o. to); to get back (هـ s.th.); to retrieve, recover, regain (هـ s.th.); to withdraw (e.g., يده yadahū one’s hand; also fig., e.g., استقالته istiqālatahū one’s resignation); to withdraw, take out (هـ money, from an account, from a bank) │استرد انفاسه (anfāsahu) to catch one’s breath رد radd pl. ردود rudūd return; restoration, restitution; refund, reimbursement; repayment, requital; repulsion; warding off, parrying; denial, refusal; rejection; reply, answer; reflection (e.g., of light); refutation; attribution (الى to) │رد الفعل al-fi‘l reaction; رد الاعتبار rehabilitation; ردا على (raddan) in reply to ...; اخذ ورد see أخذ akada ردة radda ugliness; reverberation, echo; bran ردة ridda apostasy (عن الاسلام or from Islam) ارد aradd2 more useful, more profitable (على to s.o.) مرد maradd fact to which s.th. is attributable, underlying factor or reason; averting, rejection, repulsion; responsory (Chr.) │لا مرد له (maradda) irresistible; مرده الى (maradduhū) it is attributable to ..., one must ascribe it to لا مرد له الا براعته (maradda, barā‘atuhū) it can only be attributed to his efficiency; كان على مرد لسانه (maraddi lisānihi) to be constantly on s.o.’s lips, be a standing phrase with s.o. ترداد tardād frequent repetition; frequentation ترديد tardīd repetition, reiteration تردد taraddud frequent coming and going, frequentation; frequency (el.); hesitation, irresolution, indecision, wavering; reluctance ارتداد irtidād retreat, withdrawal; retrogression; renunciation, desertion; apostasy (عن الاسلام from Islam) │كارتداد الطرف ka-rtidādi ṭ-ṭarf in the twinkling of an eye, in a jiffy استرداد istirdād reclamation, claim of restitution, vindication (Isl. Law); recovery, retrieval; retraction, withdrawal; refundment, reimbursement; withdrawal, taking out (of money, from an account) مردود mardūd yield, return(s) مرتد murtadd turncoat, renegade, apostate 1ردأ rada’a a (rad’) to support, prop, shore up (هـ a wall) ردء rid’ pl. ارداء ardā’ support; help, helper 2ردؤ radu’a u (رداءة radā’a) to be bad V to become bad, be spoiled رديء radī’ pl. اردياء ardiyā’2 bad; mean, base, vile; evil, wicked; vicious, 334 malicious │رديء السمعة r. as-sum‘a of ill repute اردأ arda’2 worse; more wicked رداءة radā’a badness; wickedness; viciousness, maliciousness اردب irdabb (now commonly pronounced ardabb) pl. ارادب arādib2 ardeb, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1981) اردب irdabba cesspool ردح radaḥ long period of time │ردحا من الهر radaḥan min ad-dahr for a long time ردس radasa i u (rads) to crush (هـ. s.th.); to roll smooth, level by rolling (هـ ground) ردع rada‘a a (rad‘) to keep, prevent (ه عن s.o. from) VIII to be kept, be prevented (عن from) رادع rādi‘ deterring; (pl. روادع rawādi‘) deterrent; impediment, obstacle, handicap; restriction, limitation, curb, check; inhibition (psych.) ردغة radga, radaga mud, mire, slush ردف radafa u (radf) and radifa a to come next, come immediately after s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), follow, succeed (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) III to ride behind s.o. (ه on the same animal); to be the substitute (ه of s.o.), replace (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to be synonymous (هـ with) IV to seat (ه s.o.) behind one (on an animal); to make (ه s.th.) be followed (ب by s.th. else); to complement, complete (ب هـ s.th. with or by) VI to follow one another, come in succession; to pile up in layers, become stratified; to form a single line; to flock, throng (على to); to be synonymous ردف ridf pl. ارداف ardāf rear man (riding on the same animal); one who or that which is subsequent, follows, comes next; posteriors, backside, rump; haunches, croup (of an animal); dual: الردفان ar-ridfān day and night رداف ridāf croup, rump (of an animal) رديف radīf rear man, one following next in line; redif, reserve (in the army of the former Turkish Empire) رديفة radīfa fem. of رديف ترادف tarāduf succession; synonymity مرادف murādif synonym (of a word); synonymous, consignificant (ل with); corresponding in meaning, analogous مترادف mutarādif synonymous; مترادفات synonyms ردم radama i u (radm) to fill up with earth (هـ pit, pond) II to repair, fix, mend IV not to leave (على s.o.), cling (على to s.o.; said of disease) V to be mended, be repaired; to repair, mend (هـ s.th.); to be worn, show signs of wear ردم radm filling up (of swamps, ponds, etc.); rubble, debris; dam رديم radīm worn, shabby, threadbare (garment) ردن radana i (radn) to spin; to purr (cat); to grumble (على at) ردن rudn pl. اردان ardān sleeve ردينى rudainī spear (originally epithet for one of superior quality) مردن mirdan pl. مرادن marādin2 spindle ردنجوت (Fr. redingote) redengōt frock coat, Prince Albert ردهة radha hall; large room, sitting room, parlor; lobby; entrance hall, vestibule │ ردهة الاستقبال reception hall, drawing room, parlor ردهة المحاضرة r. al-muḥāḍarāt lecture room ردي radiya a (ردى radan) to perish, be destroyed II to bring to the ground (ه s.o.), bring about the fan of (ه) IV to bring to the ground (ه s.o.), bring about the fall of (ه); to destroy, ruin (ه s.o.); to fell 335 (ه s.o.); to kill (ه s.o.) │اراده قتيلا (qatīlan) to fell s.o. with a deadly blow V to fall, tumble; to decline, fall off, come down, go from bad to worse; to deteriorate, become worse; to clothe o.s. (ب with), put on (ب a garment) VIII to put on (هـ a garment or headgear); to wear (هـ a garment, a headgear), be clothed, be clad (هـ in) │ارتدى ملابسه (malābisahū) to put on one’s clothes, dress, get dressed ردى radan ruin, destruction رداء ridā’ pl. اردية ardiya loose outer garment, cloak, robe; (lady’s) dress, gown; attire, costume │رداء المساء al-masā’ evening gown مترد mutaraddin dressed رذ radda u: رذت السماء (samā’) and IV there was a drizzle, it drizzled رذاذ radād drizzle رذل radila a and radula u (رذالة radāla) to be low, base. vile. despicable. Contemptible; -- radala u (radl) to reject, cast off, discard, repudiate, disown (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to despise, disdain, scorn (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.); to disapprove (هـ, ه of) IV to reject, cast off, discard, repudiate, disown (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) X to regard as low or despicable (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) رذل radl rejection; repudiation; (pl. رذول rudūl, ارذال ardāl) low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible رذيل radīl pl. رذلاء rudalā’ low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible, depraved رذالة radāla lowness, baseness, meanness, vileness, depravity رذالة radīla pl. رذائل radā’il vice; depravity مرذول mardūl depraved, despicable, mean, base, vile, evil, wicked 1رز ruzz (= ارز) aruzz) rice 2رز razza u (razz) to insert, drive in (هـ s.th.) II to burnish, polish (هـ s.th.) IV to telephone رزة razza pl. -āt staple, U bolt; ring screw; joint pin O ارزيز irzīz telephone رزأ raza’a a (رزء raz’) to deprive (في or ه هـ s.o. of s.th.); pass. رزئ ruzi’a to incur or suffer loss; to lose (ب s.th.); to be afflicted (ب by) رزء ruz’ pl. ارزاء arzā’ heavy loss, serious damage; disaster, calamity رزيئة razī’a and رزية razīya pl. رزايا razāyā heavy loss, serious damage; disaster, calamity رزب razaba u (razb) to keep, stick, cling (هـ to) مرزبة mirzabba pl. مرازب marāzib2 iron rod مرزاب mirzāb pl. مرازيب marāzīb2 waterspout, gargoyle; (roof) gutter رزح razaḥa a (رزوح ruzūḥ, رزاح ruzāḥ, razāḥ) to succumb, collapse, sink to the ground (under a burden); to descend, hover (e.g., silence) III to suffer مرزغ marzig muddy, boggy, miry رزق razaqa u to provide with the means of subsistence (ه s.o.; said of God); to bestow (ه هـ upon s.o. s.th., material or spiritual possessions; said of God), endow (ه هـ s.o. with); to bless (ه هـ s.o. with, esp. مولودا with a child); -- pass. ruziqa to be endowed (هـ with); to live VIII to make a living, gain one’s livelihood; to live (من on or by s.th.) X to seek one’s livelihood; to ask for the means of subsistence رزق rizq pl. ارزاق arzāq livelihood, means of living, subsistence; daily bread, nourishment, sustenance; boon, blessing 336 (of God); property, possessions, wealth, fortune; income; pay, wages │ارزاق ناشفة dry rations, emergency rations (mil.) الرازق ar-rāziq the Maintainer, the Provider (one of the 99 attributes of God) ارترزاق istirzāq independent livelihood, self-support مرزوق marzūq blessed (by God), fortunate, prosperous, successful مرتزق murtaziq hired, hireling, mercenary, kept مرتزقة murtaziqa kept persons, hangers-on; mercenaries مرتزق murtazaq means of subsistence, livelihood, living رزم razama i u (razm) to bundle, bale, pack, wrap up (هـ s.th.) رزمة rizma pl. رزم rizam bundle; bale, pack; parcel, package; ream (of paper) رزن razuna u (رزانة razāna) to be grave, serious, sedate, staid, calm, composed, self-possessed V to display grave or sedate manners, show o.s. calm, composed, self-possessed رزين razīn grave, serious, sedate, staid; composed, calm, self-possessed رزانة razana gravity, sedateness, staidness; composure, self-possession, poise رزنامة ruznāma see روزنامة رزية pl. رزايا see رزيئة رسيس rasīs covered with verdigris رسب rasaba u (رسوب rusūb) to sink to the bottom, settle, subside (esp., in water); to fail, dunk (in an examination) II to cause to settle (هـ s.th., in a liquid), deposit (هـ a sediment); to precipitate (هـ s.th.; chem.) V to settle, subside, be deposited; to precipitate (chem.) رسوب rusūb sediment, deposit; lees, dregs, settlings; precipitate (chem.); failure (in an examination) ترسيب tarsīb sedimentation; precipitation (chem.) راسب rāsib pl. رواسب rawāsib2 sediment, deposit; dregs, lees, settlings; precipitate (chem.); residue رستامية rustāmīya to tidy, arrange well, put in order (هـ s.th.) رستق rastaqa to tidy, arrange well, put in order (هـ s.th.) رستو, روستو (It. arrosto) rostō roast meat رستوران (Fr. restaurant) restorān restaurant مرسح marsaḥ (= مسرح) pl. مراسح marāsiḥ2 theater, playhouse; stage; party, social gathering مرسحي marsaḥī social, party (used attributively); formal (dress) رسخ rasaka u (رسوخ rusūk) to be firmly established, be deeply rooted (في in s.th.); to be firm, solid, stable; to be conversant, be thoroughly familiar (في with s.th.), be well versed, be at home (في in s.th., in a field); to seep in; to permeate (في a fabric); to become fast (color or dyes in a fabric) II and IV to make (هـ s.th.) take root(s), establish (هـ s.th.); to implant (هـ s.th.); to secure, make fast, fix firmly, ground (هـ s.th.) │ارسخ الشيء في ذهنه (dihnihī) to impress or inculcate s.th. upon s.o. ارسخ arsaka more firmly established, more deeply rooted │ارسخ قدما (qadaman) do. راسخ rāsiq, firmly established, deep-rooted; grounded, firmly fixed, stable; conversant (في with s.th.), thoroughly versed, completely at home (في in a field) رسراس risrās (eg.) glue, adhesive, specif., one for pasting leather, made of a yellow powder 337 رسغ rusg pl. ارساغ arsāg, ارسغ arsug wrist رسف rasafa u i to go in shackles; to be bound; to be moored (ship) رسل rasila a (rasal) to be long and flowing (hair) III to correspond, carry on a correspondence, exchange letters (ه with s.o.); to contact (ه s.o.), get in touch (ه with s.o.) IV to send out, dispatch (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th. الى, also ل, to); to send off, send away (ب or هـ, .s.o., s.th. الى, also ل, to); to send, forward, ship (ب or هـ s.th. الى, also ل, to); to send, transmit (radio); to release, let go (هـ s.th.); to set free (هـ s.th.); to discharge (هـ s.th.); to pour forth, vent (هـ s.th.), give vent (هـ to); to utter (هـ words); to shed (هـ tears); to let (هـ the hair) hang down, let it fall (على on) │ارسل في طلبه (ṭalabihī) to send for s.o.; ارسل الكلام ارسالا (al-kalāma irsālan) to speak without restraint, talk freely; ارسل نفسه مع طبيعتها (nafsahū) to yield to one’s natural impulse, do the natural thing; ارسل على سجيته (sajīyatihī) to make s.o. feel at home; ارسل نفسه على سجيتها (nafsahū) to feel at home, let o.s. go V to proceed leisurely, take one’s time (في in s.th.); to hang down, be long and flowing (hair) VI to keep up a correspondence, exchange letters; to send to one another, exchange (ب s.th.) X to ask (من s.o.) to send (هـ s.th.), have s.o. (من) send (هـ s.th.); to be relaxed, at ease, free from restraint; to be long and flowing (hair); to be friendly, affable, intimate, chummy (الى with s.o.); to act naturally, without affectation; to let o.s. go; to enlarge (في الكلام fī l-kalām in discourse, i.e., to talk at length); to abandon o.s., give o.s. up (في to s.th., also مع or الى); to persist (في in s.th.), keep up (في s.th.) رسل rasl easy, gentle, leisurely (pace, gait); loose, slack, relaxed; long and flowing (hair) رسل risl moderation │على رسلك! slowly! gently! take it easy! رسيل rasīl pl. رسلاء rusalā’2 messenger; runner (mil.) رسول rasūl pl. رسل rusul messenger; emissary; envoy, delegate; apostle (Chr.); الرسول or رسول الله the Messenger of God (i.e., Mohammed) رسولي rasūlī apostolic, papal (Chr.) │البركة الرسولية (baraka) apostolic benediction; السدة الرسولية (sudda) the Holy See; قاصد رسولي apostolic delegate رسالة risāla pl. -āt, رسائل rasā’l2 consignment, shipment; mail item; (written) communication, (written) report; missive; letter, note; epistle; dispatch; message; treatise; radio message; (pl. -āt) mission, calling, vocation │رسالة برقية (barqīya) telegram; رسالة غرامية (garāmīya) love letter; رسالة مسجلة (musajjala) registered letter رسيلات rusailāt: القى الخبر على رسيلاته (kabara) he didn’t take the matter seriously O مرسال mirsāl: مرسال نور m. nūr, pl. -āt searchlight مراسلة murāsala exchange of letters, correspondence; note, message, letter, communication; orderly (mil.) ارسال irsāl sending, forwarding, shipping, dispatch ارسالية irsālīya pl. -āt consignment; mail item; shipment; transport; (mil.) expedition; mission ترسل tarassul art of letter writing استرسال istirsāl ease, naturalness, relaxedness; abandon; elaboration, expatiation مراسل murāsil pl. -ūn correspondent, reporter (of a newspaper) │مراسل حربي (ḥarbī) war correspondent; مراسل خاص (kāṣṣ) 338 special correspondent; مراسل رياضي (riyāḍī) sports reporter مرسل mursil sender (of a letter); consignor; O transmitter (radio) O مرسلة mursala pl. -āt transmitter (radio) مرسل mursal sent, forwarded; dispatched; delegated; transmitted (radio); long and flowing (hair); (pl. -ūn) millionary (Chr.); incompletely transmitted (of a Prophetic tradition resting on a chain of authorities that goes no further back than the 2nd generation after the Prophet) │المرسل اليه recipient, addressee (of a letter); consignee; كلام مرسل (kalām) prose مرسلية mursalīya mission مسترسل mustarsil loose, flowing (hair); friendly, affable; intimate, chummy; devoted, given up (في or مع to s.th.) رسم rasama u (rasm) to draw, trace (هـ s.th.); to sketch (هـ s.th.); to describe (هـ e.g., a circle); to paint (هـ s.th.); to record, put down in writing (هـ s.th.); to enter, mark, indicate (هـ s.th.); to sketch, outline (هـ s.th.; fig.); to describe, depict, portray, picture (هـ s.th.); to make, work out, conceive (خطة kiṭṭatan a plan); to prescribe (ب or ل هـ to s.o. s.th.), lay down as a rule (ب or ل هـ for s.o. s.th.); to ordain (ه a priest; Chr.) │رسم شارة الصليب to make the sign of the cross, cross o.s. (Chr.) II to enter, mark, indicate (هـ s.th., في in); to appoint to a public office (هـ s.o.; tun.) V to follow (هـ s.th., esp. s.o.’s footsteps, an example, etc.); to be appointed to a public office (tun.) VIII to come out, find visible expression; to be traced, engraved, inscribed, written; to impress itself, leave an impression (على on); to be ordained, be introduced into the office of the ministry (priest; Chr.); to make the sign of the cross (Chr.) رسم rasm drawing (e.g., as a subject in school); -- (pl. رسوم rusūm, رسومات rusūmāt) a drawing; sketch; graph; picture; photograph; illustration; pattern (e.g., on a fabric); -- (pl. رسوم) trace, impression) designation, mark; inscription, legend; record, notes; (official) document, (legal) instrument; writing; design; prescription, regulation; ceremony, form, formality; rate, fee, tax, due │برسم bi-rasmi intended for, care of (c/o), for; اخذ الرسم akd ar-r. taking of a picture; رسم بياني (bayānī) illustrative figure, diagram (in a book); رسم الدخول admission fee; رسم دخولي (dukūlī) import duty, tariff; رسم شمسي (šamsī) photograph; رسم عمومي layout, ground plan (arch.); رسم تفصيلي detail drawing; رسم قلبي (qalbī) cardiogram; رسوم قيدية (qaidīya) registration fees; رسم الإنتاج r. al-intāj excise tax; رسم قيمي (qaimī) ad valorem duty; رسم هزلي (hazalī) caricature, cartoon رسمي official, formal, conventional; ceremonial; official, officeholder, public servant; رسميا ramīyan officially; رسميات rasmīyāt formalities; ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; rules, regulations │رجال رسمية officials; ملابس رسمية official dress; court dress; ثياب رسمية uniforms; شبه رسمية šibh r. and شبيه بالرسمي semi-official; نصف رسمي niṣfu r. do.; غير رسمي gairu r. unofficial رسام rassām pl. -āt draftsman; painter, artist رسامة risāma, rasāma ordination, consecration (of a priest; Chr.) روسم rausam pl. رواسم rawāsim2 O cliché (Syr.) مرسم marsam studio (of an artist) مراسم marāsim2 ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; etiquette, protocol (dipl.); customs; principles; regulations │مدير ادارة المراسم mudīr idārat al-m. and رئيس المراسم 339 chief of protocol (dipl.); مراسم التتويج coronation ceremonies; مراسم التشريفات court etiquette ترسم tarassum design, planning ارتسام irtisām pl. -āt (visible) expression, manifestation (e.g., of a feeling, of an emotion on s.o.’s face) مرسوم marsūm drawn, traced, sketched; painted; recorded in writing, written; designed, planned; decreed, ordered; -- (pl. مراسيم marāsīm2) decree; act, edict; regulation, ordinance (ب regarding); مراسيم ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; etiquette; regulations │مرسوم بقانون (bi-qānūn) enactment, statute, ordinance (Eg.); مرسوم تشريعي (tašrī‘ī) and مرسوم اشتراعي (ištirā‘ī; Pal., Syr.) do.; مدير المراسيم mudīr al-m. chief of protocol (dipl.) □ رسمال rasmāl pl. رساميل rasāmīl2 = رأس مال capital (fin.) رسن rasana pl. ارسن arson, ارسان arsān, ارسنة arnsina halter رسا (رسو) rasā u (rasw) to be firm, stable, steady; to anchor (على off a coast), cast anchor, land, dock; to ride at anchor (على off a coast, في in a harbor); to disembark, land (ب s.o.; ship); to come or go eventually (على to), land (على with) │رسا عليه المزاد (mazād) it was knocked down to him (at an auction); رست عليه المناقصة (munāqaṣa) the commission or contract went to him (after an invitation to submit tenders) IV to make fast, fix firmly (هـ s.th.); to anchor, place at anchor (هـ a ship) مرسى marsan pl. مراس marāsin anchorage │مرسى مطروح Mersa Matrûh (village in NW Egypt, on Mediterranean coast) مرساة mirsāh pl. مراس marāsin anchor راس rāsin pl. رواس rawāsin fixed, stationary, immovable, firm, steady, stable, firmly established; anchored, at anchor; pl. راسيات rāsiyāt, رواس rawāsin towering, unshakable mountains رسى (= رسا see above) to anchor رش rašša u (rašš) to spatter, splash, spurt (هـ a liquid); to spray (هـ a liquid); to sprinkle (هـ s.th., ب with, على on); to splatter, spatter, bespatter (هـ s.th., ب with water, etc.); to water (هـ s.th.) رش rašš sprinkling; watering; splattering, spattering; spraying; buckshot │مصلحة الرش والكنس maṣlaḥat ar-r. wa-l-kans street-cleaning department; عربة الرش ‘arabat ar-r. watering cart, sprinkler; رمى رشا to fire in bursts (mil.) رشة rašša light drizzle رشاش raššāš spattered liquid; drizzle, dribble (esp. fig.) رشاش raššāš pl. -āt water hose; machine gun │مدفع رشاش (midfa‘) machine gun; مسدس رشاش (musaddas) pl. مسدسات رشاشة submachine gun, Tommy gun رشاشة raššāša pl. -āt perfume spray, atomizer; O watering can; shower, douche (Mor.) O مرشة mirašša watering can رشح rašaḥa a (rašḥ) to sweat, perspire; to leak, be leaky (vessel); to filter, strain, percolate (هـ a liquid) II to raise, rear, bring up (ه a child); to train, prepare (ه s.o.); to nominate, put up as a candidate (. s.o., ل for, e.g., for an office), (with نفسه nafsahū) to be a candidate, apply (ل for an offioe. etc.); to filter (هـ s.th.) V to be reared, be brought up; to be suited, qualified, trained (ل for s.th.); to be nominated as a candidate, be a nominee (ل for s.th.); to catch a cold رشح rašḥ secretion (of a fluid); perspiration, sweating; leaking, leakiness; filtering, filtration, percolation; oozing, trickling; cold, catarrh 340 رشاحة rušāḥa transudate, transudation (med.) ترشيح taršīḥ training, preparation; nomination (as a candidate, for election); (= ترشيح نفسه) candidacy, candidature; election; concession ترشح taraššuḥ infiltration (med.) ارتشاح irtišāḥ infiltration (med.) مرشح muraššiḥ pl. -āt filter; percolator; filtering installation; purification plant مرشح muraššaḥ pl. -ūn candidate, nominee; having a cold مترشح mutaraššiḥ pl. -ūn candidate, nominee رشد rašada u (rušd) to be on the right way, follow the right course, be well guided, not go astray (esp., in religious matters); to have the true faith, be a true believer; to become sensible, become mature, grow up; to come of age II to lead the right way, guide well (ه s.o.) IV to lead the right way, guide well (ه s.o.); to load, guide, direct (الى • s.o. to s.th.), show (ه s.o.) the way (الى to; fig.); to lead s.o. (ه) to the discovery that (الى ان), suggest to s.o. the idea of, make s.o. realize that; to calls.o.’s (ه) attention (الى to s.th.), point out (الى ه to s.o. s.th.); to teach (الى ه s.o. to do s.th.), instruct, (direct, guide (الى ه s.o. in); to inform (الى ه s.o. about), acquaint s.o. (ه) with the facts of (الى); to advise, counsel (الى ه s.o. to do s.th.); to inform (الى against s.o.); to come of age X to ask (ه or ب s.o.) to show the right way, ask s.o. for guidance or directions; to ask (ه s.o.) for instructions or information; to consult (ه s.o.), ask s.o.’s (ه) advice, seek guidance (ه from s.o.); to be guided (ب by) رشد rušd integrity of (one’s) actions, proper, sensible conduct; reason, good sense, senses; consciousness; maturity (of the mind) │سن الرشد sinn ar-r. majority, full legal age; بلغ رشده (rušdahū) to come of age; ثاب الى رشده to come to one’s senses, calm, down, sober up; ضاع رشده to go out of one’s mind; ذهب برشده to drive s.o. mad (pain) رشد rašad integrity of conduct, straightforwardness, forthrightness رشاد rašād integrity of conduct; reason, good sense, senses; maturity; garden peppergrass (Lepidium sativum L.; bot.) رشيد rašīd rightly guided, following the right way; having the true faith; reasonable, rational, intelligent, discriminating, discerning; mature; (pl. رشداء rušadā’) of full legal age, major; Rosetta (city in N Egypt) مراشيد marāšid2 where the right way leads to; salvation ترشيد taršīd a declaring (s.o.) of age (jur.) ارشاد iršād guidance; a conducting, showing the way (الى to); guiding hand; care; spiritual guidance; instruction; direction; directive; information; advising, advice; pl. ارشادات) directives, directions, instructions, advice │بإرشاده on his instructions, following his direction; وزارة الإرشاد القومي wizārat al-i. al-qaumī Ministry of National Guidance (Eg.) شعر ارشادي ši‘r iršādī didactic poetry راشد rāšid following the right way, rightly guided, having the true faith; sensible, reasonable; of full legal age, major │الخلفاء الراشدون (kulafā’) the orthodox caliphs (i.e., Abū Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Utmān, ‘Alī) مرشد muršid pl. -ūn leader; guide to the right way; adviser; spiritual guide; informer; instructor; (ship) pilot; tourist guide; Grand Master, Master (e.g., of the Moslem Brotherhood) مرشدة muršida woman guide 341 رشرش rušruš pl. رشرش rašārīš2 belt رشراش rašrāš tender (e.g., meat) رشف rašafa i u (rašf) and rašifa a (raša), V and VIII to suck, sip (هـ s.th.); to drink (هـ s.th.); to drink up, drain (هـ a vessel) رشفة rašfa (n. un.) pl. -āt gulp, sip (of a drink) رشق rašaqa u (rašq) to throw (ه ب at s.o. s.th.), pelt, strike, hurt (ه ب s.o. with s.th.); to insert, fasten. fix (في هـ s.th. in); -- rašuqa u (رشاقة rašāqa) to he shapely, of graceful stature; to he elegant, graceful, lissome VI to pelt one another, hurt one another رشيق rašīq elegant, graceful (exterior, style); svelte, slender, slim; lissome رشاقة rašāqa elegance, grace, gracefulness; shapeliness graceful, slender build; nimbleness, agility رشم rašama u (rašm) to mark, designate (هـ s.th.); to make the sign of the cross; to seal (هـ s.th.) │رشم بصليب على to make the sign of the cross over; رشم الصليب to make the sign of the cross (Chr.) رشمة rašm pl. رشوم rušūm, رشومات rušūmāt sign of the cross (Chr.); anointment (Copt.-Chr.) رشمة rašma ornamental halter decorated with silver pendants, or the like; camel halter راشن rāšin tip, baksheesh رشا (رشو) rašā u (rašw) to bribe (ه s.o.) VIII to accept as bribe, he corrupt, he venal رشو rašw bribery, corruption رشوة rišwa, rušwa, rašwa pl. رشا, رشى rišan, rušan, (eg.) رشاوى rašāwā bribe; bribery, corruption, dishonesty رشاء rišā’ rope, well rope ارتشاء irtišā’ venality, corruptibility; bribery, corruption رص raṣṣa u (rašṣ) to fit tightly together, press together, compress (هـ s.th.); to ram, force ( هـs.th. into the ground); to pile up, stack up (هـ s.th.); to join together, line up, align, arrange .ide by side (هـ s.th.) II to fit tightly together, press together, compress (هـ s.th.); to ram home (هـ s.th.); to coat or cover with lead (هـ s.th.) VI to be pressed together, be packed together; to press together, crowd together; to be or become compact رصاص raṣāṣ lead; bullets │ قلم رصاصqalam r. pencil رصاصة raṣāṣa (n. un.) pellet; bullet رصاصي raṣāṣī lead, (made) of lead; leady; leaden, lead-colored, dull gray رصيص raṣīṣ compressed, closely packed, jammed together; compact O تراص tarāṣṣ agglutination رصد raṣada u (raṣd) to keep one’s eyes (هـ, ه on); to lie in wait (ه for); to observe (هـ s.th.). watch (هـ s.th. or over s.th.), control (هـ s.th.); to conjure (ه demon) │ رصد الأفلاك to observe the stars, practice astronomy II to provide, set aside, earmark (هـ funds); to prepare, keep ready (هـ s.th.); to balance (الحساب the account; com.) IV to keep ready (هـ s.th.); to provide, set aside, earmark (هـ ل s.th., esp. funds, for); to procure, get (هـ s.th.) V ترصد الأفلاك to observe the stars, practice astronomy رصد raṣd, raṣad pl. ارصاد arṣād observation │ رصد الأفلاك r. al-aflāk stargazing, astronomy; ارصاد جوية (jawwīya) meteorological observation; تقرير الأرصاد weather report رصدخانة raṣdakāna observatory رصد raṣad pl. ارصاد arṣād spy, watcher, watchdog; lookout, observation post; ambush; talisman 342 رصاد raṣṣād: رصاد الجو r. al-jaww meteorologist رصيد raṣīd pl. ارصدة arṣida stock on hand (of merchandise, of supplies); avaible funds; balance (com.; also = remainder of a sum to be paid later); capital (fin.) │ شيك يدون رصيد uncovered check, check without sufficient covering funds مرصد marṣad pl. مراصد marāṣid 2 observatory │ مرصد جوي(jawwī) meteorological station, weather station O مرصد marṣad telescope مرصاد mirṣād observation post, look-out; ambush │ وقف المرصاد to lie in wait; كان منه بالمرصاد and وقف له بالمرصاد to lie in ambush for s.o., waylay s.o. راصد rāṣid registering; (pl. رصاد ruṣṣād) watcher, watchdog, spy │O خزينة راصدة cash register; O ميزان راصد (mīzān) self-registering balance راصدة rāṣida: راصدة فلكية (falakīya) telescope مبلغ مرصود mablag marṣūd security, cover (fin.) رصع II to inlay, set, stud (هـ s.th., ب with gems or gold); to adorn, decorate, ornament (هـ ب s.th. with) رصف raṣafa u (raṣf) to pave, lay with stone (هـ s.th.); -- raṣufa u (رصافة raṣāfa) to be firmly joined II to lay with flagstones, pave (هـ s.th.) رصف raṣf paving (of roads) رصيف raṣīf firmly joined, firm, solid, compact; -- (pl. ارصفة arṣifa) pavement; sidewalk; quay; wharf, pier; mole, jetty; platform; (pl. رصفاء ruṣafā’) colleague │رصيف المحطة r. al-maḥaṭṭa (railway) platform; رصيف لأعمال الحفر في البحر (li-a‘māli l-ḥafr fī l-baḥr) offshore drilling platform (for oil drilling); عوائد الرصيف ‘awā’id ar-r. quayage, pierage, wharfage رصيفة raṣīfa pl. -āt woman colleague │رصيفتنا الغراء (garrā’) a phrase of courtesy used by one newspaper when referring to another; approx.: our honorable friends رصافة raṣāfa firmness compactness مرصوف marṣūf paved (ب with) رصن raṣuna u (رصانة raṣāna) to be firm, strong; to be sedate, calm, composed رصين raṣīn firm, unshakable; sedate, calm, composed رصانة raṣāna sedateness, composure, calmness, equanimity رض raḍḍa u (raḍḍ) to crush (هـ s.th.); to bruise (هـ a part of the body) رض raḍḍ pl. رضوض ruḍūḍ bruise, contusion رضيض raḍīḍ crushed; bruised رضاب ruḍāb spittle, saliva رضخ raḍaka a i (raḍk) to break, smash, shatter (هـ s.th.); to crack (هـ a kernel); -- raḍaka a (raḍk) to give (هـ s.o.) a small, paltry present; -- (ruḍūk) to yield, bow, give in, subordinate o.s., submit (ل to s.o., to s.th.) VIII ارتضخ لكنة (luknatan) to speak Arabic with a foreign accent رضخ raḍk, رضخة raḍka a small, paltry gift رضيحة raḍīka a small, paltry gift; tip, baksheesh رضوخ ruḍūk submission, surrender; yielding, compliance; sympathetic understanding (ل of) مرضاح mirḍāk nutcracker رضرض raḍraḍa to break into coarse pieces, pound, crush (هـ s.th.) رضراض raḍrāḍ pebbles, gravel 343 رضع raḍi‘a a and raḍa‘a i a (raḍ‘, رضاع raḍā‘) to suck (ثدي أمه tadya ummihī at its mother’s breast) II and IV to nurse at the breast, suckle, breast-feed (ه a baby) رضيع raḍī‘ pl: رضعاء ruḍa‘ā‘2, رضائع raḍā’i‘2 suckling, infant, baby; foster brother O رضاعة raḍā‘a pl. -āt nursing bottle رضاع riḍā‘ foster relationship راضع rāḍi‘ pl. رضع ruḍḍa‘ sucking; suckling, infant, baby; infant (adj.) مرضع murḍi‘ and مرضعة murḍi‘a pl. مراضع marāḍi‘2 wet nurse; foster mother رضه abbreviation of رضي الله عنه see رضى رضا see رضى riḍan رضي raḍiya a (رضى riḍan, رضوان riḍwān, مرضاة marḍāh) to be satisfied, be content (هـ, ب or في with); to consent, agree (هـ, ب or في to); to approve (هـ, ب or في of), accept, sanction (هـ, ب or في s.th.); to accept the fact, resign o.s. to the fact (ان that); to be pleased (هـ, على or عن with); to wish, desire (هـ s.th., ل for s.o.) │رضي لنفسه ب (li-nafsihī) to permit o.s. s.th.; ما رضي لها المذلة (madalla) he had no desire to humiliate her; رضي او ابى (au abā) whether he likes it or not; رضي الله عته (Isl. eulogy) may God be pleased with him; رضي من الغنيمة بالإياب (iyāb) to be content to return without booty, be happy to have saved one’s skin n to satisfy, gratify, please (ه s.o.); to compensate (ه s.o.) III to seek to satisfy, try to please (ه s.o.); to propitiate, conciliate, win (ه s.o.), gain the good will of (ه) IV to satisfy, gratify, please (ه s.o.) V to seek to satisfy, try to please (ه s.o.); to seek to propitiate (ه s.o.); to conciliate. appease (ه s.o.) VI to come to terms VIII to be satisfied, content, pleased (هـ with); to consent, agree (هـ to s.th.); to approve (هـ of s.th.), sanction (هـ s.th.) X to seek to satisfy, try to conciliate, treat in a conciliatory manner (ه s.o.); to conciliate, appease (ه s.o.); to show o.s. obliging, make o.s. popular, ingratiate o.s., try to gain good will or favor رضى, رضا riḍan contentment, contentedness, satisfaction; agreement, consent, assent, acceptance, approval; pleasure, delight; good will, favor │عن رضى readily, gladly; سريع الرضى easy to please, easily reconciled رضي raḍīy pl. ارضياء arḍiyā’2 satisfied, content; pleasant, agreeable │بنفس راضية (bi-nafs) gladly رضوان riḍwān consent, assent, agreement, acceptance, approval, sanction; good will, favor; pleasure, delight مرضاة marḍāh a means affording satisfaction or gratification; satisfaction, pleasure ترضية tarḍiya satisfaction, gratification; compensation رضاء riḍā’ contentment, contentedness, satisfaction; agreement, consent, assent, acceptance, approval, sanction; propitiation, conciliation بالمراضاة bi-l-murāḍāh by fair means, amicably إرضاء irḍā’ satisfaction, gratification; fulfillment (of a claim, of a desire) │صعب الارضاء ṣa‘b al-i. hard to please, fastidious تراض tarāḍin mutual consent استرضاء istirḍā’ conciliatory attitude, conciliatoriness; propitiation, conciliation استرضائي istirḍā’ī conciliatory راض rāḍin pl. رضاة ruḍāh satisfied, content; agreeing, consenting; willing, ready; pleasant, agreeable (life) مرض murḍin satisfactory; satisfying; pleasant, pleasing, gratifying, sufficient 344 رطب raṭiba a and raṭuba u (رطوبة ruṭūba, رطابة raṭāba) to be moist, damp, humid; to be wet II to moisten (هـ s.th.); to cool, refresh; to soothe, soften, calm (القلب al-qalba the heart); to become succulent, mellow, ripen (dates) IV to moisten (هـ s.th.); to become succulent, mellow, ripen (dates) V to be moistened; to be cooled, be refreshed; to be soothed, be softened, be calmed رطب raṭb moist, damp, humid; wet; fresh, cool; juicy, succulent, tender (plant) رطب ruṭab (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. ارطاب arṭāb, رطاب riṭāb fresh, ripe dates رطيب raṭīb pl. رطاب riṭāb moist, damp, humid; fresh, cool; juicy, succulent, tender (plant) رطوبة rṭūba moisture, dampness, humidity; wetness راطب rāṭib moist, damp, humid; wet مرطبات muraṭṭibat refreshments, soft drinks رطل raṭl pl. ارطال arṭāl rotl, a weight (in Eg. = 449.28 g; in Syr. = 3.202 kg, in Beirut and Aleppo = 2.566 kg) رطم raṭama u (raṭm) to involve, implicate, drag (ه في s.o. into s.th. unpleasant) VIII to tumble, fall, plunge (في into); to stick fast, be stuck; to be involved, be entangled (في in s.th.); to run aground, strand (ship); to bump, hit, crash (ب against) O مرطم marṭam breakwater, mole, jetty رطن raṭana u (رطانة raṭāna, riṭāna) to speak unintelligible language, talk gibberish, jabber رطانة raṭāna, riṭāna lingo, gibberish رطينى rujainā lingo, gibberish رعاع ra‘ā‘ rabble, mob, riffraff, scum, ragtag; rowdies, hooligans رعب ra‘aba a (ru‘b) to be alarmed, terrified; to be afraid, be scared II and IV to frighten, scare, terrify (ه s.o.) VIII to become frightened, become alarmed, be afraid رعب ru‘b fright, alarm, dismay ارعاب ir‘āb frightening, intimidation راعب rā‘ib dreadful, horrifying, terrible مرعوب mar‘ūb frightened, terrified, appalled, afraid مرعب mur‘ib frightening, terrifying, terrible, horrible, dreadful رعد ra‘ada a u (ra‘d) to thunder; to appall (ل ب s.o. with) IV to make (ه s.o.) tremble; pass. ur‘ida to shudder, shiver, tremble (من with, e.g., with fear) VIII to tremble رعد ra‘d pl. رعود ru‘ūd thunder رعدة ra‘da, ri‘da tremor; shudder; shiver رعاد ra‘‘ād (coll.; n. un. ة) electric ray (zool.) رعديد ri‘dīd pl. رعاديد ra‘ādīd2 cowardly; coward رعرع ra‘ra‘a to come into the prime of life (youth) II tara‘ra‘a to grow, develop, flourish, thrive رعرع ra‘ra‘, ru‘rū‘ pl. رعارع ra‘āri‘2 in full bloom رعراع ايوب ra‘rā‘ ayyūb (eg.) a variety of fleabane (Pulicaria arabica Coss., Pulicarla inuloides D.C.; bot.) رعش ra‘aša a (ra‘š) and ra’iša a (ra’aš) to tremble, shake IV to make (ه s.o.) tremble; to make (ه s.o.) shiver VIII = ra’aša رعشة ri‘ša tremor │رعشة الحمى r. al-ḥummā feverish shiver ارتعاش irti‘āš tremor, trembling رعص V and VIII to writhe, wind, coil 345 رعف ra‘afa u a and ra‘ifa a: رعف انفه (anfahū) to have a nosebleed رعاف ru‘āf and رعيف ra‘īf nosebleed راعف rā‘if tip of the nose رعلة ru‘la wreath رعيل ra‘īl pl. رعال ri‘āl squadron of armored, motorized, or cavalry troops (Syr., Ir.; mil.) رعام ru‘ām gladers رعمسيس ra‘amsīs Ramses (name of Eg. kings) رعن ra‘ana u (رعونة ru‘ūna) to be lightheaded, frivolous; -- ra‘ana u (ra‘n): رعنته الشمس ra‘anathu š-šamsu to have a sunstroke رعن ra‘n sunstroke; -- (pl. رعان ri‘ān) mountain peak ارعن ar‘an2 lightheaded, frivolous, flippant, rash, heedless, careless; stupid, silly; thoughtless; unsteady, fickle, volatile رعونة ru‘ūna pl. -āt levity, frivolity, flippancy; thoughtlessness رعا (رعو) ra‘ā u (ra‘w, رعوة ra‘wa, ru‘wa, رعوى ra‘wā, ru‘wā) and IX ارعوى ir‘awā to desist (من or عن from sin, from error), repent, see the light │ارعوى عن غيه (gayyihī) to repent, turn over a new leaf رعوى ra‘wā, ru‘wā repentance, amendment, conversion رعوى ra‘awī and رعوية see رعى رعى ra‘ā a (ra‘y, رعاية ri‘āya, مرعى mar‘an) to graze; to tend (هـ a flock of animals); -- (ra‘y, رعاية ri‘āya) to guard, protect, take under one’s wing (ه s.o.); to care (هـ, ه for), take care (هـ, ه of); to watch (هـ over); to male a point (هـ of s.th.), make it one’s business; to observe, bear in mind, heed, respect (هـ s.th.); to adhere (هـ to), comply (هـ with), abide (e.g., عهدا ‘ahdan or معاهدة mu‘āhadatan by a treaty or an agreement, etc.); to take into consideration (هـ s.th.), allow (هـ for s.th.) in to supervise, watch, control (هـ s.th.), keep an eye (هـ on); to maintain, keep up, preserve (هـ s.th.); to observe, bear in mind, heed, respect (هـ s.th.), comply (هـ with, e.g., with regulations); to take into consideration, take into account (هـ s.th.), allow, make allowance (هـ for s.th.); to show deference, regard or respect (ه for s.o.); to make provision, see to it (ان that) │راعى خاطره (kāṭirahū) to defer to s.o., respect s.o.’s feelings or wishes IV ارعيته سمعى ar‘aituhū sam‘ī I listened to him; ارعنى سمعك ar‘inī sam‘aka listen to me! ارعى هـ نظره (naẓarahū) to follow s.th. attentively with one’s eyes VIII to graze, pasture (cattle) X to attract (نظره naẓarahū s.o.’s eyes, انتباهه intibāhahū s.o.’s attention); to observe (هـ s.th.) رعى ra‘y care, keeping, custody, guardianship; protection; observance (ل of), adherence (ل to, e.g., to agreements) │ رعيا لك God be with you! رعية ra‘īya pl. رعايا ra‘āyā herd, flock; parish (Chr.); subjects, citizens; a subject, a citizen رعوي ra‘awī, رعاوى ra‘āwī and رعائى ra‘ā’ī pastoral, bucolic │ كنيسة رعائية parish church (Chr.); رسالة رعائية pastoral letter (Chr.) مرعى mar‘ā pl. مراع marā‘in grassland, grazing land; pasture رعاية ri‘āya keeping, custody, charge, care; attention, consideration, regard; patronage, auspices, sponsorship, protectorate │تحت رعاية under the auspices of, sponsored by; مركز رعاية الطفل markaz r. al-ṭifl health center for children (Eg.); شرط معاملة الدول الأكثر رعاية šarṭ mu‘āmalat ad-duwal al-aktar ri‘āyatan most-favored nation clause 346 مراعاة murā‘āh consideration, regard, deference, respect; compliance (with), observance (e.g., of regulations, of duties, etc.) │ مراعاة ل (murā‘atan) in deference to, out of regard for, for the lab of; in observance of; مراعاة لخواطرهم out of deference to them, out of regard for their feelings, wishes, etc.; مع مراعاة هذا taking this into account, bearing this in mind راع rā‘in pl. رعاة ru‘āh, رعيان ru‘yān, رعاء ru‘ā’, ri‘ā’ shepherd, herdsman; guardian, keeper, protector; patron, sponsor; pastor (Chr.) مرعى mar‘ā observed, complied with رغب ragiba a (رغبة ragba, رغب ragab) to desire, wish, want, crave, covet (في s.th.); to ask (من or الى s.o., في for s.th., ان to do s.th.), request (في s.th.; من or الى s.o., ان to do s.th.); to prefer (في على s.th. to, also ب عن s.th. to), like s.th. (في, also ب) better than (على, also عن); to dislike, detest, loathe (عن s.th.), have a distaste (عن for); to wish (ل ب s.o. s.th.) │لا يرغب فيه (yurgabu) undesirable II to make (ه s.o.) desirous (في of), awaken a desire, a wish (ه في in s.o. for); to interest (ه في s.o. in s.th.), excite s.o.’s (ه) interest in (في); to awaken an aversion (ه عن in s.o. to s.th.) IV = II رغب ragab: رغبا ورهبا ragaban wa-rahaban torn between greed and fear رغبة ragba pl. ragabāt wish, desire, longing, appetite (في for) رغيبة ragība pl. رغائب ragā’ib2 object of desire, desideratum; wish, desire ترغيب targīb awakening of a desire or longing (في for); incitement to covetousness; invitation, attraction راغب rāgib pl. رغبة desiring, desirous │لآخر راغب li-ākiri rāgibin (sale) to the highest bidder مرغوب margūb: مرغوب فيه coveted, sought after, in demand; desired, desirable; غير مرغوب فيه undesirable; شخص مرغوب فيه (šakṣ) persona grata, شخص غير مرغوب فيه persona non grate (dipl.); مرغوب عنه undesirable, unwanted, objectionable, loathsome مرغبات muraggibāt attractions, lures, advantages رغث ragaṭa a (rugt) to suck (ها at the mother’s teats; said of animals) رغوث ragūt unweaned young female animal رغد raguda u (رغادة ragāda) and ragida (rugd) to be pleasant, comfortable, carefree (life) رغد ragd easy, carefree, pleasant, agreeable (life) │ عيش رغد(‘aiš) a life of plenty and opulence رغيد ragīd easy, carefree, pleasant, agreeable (life) │ عيش رغيد (‘aiš) a life of plenty and opulence رغد ragad comfort, opulenoe, affluence (of living) رغادة ragāda comfort, opulence, affluence (of living) 1رغرغ ragraga to live in opulence and luxury 2□ رغرغ ragraga (= غرغر gargara) to gargle ارغاطة urgāṭa pl. –āt, اراغيط arāgīṭ (eg.) windlass, winch; capstan رغيف ragīf pl. ارغفة argifa, رغفان rugfān, رغف ruguf loaf of bread; roll, bun (syr.) رغم IV to foroe, compel, coerce (ه على s.o. to do s.th.) رغم ragma (prep.) despite, in spite of │رغم ان although, though; رغما عن ragman ‘an in spite of, despite; رغما عن انفه (anfihī) and على الرغم من انفه just to spite him, in defiance of him, against, his will; بالرغم من bi-r-rami min and بالرغم عن and على الرغم من despite, in spite of; بالرغم من كل هذا in 347 spite of all this; بالرغم منه and على الرغم منه against s.o.’s will; against one’s own will, reluctantly, without wanting it; على رغم مني ‘alā ragmin minnī without my wanting it; بالرغم من in spite of the fact that, although; لا ... الا رغما lā … illā ragman only reluctantly, only with great effort رغام ragām dust and sand رغام rugām mucus رغامى rugāmā windpipe, trachea (anat.) مرغمة margama pl. مراغم marāgim2 compulsion, coercion, force; aversion, unwillingness, reluctance, dislike, distaste ارغام irgām compulsion (على to) راغم rāgim reluctant, unwilling │وانفه راغم (anfuhū) (as a ḥāl clause) reluctantly, grudgingly ارغن look up alphabetically رغا (رغو) ragā u (ragw) to foam, froth II and IV do. │ارغى وازبد (azbada) to fume with rage رغو ragwa, rugwa pl. رغاو ragāwin foam, froth, spume; lather; dross, slag رغوي ragwī foamy, frothy رغاء raggā’ windbag (fig., of a person); garrulous; chatterbox, prattler رغاوة rugāwā foam, froth, spume راغ: ما له ثاغية ولا راغية (tāgiya) he has absolutely nothing, he is devoid of all resources, prop.: he has neither a bleating (sheep) nor a braying (camel) رف raffa i (raff, رفيف rafīf) to gleam, shimmer, glisten, glitter; -- u i (raff) to quiver, twitch; to flicker; to flap the wings (bird); to flutter; to wave, stream; to flash, flare for a moment; to appear suddenly; -- u I to be anxious to please (ل s.o.). serve (ل s.o.) diligently │رف على ذاكرته it flashed through his mind, it occurred to him all of a sudden رف raff flight, covey (of birds) رف raff pl. رفوف rufūf, رفاف rifāf shelf; rack; ledge │ وضعه على الرف to shelve s.th., put s.th. aside رفاف raffāf radiant, flashing, sparkling, glistening رفأ rafa’a a (raf’) to mend, repair, patch (هـ clothing), sew up, fine-draw (هـ a rent), darn (هـ socks); to drag (هـ a boat) on shore رفاء raffā’ darner, fine-drawer رفاء rifā’ (marital) harmony, love │بالرفاء والبنين (banīn) live in harmony and beget sons! (felicitation to newlyweds) مرفأ marfa’ pl. مرافئ marāfi’2 landing place wharf, quay; port, harbor 1رفت rafata i u (raft) to break, smash, crush (هـ s.th.); to reject, turn down, decline (هـ s.th.); to dismiss, discharge (هـ s.o. from service) رفت raft dismissal, discharge (from service) رفت rufāt mortal remains, body (of a person) 2رفتية raftīya transit duty; clearance certificate, clearance papers (com.) رفث rafata i u to behave in an obscene manner رفث rafat obscenity رفح rafaḥ Rafah (town in S Gaza sector) رفد rafada i (rafd) to support, aid, help (ه s.o.); to support, uphold, carry (ه s.th.) IV to support, aid, help (ه s.o.) X to ask (ه s.o.) for support, appeal (ه to s.o.) for help رفد rifd pl. رفود rufūd, ارفاد arfād present, gift; support رفادة rifāda dressing, bandage (over a wound); saddlecloth, pad 348 رافد rāfid pl. روافد rawāfid2 tributary stream; الرافدان ar-rāfidān (Euphrates and Tigris = ) Mesopotamia, Iraq رافدة rāfida pl. روافد rawāfid2 support, prop; rafter رفرف rafrafa to flap the wings (bird); to flutter (flag, wings, or the like); to blow (wind); to blindfold (هـ the eyes) رفرفrafrāf pl. رفارف rafārif 2 cushion, pad; eyeshade, visor (of a cap); fender (of an automobile) رفروف rafrūf pl. رفاريف rafārīf2 eye bandage رفس rafasa i u (rafs) to kick (ه s.o.) رفس rafsa (n. vic.) kick رفاس raffās steam launch, steamboat; motor tug; O propeller رفش rafš shovel, spade رفاص raffāṣ (= رفاس raffās) steam launch, steamboat رفض rafaḍa i u (rafḍ) to leave, abandon (هـ s.th.); to discard, dismiss (هـ s.th.); to reject, turn down, decline, refuse to accept (هـ s.th.) IV to finish, conclude, terminate V to he bigoted, fanatic IX to scatter, disperse, break up; to disappear, cease (e.g., pain); to drip (sweat) رفض rafḍ dismissal; rejection, refusal, nonacceptance رفيض rafīḍ abandoned; rejected, dismissed ترفض taraffuḍ bigotry, fanaticism رافضة rāfiḍa pl. روافض rawāfiḍ2 turncoats, renegades, dissenters, defectors; troops having deserted their leader; Rafidites, a Shiitio sect رافضي rāfiḍī pl. ارفاض arfāḍ apostate, renegade, turncoat; Rafidite; disloyal, rebellious; bigoted, fanatical رفع rafa‘a a (raf‘) to lift, lift up, raise aloft, heave up, hoist up (هـ s.th.); to raise (هـ s.th., e.g., one’s head, also fig.: e.g., the intellectual level, a price); to raise in esteem (هـ s.th.); to make high or higher (هـ s.th.); to elevate (هـ s.th.); to heighten, exalt, enhance (هـ s.th.); to raise, promote (ه الى s.o. to the rank of); to fly, let up (هـ, e.g., a kite); to hoist, run up (علما ‘alaman or راية rāyatan a flag); to take off, doff, tip (قبعته qubba‘atahū one’s hat); to place, fasten or attach (هـ s.th.) high above; to erect, set up (هـ s.th.); to raise (صوته ṣautahū one’s voice); to remove, take away (عن or هـ من s.th. from); to abolish, eliminate (هـs.th.); to lift (هـ s.th., e.g., a ban), put an end (هـ to s.th.); to remedy (هـ a mistake); to free, relieve (عن هـ s.o. of s.th.); to put s.th. (هـ) before s.o. (الى), submit (ه الى s.th., e.g., a petition, to), file (هـ الى a report, and the like, with a proper authority); to present, dedicate (هـ الى s.th. to s.o.); to offer up (هـ sacrifices; Chr.); to make, deliver (تقريرا a report); to start, initiate (قضية qaḍīyata legal action); to ascribe (هـ الى a Prophetic tradition to an authority or source); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant with u; to put (هـ a word) in the nominative or indicative, respectively; pass. rufi‘a it appeared, came in sight, became visible (ل before s.o.); رفع عنه rufi‘a ‘anhu he regained consciousness │رفع شيئا فوق شيء to put s.th. before or above s.th. else; رفع به رأسا (rafa‘a) to pay attention to s.th.; رفع من شأنه (min ša’nihī) to enhance the importance of s.th.; to speak of s.th. in glowing terms; رفع من مكانته (makānatihī) to upgrade s.th.; رفع يديه عنه (yadaihī) to desist, refrain from s.th.; رفع الدعوى عليه (da‘wā) to sue s.o., lodge a complaint against s.o. (امام in a court); رفع قضية عليه (qaḍīyatan) or رفع به قضية to bring legal action against s.o., go with s.o. to court; رفع الاستئناف to appeal, 349 make an appeal (امام to a court) II to raise, lift;, elevate; to celebrate carnival III to act as defence counsel (عن of s.o.), defend (عن s.o., in court), plead s.o.’s (عن) cause; to summon, hale (ه الى s.o. to court) V to be or deem o.s. above s.th. (عن), be too proud (عن for s.th.), look down (عن upon) │ترفع برأسه to raise or bear one’s heed high VI to hale one another before the judge (الى الحاكم); to take one’s case before the judge (الى الحاكم); to plead (in court) VIII to rise, lift; to go up, ascend; to become higher; to grow, increase, rise; to ring out (tone, voice, tune); to go away, pass away, be eliminated, disappear (عن from) │ارتفع صوته (ṣautuhū) to gain prestige رفع raf‘ lifting, hoisting (also, of a flag); elevation; raise, raising, stepping up (of prices, of temperatures, etc.); setting up; erection; abolition; lift, (e.g., of a ban); remedy, elimination, removal; remission (of a tax); submission, filing (e.g., of a report); pronunciation of the final consonant with u (gram.) │رفع الأثقال weight lifting (athlet.) رفعة rif‘a height, elevation (e.g., of a structure); high rank or standing │ صاحب الرفعة (formerly:) title of the Egyptian Prime Minister, رفعة رئيس الوزراء rif‘at raīs al-wuzarā’ His Excellency the Prime Minister رفاع rifā‘ Shrovetide (Chr.) رفيع rafī‘ high, high-ranking; lofty, exalted, sublime; loud (voice, sound); thin, fine, delicate; exquisite, refined, subtle; artistic │رفيع الشأن r. aš-ša’n approx.: exalted; formerly, in Tunisia, title of the members of the Bey’s family; صاحب المقام الرفيع (maqām) title conferred upon bearers of the order القلادة al-qilāda, established by Fu’ād I in 1936; الفنون الرفيعة (= الفنون الجميلة) the fine arts; الرفيع والوضيع high end low (= all) ارفع arfa‘ higher; loftier, more exalted; liner; more relined, subtler رفيعة rafī‘a pl. رفائع rafā’i‘2 legal case brought before the competent authorities; a document submitted to a proper authority مرفع marfa‘ Shrovetide (Chr.); carnival, pl. مرافع marāfi‘2 do. مرفعة mirfa‘a pl. مرافع marāfi‘2 hoisting gear, crane ترفيع tarfī‘ pl. -āt promotion (of an official); salary raise (الى to the amount of) مرافعة murāfa‘a pl. -āt speech for the defense (in court); proceedings at law │يوم المرافعة yaum al-m. date fixed for the trial (of a case in court); قانون المرافعة (Eg.) and مجلة المرافعة majallat al-m. (Tun.) code of procedure ترفع taraffu‘ arrogance, haughtiness, snobbery (عن toward s.th.), disdain, contempt (عن of s.th.) ارتفاع irtifā‘ rise (e.g., of prices); elevation; increase; height, altitude (e.g., of a mountain, عن سطح البحر ‘an saṭḥI l-baḥr above sea level, etc.) │ على ارتفاع ... at an altitude of ... رافع rāfi‘ bearer │آلة رافعة hoisting gear, lifting apparatus, hoist; windlass, winch; crane; pump; مضخة رافعة (miḍakka) suction pump رافعة rāfi‘a pl. روافع rawāfi‘ hoisting gear, lifting apparatus, hoist; crane; hoisting installation (mining) │O رافعة هوائية (hawā’īya) ejector; O رافعة الغام r. algām mine sweeper مرفوع marfū‘ traceable in ascending order of traditionaries to Mohammed (Prophetic tradition); (gram.) in the nominative or indicative, respectively مرفع muraffa‘: المرفع شأنه (ša’nuhū) = الرفيع الشأن (see رفيع rafī‘) 350 مرافع murāfi‘ plaintiff مترفع mutaraffi‘ haughty, arrogant, snobbish مرتفع murtafi‘ rising, ascending; high, elevated; resounding, ringing │ سكة الحديد المرتفعة (sikkat al-ḥadīd) elevated railway مرتفع murtafa‘ height, altitude; elevated place; O terrace; pl. -āt heights, elevations, hills رفق rafaqa u (rifq) and rafiqa a (rafaq) to be kind, friendly, nice (ب to s.o., also على and ل), treat gently (ب s.o.,), be courteous (ب with s.o.) III to be a companion, a comrade (ه of s.o.); to keep (ه s.o.) company; to be on intimate terms, be hand in glove, be friends, associate closely (ه with s.o.); to accompany (ه s.o.; also mus.); to escort (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV to be of use, be useful (ه to s.o.), avail, serve, help (ه s.o.); to accompany (هـ ب s.th. with);: to attach, enclose, add, append (هـ ب to s.th. s.th.) V to show o.s. kind, display a gentle, friendly attitude (ب toward s.o., also مع), be nice (ب to s.o., also مع); to do gently (في s.th.), proceed gently (في in) │ترفق في سيره (sairihī) to walk slowly, stroll, saunter VI to travel together VIII to profit, benefit, gain (ب from or by), make use, avail o.s., take advantage (ب of), utilize (ب s .h.); to lean one’s elbows, rest one’s arms (هـ on s.th.) رفق rifq friendliness, kindness, gentleness │ جمعية الرفق بالحيوان jam‘īyat ar-r. bi-l-ḥayawān Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals رفقة rifqa, rufqa pl. رفاق rifāq, رفق rifaq, rufaq, ارفاق arfāq group, troop, body (of people); company │ برفقة accompanied by, in the company of رفيق rafīq pl. رفقاء rufaqā’2, رفاق rifāq companion, attendant; escort; buddy, friend; comrade (in Marxist terminology); associate, partner; accomplice; kind (ب to), mild, gentle, tender │رفيق المدرسة r. al-madrasa classmate, schoolmate رفيقة rafīqa pl. -āt woman companion; girl friend; sweetheart; mistress, par amour مرفق mirfaq, marfiq elbow; -- mirfaq pl. مرافق marāfiq2 anything conducive to personal ease and comfort, convenience; appurtenance (of an apartment, of a house; such as kitchen, bathroom, stable, etc.); attainment of civilization, civilizational institution; pl. مرافق attainments of civilization; conveniences; public utilities; installations; facilities │القيام على مرافقهم (qiyām) concern for their welfare; مرافق الحياة m. al-ḥayāh conveniences, anything conducive to personal ease and comfort; المرافق العامة (‘āmma) the public utilities; مرافق التكرار refining facilities (oil industry) مرافقة murāfaqa accompaniment; escort; company, association ارتفاق irtifāq utilization, use; usefulness, serviceableness; easement (jur.) مرافق murāfiq pl. -ūn companion, attendant; escort; accompanist; adjutant, aide (Ir.) مرفق به murfaq bihi attached, enclosed; pl. مرفقات enclosures (in a letter, or the like) مرتفق murtafaq that on which one leans or rests; support; toilet, latrine رفل rafala u (rafl) to trail a garment; to strut, swagger رفل rifl train (of a garment) رفه rafuha u (رفاه rafāh, رفاهة rafāha, رفاهية rafāhīya) to be comfortable, pleasant, luxurious (life) II to make (هـ life) pleasant and comfortable; to afford (ه s.o.) a pleasant, luxurious life; to be a source 351 of ease and comfort, make things easy (على, عن for s.o.), let (على, s.o.) live in comfort; to relax (على, عن s.o.), provide recreation (على, عن for); to ease soften, mitigate (عن هـ for s.o. s.th.); to cheer up (عن s.o.), raise the spirits of (عن); to soothe (عن the soul) │رفه عن نفسه to relax, find recreation (هـ from work); رفع على نفسه to find recreation رفه rifh and رفاه rafāh well-being, welfare; personal ease and comfort; good living, luxury, comforts of life رفاهة rafāha, رفاهية rafāhīya comfortable, luxurious life; luxury; comfort, comfortableness, coziness; complete relaxation and ease ترفيه tarfīh creation of ease and luxury; habituation to luxury; providing of comfort and relaxation; recreation; (mental) relaxation │ترفيه العيش t. al-‘aiš good living, comfortable life; قسم الترفيه qism at-t. recreation department رفا (رفو) rafā u (rafw) to darn, mend (هـ s.th.) رق raqqa i (رقة riqqa) to be or become thin, delicate, fine; to be tender, soft; to be pure, clear, limpid (water); to soften, relent (ل toward s.o.), have pity, feel compassion, have sympathy (ل for) │رق له قلبه (qalbuhū) he took pity on him II to make thin. thin out (هـ s.th.); to refine, make fine, soft or tender, render delicate (هـ s.th.); to polish, smooth, make elegant (هـ one’s speech); to flatten, roll out (هـ esp. metal) IV to make thin, line or tender, render delicate, refine (هـ s.th.); to soften (هـ the heart) V to soften, relent (ل toward s.o.). have pity, have sympathy (ل for), sympathize (ل with) X to be thin, fine, delicate; to soften (هـ s.th.); to enslave, make a slave (هـ s.o.) رق raqq pl. رقوق ruqūq turtle رق riqq quality or condition of being a slave, slavery, bondage رق raqq, riqq parchment; riqq (eg.) tambourine رق riqqa thinness; slenderness, slimness; fineness, delicateness, delicacy; gentleness, mildness; amiability, graciousness, friendliness │رقة الحاشية r. al-ḥāšiya friendliness, courteousness, amiability; رقة الشعور sensitivity, delicacy of feeling, tact; رقة الطبع r. aṭ-ṭab‘ kindness, gentleness, mild temper, friendliness; رقة المزاج gentleness, mild temper رقاق ruqāq flat loaf of bread; O waffles رقيق raqīq pl. ارقاء ariqqā’2, رقاق riqāq slave, slaves (sing. and coll.); flat loaf of bread (mid); thin; slender, slim; line, delicate; soft. tender, gentle; sensitive, tactful, discreet, prudent │تجارة الرقيق slave trade; رقيق الحال poor, needy; رقيق الحاشية (الحواشي) r. al-ḥāšiya (al-ḥawāšī) friendly, courteous, civil, amiable; رقيق الشعور sensitive; رقيق الطبع r. aṭ-ṭab‘ kind, gentle, mild-tempered, friendly; رقيق المزاج gentlehearted رقيقة raqīqa lamina, flake ارق araqq2 thinner; slimmer; more delicate مرقاق mirqāq rolling pin مرقوق marqūq thin, flaky pastry رقأ raqa’a a to cease to flow (tears) رقب raqaba u (رقوب ruqūb, رقابة raqāba) to observe, watch, regard attentively (هـ s.th.); to supervise, control (هـ s.th.); to wait (هـ for), await (هـ s.th.); -- (رقوب ruqūb) to watch (هـ over s.th.), guard (هـ s.th.); to take into consideration, heed, observe, respect (هـ s.th.); to fear (ه God); to be on one’s guard, watch out, be careful │لا يرقب فيه إلا ولا ذمة (illan wa-lā dimmatan) to treat s.o. ruthlessly ill to watch, observe, regard attentively (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), keep an eye (هـ, ه on); to make out, detect (هـ s.th.); to control 352 (هـ s.th., e.g., the traffic, the press, s.o.’s doings, etc.), supervise (هـ some work), have an eye (هـ on, e.g., on s.o.’s dealings); to fear (ه God) │ راقب الله فيه (lit.: to fear God with regard to s.o.) to treat s.o. well for fear of God V to expect, anticipate, await (هـ s.th.), look forward to (هـ), wait, look, look out (هـ, ه for); to regard (هـ s.th.), look (هـ at s.th.); to lie in wait (ه for) VIII to expect, anticipate (هـ s.th.) رقبة riqba observation; control; attention; caution, wariness; vigilance, watchfulness رقبة raqaba pl. -āt, رقاب riqāb neck; -- (pl. رقاب) slave; (īsl. Law) person │O رقبة جسر r. jisr bridgehead; صلب الرقبة ṣulb ar-r. stubborn, obstinate, obstreperous; غليظ الرقبة do.; هذا في رقابهم responsibility for it rests on their shoulders; أخذ بعضهم برقاب بعض akada ba‘ḍuhum bi-r. ba‘ḍin to follow in close succession رقوب ruqūb anticipation, expectation رقيب raqīb pl. رقباء ruqabā’2 vigilant, watchful; guardian, keeper, warden; watcher, observer, lookout; spy; overseer, supervisor, inspector; controller, control officer; postal censor; sergeant (Syr., mil.) │رقيب اول (awwal) approx.: staff sergeant (Syr., mil.) رقبى ruqbā donation with the proviso that it shall either revert to the donor after the donee’s death or become the property of the donee upon death of the donor (Isl. Law) رقابة raqāba supervision, control; censorship (of the press) رقوبة raqūba and راقوبة rāqūba (eg.) nest egg مرقب marqab and مرقبة marqaba lofty observation post, lookout; watchtower; O observatory مرقب mirqab telescope مراقبة murāqaba observation; supervision; surveillance; inspection; control; censorship (of the Press); mail censorship; superintendency, controllership; zone of inspection ترقب taraqqub expectation, anticipation ارتقاب irtiqāb expectation, anticipation مراقب murāqib pl. -ūn observer; overseer, supervisor, inspector; controller, control officer; censor; sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant (Eg. 1939) │مراقب تعليم m. ta‘līm a military rank (approx.: master sergeant; Eg. 1939); مراقب تعيين m. ta‘yīn a military rank (approx.: quartermaster sergeant; Eg. 1939); مراقب مدني (madanī) title of a high local official (Mor., Tun.); مراقب الخطوط linesman (soccer) رقد raqada u (raqd, رقود ruqūd, رقاد ruqād) to sleep, be asleep; to go to bed; to lie down to rest; to lie; to rest; to abate, subside, let up, calm down (e.g., a storm); to be down, be flagging; to be dull, listless (market) │رقد على البيض (baiḍ) to sit on the eggs (hen) II to put (ه s.o.) to sleep; to make (ه s.o.) lie down; to put (ه s.o.) to bed; to lay down, stretch out (ه s.o.) IV to put to sleep (ه s.o.); to put to bed (ه a child) رقدة raqda sleep; manner of lying, lying position رقاد ruqād sleep; recumbency, recumbent position رقود ruqūd sleep; recumbency, recumbent position; sleeping, sleep (pl. of the active participle) راقود rāqūd pl. رواقيد rawāqīd2 large jug مرقد marqad pl. مراقد marāqid2 bed; couch; resting place; mausoleum ترقيد tarqīd (eg.) layerage (hort.) │ترقيد البيض t. al-baiḍ hatching of the eggs 353 ترقيد tarqīd (tarqīd) layer (hort.) راقد rāqid pl. رقد ruqqad, رقود ruqūd sleeping, asleep; lying, reclining, recumbent; resting; quiet, dull, listless (market) مرقد muraqqid somniferous, lulling; pl. مرقدات soporifics رقرق raqraqa to mix. dilute (هـ wine with water) II taraqraqa to overflow (بالدموع with tears; eyes), be bathed (بالدموع in tears); to glitter, glisten, sparkle: to stir gently, breathe (wind) رقراق raqrāq bathed (in tears), moist, misty (eyes); glittering, glistening; radiant, brilliant, resplendent رقارق raqāriq not deep, shallow (water) رقش raqaša u to variegate, make multicolored (هـ s.th.) II do.; to adorn, embellish, decorate (هـ s.th.) ارقش arqaš2 variegated, multicolored, colorful O مرقاش mirqāš pl. مراقيش marāqīš2 brush (of the painter) رقص raqaṣ u (raqṣ) to dance; to prance (horse; على to a tune) │ رقص فرحا (faraḥan) to dance with joy II to make (هـ s.o.) dance; to set (هـ s.th.) in a swinging motion; to make (هـ the heart) tremble │ رقص الحناجر (prop.: to make the throats tremble) to provoke loud laughter III to dance (ها with a girl) IV = II; VI to move; to dance; to prance; to tremble (heart) رقص raqṣ dancing, dance │ معلم الرقص mu‘allim ar-r. dancing instructor رقصة raqṣa (n. vic.) pl. raqaṣāt dance رقاص raqqāṣ (professional) dancer; pendulum (phys.; also of a timepiece) رقاصة female dancer; dancing girl, danseuse; ballerina مرقص marqaṣ, pl. مراقص marāqiṣ2 dance hall, ballroom; dance, ball راقص rāqiṣ dancer; dance, dancing (used attributively) │حفلة راقصة (ḥafla) dance, ball; موسيقى راقصة dance music; ليلة راقصة (laila) dancing party راقصة rāqiṣa pl. -āt female dancer; O kneecap, patella مراقصة murāqiṣa (female) dancing partner رقط II to speckle, spot (هـ s.th.) ارقط arqaṭ2 speckled, spotted; leopard رقع raqa‘a a (raq‘) to patch (هـ a garment); -- raqu‘a u (رقاعة raqā‘a) to be stupid II = raqa‘a رقعة ruq‘a pl. رقع ruqa‘, رقاع riqā‘ patch; piece of cloth; piece of land, terrain or ground; area; lot, plot of land; ground (of a flag); chessboard; slip of paper, piece of paper; note, brief message; ticket; coupon; bond, security; a cursive style of calligraphy رقيع raqī‘ stupid, silly, foolish; impudent, impartment, shameless; (pl. ارقعة arqi‘a) firmament رقاعة raqā‘a stupidity, foolishness folly مرقعة marqa‘a and مرقعية marqa‘īya tatters, rags ترقيع tarqī‘ patching │ترقيع القرنية t. al-qarnīya transplantation of the cornea (mid.) مرقعات muraqqa‘āt fragments رقم raqama u (raqm) to write (هـ s.th.); to point, provide with points (هـ a text); to brand (هـ a hone); to imprint (هـ a trace, a mark); to mark (هـ s.th.); to stripe (هـ a fabric); to number (هـ s.th.) II to point, provide with points (هـ a text); to stripe, streak (هـ s.th.); to rule (هـ s.th.); to number (هـ s.th.) 354 رقم raqm pl. ارقام arqām numeral; number, No. │الأرقام الهندية (hindīya) the numerals of the Arabs; رقم القياس r. al-qiyās or رقم قياسي (qiyāsī) record (athlet.), سجل رقما قياسيا (sajjala) to set a record (athlet.) رقيم raqīm inscription tablet; letter, message مرقم mirqam pl. مراقم marāqim2 drawing pencil, crayon; (painter’s) brush ترقم tarqīm pointing; numbering, numeration مرقم marqūm pl. مراقم marāqīm2 striped blanket رقوص II taraqwaṣa (syr.) to toss, fling o.s. about رقى raqiya a (raqy, ruqīy) to ascend (الى or في s.th. or to s.th.); to climb, mount, scale (هـ s.th.); to rise (in rank), advance, he promoted; to date back, go hack (الى to a bygone era); رقي به to lead s.o. up; to further, promote, encourage s.th.; - raqa i (رقية ruqya) to use magic or incantations (ه on s.o., من against s.th.) II to cause to ascend; to promote (ه s.o.); to raise, further, promote, advance (هـ s.th.) V to ascend, rise, advance, progress VIII to ascend, rise; to ascend (هـ s.th.; also. e.g., العرش al-‘arša the throne), climb (هـ s.th., on s.th., also العربة al-‘araba into the carriage); to advance, he promoted (الى منصب ilā manṣib to an office); to rise, increase (الى to the number of); to advance, rise, show an upward trend, develop upward; to date hack. go hack (الى to a given time) رقي ruqīy rise, progress, upward development; الرقي به promotion, encouragement, furtherance of s.th. رقية ruqya pl. رقى ruqan spell, charm, magic; incantation رقاء raqqā’ magician, sorcerer ارقى arqā higher, superior; more advanced, more progressed مرقاة marqāh pl. مراق marāqin stairs, staircase; O elevator, lift ترقية tarqiya raising; -- (pl. -āt) promotion (in rank); elevation; promotion, furtherance, encouragement, advancement; extension, development, improvement ترق taraqqin pl. taraqqiyāt ascension; ascent; advance, advancement; progress, rise, progressive development ارتقاء irtiqā‘ climbing, mounting; ascension; ascent; progress, rise, progressive development │ارتقاء العرش irt. al-‘arš accession to the throne راق rāqin ascending, rising; high, high-ranking; superior, high-grade, high-class, of high standard; educated. refined; advanced │الطبقة الراقية (ṭabaqa) the upper class راق rāqin pl. رقاة ruqāh magician, sorcerer مرتق murtaqin high, superior, advanced (esp. intellectually) مرتقى murtaqan ascent, rise 1رك rakka i (rakk, ركة rikka, ركاكة rakāka) to be weak, feeble; to be poor, meager, scanty; -- u (rakk): رك الشيء في عنقه (fī ‘unuqihī) to saddle s.o. with the responsibility for s.th., thrust s.th. upon s.o. ركة rikka weakness feebleness ركيك rakīk pl. ركاك rikāk, رككة rakaka weak, feeble; thin; colorless, pallid (e.g., style); scanty, meager, poor, pitiful ركاك rukāk weak, feeble ركاكة rakāka weakness, feebleness; lowliness; inadequacy, poorness; colorlessness, pallor (e.g., of style) 355 2ركة rukka distaff │طب الركة ṭibb ar-r. (eg.) popular treatment of illnesses by means of charms and incantations, practiced by women ركب rakiba a (ركوب rukūb) to ride (هـ an animal); to mount (هـ an animal); to go, travel (هـ in a carriage, in an automobile, on a train, on board a ship, etc.), ride (هـ in a vehicle, on a bicycle); to get, climb (هـ into a carriage, on a bicycle, etc.), board (هـa train, an airplane, a ship, etc.); to pursue (ه s.o.), be after s.o. (ب with s.th.); to engage (هـ in), embark (هـ on); to commit, perpetrate (هـ a sin, a crime); to master (هـ s.th.) │ ركب البحر (baḥr) to travel by sea; ركبا الحياة (ḥayāh) to master life; ركب الخطر (kaṭar) to embark on a risky undertaking; ركب خيوله الحربية (kuyūlahū l-ḥarbīya) to get on one’s high horse; ركب ذنب الريح (danaba r-rīḥ) to speed along like the wind; ركب رأسه (ra’sahū) to act at one’s disoretion; to act rashly, follow a whim; ركب السيارة (sayyāra) to go by car, travel in an automobile; ركب الشطط (šaṭaṭ) to commit excesses, go too far; ركب الطيارة (ṭayyāra) to fly, go by plane; ركب متن العنف (matna l-‘unf) to commit acts of violence; ركب مركب الخطل (markaba l-kaṭal) to make a foolish mistake, commit a folly; to embark on a reckless course, do irresponsible things; ركب مطية الإخفاق (maṭīyata l-ikfāq) to back the wrong horse, be on the losing side, fail; ركب الأهوال (ahwāl) to defy the horrors; ركب الهواء (hawā’) to fly, travel by air; ركب هواه (hawāhu) to follow one’s whim II to make (ه s.o.) ride; to put, place, fasten, mount (هـ على s.th. on); to fit, mount, insert, set (هـ في s.th. in. e.g., a precious stone in a ring); to build in (هـ a machine part); to assemble (هـ e.g., the parts of an apparatus); to set up (هـ a machine); to install (هـ s.th.; techn.), lay (هـ an electric line, and the like); to assemble, put together, fit together (هـ s.th.); to make, prepare (هـ s.th. out of several components or ingredients); to construct, build (هـ e.g., a technical apparatus) IV to make (ه s.o.) ride or mount │اركبه رأسه وهواه (ra’sahū wa-hawāhu) to let s.o. have his head, let s.o. do as he pleases V to be composed, be made up, consist (من of) VI to be superimposed one upon another VIII to commit, perpetrate (هـ a sin, a crime); to pursue, practice (هـ s.th. │ ارتكب شططا (šaṭaṭan) to overdo s.th., go too far ركب rakb riders, horsemen, cavalcade; caravan; traveling party; retinue, escort; procession, troop (of people) ركبة rukba pl. ركب rukab, -āt knee │ابو الركب abū r-rukab dengue, breakbone fever (med.) ركاب rikāb pl. ركب rukub stirrup; (pl. -āt, ركب rukub, ركائب rakā’ib2) riding Camel, riding animal, mount │حل ركابه بأرضنا ḥalla rikābuhū bi-arḍinā he has arrived on our soil; هو في ركابه he is his loyal follower, he doge his footsteps; سار في ركابه do.; to cling to s.o.’s heels, be blindly subservient to s.o. ركوب rakūb mount, riding animal ركوبة rakūba pl. ركائب rakā’ib2 mount, female riding camel ركوب rukūb (horseback, camelback, etc.) riding; traveling (in a vehicle, by sea, by air, etc.); mounting (of a bicycle, of a horse, etc.), boarding (of a train, of a ship, etc.) │ركوب البحر r. al-baḥr navigation; ركوب الهواء r. al-hawā’ flying, aviation ركاب rakkāb one who rides frequently, (professional) horseman or rider, jockey ركبان rukbān retinue, escort │ذكره سار به الركبان (dikruhū) approx.: his fame has spread far and wide 356 مركب markab pl. مراكب marāk2 ship, boat, vessel │مركب بخاري (bukārī) steamship, steamer; مركīحربي (ḥarbī) warship, man-of-war; مركب دوري (daurī) patrol boat; مركب شراعي (širā‘ī) sailing vessel, sailboat; مركب لصيد m. aṣ-ṣaid fishing smack, trawler; مركب النقل m. an-naql freighter, transport مركبة markaba pl. -āt vehicle; carriage, cab مراكبى marākibī pl. marākibīya boatman; ferryman تركيب tarkīb pl. -āt, تراكيب tarākīb2 fitting in, insertion, setting; building in; fastening, mounting; assembling, assembly; final assembly; installation (e.g., of a telephone extension); composition; making, preparation (out of several components or ingredients); construction, building (techn.); structure; constitution, build, physique; -- (pl. تراكيب tarākīb2) phrase, idiom; construction (gram.) تركيبي tarkībī constructive, constructional ارتكاب irtikāb perpetration (of a sin or crime) راكب rākib riding, on horseback, mounted; riding, traveling (in a vehicle); (pl. ركاب rukkāb, ركبان rukbān) rider, horseman; (pl. ركاب rukkāb) passenger, occupant (of a conveyance) │راكب دراجة r. darrāja cyclist مركوب markūb pl. مراكيب marākīb2 riding animal, mount; (eg., syr.) red-leather shoes │ابو مركوب abū m. (eg.) shoebill (Balaeniceps rex; zool.) مركبات murakkabāt components, constituents, elements, ingredients (esp. chem.) مركب murakkab mounted, fastened, fixed (على on); fitted, inserted, set (في in); built-in; assembled; made up, composed, consisting (من of); compound. composite; complex; bound, not free; -- (pl. -āt) composition; a compound (chem.); a composite; a complex (psychol.); medication, medicament │ ربح مركب (ribḥ) compound interest; مركب كيميائي (kīmiyā’ī) chemical compound; مركب نقص m. naqṣ inferiority complex مرتكب murtakib perpetrator (of a crime) ركد rakada u (ركود rukūd) to be motionless, still, stagnant ركود rukūd suspension, standstill, stagnation; sluggishness; stillness, tranquility راكد rākid stagnant; sluggish ركز rakaza u i (rakz) to plant or ram in the ground, set up (هـ s.th., e.g., a pole); to fix, embed firmly (هـ s.th.) II to plant or ram in the ground, set up, (هـ s.th., e.g., a pole); to position, emplace (هـ s.th.); to fix, embed firmly (هـ s.th.); to cause to take root, naturalize (هـ s.th.); to concentrate (هـ s.th., also one’s thoughts, في on) V to concentrate; تركز tarakkaz ready! (starter’s command; athlet.) VIII to be implanted; to settle permanently, stay (في at a place); to lean, support one’s weight (على or الى on); to he fastened, be mounted (على on); to be based, rest (على on); to concentrate (في on); to gravitate (في to) ركز rikz sound, tone ركزة rakza pause, rest, break ركاز rikāz pl. اركزة arkiza, ركزان rikzān precious minerals, buried treasures of the earth ركيزة rakīza pl. ركائز rakā’iz2 treasure; support, brace, shore, stanchion; pillar, pier; post, pile; shoring مركز markaz pl. مراكز marākiz2 foothold; stand, station; place where s.o. is posted or stationed; post; (police, etc.) 357 station; office, branch office (com.); locality where s.th. takes place, scene, site, seat; position (mil.); headquarters; main office, central office; central exchange (telephone); center (of a circle and fig.); focus; markaz, an administrative district (subdivision of a mudīrīya, Eg.); position, situation, office, post; (social, financial, official, etc.) status, standing; power, position (of a country); situation │ مركز اساسي (asāsī) starting point, basis; مركز البوليس police station; مراكز حيوية (ḥayawīya) vital centers; مركز الإدارة m. al-idāra main office, central office, headquarters; مركز الداء m. ad-dā’ the seat of the disease O مركز الإذاعة m. al-idā‘a broadcasting station; مركز رئيسي main office, headquarters; مركز الرياسة m. ar-riyāsa central command post; مركز رياسة الجيش m. riyāsat al-jaiš Supreme Command of the Army (Eg.); مركز رعاية الطفل m. ri‘āyat aṭ-ṭifl health center for children (Eg.); مركز السكة الحديدية m. as-sikka al-ḥadīdīya railroad junction; مركز الشرطة m. aš-šurṭa police station; مركز نيابي (niyābī) parliamentary seat, mandate; O مركز التوليد power station مركزي markazī central; district (used attributively); لامركزي O centrifugal; decentralized (administration) مركزية markazīya centralism; centrality, central position or situation; لامركزية decentralization تركيز tarkīz setting up; installation; implantation, establishment, naturalization; concentration │ جهاز التركيزjahāz at-t. stabilizer (tech.) تراكز tarākuz concentricity ارتكاز irtikāz support مركز murakkaz concentrated, centralized; O condensed متراكز mutarākiz concentric ركس VIII to suffer a setback, be thrown back; to decline, degenerate, be degenerate; to become stunted, atrophy ركض rakaḍa u (rakḍ) to race, rush, run; to run away; to gallop (intrans., said of a horse, and trans. هـ a horse) III to race (ه s.o.), run a race (ه with) VI to compete in a race; to run fast ركاض rakkāḍ runner, racer ركوض rakūḍ fast-running, swift ركع raka‘a a (ركوع rukū‘) to bend the body, bow (esp. in prayer); to kneel down, drop to one’s knees II and IV to make (ه s.o.) kneel down ركعة rak‘a pl. raka’āt a bending of the torso from an upright position, followed by two prostrations (in Muslim prayer ritual) راكع rāki‘ pl. ركع rukka‘ bowing to the ground ركل rakala u (rakl) to kick (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) ركلة rakla (n. vic.) kick ركم fJ rakama u (rakm) to pile up, heap up, accumulate, amass (هـ s.th.) VI to accumulate, be heaped up; to pile up, gather (clouds) VIII = VI ركم rakam pile, heap ركام rukām pile, heap; lump; cumulus clouds O مركم markam pl. مراكم marākim2 storage battery تراكم tarākum accumulation ركن rakana u (ركون rukūn) and rakina a to lean, support one’s weight (الى on); to quiet down, become or be calm, to trust (الى in), rely (الى on); to be dependent, have to rely (الى on) │ ركن الى الهدوء to remain calm IV to trust (الى s.o.), rely (الى on), place one’s confidence (الى in); to resort (الى to) │يركن اليه (yurkanu) 358 reliable, dependable. trustworthy VIII to lean, recline, support one's weight (الى or على on) ركن rukn pl. اركان arkān support, prop; corner; nook; basis, basic element, first principle; pl. اركان staff (mil.); basic elements, chief elements │ اركان الحرب a. al-ḥarb general staff (mil.); اركان الجيش a. al-jaiš do.; رئيس اركان الجيش chief of general staff; وثيق الأركان of strong build, sturdy ركنى ruknī: ضربة ركنية (ḍarba) corner kick (soccer) ركين rakīn firm, steady, confident, imperturbable; grave, calm, sedate ركون rukūn reliance, confidence, trust مركن mirkan pl. مراكن marākin2 washtub مراكنة murākana (tun.) betrothal, engagement اركان arkān reliance, confidence, trust ركوة rakwa pl. rakawāt (syr.) small coffee pot of copper. having a long handle رم ramma u i (ramm, مرمة maramma) to repair, overhaul (هـ s.th.); -- i (ramm, رمة rimma) to decay; to rot II to decay; to rot V to be repaired, undergo repair رم ramm repair رم ramm: رم الأسنان r. al-asnān caries (med.) رمة rimma cadaver برمته bi-rummatihī whole, complete, entire │ سورية برمتهاall Syria رميم ramīm decayed, rotten; رمائم ramā’im2 decaying bones رمام rumām decayed, rotten مرمة maramma pl. -āt repair; shipyard (Tun.) ترميم tarmīm pl. -āt repair, overhauling, restoration رمث ramal pl. ارماث armā~ log raft رمح ramaḥa a (ramḥ) to pierce, transfix (with a lance; ه s.o.); to gallop (horse) رمح rumḥ pl. رماح rimāḥ, ارماح armāḥ lance, pike; spear, javelin; pole │رمي الرمح ramy ar-r. javelin throwing (athlet.) رماح rammāḥ pl. ة lancer; uhlan السماك الرامح as-simāk ar-rāmiḥ Arcturus (astron.) رمد ramida a (ramad) to have sore eyes; to be inflamed (eye) II to burn to ashes, incinerate (هـ s.th.) V to burn to ashes, become ashes رمد ramad ophthalmia, inflammation of the eyes; eye disease │رمد حبيبي (ḥubaibī) trachoma, granular conjunctivitis; مستشفى الرمد muštašfā r-r. eye clinic رمدي ramadī and طبيب رمدي ophthalmologist, oculist رمد ramid sore-eyed ارمد armad2 sore-eyed رماد ramād pl. ارمدة armida ashes │ اربعاء الرمادarbi‘ā’ ar-r. or يوم الرماد yaum ar-r. or عيد الرماد ‘īd ar-r. Ash Wednesday (Chr.); نفخ في الرماد (lit.: to blow into cold ashes, i.e.) to engage in futile undertakings, set out on a wild-goose chase رمادي ramādī ashen, ash-colored, ash-gray ترميد tarmīd cremation, incineration رمز ramaza u i (ramz) to make a sign, to wink, nod, motion; to point (الى to), indicate (الى s.th.); to symbolize, represent or express symbolically (الى s.th.); to designate (ل ب or الى s.th. with a distinguishing mark) رمز ramz pl. رموز rūmūz sign, nod, wink, motion; hint; allusion, intimation; allegory; riddle; symbol. symbolic figure, emblem, character; secret sign, code sign 359 رمزي ramzī symbolic(al}; in code, in cipher رمزيات ramzīyāt cipher, code راموز rāmūz pl. روامز rawāmīz2 specimen, sample; O facsimile رمس ramasa i u (rams) to bury (ه s.o.); to cover, efface, wipe out (هـ tracks) VIII ارتمس في الماء to be immersed in water رمس rams pl. رموس rumūs, ارماس armās grave, tomb راموس rāmūs grave, tomb رمش ramaša i u to take with the fingertips (هـ s.th.); to wink, blink رمش ramaš inflammation of the eyelids, conjunctivitis رمشة ramša blink, wink رمش rimš pl. رموش rumūš eyelashes رمص ramaṣ white secretion (of the eye) رمض VIII to be consumed by grief and sorrow رمض ramaḍ parchedness, scorchedness (esp. of the ground due to excessive heat) رمضاء ramḍā’2 sun-baked ground │ استجار من الرمضاء بالنار approx.: to jump out of the frying pan into the fire رمضان ramaḍān2 Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar رمق ramaqa u (ramq) to regard (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), glance, look (هـ, ه at) II to stare, gaze (هـ, ه at); to perform (هـ work) perfunctorily and negligently, botch (هـ a job); to keep (ه s.o.) barely alive V to wait (هـ for an opportunity, and the like) رمق ramaq pl. ارماق armāq (last) spark of life, breath of life │ سد رمقه sadda ramaqahū to keep s.o. or o.s. barely alive, eke out a living, manage to keep body and soul together; to provide s.o. with a bare existence; to allay s.o.’s hunger; على آخر رمق ‘alā ākiri ramaqin at the point of death; on the verge of exhaustion, on one’s last legs مرموق marmūq regarded, looked at; noted, of note; remarkable, notable, significant, important; lofty, proud رمك armak2, f. رمكاء ramkā’ 2 ashen, ash-gray رمكة ramak pl. -āt, رماك rimāk, ارماك armāk mare رمل II to sprinkle with sand (هـ s.th., so as to blot it) IV to become a widower or a widow V = IV رمل raml pl. رمال rimāl sand │علم الرمل ‘ilm ar-r. or ضرب الرمل ḍarb ar-r. geomancy (divination by means of figures or lines in the sand) رملي ramlī sandy, sabulous; sand- (in compounds) │ساعة رملية sandglass, hourglass رمل ramal name of a poetical meter رمال rammāl geomancer ارمل armal2 pl. ارامل arāmil2 widower ارملة armala pl. ارامل arāmil2, اراملة arāmila widow مرملة marmala sandbox ترمل tarammul widow(er)hood 1رمان rummān (coll.; n. un. ة) pomegranate; رمانة knob, pommel; (pl. -āt), رمانة يدوية (yadawīya) hand grenade 2ارمن and ارمنى look up alphabetically 1رمى ramā i (ramy, رماية rimāya) to throw, cast (هـ, ب s.th.); to fling, hurl (هـ, ب s.th.); to toss away, throw down (هـ, ب s.th.); to throw aside, toss aside, discard, lay aside (هـ, ب s.th.); to shoot, fire; to pelt, hit, bombard (هـ ه s.o. with) shoot, fire (ه ب at s.o. with); to charge (ب ه s.o. with), accuse (ه ب s.o. of), blame) 360 reproach (ب ه s.o. for); to aim, drive, be aimed (الى at), have in view, purpose, intend (الى s.th.), be out for (الى); with بين to sow dissension among or between │ رماه بطلق نارى (ṭalaq) he fired a shot at him; رمى بالغيب (gaib) to practice divination VI to pelt one another; to throw o.s. to the ground, prostrate o.s., fall to the ground; to throw o.s., fling o.s. (على on); to plunge, rush, throw o.s. (في into s.th.); to be vast, extend far into the distance; to come, get (information, report, news; الى to s.o.) │ترامى على قدميه (qadamaihi) to throw o.s. at s.o.’s foot; ترامى بين ذراعيه (dirā‘aihī) to throw o.s. into s.o.’s arms; عاطفة ترامى به عهدها (‘ahduhā) a fooling that he had known long, long ago, a fooling which lay far behind him; ترامى الينا ان we have received word that ... VIII to throw o.s. (على on, e.g., on the bed, on or to the ground); to fling o.s., fall (على upon s.o.), throw o.s., plunge (في into s.th.); to have fallen down and lie prostrate; to lie, sprawl (على on) │ارتمى الى الأرض to fall to the ground, tumble رمي ramy (act or process of) throwing, flinging, shooting, etc. │ رمي الحربة r. al-ḥarba javelin throwing, رمي القرص r. al-qurṣ discus throwing (athlet.); اعدام رميا بالرصاص i‘dām ramyan bi-r-raṣāṣ execution before a firing squad رمية ramya (n. vic.) throw, toss, fling; shot │رب رمية من غير رام rubba ramyatin min gairi rāmin many a shot is without a (skilled) marksman (proverbially, of unexpected or undeserved success) رمية ramīya pl. رمايا ramāyā game animal (being shot at or already killed) مرمى marman pl. مرام marāmin aim, end, purpose; goal (athlet.); range (of a gun); reach, extent │حارس المرمى goal-keeper; مرمى النظر m. an-naẓar range of vision, field of vision ترام tarāmin vastness, expanse │ترامى الأطراف vast expanse, vastness رام rāmin pl. رماة rumāh throwing; thrower, hurler; marksman; rifleman (Syr., mil.) │الرامي Sagittarius (astron.); سهم الرامي sahm ar-r. Sagitta (astron.); رامي اللهيب flame thrower مترام mutarāmin wide, extensive │مترامي الأطراف vast, huge 2رامية look up alphabetically رن ranna i (رنين ranīn) to cry, wail, lament; to resound; to echo; to ring رنة ranna pl. -āt scream; sound; reverberation, echo رنين ranīn lament, wailing; sound; reverberation, echo; resonance; ring رنان rannān and مرنان mirnān ringing, resounding; resonant; reverberating, echoing O رنانة rannāna tuning fork (mus.) ارنب and ارنبة look up alphabetically رنح II to make dizzy, make stagger, send reeling (ه s.o.); to sway (هـ s.th.) │ رنح اعطافه (a‘ṭāfahū) to work up s.o.’s feelings, send s.o. into a frenzy V to stagger, reel, totter, sway; to shake, rock │ترنحت اعطافه (a‘tāfuhū) to get into one’s stride, become ecstatic, be carried away; to be beside o.s. مرنحة marnaḥa prow (of a ship) رندح randaḥa to scan (verse) رنق II to cloud, muddy (هـ water); to blur, dim (هـ the eyes; said of sleep); to halt, stop, stop over, stay; to look, glance (نحو toward or at s.th.) │ رنق النظر الى (naẓara) to keep looking at, stare at رنق ranq turbid, clouded (water) رونق raunaq glamor, splendor, beauty 361 رنم II and V to sing (ب a song); to intone (ب a song); to recite in a singsong voice, chant (ب s.th.) ترنيمة tarnīma pl. ترانم tarānim2 hymn, anthem; song; a kind of chanting recitation; little story recited in a singsong voice; little song رنا (رنو) ranā u to gaze, look (الى at s.th.) رنى II and IV to please delight (ه s.o.) رهب rahaba a (rahab, ruhb, رهبة rahba) to he frightened, be afraid; to fear, dread (ه s.o.) │ رهب جانبه see جانب II to frighten, scare, alarm, intimidate (ه s.o.) IV = II; to terrorize (ه s.o.) V to threaten (ه s.o.); to become a monk, enter monastic life (Chr.) رهبة rahba fear, fright, alarm, terror; awe رهبى rahbā, ruhbā fear رهبوب rahbūb great fear, fright, terror رهيب rahīb dreadful, awful, fearful, terrible; solemn, grave ترهيب tarhīb intimidation ارهاب irhāb intimidation, frightening; threatening; terror, terrorism (pol.); sabotage ارهابي irhābī terrorist(ic); sabotage (used attributively); (pl. -ūn) terrorist ترهب tarahhub monasticism, monastic life (Chr.) راهب rāhib pl. رهبان ruhbān monk (Chr.) راهبة rāhiba pl. -āt nun (Chr.) مرهوب marhūb terrible, dreadful رهبن II tarahbana to become a monk, enter monastic life (Chr.) رهبنة rahbana and رهبانية rahbānīya monasticism; monastic order, congregation (Chr.) رهج rahj, rahaj dust رهط rahaṭa a to gobble, gulp greedily رهط rahṭ, rahaṭ pl. ارهاط arhāṭ, ارهط arhuṭ, اراهط arāhiṭ2, اراهيط arāhīṭ2 group (of people), band, troop رهط rahṭ pl. رهاط rihāṭ leather loin-cloth رهف rahufa u (رهافة rahāfa) to be thin; to be sharp (sword); -- rahafa a (rahf) and IV to make thin (هـ s.th.); to make sharp, sharpen (هـ s.th., esp. fig.) │ارهف الأذن (udn) to prick up one’s ears (لفلان so as to catch the words of s.o.), رهف السمع ل (الى) (sam‘) to listen closely to رهف rahif thin رهيف rahīf thin; slender, slim; sharpened, sharp ارهاف irhāf sharpening مرهف murhaf thin, fine; sharpened, sharp │ مرهف الحس m. al-ḥ. delicate, sensitive رهق rahiqa a (rahaq) to come over s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), overtake (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) III to approach (هـ an age); to approach the age of sexual maturity; to be adolescent IV to bring down (هـ ه upon s.o. s.th.), make (ه s.o.) undergo or suffer (هـ s.th.); to oppress, burden, overburden (ه s.o., ب with s.th.), lie heavily, bear down (ه on s.o.) │ارهقه جذبا (jadban) to tug at s.o. violently or too violently مراهقة murāhaqa puberty ارهاق irhāq pressure, oppression; suppression; heavy load (e.g., of work) مراهق murāhiq adolescent مرهق murhiq oppressive (burden, heat) رهل rahila a to be flabby, soft; to be bloated, fat (flesh, body) V do. راهل rāhil flaccid, flabby, soft, 362 ترهل tarahhul obesity, fatness مترهل mutarahhil flaccid, flabby, soft; bloated, fat رهمة rihma pl. رهم riham, رهام rihām drizzle, lasting fine rain مرهم marham pl. مراهم marāhim2 salve, ointment; cream, cold cream; pomade رهن rahana a (rahn) to pawn, deposit as security (هـ s.th., عند or ه with s.o.); to mortgage (هـ real estate) III to bet, lay a wager (ه with s.o., على on, that ... ) IV to deposit in pledge, give as a security, pawn (هـ s.th.) VIII to receive or take in pledge, as a security (هـ من s.th. from s.o.); to pawn, deposit in pledge (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) subject (ب to), make (هـ s.th.) conditional (ب on); pass.: urtuhina to be subject (ب to) │ارتهن نفسه ب (nafsahū) to pledge o.s. or dedicate o.s. to the cause of X to demand as a security (ه هـ from s.o. s.th.) رهن rahn pawning, mortgaging, pledging; -- (pl. رهون ruhūn, رهونات ruhūnāt, رهان rihān) pawn, pledge; security (ب for s.th.); hostage; mortgage. hypothec; رهن ب depending on, conditional on, subject to; -- rahna (prep.) pending; depending on, conditional on; subject to, liable to │محل رهونات maḥall r. pawnshop; رهن اشارته rahna išāratihī at s.o.’s beck and call; رهن سيطرته r. saiṭaratihī under s.o.’s power or dominion; هذا رهن ذاك this depends on that; المسألة رهن اهتمامه al-mas’ala r. ihtimāmihī the problem is being given every attention by him; اودع السجن رهن التحقيق ūdi‘a s-sijna rahna t-taḥqīq he was taken into custody pending investigation رهنية rahnīya mortgage (deed) رهين rahīn pawned, mortgaged, pledged, given as security; held in pledge; security (ب for); responsible (ب for); subject (ب to); (prep.) subject to, depending on │ كان رهينه (rahīnahū) to be under obligation to s.o.; to be dependent on s.o. رهينة rahīna pl. رهائن rahā’in2 pawn, pledge, security; hostage; mortgage, hypothec رهان rihān bet, wager; competition, contest مراهنة murāhana pl. -āt bet, wager راهن rāhin pledger, mortgagor; fixed, established, certain; lasting, permanent; current; present, actual │الظروف الراهنة present circumstances; الحالة الراهنة the present condition; the status quo مرهون marhūn pawned, pledged, mortgaged, given as security; subject (ب to) │الأمور مرهونة بأوقاتها (bi-auqātihā) there is a time for everything مرتهن murtahan mortgagee, pledgee; pawnbroker 2رها (رهو) rahā u (rahw) to amble رهو rahw quiet, calm, peaceful, tranquil; stillness, calm, peace, tranquility; (pl. رهاء rihā’) crane (zool.) رهوان rahwān ambler (horse); pal-frey 2الرهاء ar-ruhā’ the city of Urfa (Gr. Edessa) رهون rahwana and II tarahwana to amble (horse) رهوان see رهو 1راب (روب) rāba u (raub) to curdle (milk) II and IV to (cause to) curdle (هـ milk) روب raub curdled milk, curds رائب rā’ib curdled (milk) 2روب (Fr. robe) rōb pl. ارواب arwāb dressing gown روبابيكا (It. roba vecchia) rōbabēkiyā: بائع الروبابيكيا junk dealer 363 روبصة raubaṣa sleepwalking, somnambulism تروبص taraubuṣ sleepwalking, somnambulism روبل rūbel ruble روبية rūbīya pl. -āt rupee روتانية rūtāniyā Ruthenia راث (روث) rāta u (raut) to drop dung روث raut (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. ارواث arwāt dung, dropping (of horse, camel, and the like) 1راج (روج) rāja u (رواج rawāj) to be spread, circulate, be current; to find a good market, sell well, be in demand (merchandise); to be or become brisk, pick up (market); to be at band, be available (ل for s.o.) II to spread (هـ rumors, news, etc.), circulate, put into circulation (هـ s.th.; currency, rumors, news, etc.); to push the sale (هـ of s.th.), open a market (هـ for an article); to sell, bring on the market (هـ an article); to promote, further (هـ, ل s.th.); to make propaganda (ل for), propagate (ل s.th.) رواج rawāj circulation; marketability, salability; sales اروج arwaj2 more widespread, more common; better selling ترويح tarwīj spreading, propagation, circulation; sale, distribution (of an article of commerce); promotion, furtherance رائح rā’ij circulating, current; universal, widespread, common; salable, marketable, in demand, selling well (merchandise); brisk (business market) 2روج (Fr.) rūž rouge روح) and ريح) راح rāḥa u (رواح rawāḥ) to go away, leave, go; (with foll. imperf.) to begin, set out to do II rawwaḥa to fan (air); to refresh, animate, revive (هـ the heart, the spirits); -- rayyaḥa to give (ه s.o.) rest, make (ه s.o.) relax, make (ه s.o.) comfortable, provide rest and recreation (ه for s.o.); to rest (هـ e.g., عينيه one’s eyes) │روح عن نفسه to find recreation, relax, amuse o.s. III to go in the evening (ه to s.o.); to alternate, vary (بين between two things) IV اروح arwaḥa to stink, smell bad; -- اراح arāḥa to give (ه s.o.) rest, let (هـ s.th.) rest; to deliver, release (من ه s.o. from); to put (ه s.o.) at ease, soothe (هـ the heart, or the like); to relieve, free (ه s.o., من of), ease (من ه for s.o. s.th.); to do (ه s.o.) a good turn, gladden (ب ه s.o. with), make (ه s.o.) happy (ب by) │اراح نفسه من (nafsahū) to find recreation from, relax from V to fan o.s. (بالمروحة bi-l-mirwaḥa with the fan) VI to fluctuate, alternate, vary (بين between; esp. with two figures following); to intervene, lie (بين between two events) VIII to find rest (من from); to rest, relax, find recreation; to be satisfied, be pleased (الى with s.th.), agree, consent (الى to s.th.); to like (ل or الى s.th.), be happy, be glad (ل or الى about s.th.) │ارتاح للمعروف to be happy to be of service, like doing favors X استروح to inhale air, breathe; to smell, sniff (هـ s.th.); to be refreshed (الى by or with s.th.); -- استراح to be calm; to become calm; to find rest; to take a rest, have a break; to be refreshed (الى by or with s.th.); to rest, relax (من from); to be delivered, be saved (من from), be relieved (من of); to calm down, relax; to rely (الى on); to be happy, be glad (الى about), be pleased (الى with) راح rāḥ wine ريح rīḥ f. (occasionally m.) pl. رياح riyāḥ, ارواح arwāḥ, ارياح aryāḥ wind; fart; smell, odor │ ابو رياح abū r. weather vane; scarecrow; سكنت ريحه sakanat rīḥuhū to expire, become obsolete, fall into oblivion; هبت ريحه habbat rīḥuhū 364 he was in clover, he was in luck’s way; ذهب مع الريح to go with the wind, vanish ريح rayyiḥ windy روح m. and f., pl. ارواح arwāḥ breath of life, soul; spirit (in all senses); gun barrel │روح القدس r. al.quds (qudus), also الروح القدس the Holy Ghost; لا روح فيه (rūḥa) spiritless, insipid, inane; خفيف الروح likable, amiable, charming; ثقيل الروح dull, boring, unpleasant (person); طويل الروح long-suffering, patient; حرصا على الروح (ḥirṣan) dangerâ (on warning signs) روحي rūḥī spirituous; spiritual; pl. -āt spiritual things │حالة روحية state (or frame) of mind; مشروبات روحية alcoholic beverages, spirits روح rauḥ refreshment روحة rauḥa pl. -āt journey or errand in the evening راحة rāḥa rest, repose; recreation; ease, leisure; vacation; comfort; (pl. -āt, راح rāḥ) palm of the hand, hand │ بالراحة leisurely, gently, slowly, at one’s ease; بكل راحة unhurriedly, leisurely; easily, with ease; بيت الراحة bait ar-r. water closet, toilet; اسباب الراحة luxury; معدات الراحة mu‘iddāt ar-r. conveniences; فترة الراحة fatrat ar-r. pause, rest, break, recess; راحة الحلقوم r. al-ḥulqūm Turkish delight; راحة اليد r. al-yad palm of the hand; راحة القدم r. al-qadam sole of the foot ريحة rīḥa smell, odor روحية rūḥīya spirituality; mentality, mental attitude, frame of mind رواح rawāḥ departure; going, leaving; return, return trip (as opposed to جيئة); rest, repose │في غدوه ورواحه (gudūwihī) (lit.: in his coming and going, i.e.) in everything he did رياح rayyāḥ pl. -āt (eg.) large irrigation canal, main canal (in the Egyptian irrigation system) اروح arwaḥ2 more calming, more soothing اريحي aryaḥī generous, liberal, openhanded اريحية aryaḥīya generosity, liberality, munificence ريحان raiḥān (coll.) sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum; bot.); (pl. رياحين rayāḥīn2) aromatic plants │قلم الريحان qalam ar-r. or القلم الريحاني (raiḥānī) a highly decorative style of Arabic calligraphy روحاني rūḥānī spiritual, immaterial; divine, sacred, holy; (pl. -ūn) clergyman, minister (Chr.) روحانية rūḥānīya spirituality; transfiguration مراح marāḥ place visited in the evening; -- murāḥ, also marāḥ pasture; daytime pasture مروحة mirwaḥa pl. مراوح marāwiḥ2 fan; ventilator; O propeller │ المروحة الخوص (kūṣ) palm-leaf fan; مروحة الخيش m. al-kaiš punkah, a canvas-covered frame suspended from the ceiling for fanning a room O مرواح mirwāḥ fan; ventilator (mor.) مرياح miryāḥ causing flatulence (food) ترويح tarwīḥ fanning; ventilation, airing; refreshment; diversion, amusement (also الترويح عن النفس) ترويحة tarwīḥa: ترويحة نفس t. nafs walk, stroll صلاة التراويح ṣalāt at-tarāwīḥ prayer performed during the nights of Ramadan ترييح taryīḥ (eg.) installation; fitting in, insertion ارتياح irtiyāḥ satisfaction, gratification; pleasure; joy, delight 365 استرواح istirwāḥ airing, ventilation; air intake; respiration │ استرواح صدري (ṣadrī) pneumothorax (med.) استراحة istirāḥa rest, repose, relaxation, recreation; - (pl.- at) intermission, recess, pause, root, break; public resthouse (for travelers; Eg.) رائح rā’iḥ: رائح وغاد (gādin) going back and forth, walking up and down رائحة rā’iḥ pl. روائح rawā’iḥ2 odor, smell; fragrance, perfume; pl. روائح perfumes; flavorings (e.g., those used in baking) مريح murīḥ restful, reposeful; calming, soothing; cozy; comfortable; flatulent │كرسي مريح (kursī) armchair; club chair, easy chair مراح murāḥ see above under marāḥ مرتاح murtāḥ resting, relaxing; relaxed, calm, serene; reassured, satisfied, content; pleased, delighted │مرتاح البال at ease, relaxed, serene, tranquil; مرتاح الضمير of peaceful mind, undisturbed by scruples مستريح mustarīḥ resting, relaxing; relaxed, calm, reassured مستراح mustarāḥ water closet, toilet 2راد (رود) rāda u (raud) to walk about, move about, prowl; to look, search (هـ for s.th.) in to seek to win (على ه s.o. for s.th.), try to entice or tempt (ه على s.o. to do s.th.); to approach, accost (ه s.o.); to seek to alienate or lure away (ه عن s.o. from); to attempt to seduce (ها a woman) │راوده عن نفسه to seek to tempt s.o. IV to want (هـ s.th., ان to do s.th.), wish. have a mind, be willing (ان to do s.th.); to want to have (هـ s.th.), desire, covet (هـ s.th.), strive (هـ for s.th.); to be headed. be bound (هـ for a place); to intend (هـ s.th., ان to do s.th.); to aim (الى or من هـ with s.th. at), purpose, have in view ( من هـ by s.o. s.th.); to drive (الى at s.th., من with s.th.); to be out (الى or هـ for), be bent (الى or هـ on); to mean (ه s.o., هـ s.th., ب by); to have s.o. (ه) in mind with s.th. (ب), aim at s.o. (ه) with s.th. (ب); to have (good or evil) designs (هـ) on s.o. (ب), intend or plan to do s.th. (هـ) with s.o. (ب); to be on the point (هـ or ان of doing s.th.), be about (هـ or ان to do s.th.); to urge, induce, prompt (ه على s.o. to do s.th.) │اراد به ان by this he meant that ...; he understood it to mean that ...; اراد به خيرا (kairan) to wish s.o. well; اراد على ان to seek to induce s.o. to (do s.th.); اراد العاصمة on his way to the capital; اراد نفسه على الشيء (nafsahū) he tried to bring himself to do it VIII to repair, betake o.s. (هـ to a place); to explore (هـ s.th.) رود raud exploration ريادة riyāda exploration رويدا ruwaidan slowly, gently, leisurely │ رويدا رويداgradually, slowly, by and by; رويدك ruwaidaka take it easy! slowly! مرود mirwad pl. مراود marāwid2 pencil, little stick (originally for applying kohl to the eyelids) ارادة irāda will, volition; wish; desire; (pl. -āt) irade, decree (of a ruler); will power │(ḥasaba) at will ارادي irādī intentional, willial, voluntary ارتياد irtiyād visit (to a place); exploration رائد rā’id pl. رواد ruwwād visitor; scout, reconnoiterer; boy scout; explorer; leader; major (mil.; U.A.R.); precept, guiding principle. rule (of conduct) مريد murid pl. -ūn novice (of a Sufi order); aspirant; adherent, follower, disciple مراد murād wanted, desired, intended; design, purpose, intention 366 2رود see رؤد رودس rudūs Rhodes (chief island of the Dodecanese) روديسيا rōdīsiya Rhodesia راز (روز) rāza u (rauz) to weigh (هـ s.th.); to examine (هـ s.th.); to consider هـ s.th.) روزنامة rūznāma almanac 1□ روس II (from رأس) to point, sharpen (هـ s.th.); to taper (هـ s.th.); to supply with a heading or title (هـ essay, book) □ ترويسة tarwīsa head, heading, title, caption 2 مراوس mirwās race track مراويس marāwīs2 race horses 3الروس ar-rūs the Russians روسي rūsī Russian الروسية ar-rūsīya the Russian language روسيا rūsiyā Russia │روسيا البيضاء (baḍā’) Byelorussia روستو (It. arrosto) rostō, لحم روستو (laḥm) fried meat; rout روشن raušan pl. رواشن rawāšin2 skylight, scuttle راض (روض) rāḍa u (rauḍ, رياضة riyāḍa) to tame, domesticate (هـ an animal); to break in, train (هـ an animal); to train, coach (ه s.o.); to pacify, placate (ه s.o.) │ راض نفسه to practice (على s.th.), exercise o.s. (على in) II = I; to tame, regulate (هـ e.g., a river) III to seek to make tractable, try to bring round (ه s.o.) V to practice, exercise o.s.; -- تريض tarayyaḍa (denominative of رياضة) to (take a) walk, promenade; to do physical exercise, go in for sports VI to haggle, bargain (with one another, over a price) VIII to practice, exercise o.s.; to train o.s., school o.s. (ب on or by means of); to (take a) walk, promenade X to be or become glad, happy, cheerful روضة rauḍa pl. روض rauḍ, -āt, رياض riyāḍ, ريضان rīdān garden; meadow │روضة الأطفال (pl. رياض) kindergarten, nursery school الرياض ar-riyāḍ Riyadh (capital of Saudi Arabia) رياضة riyāḍa pl. -āt practice, exercise; physical exercise, gymnastics; sport; walk, promenade; relaxation, rest; spiritual exercise; رياضات religious exercises, devotions (Chr.); mathematics │رياضة نفسه r. nafshī walking, promenading; الرياضة البحتة (baḥta) pure mathematics; الرياضة التطبيقية (taṭbīqīya) applied mathematics; رياضة عقلية (‘aqlīya) exercise of wits, intellectual games رياضي riyāḍī sportive, sports (adj.); (pl. -ūn) sportsman; mathematic(al) │ اخبار رياضية sports news; مراسل رياضي (murāsil) sports reporter; الألعاب الرياضية sports رياضات riyāḍīyāt mathematics ترويض tarwīḍ sports راع (روع) rā‘a u (rau‘) to frighten, scare, alarm (ه s.o.); to startle, surprise (ه s.o.); to awaken s.o.’s (ه) admiration, appeal (ه to s.o.), please, delight, thrill (ه s.o.) │ما راعني الا مجيؤك (illā majī’uka) your arrival has been a complete surprise to me II and IV to frighten, scare, alarm, awe (ه s.o.) V and VIII to be frightened, be alarmed (من at, by) روع rau‘ fright, alarm, dismay, fear; -- rū‘ heart, mind, soul │هدئ روعك (haddi’) and سكن روعك (sakkin) take it easy! relax! القى (ادخل) في روعه to persuade s.o., make s.o. believe, talk s.o. into believing (ان that), inspire (هـ s.th.); خطر بروعه it occurred to him, it came to his mind روع rawa‘ beauty 367 روعة rau‘a fright, alarm, fear; awe; astonishment, surprise; perplexity; charm, beauty, magnificence, splendor اروع arwa‘2 more wonderful, more marvelous; more charming, more delightful; more magnificent; more obvious, clearer ارتياع irtiyā‘ alarm, dismay, shock رائع splendid, admirable, wonderful, marvelous, glorious, magnificent; charming, delightful; awesome, imposing, impressive, thrilling; clear as daylight │في رائعة النهار fī r. in-nahār in broad daylight; في رائعة شبابه fī r. šabābihī in the prime of his years; الحقيقة الرائعة plain truth رائعة rā’i‘a pl. روائع rawā’i‘ an imposing thing │روائع الفن r. al-fan masterpieces of art مروع murawwi‘ terrible, dreadful, frightening مروع murawwa‘ frightened, terrified, alarmed مريع murī‘ dreadful, terrible, horrible مرتاع mutā‘ frightened, terrified, alarmed راغ (روغ) rāga u (raug, روغان rawagān) to turn off, swerve; to dodge, evade (عن, من s.o.), get out of the way of (عن, من); furtively to turn away; to go away (الى to), depart, leave (الى for) III to deal in an underhanded, fraudulent manner (ه with s.o.), double-cross (ه s.o.); to dodge, engage in low trickery, play fast and loose; to light with unfair means (ه s.o.) رواغ rawāg dodge, shift, artifice, sly trick رواغ rawwāg sly, wily, insidious, crafty رويغة ruwaiga dodge, shift, artifice, sly trick اروغ arwag2 more cunning, more insidious روغان rawagān turning off; swerving; dodging, evasion مراوغة murāwaga sly, underhanded dealings; humbug, trickery; artifice, cunning; pl. -āt distortions, prevarications, lies; tricks, wiles راق (روق) rāqa u (روق rauq) to be clear, be pore (liquid); to surpass, excel (على s.o., s.th.), prove superior (على to); to please, delight, (ه or ل s.o., also في عينه fī ‘ainihī s.o.), give s.o. pleasure, appeal to s.o. (ه, ل, في عينه) II to clarify, purify, filter (هـ a liquid) │روق دمعه (damahū) to refresh s.o. (drink); to pacify, placate s.o., cool s.o. off; روق البضاعة to make a clearance sale IV to pour out (هـ a liquid); to shed, spill (هـ s.o.); to make (هـ a liquid) flow │اراق ماء وجهه (mā’a wajhihī) to eacri1ice one’s honor, lose all respect, lose face V to have breakfast راق rāq pl. -āt layer, stratum روق rauq pl. ارواق arwāq portico; horn روقة rauqa beautiful, pretty, handsome (of persons; for both gender, sing. and pl.) رواق riwāq, ruwāq pl. اروقة arwiqa tent; curtain, screen; flap of the tent for protection against the wind (used by Syrian Bedouins); sun roof of mate over a bazaar (syr.); portico; open gallery, colonnade, loggia; porch, veranda (syr.); pavilion of an exposition; living quarters, dormitories and workrooms of the students of Al Azhar University in Cairo, divided according to provinces and nationalities │ضرب رواقه to pitch one’s tent, take up quarters, settle down رواقي riwāqī stoic(al); (pl. -ūn) a stoic; friar; الرواقية ar-riwāqīya Stoicism 368 راووق rāwūq filter ترويق tarwīq filtration, clarification, purification ترويقة tarwīqa (syr.) breakfast اراقة irāqa pouring out; shedding, spilling │اراقة الدم bloodshed رائق rā’iq clear, pure مال الروك māl ar-rōk (eg.) public property, community property 1رول II to slaver, slobber, drool روال ruwāl slaver, slobber 2 رول(Fr. rôle) rōl role 1 رام (روم) rāma u (raum, مرام marām) to desire, wish, want, covet (هـ s.th.), crave (هـ for); to wish (ل هـ s.o. s.th.); to look (هـ for) │على ما يرام (yurāmu) as well as one could possibly wish, in excellent order رام rāmallāh Ramallah (town in W Jordan, N of Jerusalem) روم raum wish, desire مرام marām pl. -āt wish, desire, craving, longing; aspiration 2 الرومar-rūm the Romaeans, the Byzantines; Byzantium; pl. الأروام al-arwām (the adherents of) the Greek Orthodox Church │ بحر الرومbaḥr ar-r. the Mediterranean رومي rūmī pl. اروام arwām Romaean, Byzantine; Greek Orthodox (Church) │ ديك رومي (dīk) turkey (eg.); جبنة رومي (gibna) a brand of cheese (eg.) روما rōmā and رومة rōma Rome رومية rūmiya Rome الرومان ar-rumān the Romano; the Romanic peoples روماني rūmānī Roman; Romanian; Romanic رومانيا rūmāniyā Romania روماتزم (Engl.) rūmātism rheumatism روند riwand, راوند rāwad rhubarb رونق see رنق 1 روىrawiya a (ري ray, riyy) to drink one’s fill, quench one’s thirst; to be irrigated; -- rawā i to bring (على or ل s.o.) water, give (ه s.o.) to drink; -- rawā i (رواية riwāya) to tell, relate (هـ ل s.th. to s.o.), report (هـ s.th.), give an account of (هـ); to pass on, transmit (هـ عن s.th. on the strength of an authoritative source), quote (عن from a source) II to quench s.o.’s (ه) thirst; to water, irrigate (هـ s.th.) IV to give (ه s.o.) to drink, quench s.o.’s (ه) thirst; to water (هـ flowers, etc.); to moisten. wet (هـ s.th.) V to draw, obtain (عن هـ s.th. from); to ponder (هـ عن s.th.), reflect (في on) VIII to quench one’s thirst; to be supplied with water for drink, be given to drink; to be watered, be irrigated; to draw (on a source, i.e., to obtain information from it) ري riyy quenching (of thirst); -- riyy, rayy watering, irrigation; moistening, wetting ريا rayyan aroma, fragrance روي rawīy thirst-quenching روي rawīy final letter, rhyming letter (in Arabic verse); rhyme │ ذو روي واحد monotonous (song) رواء rawā’ fresh (water) رواء ruwā’ prettiness, comeliness pleasing appearance روية rawīya deliberation, reflection, consideration │ عن رويةdeliberately, on purpose, عن غير روية offhand, casually رواية riwāya pl. -āt tale, narrative; report, account; story; novel; play, drama; motion picture, film │ رواية محزنة(muḥzina) tragedy; رواية مسرحية (masraḥīya) play, stage play; رواية سينمائية motion 369 picture, film; رواية مضحكة (muḍḥika) comedy; رواية غنائية (ginā’īya) opera; رواية قصصية (qiṣaṣīya, qaṣaṣīya) novel; رواية تمثيلية (tamtīlīya) play, drama; رواية ناطقة sound film; رواية هزلية (hazlīya) comedy روائي riwā’ī novelist; dramatist, playwright; author, writer ريان rayyān2, f. ريا rayyā, pl. رواء riwā’ sated with drink; well-watered, well-irrigated; luxuriant, lush, verdant; full, plump (face); succulent, juicy, fresh, pretty; see also alphabetically تروية tarwiya deliberation, reflection, consideration اروائي irwā’ī irrigational; irrigated ترو tarawwin deliberation, reflection, consideration راو rāwin pl. rāwiyūn, رواة ruwāh and راوية rāwiya pl. روايا rawāyā transmitter (esp. of ancient Arabic poetry); relater; narrator, storyteller مرويات marwīyāt tales, stories, reports 2راية see راى 3رؤيا see رأي 1ري, ريان, ريا see روى 2□ رية riyya = رئة ri’a (see رء) 3رياء see رأى ريال riyāl pl. -āt riyal, a silver coin: in Eg. = 20 qirš šāg (piasters); in Ir. = 200 fals; ريال ماريا تريزا Maria Theresa dollar ريان Riyan (town and airport in S Hadhramaut, on Gulf of Aden) راب (ريب) rāba i (raib) to disquiet, alarm, fill with suspicion or misgivings (ه s.o., هـ about s.th.); to give pause (.ه to s.o.), make (ه s.o.) 8top and think (ان that), make (ه s.o.) uneasy; to cast a suspicion (ه on s.o.), show (ه s.o.) in a suspicious light; to doubt, question, suspect (ه s.th.) IV to disquiet, alarm, startle, fill with suspicion or misgivings (ه s.o.) V to have doubts or misgivings (ب, في about), be suspicious (ب or في of) VIII to be suspicious, smell a rat; to suspect, doubt, question (ب or في s.o., s.th.), have doubts or misgivings (ب or في about), wavervdoubtfully (بين between) X to be invdoubt, be skeptical (في about), be suspicious,vhave misgivings, entertain doubts ريب raib doubt; suspicion; uncertainty │ بلا ريب(bilā) no doubt, undoubtedly, doubtless; لا ريب فيه (raib) there is no doubt about it; ريب المنون r. al-manūn unpredictable turn of fortune, threatening fate; misfortune ريبة rība pl. ريب riyab doubt, suspicion, misgiving ارتياب irtiyāb doubt, suspicion, distrust, misgiving مريب murīb arousing suspicion, suspicious مرتاب murtāb doubting, doubtful, skeptical; doubter, skeptic; (به or فيه) مرتاب doubted, questionable, doubtful; suspect, suspicious │ مرتاب في امره (amrihī) suspicious, suspect, under suspicion مستريب mustarīb doubtful, in doubt (في about); suspicious مستراب (فيه) mustarāb (fīhi) suspect, suspicious راث (ريث) rāta i (rait) to hesitate, delay, tarry V to hesitate, tarry, be tardy; to give (ب or في s.th.) long and thorough consideration; to stop; to stay, linger (في at a place); to be patient, bide one’s time, temporize, wait ريثما raitamā (conj.) as long as, while; when; until ريح, ريحة, رياح, ريحان, اريح, اريحية, ارياح, مرياح see روح 370 ريخ (G.) raik Reich □ ريس rayyis (=رئيس ra’īs) mate (Eg. Naval rank) │ ريس ممتاز (mumtāz) a naval rank (approx.: petty officer 3rd class; Eg. 1939) □ رياسة riyāsa (= رئاسة ri’āsa) see رأس رياسي riyāsī presidential راش (ريش) rāša i (raiš) to provide with feathers, feather (هـ s.th.); to feather one’s nest, become wealthy II to provide with feathers, feather (هـ s.th.); to fledge, grow feathers (bird) V to fledge (bird); to become wealthy ريش rīš (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. رياش riyāš, ارياش aryāš feathers; feathering, plumage; clothes, attire, exterior; bristles (e.g., of a brush) ريشة rīša (n. un.) pl. -āt feather; quill; writing pen (also ريشة الكتابة); brush (of a painter); plectrum; lancet; (eg.) reed (of certain wind instruments, e.g., of the oboe; mus.) │وزن الريشة wazn ar-r. featherweight (athlet.) ريشي rīšī feather (adj.), feathery, feathered, plumed, pinnate رياش riyāš household effects; furniture; equipment تريض, رياض, رياضة, رياضي, رياضيات see روض راع (ريع) rā‘a i (rai‘, ريوع ruyū‘, رياع riyā‘, ريعان raya‘ān to increase, grow, flourish, thrive II to increase, augment (هـ s.th.) ريع rai‘ pl. ريوع ruyū‘ yield; returns, proceeds, income (accruing from an estate), interest; profit share royalty; prime, choicest part │ ريع الشباب r. aš-šabāb the prime of youth ريعان rai‘ān prime, choicest part │في ريعان الشباب fī r. iš-šabāb in the prime of youth; في ريعان النهار fī r. in-nahār in broad daylight ارض مريعة arḍ marī‘a productive land □ تاريع tārī‘ (eg.) cadastre; (also مساحة الريع) land survey رائعة rā’i‘a: في رائعة النهار fī r. in-nahār in broad daylight (see also روع) ريف rīf pl. ارياف aryāf fertile, cultivated land; country (as opposed to city), countryside, rural الريف or ريف مصر Lower Egypt; seashore. seacoast; Er Rif (hilly coastal region of NE Morocco) ريفي rīfī rural, rustic, peasant (adj.), country (used attributively); peasant, farmer; provincial, yokel, bumpkin; inhabitant of Er Rif (in Morocco) راق (ريق) rāqa i (ريق raiq) to shine, glisten, glow, burn; to flow out, pour forth IV to pour out, shed, splll (see also روق) ريق rīq and ريقة rīqa pl. ارياق aryāq saliva, spittle │ على الريق before break-fast, on an empty stomach; بلع ريقه and ابتلع (rīqahū) (lit.: to swallow one’s saliva, i.e.) to catch one’s breath, rest a while, take a short break; to hold back, restrain o.s. (of s.o. in a rage); بلعه ريقه (balla‘ahū rīqahū) to allow s.o. a break, let s.o. catch his breath; اجرى الريق (ajā) to make the saliva flow, i.e., to make the mouth water, stimulate the appetite; لايجف له ريق (yajiffu) be is untiring (in speaking), he talks incessantly ريق rayyiq: في ريق الشباب r. iš-šabāb in the full bloom of youth 2رال (ريل) rāla i and II to slobber, slaver, drool مريلة maryala (string) apron مريول maryūl bib 2ريال look up alphabetically 1رام (ريم) rāma i (raim) to go away, move, budge; to leave (هـ a place) │ما رام مكانه 371 (makānahū) not to budge, not to move from the spot II to stay, remain (بالمكان at the place); (eg.) to bluff (على s.o.) ريم rīm (eg.) froth, foam ترييم taryīm (eg.) swaggering, bluffing, swindle 2 ريمrīm (= رئم) addax, white antelope 1 ران (رين)rāna i to take possession (على or هـ of s.th.), seize, overcome (على, ب or ه s.o., said of passion); to descend or come upon s.th. (على); to reign, prevail (على in, e.g., silence in a room) 2ريان, f. ريا see روي 3ريان look up alphabetically ز زاء zā’ name of the letter ز زاؤوق zā’ūq quicksilver, mercury زئبق zi’baq quicksilver, mercury زاج zāj vitriol زاجورا zāgōra Zagora, a brand of Egyptian cotton زأر za’ara a (za’r, زئير za’īr) to roar, bellow زئير za’īr roaring, roar, bellowing زأط za’aṭ a (زئاط zi’āṭ) to clamor, be vociferous زاغ zāg pl. زيغان zīgān crow موت زؤام maut zu‘āam a sudden or violent death 1زؤان zu’ān darnel (Lolium temulentum; bot.) 2زان (syr., eg.) beech │ثمر زان tamar z. beechnuts زانة zāna pl. -āt spear; pole │الوثب (القفز) بالزانة al-watb (al-qafz) bi-z-z. pole vaulting (athlet.) زاووق zāwūq quicksilver, mercury زاي zāy name of the letter ز زب zubb pl. ازباب azbāb penis زبيب zabīb (coll.; n. un. ة) dried grapes, raisins; (eg.) a strong colorless liquor made of raisins, milky white when diluted with water ازب azabb2, f. زباء zabbā’2, pl. زب zubb hairy, hirsute, shaggy زبد zabada a to chum (هـ milk) II to foam, froth, cream (milk) IV to froth, become foamy, foam (also, with rage) زبد zabad pl. ازباد azbād foam, froth; dross │ زبد البحر z. al-baḥr meerschaum زبدة zubda (fresh) butter (as opposed to سمن samn); cream; -- (pl. زبد zubad) choicest part, prime, cream, flower, elite; extract, quintessence; essence, substance; gist, main point زبدية zabdīya pl. زبادي zabādīy bowl زباد zabād civet │ سنور الزباد sinnūr az-z. civet cat زبادي zabādī and لبن زبادي (laban) curdled milk (eg.) مزبد mizbad, مزبدة mizbada pl. مزابد mazābid2 churn زبر zabara u i to scold (ه s.o.) زبر zubr penis زبرة zubra pl. زبر zubar piece of iron زبور zabūr (Book of) Psalms, Psalter زبرج zibrij ornament, ornamentation, decoration, embellishment زبرجد zabarjad chrysolite (min.) زبط zabaṭa i (zabṭ) to quack (duck) زبط zabaṭ (eg.) mud, mire زباطة zubāṭa (eg.) bunch of dates زوبعة zauba‘a pl. زوابع zawābi‘2 storm, hurricane زبق zabaqa u i (zabq) to tear out, pluck out (هـ hair) VII to slip in زبل II to dung, manure زبل zibl, زبلة zibla dung, manure زبال zabbāl street sweeper; garbage collector زبالة zubāla refuse, rubbish, garbage, sweepings مزبلة mazbala, mazbula pl. مزابل mazābil2 dunghill; garbage can زبون zabūn kicking (camel); hot, fierce, cruel (battle); stupid, foolish; fool; -- (pl. زبائن zabā’in2) customer, client, buyer; guest (of a hotel, end the like) │ زبون دائم patron, regular customer زبون zubūn undergarment (nejd, ir.) زبانة zibāna clientele, patronage, custom زبانى zubānā pedipalpus or claw of a scorpion, of a crayfish (usually dual: زبانيا العقرب) زبانية zabāniya myrmidons; engels who thrust the damned into Hell زبية zubya pl. زبى zuban elevated place above the waterline │بلغ السيل الزبى balaga s-sailu z-zubā the matter reached a climax, things came to a head زت zatta (syr.) to throw زج zajja (1st pers. perf. zajajtu) u (zajj) to throw, hurl (هـ s.th.); to push, shove, urge, drive (ب or هـ, ه s.o. or s.th.); to press, squeeze, force, cram (ب or هـ, ه s.o. or s.th., في into) │زج به في السجن (zujja, sijn) he was thrown into prison II to pencil (الحاجبين al-ḥājibain the eyebrows); to glaze, coat with glass (هـ s.th.); to enamel (هـ s.th.) زج zujj pl. زجاج zijāj ferrule; arrowhead; spearhead ازج azajj2, f. زجاء zajjā’, pl. زج zujj having beautifully arched eyebrows زجاج zujāj glass (as substance) زجاجة zujāja (u. un.) pl. -āt piece of glass; (glass) bottle, flask; (drinking) glass, tumbler زجاجي zujājī glass (adj.), glassy, vitreous زجاج zajjāj glazier مزجج muzajjaj glazed, enameled; مزججات and مصنوعات مزججة enameled ware زجر zajara u (zajr) to drive back, drive away; to hold back, restrain, prevent (عن ه s.o. from); to rebuke, scold, upbraid (ه s.o.) VII and VIII ازدجر izdajara pass. of I زجر zajr forcible prevention; suppression (of customs, abuses, crimes); rebuke, reprimand زجري zajrī reformatory, penitentiary (adj.) │معهد زجري (ma‘had) reformatory, reform school مزجر mazjar: قعد منه مزجر الكلب qa‘ada minhu mazjara l-kalb to sit at a fitting distance from s.o. زاجر zājir handicap, impediment, obstacle زاجرة zājira pl. زواجر zawājir2 check, curb; restriction, limitation زجل zajala u (zajl) to let go, release (هـ a carrier pigeon) 373 زجل zajal pl. ازجال azjāl popular Arabic poem in strophic form; soft humming sound produced by the jinn at night زجال zajjāl reciter of azjal (see above) حمام الزاجل ḥamām az-zājil carrier pigeon, homing pigeon زجا (يزجو) zajā u to drive, urge on (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); to squeeze, press, force, cram (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., في into) II to shove, push (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to drive, urge on (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to jostle, crowd, cram, jam (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., الى into); to take or bring (forcibly) (هـ الى, ه s.o., s.th. into); to make (هـ time) pass; to pass, spend (هـ time) IV to shove, push (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to drive, urge on (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to jostle, crowd, cram, jam (ه, هـ s.th., s.o., الى into); to take or bring (forcibly) (الى هـ, ه s.o., s.th. into); to make pass, while away (هـ time); to extend (هـ ل s.th. to s.o.; greetings, compliments, thanks); to bestow (هـ ل s.th. on s.o.; e.g., praise) │ازجى الى الذهن ان (dihn) to suggest (the idea or assumption) that ... مزجى muzjan little, scanty, paltry, trivial, insignificant زحر zaḥara a i (زحير zaḥīr, زحار zuḥār) to groan, moan زحير zaḥīr, groan, moan(s) زحار zuḥār, groan, moan(s); dysentery (med.) زحزح zaḥzaḥa (زحزحة zaḥzaḥa) to move (هـ s.th., from its place); to tear, rip (هـ عن s.th. off) II tazaḥzaḥa to budge, move(عن away from) زحف zaḥafa a (zaḥf) to crawl, creep on the ground; to crawl about; to advance (army); to march, be on the march (على against or toward) زحف zaḥf advance, march (of an army); (pl. زحوف zuḥūf) soldiery, army زحف creeping, crawling زحافة zaḥḥāfa pl. -āt reptile; implement for leveling the ground, leveler; ski زاحف zāḥif creeping, crawling; pl. زواحف zawāḥif2 reptiles زحل zaḥala a (zaḥl, زحول zuḥūl) to move away, withdraw, retire (عن from a place) II to remove (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V = I زحل zuḥal2 the planet Saturn زحلقة zaḥlaqa to roll, slide (هـ s.th.) II tazaḥlaqa to glide, slide, slip, skid زحلقة zaḥlaqa: ميدان الزحلقة maidān az-z. skating rink تزحلق tazaḥluq skating; sikiing زحلاوي zaḥlāwī from Zaḥle (Lebanon), made in Zaḥle (e.g., arrack) زحم zaḥama a (zaḥm) to push, shove, hustle, jostle, crowd, press, beset (ه s.o.) III to push, shove, hustle, jostle, crowd, press, beset (ه s.o.); to compete, vie (ه with s.o.) VI to press together, crowd together, mill .bout; to be closely packed lei in); to compete with one another VIII ازدحم izdaḥama to be crowded, teem, swarm (ب with); to jostle, crowd together, mill about (e.g., people) زحمة zaḥma crush, jam; crowd, throng زحام ziḥām crush, jam; crowd, throng مزاحمة muzāḥama pl. -āt competition; rivalry │لا يقبل المزاحمة (yaqbalu) unrivaled, matchless without competition تزاحم tazāḥum (mutual) competition ازدحام izdiḥām crowd, crush, jam; over-crowdedness مزاحم muzāḥim pl. -ūn competitor; rival مزاحمة muzāḥima (female) rival مزدحم muzdaḥim overcrowded, packed, jammed; teeming, swarming, crowded, crammed (ب with); -- muzdaḥam crowd, crush, jam 374 زخة zakka pl. -āt downpour, heavy shower زخر zakara a (zakr, زخور zukūr) to swell, rise (e.g., river); to be overfull, brimful (ب of); to boast (ب of s.th.), vaunt (ب s.th.) V to swell; to rise; to abound (ب in), be full (ب of) زاخر zākir and زخار zakkār full, brimful, filled to overflowing; abounding in water (seas); excessive, profuse; exuberant (feeling) زخرف zakrafa to adorn, embellish, decorate, ornament (هـ s.th.) II tazakrafa to adorn o.s.; to be embellished, ornamented زخرف zukruf pl. زخارف zakārif decoration, ornament, embellishment; makeup, getup (e.g., of a book); vain, trifling finery │ زخارف لفظية (lafẓīya) flowers of speech, rhetorical flourishes; زخارف الدنيا z. ad-dunyā the vanities of this world زخرفة zakrafa pl. -āt decoration (also stage decoration); ornamentation زخرفي zukrufī ornamental, decorative مزخرف muzakrif interior decorator; -- muzakraf embellished, ornamented │الخط الكوفي المزخرف (al-kaṭṭ al-kūfī) floriated Kufic writing زخم zakama a (zakm) to throat back (ه s.o.); -- zakima a (zakam) to stink زخم zakim stinking ازخم azkam2 stinking زخمة zakma plectrum زخمة zakama stench زر zarra u to button, button up (هـ s.th.); to screw, contort (عينه ‘ainahū one’s eye) II to button, button up (هـ s.th.) زر zirr pl. ازرار azrār, زرور zurūr button; push button; knob, pommel; bud (of a plant); tassel (of the tarboosh, etc.) زرب zariba a to flow (water) II to pen, corral (هـ livestock) زربية zurbīya, zirbīya pl. زرابى zarābīy carpet, rug زريبة zarība pl. زرائب zarā’ib2 zareba, cattle pen, corral, stockade, fold; (cattle) barn; (North Af.) hut made of branches زاروب zārūb pl. زوارب zawārib2 a long, narrow lane مزراب mizrāb pl. مزاريب mazārīb2 spout زربول zarbūl pl. زرابيل zarābīl2 and زربون zarbūn pl. زرابين zarābīn a kind of shoe زرد zarada u (zard) to choke (ه s.o.). strangle (هـ s.o.’s neck); to gulp, swallow, devour (هـ s.th.) VIII ازدرد izdarada to swallow (هـ s.th.) زردة zarda sweet dish made of rice and honey زرد zard pl. زرود zarūd chain mail, coat of mail │حمار الزرد zebra زردة zarada chain link زردية zardīya pliers مزرد mazrad throat, gullet زرزر zarzara to chirp زرزر zurzur and زرزور zurzūr pl. زرازير zarāzīr2 starling (zool.) زرزوري zurzūrī gray with white spots (horse) زرع zara‘a a (zar‘) to sow (هـ s.th.); to spread, scatter (هـ s.th.); to plant, raise, grow (هـ plants); to till, cultivate (الأرض al-arḍa land); to lay (لغما lugman mine) VII pass. of I; VIII ازدرع izdara‘a to sow زرع sowing; (pl. زروع zurū‘) seed; young standing crop, green crop; plantation; field(s) │ الزرع والضرع (ḍar‘) agriculture and stock farming زراعة zirā‘a agriculture; tilling, tillage; cultivation (of land); growing, raising (of crops); farming │ زراعة البساتين horticulture 375 زراعي zirā‘ī agricultural, agrarian, farm- (in compounds) │ارض زراعية (arḍ) arable land; طريق زراعي field path, dirt road زريعة zarī‘a that whicb is sown or planted; crop زراع zarrā‘ pl. ة, -ūn peasant, farmer; planter مزرع mazra‘ (arable) land مزرعة mazra‘a pl. مزارع mazāri‘ field under cultivation; farm; plantation; country estate مزرعاني mazra‘ānī farmer مزارعة muzāra‘a temporary sharecropping contract (īsl. Law) زارع zāri‘ pl. زراع zurrā‘ seedsman, sower; peasant; farmer; planter مزروع mazrū‘ cultivated, planted مزروعة mazrū‘a pl. -āt young standing crop, green crop مزارع muzāri‘ pl. -ūn peasant, farmer; agronomist زرافة zarāfa pl. -āt body, group, cluster (of people) │زرافات ووحدانا see واحد زرافة zarāfa, zurāfa pl. زرافى zarāfā, zurāfā, زرائف zarā’if2 giraffe 2زرق zaraqa u i (= ذرق) to drop excrement (bird); -- zaraqa u (zarq) to hit, pierce (ب ه s.o. with); to jab, bore (هـ, ه into s.o. or s.th.); to throw, hurl (هـ s.th.) زرق zarq: زرق الإبر z. al-ibar injections, injectings مزراق mizrāq pl. مزاريق mazāriq2 javelin 2زرق zariqa a (zaraq) and IX to be blue زرق zaraq blue, blueness, blue color; O glaucoma (med.) زرقة zurqa blue, blueness, blue color; O cyanosis ازرق azraq2, f. زرقاء zarqā’2, pl. زرق zurq blue; dark-colored; الزرقاء the blue sky, the blue ازرقاق izriqāq blueness, blue │داء الازرقاق dā’ al-izriqāq cyanosis 2زورق look up alphabetically زرقون zarqūn a bright red زركش zarkaša to embellish with brocade embroidery; to adorn, embellish, decorate, ornament (هـ s.th.) زركش zarkaš brocade, gold and silver embroidery مزركش muzarkaš embellished with brocade embroidery, brocaded; embroidered (ب with silver and gold thread); embroidered; embellished, decorated, ornamented │ القلم المزركش (qalam) ornamental writing زرنيخ zirnīk, zarnik arsenic زرى zarā i (زراية zirāya) to rebuke, scold, upbraid (على s.o.), find fault (هـ على with s.o. because of s.th.); to revile, disparage (ب or J- s.0.), detract (ب or على from) IV to derogate, detract (ب from s.o. or s.th.), belittle, ridicule (ب s.o. or s.th.) V = I; VIII ازدرى izdarā to slight (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), make light, think little (ب or هـ, ه of), defy (ب or هـ e.g., danger) X = VIII زرى zarīy bad, poor, miserable, despicable, contemptible زراية zirāya contempt, disdain; revilement, disparagement ازراء izrā’ contempt, disregard ازدراء izdirā’ contempt, disdain, scorn مزرى muzran despicable, contemptible زعبر za‘bara to deceive, cheat (على s.o.) زعبوط za‘abūṭ pl. زعابيط za‘ābīṭ2 a woolen fabric; woolen garment with a low neckline, worn esp. by the fellahin (eg.) 376 زعتر za‘tar = سعتر زعج za‘aja a and IV to disturb (ه s.o.); to trouble, inconvenience, molest, pester, harass (ه s.o.); to disquiet, alarm make uneasy, upset (. s.o.); to stir up (ه s.o. من or عن from a place), rouse (من or ه عن s.o. from a state. e.g., from sleep, etc.), drive (من or ه عن s.o. from) VII to be stirred up, be roused; to be alarmed (من by or at), feel uneasy (من about s.th.) زعج za‘aj uneasiness, unrest ازعاج iz‘āj disturbance انزعاج inzi‘āj inconvenience, trouble, discomfort; disturbance, confusion مزعج muz‘aj annoying, troublesome, irksome, inconvenient, unpleasant; harrying; disquieting; unsettling; pl. مزعجات troubles, discomforts زعر za‘ir thin-haired ازعر az‘ar 2, f. زعراء za‘rā’ thin-haired; tailless ازعر az‘ar pl. زعران za‘rān (leb., pal.) highwayman, brigand; crook, scoundrel زعارة za‘āra maliciousness, meanness زعرور zū‘rūr pl. زعارير za‘ārīr2 ill-tempered, peevish, testy, irascible; azarole, Neapolitan medlar (Crataegus azarolus; bot.) زعزع za‘za‘a to shake violently, convulse, rock (هـ s.th.); to shake, upset (هـ e.g., a resolve, a belief, etc.) II taza‘zaa to be convulsed; to work loose, wobble, be loose; to shake, rock, totter │لا يتزعزع unshakable ريح زعزع rīḥ za‘za‘ and ريح زعزعان (za‘za‘ān) violent gale, hurricane زعزعة za‘za‘a pl. زعازع convulsion, shock, concussion زعزوع za‘zū‘ lean, skinny, lanky, spindling مزعزع muza‘za‘ convulsed, shocked; upset, disorganized; tottering, shaky, wobbly, unsteady, precarious متزعزع mutaza‘zi‘ unsteady, shaky, wobbly, precarious; tottering, rocking; fickle, uncertain, changeable زعط za‘aṭa (za‘ṭ) to drive away زعف za‘afa a (za‘f) to kill instantly (ه s.o.) IV do. سم زعاف samm zi‘āf a rapidly killing, deadly poison زعفران za‘farān saffron زعق za‘aqa a (za‘q) to cry, yell, shriek, scream زعق za‘q clamor, shouting, crying, screaming, yelling زعقة za‘qa pl. za‘aqāt cry, outcry, yell, scream, shriek زعيق za‘īq clamor, shouting, crying, screaming, yelling زعل za‘ila a (za‘al) to be bored, be fed up (من with s.th.), be tired (من of); to be annoyed, angry II to annoy, vex (ه s.o.) IV to trouble, annoy (ه s.o.) زعل za‘al displeasure, annoyance, irritation, vexation زعل za‘il annoyed, angry, vexed, put out زعلان za‘lān2 annoyed, angry, vexed, put out زاعولة zā‘ūla annoyance, anger, irritation) vexation زعم za‘ama u (za‘m) to maintain, allege, claim, pretend (ان that), declare (ل ان to s.o. that); to believe; to take (ه هـ s.o. for or to be ...), regard (ه هـ s.o. as); │ زعم لنفسه to claim for o.s. (هـ s.th.) V to set o.s. up as leader; to 377 be the leader (ه of), lead, command (هـ a body of soldier, or the like); to pretend to be the leader, pose as leader, be bossy زعم za‘m allegation, claim │في زعمهم as they claim, III they say زعيم za‘īm, pl. زعماء zu‘amā’2 leader; ringleader; colonel (Ir. 1922); brigadier general (mil.; formerly syr.); guarantor (ب of) زعامة za‘āma leadership; leading position in politics مزاعم mazā‘im2 allegation; claims, pretensions; assumptions, conjectures مزعوم maz‘ūm pretended, claimed; alleged, so-called زعنفة zi‘nifa pl. زعانف za‘ānif2, horde, pack, mob, rabble, rifraff; low hue, mean; pl. fins (of fish); flippers (of whale, seal, and the like) زغب zagab down, lid, fuzz زغب zagib downy, fluffy, fuzzy, covered with fuzz ازغب azgab2 downy, fluffy, fuzzy, covered with fuzz زغبر zagbar nap (of a fabric) │ اخذ بزغبرهhe took all of it زغد zagada a to nudge, poke (ه s.o.) زغر zagara a (eg.) to eye (الى or ل s.th., s.o.), lear (الى or ل at) زغرد zagrada (زغردة zagrada) to utter shrill, long-drawn and trilling sounds (as a manifestation of joy by Arab women) زغاريد zagārīd2 shrill, trilling cries of joy (of women) زغرط zagraṭa = زغرد زغاريط zagārīṭ2 = زغاريد زغزغ zagzaga to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to tickle (ه s.o.) زغطة zuguṭṭa (eg.) hiccup زغل zagala a (zag,) to pour out (هـ s.th.); to counterfeit (هـ e.g., coins), adulterate, debase (هـ s.th.) زغل zagal counterfeit money مزغل mazgal pl. مزاغل mazāgil2 loophole, embrasure زغلل zuglala to dazzIe (النظر an-naẓar the eyes) زغلول zuglūl pl. زغاليل zagālīl2 baby, infant; zaglūl (eg.) squab, young pigeon زف zaffa (1st pers. perf. zafaftu) i (zaff, زفوف zufūf) to hurry; -- u (zaff, زفاف zifāf) to conduct in solemn procession (ها the bride, على or الى to the bridegroom); pass. زفت الى zuffat ilā to be married off to, be given in marriage to; to conduct in solemn procession to her new home (ها the bride, also said of the bridegroom); to inform (الى s.o., هـ of s.th.), tell (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.) │زف البشرى الى (bušrā) to bring glad tidings to زفة zaffa procession (of people), wedding procession; -- one time; زفة zaffatan once (= marratan) زفاف zifāf wedding, wedding ceremony │ليلة الزفاف lailat az-z. wedding night زفوف zafūf ostrich; fleet, swift (camel) زفيف zafīf sough(ing) (of the wind) مزفة mizaffa bridal sedan زفت II to smear with pitch, to pitch; to asphalt (هـ a road) زفت zift pitch; asphalt │زفت وقطران (qaṭrān) (lit., pitch and tar) unpleasant, annoying, awkward; damned (bad luck)! O مزفتة mizfata pl. مزافت mazāfit2 asphalting machine تزفيت tazfīt asphalting 2زفر zafara i (zafr, زفير zafīr) to sigh deeply, heave deep sighs; to pant, groan, moan; 378 to blow off, exhaust, puff out (هـ air, breath) زفرة zafra pl. zafarāt sigh, moan زفير zafīr exhaling, exhalation, expiration; sighing, moaning, moans; see also alphabetically 2زفر II to soil with grease begrime (هـ s.th.) زفر zafar grease, greasy food │ثلاثاء الزفر talātā’ az-z. Mardi Gras, Shrove Tuesday (Chr.) زفر zafir greasy; grimy; unclean, dirty, filthy; stinking, rancid, rank زفزفة zafzafa soughing, whistling (of the wind) زفن zafana i to dance, gambol زفير zafīr zephyr cloth زق zaqqa u (zaqq) to feed (هـ its young ones; of a bird) زق ziqq pl. ازقاق azqāq, زقاق ziqāq, زقان zuqqān skin (as a receptacle) زقاق zuqāq m. and f., pl. ازقة aziqqa lane, alley; strait, corridor (geogr.) زقزق zaqzaqa (زقزقة zaqzaqa) to peep, chirp, cheep; to feed (هـ its young ones; of a bird); to dandle, rock in one’s arms (ه a child) زقزاق zaqzāq pewit, lapwing الزقازق az-zaqāzīq2 Zagazig (city in N Egypt) 1زقلة zuqla and زقلية zuqlīya (eg.) club, cudgel, truncheon 2زقيلة zaqīla pl. زقائل zaqā’il2 narrow road, path, trail زقم zaqama u (zaqm) to swallow gulp, gobble (هـ food) IV to make (ه s.o.) swallow or gulp down (هـ s.th.) VIII ازدقم izdaqama = I زقوم zaqqūm zaqqum, an infernal tree with exceedingly bitter fruit, mentioned in the Koran زقا (زقو) zaqā u to cry, crow, peep, cheep زقاء zuqā’ crowing (of a rooster) زكب zakaba u (زكوب zukūb) to fill up, fill (هـ s.th.) زكيبة zakība pl. زكائب zakā’ib2 (eg.) sack, bag, gunny sack زكرة zukra pl. زكر zukar small (wine)skin; -- a wind instrument resembling the oboe (tun.) زكم pass. zukima to catch a cold زكام zukām (common) cold, catarrh زكمة zakma (common) cold, catarrh زكانة zakāna flair; intuition (زكو and زكى) زكا zakā u (زكاء zakā’) to thrive; to grow, increase; to be pure in heart, be just, righteous, good; to be fit, suitable (ب for s.o.), befit (ب s.o.); --zakiya a to grow, increase II to increase, augment, make grow (هـ s.th.); to purify, chasten (هـ s.th.); to justify, vindicate (ه s.o.), vouch for, or bear witness to, s.o.’s (ه) integrity, declare (ه s.o.) honest, upright or just, attest the honorable record of s.o. (ه); to attest the truth, validity or credibility of s.th. (هـ); to command, praise (ه s.o.); to recommend IV to cause to grow; to grow (هـ s.th.) V to be purified, be chastened زكي zakīy pl. ازكياء azkiyā’2 pure; chaste; guiltless, blameless, sinless; also = ذكي dakīy, e.g., رائحة زكية) زكاء zakā’ growth; (moral) purity, integrity, honesty, righteousness (زكوة) زكاة zakāh pl. زكا zakan, زكوات zakawāt purity; justness, integrity, honesty; justification, vindication; alms- 379 giving, alms, charity; alms tax (Isl. Law) │زكاة الفطر z. al-fiṭr obligatory donation of foodstuffs required at the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting ازكى azkā purer; more befitting, more appropriate; better تزكية tazkiya purification, chastening; pronouncement of s.o.’s integrity or credibility; attentation of (a witness’) honorable record (Isl. Law) زل zalla (1st pers. perf. zalaltu) i (zall) and zalla (1st pers. perf. zaliltu) a (زلل zalal) to slip; to make a mistake, commit an error, a slip; to slide off s.o. (عن), fail to affect s.o. (عن; said of evil) IV to cause (ه s.o.) to slip; to make (ه s.o.) stumble or trip زل zall a kind of reed (syr.) زلة zalla slip, lapse │ زلة اللسان z. lisān slip of the tongue زل zalal slip, slipping; lapse; mistake, error, oversight زلال zulāl cold water زلال البيض z. al-baiḍ white of egg, albumen زلالي zulālī albuminous; زلاليات zulālīyāt proteins │مواد زلالية (mawādd2) proteins زلابية zalābiya pl. -āt a kind of doughnut cooked in oil and sprinkled with sugar 1زلج zalaja a (زلوج zulūj) and zalija a to slip; to slide along, glide along V do. │تزلج على الثلج (talj) to skate VII = V زلج zalj slippery زليج zalīj slippery مزلج mizlaj pl. مزالج mazālij2 skate مزلاج mizlāj pl. مزاليج mazālīj2 (sliding) bolt (on a door) 2زليج zulaij faïence, ornamental tile زليجي zulaijī faience, ornamental tile زلزل zalzala to shake, rook, convulse, cause to tremble (ه, هـ s.th., s.o.); pass. zulzila also: to waver, stumble II tazalzala to quake (earth) زلزلة zalzala pl. زلازل zalāzil earthquake زلزال zalzāl, zilzāl concussion, shock, convulsion; earthquake زلط zalaṭa u to swallow, gulp down, gobble (هـ s.th.) II to strip, undress (ه s.o.) V to undress, strip زلط zulṭ nakedness, nudity زلط zalaṭ (coll.; n. un. ة) (eg.) gravel, pebbles; road metal, ballast زلعة zal‘a pl. زلع zila‘ (eg.) a kind of tall clay jar زلعوم zal‘ūm pl. زلاعيم zalā‘īm2 gullet, throat زلف zalafa u (zalf, zalaf, زليف zalīf) to approach (الى s.o. or s.th.), advance (الى toward), go near II to exaggerate, blow up (هـ a report, في in) IV to bring near, bring close (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to flatter (الى s.o.), fawn (الى upon s.o.), curry favor, ingratiate o.s. (الى with s.o., also ل) VIII ازدلف izdalafa to flatter زلف zalaf servile flattery, sycophancy, toadyism, bootlicking زلفة zulfa and زلفى zulfā servile flattery, sycophancy, toadyism, bootlicking متزلف mutazallif sycophant, toady, bootlicker زلق zaliqa a (zalaq) and zalaqa u (zalq) to glide, slide; to slip II to make slippery (هـ s.th.); to slip, glide (في هـ s.th. into) IV to cause (ه s.o.) to slip │ ازلقه ببصره (bi-baṣarihī) to look at s.o. sternly or disapprovingly V and VII to glide, slide; to skid, slither, slide (الى into s.th.), to slip; to ski; to skate │ انزلق على الثلج (talj) 380 to ski; to skate VII to slip from s.o.’s (عن) hand, from s.th. (عن) زلق zaliq slippery زلقةzalqa (n. vic.) slip, skid, slideslip زلاقة zalāqa slipperiness زلاقة zallāqa pl. -āt sleigh, sledge, sled; toboggan; toboggan chute, sledding course; gutter, eaves trough مزلق mazlaq pl. مزالق mazāliq2 slippery spot; slide, chute; esp. pl. treacherous, perilous ground, pitfalls, dangers, perils مزلقان mazlaqān (dual) (loading) ramp; gradient, ramp, driveway, access road مزلق mizlaq skate; مزلقان a pair of skates │ O مزلق ذو عجلات (‘ajalāt) roller skate مزلقة mizlaqa pl. مزالق mazāliq2 sleigh, sledge, sled; toboggan انزلاق inzilāq slipping, sliding, skidding; skiing; skating منزلق munzaliq: باب منزلق sliding door 1زلم zalam pl. ازلام azlām arrow without head and feathers, used in divination 2زلومة zullūma, zallūma pl. زلالم zalālim2 trunk (of an elephant) زم zamma u (zamm) to tie up, fasten, tighten (هـ s.th.); to truss up (هـ s.th.) │ زم بانفه (bi-anfihī) to turn up one’s nose, be supercilious II to bridle (هـ a camel), put the bridle (هـ on a camel) زمام zimām pl. ازمة azimma camel halter, nose rope of the camel; rein, bridle; halter; day hook; register; ground, land │ بزمامه under his supervision, under his direction, زمام الأمر z. al-amr reins of power, قبض على ازمة الأمر to hold the reins of power in one’s hand, be in control of power, wield power; تولى زمام الحكم tawallā z. al-ḥukm to seize the reins of power, assume power زمت V to be prim, sedate, staid زمت tazammut primness gravity, sedateness متزمت mutazammit grave, stern, staid, sedate (character); prim; narrow-minded J'!-j zam;ara (;j~j zam;ara) to .oold, to storm, rage, rave زمجر zamjara (زمجرة zamjara) to scold; to storm, rage, rave 1زمر zamara i u (zamr, زمير zamīr) to blow, play (a wind instrument) II do. زمر zamr blowing, playing (of a wind instrument) زمر zamr pl. زمور zumūr a wind instrument resembling the shoe; horn (of an automobile; syr.) زمرة zumra pl. زمر zumar troop; group (of people); زمرة دموية blood group زمار zammār player (on a wind instrument), piper زمارة zammāra, zummāra pl. زمامير zamāmīr2 (eg.) a wood-wind instrument consisting of two pipes, related to the clarinet; siren │زمارة الإنذار z. al-indār warning siren مزمار mizmār single-pipe wood-wind instrument resembling the oboe مزمور mazmūr pl. مزامير mazāmīr2 psalm 2ازمير izmīr2 Izmir, Smyrna (seaport in W Turkey) زمرد zumurrud emerald زمردى zumurrudī emerald(-colored) زمزم zamzama to rumble, roll (thunder); to murmur زمزم zamzam copious, abundant (esp. water); Zemzem, name of a well in Mecca زمزمية zamzamīya water flasak, canteen; O thermos bottle زمزمة zamzama pl. زمازم zamāzim2 roll of thunder; roar of a lion 381 زمط zamaṭa to escape, slip away زمع II end IV to determine (على, هـ on), decide, resolve, be determined (على, هـ to do s.th.) مزمع muzmi‘ determined, rseolved; -- muzma‘ and مزمع عليه decided; imminent; forthcoming, prospective │ المؤتمر المزمع عقده في ... al-mu’tamar al-m. ‘aqduhū fī the conference which is to be held on (with following date) 1 زمل III to keep (ه s.o.) company, be s.o.’s (ه) companion, be a colleague or associate (ه في of s.o. in s.th.); to accompany (ه s.o.) VI to be comrades, be close companions زملة zumla party, company (of people) زميل zamīl pl. زملاء zumalā’2 companion, crony, associate, comrade; colleague; accomplice زميلة zamiīla pl. -āt (woman) companion; (woman) colleague; sister ship زمالة zamāla comradeship; colleagueship; fellowship │زمالة دراسية (dirāsīya) scholarship, stipend (ir.) 2ازميل izmīl pl. ازاميل azāmīl2 chisel زمن zamina a (زمانة zamāna) to be chronically ill IV to stay long, remain (ب at a place); to last long; to be chronic (disease) زمن zaman pl. ازمان azmān time; period, stretch of time; duration; زمنا zamanan for some time زمنة zamana period or time زمن zamin, زمين zamīn pl. زمنى zamnā chronically ill زمان zamān pl. ازمنة azmina time; duration; fortune, late, destiny │ من زمان for some time (past), for quite a while; على الزمان always, ever; اهل زمانه ahl z. his contemporaries زمنى zamanī temporal, time (adj.); worldly, earthly; passing, transient, transitory; secular │الغام زمنية mines with time fuse; قنبلة زمنية (qunbula) time bomb زماني zamānī temporal, time; worldly, earthly; passing, transient, transitory; secular زمنية zamanīya and زمانية zamānīya period or time, given time زمانة zamāna chronic illness مزمن muzmin lasting, enduring, long, lived; old, deep-seated, inveterate; chronic زمهر zamhara to become red, flushed, blood-shot IV ازمهر izmaharra do. زمهرير zamharīr bitter cold, severe frost زن zanna u (zann) to buzz, drone (insect) زن zann buzz(ing), drone زنأ zana’a to be limited, be restricted, be confined, be curbed, be suppressed II to restrict, keep within bounds, beset, harry, drive in a corner (على s.o.) زنبر II tazanbara to display proud, haughty manners (على toward s.o.) زنبور zunbūr pl. زنابير zanābīr2 hornet زنبرك zanbarak, zunburuk, zunburak pl. زنابك (metal) spring; spiral spring; cock (of a rifle, etc.) زنبق zanbaq (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. زنابق zanābiq2 lily; iris (bot.) □ زنبلك zanbalik = زنبرك زنبيل zanbīl, zinbīl pl. زناببيل zanābīl2 basket made of palm leaves زنتاري zintārī dysentery زنج zanj, zinj (coll.) pl. زنوج zunūj Negro(es) زنجي zanjī, zinjī Negro (adj. and n.) زنجبار zanjabār Zanzibar (island and seaport of E African coast) 382 زنجبيل zanjabīl ginger 1زنجر zanjara to flip, snap (with the fingers) 2زنجار zinjār verdigris زنجفر zunjufr, zinjafr cinnabar زنجير zinjīr pl. زناجير zanājīr2 chain │حساب الزنجير double-entry bookkeeping زنخ zanika a (zanak) to turn rancid زنخ zanik rancid, rank زند zand m. and f., pl. زناد zinād, زنود zunūd stick of a fire drill, a primitive device for kindling fire; by extension, the whole fire drill; -- zand, zind (pl. زنود zunūd) ulna (anat.); forearm زناد zinād pl. ازند aznida fire steel; cock, hammer (of a rifle, etc.) │ حجر الزناد ḥajar az-zinād flint زندق II tazandaqa to be a freethinker, an atheist زندقة zandaqa atheism زنديق zindīq pl. زنادقة zanādiqa zendik, unbeliever, freethinker, atheist زنر II: زنر اليه بعينه (bi-‘ainihī) to glare at s.o. زنار zunnār and زنارة zunnāra pl. زنانير zanānīr2 belt, girdle; sash; band or rope worn around the waist; cross stripe, traverse band زنزانة zinzāna pl. -āt prison cell (eg.) زنلخت zanzalakt China tree (Melia azedarach; bot.) زنطارية zinṭārīya dysentery زنق zanaqa i (rang) to tighten, constrict (هـ s.th.); to hobble (هـ an animal) II to keep on short rations, scrimp (على s.o.), be stingy, tight-fisted (على toward) زنقة zanaqa (magr. zanga) pl. زنق zinaq narrow street, lane, alley, dead-end street زنق zināq neckband, collar زنك zink zinc زنمردة zanmarda virago, termagant زنيم zanīm low, despised, ignoble, mean; bastard; stranger, outsider زنى zanā i (زنى, زنا zinan, زناء zinā’) to commit adultery, fornicate, whore زنى zinan adultery; fornication زناء zinā’ adultery; fornication زان zānin pl.; زناة zunāh fornicator, adulterer زاننية zāniya pl. زوان zawānin2 whore, harlot; adulteress زهد zahada a, zahida a and zahuda u (zuhd) to abstain (في from, also عن, هـ), renounce, abandon, foresake (في s.th., also عن, هـ), withdraw (في, هـ from), refuse to have anything to do with (في, هـ) │ زهد في الدنيا(dunyā) to renounce pleasure in worldly things, become an ascetic, lead a pious, ascetic life II to induce (ه s.o.) to withdraw or abstain (في from); to spoil s.o.’s (ه) pleasure in (في), arouse a dislike (في ه in s.o. for) V to practice asceticism, withdraw from the world X to deem little, insignificant, trifling, small زهد zuhd (voluntary) renunciation (في of s.th.); jndifference (في to, esp. to worldly things); abstemiousness, abstinence; asceticism │ الزهد في الدنيا (dunyā) asceticism زهيد zahīd little, low, moderate (esp. price), insignificant, peltry, trifling. small; a little, a small amount (في of) زهادة zahāda smallness, lowness, moderateness تزهد tazahhud asceticism, life of retirement devoted to the service of God زهد zāhid pl. زهاد zuhhād abstemious, abstinent, continent, self-denying; ascetic 383 زهر zahara a (زهور zuhūr) to shine, give light, be radiant IV to glow, gleam, glare, shine; to blossom, be in bloom (plant, flower) VIII ازدهر izdahara to shine brightly, be radiant; to blossom, be in bloom; to flourish, prosper, thrive زهر zahr, (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. زهور zuhūr, ازهر azhur, ازهار azhār, ازاهر azāhir2, ازاهير azāhīr2 flowers; blossoms; --cast iron (also زهر الحديد) │زهر الثالوث z. at-tālūt pansy; زهر الربيع primrose; زهر العسل al-‘asal honeysuckle; زهر اللؤلؤ z. al-lu’lu’ daisy; ماء الزهر orange-flower water زهرة zahra (n. un.) pl. āt flower, blossom; splendor, beauty زهرة zuhra brilliancy, light, brightness; beauty │زهرة الغسيل bluing الزهرة az-zuhara the planet Venus زهرى zuharzi syphilis │امراض زهرية venereal diseases زهر zuhrīya pl. -āt flower vase زهار zahhār, florist زهراوى zahrāwī gay, merry, cheerful (person) ازهر azhar2 shining, luminous, radiant, brilliant; bright; -- (elative) more radiant │الأزهران sun and moon; جامع الأزهر and الجامع الأزهر Al Azhar Mosque and University in Cairo ازهرى azharī of or pertaining to Al Azhar; (pl. -ūn) Azhar student مزهر mizhar pl. مزاهر mazāhir2 ancient Arabic variety of the lute; (now pronounced mazhar) a kind of tambourine (eg.) مزهرية mazharīya flowerpot تزهير tazhīr bloom, florescence ازهار izhār florescence ازدهار izdihār flourishing, florescence, bloom, heyday زاهر zāhir shining, luminous, radiant, brilliant; bright مزهر muzhir blooming, in bloom; shining, luminous, bright زهف zahafa a (زهوف zuhūf): زهف الى الموت to be on the verge of death VIII ازدهف الى الموت do. زهق zahaqa a (zahq, زهوق zuhūq) to die, pass away, run out, come to nothing; زهقت نفسه (nafsuhū) and زهقت روحه (rūḥuhū) to give up the ghost, die; to weary, become tired (من of s.th.), be disgusted (من with s.th.) IV to bring about the ruin or downfall of s.th. (هـ); to destroy, annihilate (هـ s.th.); (الروح) ازهق النفس to be disgusting, be revolting زهوق zuhūq dying, passing, bound to vanish زهم zuhm offensive smell زهم zahm malodorous, fetid زهمة zuhma offensive smell زهومة zuhūma offensive smell زها (زهو) zahā u (zahw) to blossom, flower, be in bloom; to grow, thrive; to shine brightly, be radiant, glow, gleam; to give o.s. airs, be haughty, conceited; to pride o.s. (ب upon, both in a favorable and a pejorative sense); pass. زهى zuhiya to be proud, conceited (ب of), pride o.s. (ب on), boast (ب of), vaunt (ب s.th.) IV to blossom, flower, be in bloom; to grow, thrive; to give o.s. airs, be conceited, be boastful VIII ازدهى izdahā and pass. uzduhiya to be self-satisfied, complacent, conceited, proud; izdahā to shine (ب at, in s.th.), have (ب an accomplishment) to show; to boast (ب of s.th.), vaunt (ب s.th.) زهو zahw and zuhuw bloom, florescence; splendor; beauty; pride; haughtiness, arrogance; vanity, a vain or futile thing or things; fun, play, amusement 384 زهى zahīy brilliant, splendid, magnificent, gorgeous, sumptuous زهاء zahā’ radiance, brilliancy, splendor زهاء zuhā’ number, amount; zuhā’a roughly, about, some (with foll. figure) ازهى azhā more flourishing; prouder, more conceited ازدهاء izdihā’ bloom, florescence, flourishing; heyday; shining; glittering, splendor, radiance; pride (both in a favorable and a pejorative sense) زاه zāhin shining, brilliant, radiant, resplendent; glowing; splendid, gorgeous, magnificent, gaudy, beautiful مزهو mazhūw proud (ب of); haughty, supercilious, vainglorious; cocky, overbearing زوبعة see زبع 2زوج II to pair, couple (من or ب هـ s.th. with), join in pairs or couples (هـ s.th.); to double, geminate (هـ s.th.); to employ parallelism (rhet.); to marry off, give in marriage (ه, هـ, ها من a girl to s.o.) III to form a pair or couple; to use in parallel construction, join in a pair (بين two words, rhet.); to marry, join in wedlock, unite in matrimony (بين -- و s.o. with) V to get married (من, ب, على, ه with), marry (من, ب, على, ه s.o.) VI to intermarry; to pair, come together forming a pair, be in pairs, be double VIII ازدوج izdawaja to pair, he in pairs, be double, appear twice زوجة zauja pl. ازواج azwāj one of a pair; husband; wife; mate, partner; couple, pair (also, e.g., of shoes); dual زوجان couple زوجة zauja pl. -āt wife زيجة zīja marriage, wedding زوجي zaujī in pairs, paired; double; marital, matrimonial, conjugal; doubles (tennis) زيجي zījī marital, matrimonial, conjugal, connubial زوجية zaujīya pl. -āt matrimony, marriage زواج zawāj marriage (من with); wedding; matrimony, wedlock │وحدة الزواج wahdat az-z. monogamy مزاوج mizwāj frequently marrying تزويج tazwīj marrying off (of a woman, من to) زواج zawāj doubling, duplication; parallelism (rhet.) مزاوجة muzāwaja pairing, coupling, close union (of two things) تزوج tazawwuj marriage تزاوج tazāwuj intermarriage ازدواج izdiwāj pairedness doubleness; O coupling (el.) │ازدواج ضريبي (ḍarībī) double taxation متزوج mutazawwij married مزدوج muzdawij double, twofold, two- (e.g., of a railroad: two-track) 2زاج look up alphabetically زاح (زوح) zāḥa u = (زيح) زاح zāḥa i زود II to supply with provisions (ه هـ s.o.), provision (هـ ب, s.o. with); to provide, supply, equip (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with); to endow (ه ب s.o. with); to enrich (هـ ب s.th. with) IV to supply with provisions (ه s.o.) V to be supplied (with provisions); to take along provisions (on a journey); to learn (من from s.o.); to provide o.s., supply o.s equip o.s. (ب with) زاد zād pl. ازواد azwād, ازودة azwida provisions, supplies, stores زواد zawād provisions زوادة zuwwāda provisions مزود mizwad pl. مزاود mazāwid2, مزائد mazāid2 provision bag, haversack 385 مزادة mazāda provision bag, haversack تزويد tazwīd supply, purveyance (ب of). provision, equipment (ب with); manning (of ships) زائدة pl. زوائد see زيد مزود muzawwid pl. -ūn contractor, supplier, furnisher, purveyor, victualer, caterer مزود muzawwad provided, supplied, furnished (ب with); equipped (ب with); armed (ب with guns) ; conneoted (ب with), attended, accompanied (ب by) زار (زور) zāra u (zaur, زيارة ziyāra) to visit (ه s.o.), call (ه on s.o.), pay a visit (ه to); to afflict (ه s.o.) II to forge, falsify, counterfeit (ه s.th.); to fake, simulate VI to exchange visits IX to turn aside, turn away, dissociate o.s. (عن from); to be averse (عن to s.th.); ازور به to turn s.o. away, alienate s.o. (عن from) X to desire s.o.’s (ه) visit زور zaur upper part of the chest; throat │آلام الزور sore throat زور zūr lie, untruth; falsehood │شهادة الزور šahādat az-z. false testimony زور zūr force │ بالزور by force, forcibly زور zawar inclination, obliqueness, slant; crookedness; falseness; perfidy, insidiousness; squint زورة zaura (n. vic.) pl. -āt visit, call زيارة ziyāra pl. -āt visit; call (social, of a doctor) ازور azwar2, f. زوراء zaurā’2, pl. زور zūr inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed مزار mazār pl. -āt place which one visits; shrine, sanctuary تزوير tazwīr forgery, falsification │تزوير في السندات (sanadāt) falsification of documents ازورار izwirār turning away; averseness, aversion, dislike, distaste زائر zā’ir pl. -ūn, زوار zuwwār, f. زائرة zā’ira pl. -āt, زور zuwwar visitor, caller, guest مزور mazūr visited مزور muzawwar forged, false, counterfeit; obtained by swindle, faked زورق zauraq pl. زوارق zawāriq2 boat, rowboat, skiff │زورق بخاري (bukhārī) steam launch; زورق الصيد z. aṣ-ṣaid fishing boat; زورق النجاة z. an-najāh lifeboat; O زورق ناصف torpedo boat 1زاغ (زوغ) zāga u (zaug, زوغان zawagān) to turn aside, depart, deviate (عن from), swerve; to deviate from truth, to swindle; see also زيغ VI to turn aside, swerve 2زاغ look up alphabetically زوفاء zūfā’, زوفى zūfā hyssop (bot.) 1زوق II to adorn, embellish, ornament, decorate (هـ s.th.); to picture, visualize (هـ a story, in one’s imagination) زواق zawāq embellishment, adornment, ornamentation; decoration; finery, attire; face painting, make-up, cosmetics مزوق muzawwaq adorned, embellished, ornamented, decorated; florid, flowery (speech); dressed up, meretricious, showy, gaudy 2زاووق, زاؤوق look up alphabetically زول) and زال (زيل zāla (1st pers. perf. zultu) u (زوال zawāl) to go away, withdraw (عن or من from), abandon, leave (عن or من s.o. or s.th.); to disappear, vanish; to abate, calm down, die down, come to an end; to go down, set; -- (1st pers. perf. ziltu) a (zail) to cease (with negations only) │of زول: زال منه الغضب (gaḍab) his wrath abated; زال عن الوجود to cease to exist; -- of زيل: with neg. ما زال, لم يزل 386 (yazal), لا يزال equivalent to Engl. “still, yet”: ما زلت افعله (af‘aluhū) I have not ceased to do it, I (am) still do(ing) it; ما زال قائما he is still standing, ما زال في he has not ceased to be or to remain in, he is still in; لا يزال في حاجة اليه he is still in need of it, he still needs it; لا يزال على ذكر منه (dikrin) he still remembers him II زول zawwala to remove, eliminate (هـ s.th.), -- زيل zayyala to separate, break up, disperse, scatter (هـ s.th.) III زاول zāwala to pursue (هـ s.th.), devote o.s. apply o.s. (هـ to); -- زايل zāyala to separate, part (هـ, ه from), leave, quit, abandon (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to separate (بين s.th.) │زايل الدار to move out of the house, leave the house IV to cause to cease or stop, make disappear or vanish (هـ s.th.), to remove, eliminate (هـ s.th.), put an end (هـ to s.th.), do away (هـ with s.th.), make a clean sweep (هـ of s.th.) VI تزايل tazāyala to be disjointed, incoherent; to pass away, cease, stop زول zaul pl. ازوال azwāl person, body, figure, nightly apparition, specter, ghost, phantom, spirit زوال zawāl end, passage, extinction, disappearance, vanishing, cessation; setting (of the sun); noon │سريع الزوال ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, بعد الزوال in the afternoon; عند الزوال around noon, by noon; خط الزوال kaṯṭ az-z. meridian زوالي zawālī: في الساعة الرابعة زوالية atfour o’clock in the afternoon, at four p.m. زولية zūlīya pl. زوالي zawālī (ir., saud.) knotted rug مزولة mizwala pl. مزاول mazāwil2 sundial مزاولة muzāwala pursuit (of s.th.), application (to); assiduous study; practice (of some work, of a profession) ازالة izāla removal, elimination زائل zā’il transitory, passing, evanescent, fleeting, ephemeral, short-lived زولوجيا zōlōjiyā zoology زولوجي zōlōjī zoologic(al) زام (زوم) zāma u (eg.) to growl, snarl (dog) II to mumble, mutter زوم zūm pl. ازوام azwām juice, sap 1زان, زانة look up alphabetically 2زوان ziwān, zuwān = زؤان (q.v.) زوى zawā i to contract, wrinkle, knit (هـ s.th., e.g., the eyebrows), to remove (هـ s.th.); to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.) │زوى ما بين عينيه (‘ainaihi) he knitted his eye-brows, he frowned (in anger, and the like) II and V to withdraw into a corner, go into seclusion, retire VII do., to keep to o.s., live in seclusion or retirement │انزوى في جلده (jildihī) to crawl inside o.s. (out of shame, and the like) انزواء inziwā’ retirement, seclusion, isolation زاوية zāwiya pl. زوايا zawāyā corner, nook; angle (math.); a small mosque, prayer room; (North Afr.) small cupolaed mosque erected over the tomb of a Muslim saint, with teaching facilities and a hospice attached to it, usually the establishment of a religious order │الزاوية الحادة (ḥādda) acute angle, الزاوية الخارجة external angle, متساوى الزوايا mutasāwī az-z. equiangular, الزاوية المنفرجة (munfarija) obtuse angle, الزاوية القائمة right angle, حجر الزاوية ḥajar az-z. cornerstone; من زوايا مختلفة (muktalifa) from different angles (i.e., aspects) منزو munzawin seclusive, secluding; retired, secluded, outlying, remote, out-of-the-way, obscure زي II زيى, زيا zayyā to dress, clothe, costume (ه ب s.o. in) V تزيى, تزيا tazayyā to dress, put on a dress or costume; to dress up, smarten o.s. up, to be dressed, be clad (ب in), wear (ب th.) 387 زي ziyy pl. ازياء azyā’ clothing, dress, apparel, attire; O uniform; outward appearance, make-up; costume; style of dress, manner of dressing; fashion; exterior, guise, form, shape │على الزي الجديد fashionable, modish, stylish زيبق zībaq (= زئبق zi‘baq) quicksilver, mercury زيت II to oil, lubricate, grease (هـ a machine, and the like); to add oil (هـ to some food) زيت zait pl. زيوت zuyūt oil (edible, fuel, motor oil, etc.) │زيت حار (ḥārr) linseed oil; زيت حلو (ḥulw) sweet oil, oil free of hydrogen sulfide; زيت الحوت z. al-ḥūt cod-liver oil; زيت الخروع z. al-kirwa‘ castor oil; زيت السمك z. as-samak cod-liver oil; زيت التشحيم lubricating oil; زيت الاستصباح fuel oil; زيت الغاز z. al-gāz kerosene زيتي zaitī oily, oil (adj.), oil-bearing │صورة زيتية or لوحة زيتية (ṣūra, lauḥa) oil painting زيات zayyāt oil dealer, oilman زيتون zaitūn (coll.; n. un. ة) olive tree; olive(s) │احد الزيتون aḥad az-z. Palm Sunday (Chr.); جبل ازيتون jabal az-z. Mount of Olives (Jerusalem) زيتونة zaitūna (n. un.) pl. -āt olive tree; olive │جامع الزيتونة the Zaitouna Mosque (large mosque and university in Tunis) زيتوني zaitūnī olivaceous, olive-colored, olive-green; (pl. -ūn) student of the Great Mosque of Tunis زيتونية zaitūnīya, احد الزيتونية aḥad az-az. Palm Sunday (Cop.-Chr.) مزيتة mazyata oil can, oiler مزيت muzayyat oiled 1زيج zīj leveling line (used by masons); ephemeris, astronomical almanac 2زيجة zīja and زيجي zījī see زوج زاح (زيح) zāḥa i (zaiḥ, zuyūḥ, زيحان zayaḥān) to go away, depart, leave IV to remove, drive away, banish (هـ s.th.), do away with (هـ); to take away (هـ s.th.); to pull away, throw back (هـ a curtain, a veil, etc., عن from s.th.) │ازاح اللثام عن to reveal, disclose s.th.; ازاح الستار عن تمثال (timtāl) to unveil a monument VII to go away, depart, leave; to be pulled away, be thrown back (curtain) زيح zīh pl. ازياح azyāḥ (straight) line زياح zayyāḥ pl. -āt religious procession ازاحة izāḥa removal, abolition │ازاحة الستار unveiling (of a monument) زاد (زيد) zāda i (زيادة ziyāda) to become greater, become more, grow, increase, be compounded, multiply; to be greater, be more, amount to more (عن or على than), exceed (عن or على s.th., an amount, ب by), go beyond an amount or number (على); to augment, increase, compound (هـ s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) grow or increase; to step up, raise (من, هـ s.th., الى هـ s.th. to); to add (على هـ s.th. to); to add, make additions (على to), enlarge (على s.th.); to extend, expand, further, advance, promote, intensify (في or من s.th.); to give more (هـ ه to s.o. of s.th.) │لا يزيد على it is no more than ... , it is only .. ; زاد قائلا he added (in speech followed by quotation); زد على ذلك (zid) (prop.: add to it that ...) in addition to that there is ..., what’s more, there is ...; furthermore, moreover; زاده علما (‘ilman) to tell s.o. more about it, supply s.o. with more information II to increase, augment, compound, make grow m to make a higher bid (ه than s.o.), outbid (ه s.o.; at an auction) V to increase; to nee, go up (prices); to make additions, add embellishments of one’s own, exaggerate (in telling s.th.); to be long-winded, verbose │تزيد من العلم، من المعرفة (‘ilm, ma‘rifa) to acquire additional knowledge, increase one’s knowledge VI 388 to outbid one another; to increase gradually, be growing; to become more intense, intensify; to become more and more, exceed more and more (من s.th.) VIII ازداد izdāda to grow, be growing, increase, be compounded, multiply │ازداد بكاء (bukā’an) he wept more and more X to demand more, ask for more, go up with one’s demands; to try to achieve more; to aim or work at an increase, expansion or extension (هـ of); to ask (ه s.o.) to give more of s.th. الزيدية az-zaidīya a Shiitic group forming an independent commonwealth (Yemen) الزيود az-zuyūd the Zaidites, adherents of the Zaidiya sect زيادة ziyāda increase, increment, accretion, growth; surplus, overplus, excess; increase, augmentation, raising, stepping up; enhancement, elevation, intensification; extra pay, allowance (in addition to the salary); addition; زيادة ziyādatan in addition, additionally │زيادة عن (ziyādatan) over and above, beyond, in excess of; regardless of; aside from; حمله زيادة عن تحمله ḥammalahū z. ‘an taḥammulihi he loaded him with more than he could carry; زيادة على ذلك (ziyādatan) moreover, besides; زيادة المواليد excess of births; لزيادة الإيضاح (īḍāḥ) in order to make it even clearer, for further elucidation ازيد azyad2 more excessive, higher, greater, bigger مزاد mazād pl. -āt auction, public sale مزيد mazīd an exceeding (على of s.th.); excess, superabundance; high degree, large extent; utmost, maximum; (with foll. genit.) excessive, extreme, utmost, highest, greatest, superlative; pass. partic. of I: increased, etc.; the derivative stems of the verb (gram.) │بمزيد الشكر bi-m. iš-šukr with many, many thanks; بمزيد الأسف bi-m. il-asaf with the greatest regret; بمزيد الارتياح with extreme satisfaction; ليس له من مزيد it is unsurpassable, it’s not to be outdone مزايدة muzāyada pl. -āt auction, public sale تزيد tazayyud exaggeration (in reporting), one’s own embellishments or additions, fables, yarn تزايد tazāyud (gradual) increase, increment, growth ازدياد izdiyād increase, growth, rise, intensification استزادة istizāda a striving for more; pursuit of an increase, expansion or extension; desire or request for more │لم يبق استزادة لمستزيد (yabqa, li-mustazīdin) there is nothing to be added, nothing more need be said about it زائد zā’id increasing, growing; excessive, immoderate; exceeding (عن s.th.), in excess (عن of); additional, extra, supernumerary │زائد على الحاجة more than necessary, surplus زائدة zā’ida pl. زوائد zawā’id2 appendage, appendix (anat., zool., bot.); outgrowth (med.) │زائدة معوية (mi‘awīya) and زائدة دودية (dūdīya) vermiform appendix (anat.) مزايد muzāyid pl. -ūn bidder, outbidder (at an auction) متزايد mutazāyid steadily increasing, swelling 1زير II (mor.) to close (هـ a button) 2زير zīr pl. ازيار azyār, زيار ziyār (eg., magr.) large, almost conical jar, made of porous clay, for storing water 3زير zīr the highest string of stringed instruments (mus.) 389 زيز zīz (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. زيزان zīzān cicada; chrysalis زيزفون zaizafūn jujube (Zizyphus; bot.); linden tree 1زاغ (زيغ) zāga i (zaig, زيغان zayagān) to turn aside; to depart, deviate (عن from); to swerve; to turn away (عن from), turn one’s back (عن on); to wander, stray, roam (eyes) IV to cause (هـ s.th.) to deviate │ازاغ عني بصره (baṣarahū) he looked past me, he snubbed me زيغ zaig and زيغان zayagān a turning aside; deviation, departure (عن from) │زيغ وسداد (sadād) erring and doing right, wrong and right زائغ zāig deviating, divergent; false, wrong, distorted, perverted │نظرات زائغة (nazarāt) wandering glances 2زاغ look up alphabetically زاف (زيف) zāfa i (zaif) to be false, be spurious II to counterfeit (هـ money); to declare (هـ s.th.) to be false or spurious زيف zaif falseness; pride; (pl. زيوف zuyūf) false, spurious, forged, counterfeit ازيف azyaf2 falser, more spurious تزييف tazyīf falsification, forgery, counterfeiting زائف zā’if false; forged, counterfeit, spurious │اخبار زائفة false reports; نقود زائفة counterfeit money مزيف muzayyif forger, counterfeiter مزيف muzayyaf forged; counterfeit, false, spurious; pseudo- 1زيق II (eg.) to creak, screech 2زيق zīq pl. ازياق azyāq collar, neckband; border, hem (of a garment) زال (زيل) and II, III, VI see زول 1زان (زين) zāna i (zain) to decorate, adorn (هـ s.th.) II to adorn, decorate, embellish, ornament (هـ s.th.); to grace (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.);to shave (ه s.o.); زينت نفسها (nafsahā) to make herself up (lady); to paint in glowing tones, present in a favorable light, extol (ل, الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to conjure up (ه s.th., ل before s.o.’s eyes), create visions (هـ of s.th., ل in s.o.’s mind), lead s.o. (ل) to believe (ان that); to give (ل s.o.) the idea (ان to do s.th.), suggest (ل ان to s.o. to do s.th.) V to be decorated, be adorned; to dress up, smarten o.s. up, spruce up, preen o.s.; to shave, get a shave VIII ازدان izdāna to be decorated, be adorned; to be graced زين zain beauty; beautiful, nice, pretty زينة zīna pl. -āt embellishment, adornment, ornament, decoration; cloth., attire, finery; toilette │زينة الوجه z. al-wajh make-up; بيت الزينة bait az-z. beauty shop; اشجار الزينة ornamental tress; نباتات الزينة nabātāt az-z. ornamental plants; خوان الزينة kuwān az-z. dressing table; غرفة الزينة gurfat az-z. dressing room زيان zayyān beautiful زيان ziyān embellishment, adornment, decoration; ornament زيانة ziyāna barber’s or hairdresser’s trade تزيين tazyīn adorning, decoration, ornamentation; make-believe, sham, pretense مزين muzayyin barber, hairdresser مزين muzayyin decorated, ornamented, adorned (ب with); graced (ب with) مزدان muzdān decorated, ornamented, adorned (ب with); graced (ب with) 2زان look up alphabetically زينكو zinkō zinc 390 س سـ sa shortened form of سوف saufa (q.v.) ساتان sātān satin ساج sāj pl. سيجان sījān teak, Indian oak ساجات sījān castanets سادة sāda simple; plain, unicolored, uniform (fabric) │قهوة سادة (qahwa) unsweetened coffee سؤدد see 2سود سئر sa’ira a to remain, be left سؤر su’r pl. اسآر as’ār rest, remainder, remnant, leftover (esp. of food and beverages) سؤرة su’ra rest, remainder, remnant, leftover (esp. of food and beverages); vestige of youthful vigor سائر sā’ir remaining; rest, remainder; (with foll. det. genit.) all الساسانيون as-sāsānīyūn the Sassanidae, a dynasty of Persian kings (226-651 A.D.) ساغو sāgō sago ساكو sākō, ساكوه sack coat, lounge jacket سأل sa’ala a (سؤال su’āl, مسألة mas’ala, تسآل tas’āl) to ask (عن or ه هـ s.o. s.th. or about s.th.); to inquire (عن ه of s.o. about); to ask (هـ من or ه s.o. for s.th.), request, demand, claim (من هـ or ه from s.o. s.th.) سأله الا sa’alahū illa to implore, adjure s.o. that he ...; سأله عن اخباره to ask s.o. about s.o. else; سأله رأيه (ra’yahā) to ask s.o.’s opinion, consult s.o.; سأله سؤالا to ask s.o. a question; يسأل (yus’alu) he is responsible, answerable (عن for) III to ask, question, interrogate (ه s.o.); to call (ه s.o.) to account IV اسأله سؤله (as’alahū) to fulfill s.o.’s wish, comply with s.o.’s request V tasa’’ala and تسول tasawwala to beg VI to ask; to ask o.s.; to ask one another; تساءل هل (عن) to ask o.s. whether (about); to inquire (عن about) سؤل su’l demand, request, wish سؤلة su’la demand, request, wish سؤال su’āl pl. اسئلة as’ila question (عن about); request (عن for); inquiry (عن about); demand, claim سأال sa’’āl given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious سؤول sa’ūl given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious مسألة (مسئلة) mas’ala pl. مسائل masā’il2 question; issue, problem; matter, affair, case; request مساءلة musā’ala questioning, interrogation تسول tasawwu1 begging, beggary تساؤل tasā’ul (self-directed) question; questioning سائل sā’il pl. –ūn, سؤال su’āl, سألة sa’ala questioner; petitioner; beggar مسؤول mas’ūl responsible, answerable, accountable (عن for) مسئولية mas’ūlīya pl. -āt responsibility (عن for) متسول mutasawwil pl. -ūn beggar 1سام sām Shem (eldest son of Noah) سامي sāmī Semitic; (pl. -ūn) Semite اللاسامية al-lā-sāmīya anti-Semitism 2سئم sa’ima a (سأم sa’m, سآمة sa’āma) to be weary, tired (من or هـ of s.th.), be bored, fed up (من or هـ with s.th.); to dislike, detest, loathe (ان doing s.th.), have an 391 aversion (ان to doing s.th.) IV to cause or arouse weariness or boredom (ه in s.o.), weary, bore (ه s.o.) سئم sa’im weary, tired, bored سؤوم sa’ūm disgusted, weary, fed up سآمة sa’āma weariness, disgust, boredam, ennui سب sabba u (sabb) to insult, abuse, call names, revile (ه s.o.), rail (ه at); to curse (ه s.o.); to blaspheme, curse, swear II to cause, provoke, arouse, produce, bring about, effect, occasion (هـ s.th.), give occasion (هـ to s.th.) III to exchange insults or abusive language (هـ with s.o.) V to be caused, be produced (عن by), be the consequence or result (عن of), follow, arise, spring, result (عن from); to be the reason or cause, be at the bottom (ب or في of), be to blame (في for), be instrumental (في in); to seek reason or motives (الى for s.th.); to account, give a reason or explanation (الى for), justify, motivate (الى s.th.); to use (ب s.th.) as a means (الى for); to trade, be in the retail business VI to insult each other, call one another names, rail at each other VIII = VI سب sabb abuse, vituperation, insults, cursing سبة sabba period of time, (long) while سبة sibba: سبة الآلام s. al-ālam Passion Week (Chr.) سبة subba disgrace, shame, dishonor سبب sabab pl. اسباب asbāb rope, tent rope; means for obtaining s.th.; reason, cause, motive, occasion (with fall. genit. or في: of); means of subsistence; (esp. pl.) relations (between people) │سبب اكبر main reason; اسباب الحكم a. al-ḥukm opinion (jur.); اسباب الراحة luxury; بسبب bi-sababi because of, on account of, due to, by; بسبب ذلك because of that, for that reason, therefore; كان السبب فيه (sababa) to be the cause of s.th., be to blame for s.th.; يرجع السبب الى (yarji‘u) the reason is to be found in ...; اخذ سأسباب الحضارة الحديثة (ḥaḍāra) to adopt modern civilization; وصل اسبابه بأسبابه (asbābahū) to join forces with s.o.; تقطعت الأسباب بين relations between ... are broken out, they no longer have anything in common; شاطره أسباب المسرة šāṭarahū asbāba al-masarra to share s.o.’s joy سببية sababīya causality سباب sabbāb abuser, vituperator, reviler سبابة sabbāba index finger سبيب sabīb pl. سبائب sabā’ib2 strand of hair مسبة masabba pl. -āt vilification, abuse, insult تسبيب tasbīb mediate causation (Isl. Law) سباب sibāb abuse, vituperation, revilement مسابة musābba abuse, vituperation, revilement مسبب musabbib causer, originator, author; مسببات musabbibāt causative factors مسبب musabbab caused (عن by) │ السبب والمسبب(sabab) cause and effect متسبب mutasabbib causer; cause; retailer, small storekeeper سبا sabā and سبأ saba’ Sheba │ ذهبوا ايدي (ايادي) سبا d. aidiya (aydiya) sabā they were scattered to the four winds سبانخ sabānak, sabānik spinach سباهى see سبايس سبايس sabāyis and سباهي sibāhī spahis, Algerian native cavalry in the French army 1سبت sabata u to rest; to keep the Sabbath IV to enter on the Sabbath 392 السبت as-sabt pl. السبوت as-sabūt Sabbath, Saturday │ يوم السبتyaum as-s. do.; سبت النور s. an-nūr Holy Saturday (Chr.) سبات subāt lethargy; slumber, sleep سباتي subātī lethargic │اللالتهاب المخى السباتي (mukkī) encephalitis lethargica, sleeping sickness (med.) مسبت musbit lethargic, inactive, motionless 2 سبتsabat pl. -āt, اسبتة asbita basket 3سبت sibitt dill (Anethum graveolens; bot.) سبتمبر sibtambir September سبج sabaj jet (min.) سبح sabaḥa a (sabḥ, سبح sibāḥa) to swim (في, ب in); to float (fig.); to spread II to praise, glorify (الله allāha, لله li-llāhi God, by saying سبحان الله subḥāna llāh praise the Lord!); to praise, extol (ب s.th.) │سبح بحمده (ḥamdihī) to sing s.o.’s praise, glorify s.o. سبحة sabḥa (n. un.) a swim, swimming سبحة sabḥa pl. سبحات subuḥāt, سبح subaḥ beads of the Muslim rosary; Muslim rosary; supererogatory salat (Isl. Law) سبحة subḥa, sabḥa pl. سبحات subuḥāt, sabaḥāt majesty (of God) │ سبحات وجه الله subuḥātu wajhi llāh the sublimity, or the august splendor, or God’s countenance; سبحات رفيعة (sabaḥāt) lofty heights سبحان الله subḥāna llāh exclamation of surprise, etc. (prop.: praise the Lord! God be praised!); سبحان الله عن God is far above ..., God is beyond … سباح sabbāḥ swimmer سبوح sabūḥ a good swimmer; swift and smooth-running (lit.: floating; of horses) سباحة sibāḥa (art of) swimming مسبح masbaḥ pl. مسابح masābiḥ2 swimming pool مسبحة misbaḥa pl. مسابح masābiḥ2 rosary تسبيح tasbīḥ pl. -āt, تسابيح tasābīḥ2 glorification of God (by exclaiming سبحان الله) تسبيحة tasbīḥa pl. -āt, تسابيح tasābīḥ2 glorification of God; hymn, song of praise تسبحة tasbiḥa hymn, song of praise سابح sābiḥ pl. -ūn, سباح subbāḥ, سبحاء subaḥā’2 swimmer; bather │ سابح في افكاره lost in thought O سابحة sābiḥa glider, sailplane, cargo glider سابحات sābiḥāt and سوابح sawābiḥ2 floating ones (epithet for race horses) مسبحة musabbiḥa index finger سبحلة sabḥala glorification of God سبخ sabaka u (sabk) to be sound asleep II do.; to manure, fertilize (الأرض al-arḍa the land) سبخ sabak dung, manure, fertilizer │سبخ بلدي (baladī) manure سبخ sabik briny (soil) سبخة sabaka, sabka pl. سباخ sibāk salt marsh, salt swamp │ ارض سبخdo. سباخ sibāk pl. اسبخة asbika dung, manure, fertilizer │ سباخ بلدي (baladī) manure سبيخ sabīk pl. سبائخ sabā’ik2 loose (unspun) cotton تسبيخ tasbīk deep, sound sleep; O coma, somnolence (med.) سبر sabara u i (sabr) to examine with a probe, to probe (هـ a wound); to measure, sound (هـ s.th., e.g., the depth); to fathom, explore, examine (هـ s.th.) │ سبر اغوار الشيء 393 to probe the depth of s.th., get to the bottom of s.th., study s.th. thoroughly سبر sabr probing (of a wound); fathoming, exploration, examination سبار sibār pl. سبر subūr probe (med.) سبورة sabūra slate; blackboard مسبر misbar pl. مسابر masābir2 probe (med.) مسبار misbār pl. مسابير masābīr2 probe (med.) سبس sibs small wind instrument resembling the oboe (eg.) سبسب II tasabsaba to be lank (hair); to flow (tears) سبسب sabsaba pl. سباسب sabāsib2 desert, wasteland │ قفر سبسب (qafr) desert, wasteland, desolate region سبط sabuṭa u (سبوطة subūṭa, سباطة sabāṭa) to be lank (hair) سبط sabiṭ, sabṭ, sabaṭ pl. سباط sibāṭ lank (hair) │سبط اليدين sabṭ (sabiṭ) al-yadain liberal, openhanded, generous; سبط القامة s. al-qāma shapely, well-built, of graceful stature سبط sibṭ pl. اسباط asbāṭ grandson; tribe (of the Israelites) سباط sabbāṭ pl. سبابيط sabābīt shoe سباطة subāṭa bunch, cluster (of fruit) ساباط sābāṭ pl. سوابط sawābīṭ2 arcade, roofed lane or street; archway سيباط sībāṭ and (eg.) سباط subāṭ arcade, roofed lane or street; archway سبع II to make sevenfold (هـ s.th.); to divide into seven parts (هـ s.th.) سبع sab‘ pl. اسبع asbu‘,سبوع subū‘, سبوعة subū‘a predatory animal, beast of prey; lion سبع sabu‘ pl. سباع siba‘ predatory animal, beast of prey; lion سبعة sab‘a (f. سبع sab‘) seven; سبعة عشر sab‘ata ‘ašara (f. سبع عشرة sab‘a ‘ašrata) seventeen سبع sub‘, subu‘ pl. اسباع asbā‘ one-seventh سباعي subā‘ī consisting of seven parts; seven-lettered, consisting of seven letters سبعون sab‘ūn seventy سبعوني sab‘ūnī septuagenarian الترجمة السبعينية at-tajyama as-sab‘īnīya the Septuagint السبوعات (Hebr. šebū‘ō¬t) as-sabū‘āt Shabuoth, the Feast of Weeks, or Pentecost, of the Jews اسبوع usbū‘ pl. اسابيع asābī‘2 week │اسبوع الآلام Passion Week (Chr.) اسبوعي usbū‘ī weekly; اسبوعيا weekly, by the week اسبوعية usbū‘īya weekly feature (radio) السابع as-sābi‘ the seventh سبغ sabaga u a (سبغ subūg) to be long and wide; to abound, be abundant IV to make wide, widen (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) complete; to bestow amply (على upon s.o., هـ s.th.), shower (هـ على s.o. with); to lend, impart liberally (هـ على to s.th. s.th.); to attribute, ascribe (على to s.o., هـ qualities) │ اسبغ الوضوء to perform the ritual ablution properly (Isl. Law) سابغ sābig pl. سوابغ sawābig2 long and loose-fitting (garment); full, complete, perfect; excessive, abundant, ample سبق sabaqa i u (sabq) to be, come, go, get, or act, before or ahead of s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), precede, antecede (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., in place and time), arrive before s.o. (ه) at (الى); to outstrip, outdistance, leave behind (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to forestall (هـ s.th.); to anticipate (o s.th.); to do 394 or say s.th. (الى) spontaneously before one can be stopped; to turn spontaneously, instinctively, without knowing why (الى to s.th.); to surpass, beat (على or ه s.o.) │سبق له ان فعله (an fa‘alahū) he had already done it before; سبق له ان قابله (an qābalahū) he had met him before (paraphrasing the pluperfect); سبق لنا القول ان (qaulu) we have previously (already) said that ...; سبق الحكم عليه ب (ḥukmu) he had been previously sentenced to …; سبق لي it happened to me before, I experienced before (ان that); لم يسبق لي ان I have never before ...; لم يسبق له مثيل (as) there has never been one before, (which is) unprecedented; سبق السيف العذل s. s-saifu l-‘adla (the sword anticipated censure, i.e.) one has to accept the accomplished fact, there is (was) nothing one can (could) do about it, it is (was) already too late; سبقه لسانه (lisānuhū) to burst out impulsively (with an utterance) II to cause (هـ s.th.) to precede or antecede; to premise (هـ s.th.); to do or give (هـ s.th.) prematurely III to try to get ahead of s.o. (ه); to try to defeat or beat (ه s.o.), seek to get the better of s.o. (ه); to race (ه s.o.), run a race (ه with s.o.); to compete, vie (ه with s.o.) VI to try to get ahead of one another, seek to outdo one another. compete, vie; to try to beat one another (الى to ) VIII = VI سبق sabaq antecedence; precedence, priority │ سبق الإصرار s. al-isrār premeditation, willfulness (jur.); ميزة السبق mīzat as-s. initiative; احرز قصد السبق see احرز سبق sabaq pl. اسباق asbāq stake (in a race) سبق sabqa: سبقة القلم s. al-qalam slip of the pen, lapsus calami سبقة subqa stake (in a race) سباق sabbāq anticipatory; precursory; triumphant │ قطار سباق fast train, express train; -- (pl. -ūn) precursor; winner in contest; O race-car driver اسبق asbaq2 earlier, antecedent; preceding, previous, prior; former, ex- │المقيم الأسبق (muqīm) the ex-resident اسبقية asbaqīya precedence, priority; seniority سبق sibāq race (esp. of horses); contest │سباق تتابع 4×100 متر (s. tatābu‘) 4X100 m relay race; حصان السباق race horse; حلبة (ميدان) السبق ḥalbat (maidān) as-s. race track; سباق القوارب regatta, boat race; سباق التسلح s. at-tasalluḥ arms race مسابقة musābaqa pl. -āt race (esp. of horses); contest; competition; emulation تسابق tasābuq emulation; competition سابق sābiq pl. -ūn, سباق subbāq antecedent, preceding, foregoing, previous, prior; former, ex-; retired, ret.; سابقا sābiqan formerly, previously │سابق لأوانه (li-awānihī) premature; في السابق formerly, at one time, once; كالسابق as before; كسابق العادة as it was customary before; as usual; المبلغ السابق صرفه (mablag, ṣarfuhū) the payment already effected سابقة sābiqa precedence, priority; previous case, precedent; previous, earlier publication of an author; pl. سوابق sawābiq2 antecedents; previous convictions │ذوي) السوابق or) من اصحاب previously convicted; من له سوابق (man) (one) previously convicted; recidivous criminal سابقية sābiqīya: سابقية القصد s. al-qaṣd premeditation (jur.) غير مسبوق gair masbūq unprecedented مسبقا musabbaqan prematurely, in advance مسابق musābiq pl. -ūn competitor; contestant; racer, runner متسابق mvla.tdbiq competitor; contestant سبك sabaka i u (sabk) to found, cast (هـ metal), smelt (هـ ore); to form, shape, mold (ه s.o.); to formulate (هـ s.th.); to polish the style (هـ of s.th.) II to found, cast (هـ metal), smelt (هـ ore); to braise, stew (هـ s.th.) VII to be poured into a mold, be cast سبك sabk founding, outing; cast (also fig., = arrangement); formulation (of an expression); shaping, forming (of a person) │صناعة سبك المعادن metallurgic industry; سبك ودقة (diqqa) accuracy, precision سباك sabbāk smelter, founder سباكة sibāka founder’s trade and activity سبيكة sabīka pl. سبائك sabā’ik2 ingot مسبك masbak pl. مسابك masābik2 foundry تسبيك tasbīk stewing, braising (in a covered dish, with scant moisture) سبل II to dedicate to charitable purposes (هـ s.th.) IV to let (هـ s.th.) hang down; to let fall, drop (هـ a curtain, drape, etc. على over); to close, shut (على the eyes); to shed (على tears); to ear, form ears سبل sabal (coll.; n. un. ة) ears (of cereals) سبلة sabla manure, dung سبلة sabala pl. سبال sibāl mustache سبيل sabīl m. and f., pl. سبل subul, اسبلة asbila way, road, path; access; means, expedient, possibility (الى to, for; -- pl. اسبلة asbila) public fountain); -- pl. سبلان siblān) clay pipe bowl, clay pipe (of the Bedouins) │ابن السبيل ibn as-s. vagabond, tramp; wayfarer, traveler; في سبيل for the sake of, for, in behalf of, in the interest of; بسبيل or عن سبيل by means of, through, by; في سبيل الله for the cause of God, in behalf of God and his religion; علي سبيل by way of, for: e.g., على سبيل التجربة (tajriba) for a try, tentatively, على سبيل الفكاهة (fukāha) for fun, ذكر الشيء على سبيل المثال to quote s.th. as an example; خلى سبيله see خلو; ضاقت به السبل he was at his wit’s end; ليس علي في ذلك سبيل (laisa ‘alayya) there is nothing to keep me from doing that, I am free to do that, it is no sin if I do that سابل sābil: طريق سابلة a public, much-frequented road السابلة as-sābila the passers-by مسبول masbūl lowered, down (curtain) الأسبان, اسباني look up alphabetically سبنسة (eg.) sibinsa pl. -āt caboose, brake van; baggage car (railroad) سبه sabah dotage عقل مسبوه ‘aql masbūh impaired mind (esp. due to old age), feeble-mindedness سبهللا sabahlalan indifferently, aimlessly, haphazardly, at random سباهلة sabāhila people without work, idlers, loafers سباهى look up alphabetically سبا look up alphabetically سبور (Fr. sport) sbōr sport(s) سبى sabā i (saby, سباء sibā’) to take prisoner, capture; to lead into captivity (esp. in war); to captivate, fascinate, enchant, charm, beguile, intrigue (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VIII = I سبي saby capture; captivity سبي sabīy pl. سبايا sabāyā captive, prisoner( of war) سبية sabīya (female) prisoner سبيداج sibīdāj white lead, ceruse سبيذاج sibīdāj white lead, ceruse س ت abbreviation of سجل تجاري sijill tijārī commercial register است buttocks, backside 396 1ستة sitta (f. ست sitt) six; ستة عشر sittata ‘ašara (f. ست عشرة sitta ‘ašrata) sixteen ستون sittūn sixty ستونى sittūnī sexagenarian السات as-sātt the sixth 2 □ست sitt pl. -āt lady │ست الحسن s. al-ḥusn a variety of morning-glory (Ipomoea cairica Webb.; bot.); also = belladonna, deadly nightshade (bot.) استاذ pl. اساتذة look up alphabetically ستر satara u i (satr) to cover, veil (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to hide, conceal (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., عن from); to disguise (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.); to shield, guard, protect (ه s.o., هـ s.th., عن against or from); to forgive (هـ على s.o .s.th.), overlook, condone s.th. (هـ) done by s.o. (على) II = I; V to be covered, be veiled; to cover o.s., hide o.s., be concealed (على from) VIII to cover o.s., hide o.s.; to be veiled, be hidden, be concealed (على from) ستر sitr pl. ستور sutūr, استار astār veil; screen; curtain, drape, window curtain; covering; cover (also mil.); protection, shelter, guard, shield; pretext, excuse سترة sutra pl. ستر sutar jacket; tunic ستري sutarī (eg.) clown, buffoon ستار sitār pl. ستر sutur veil, screen; covering; curtain, drape; pretext, excuse │الستار الحديدي the Iron Curtain (pol.); الستار الفضي (fiḍḍī) motion-picture screen; ستار من النار (النيران) barrage (mil.); رفع الستار عن الشيء to disclose, unveils, s.th. (also a monument); من وراء الستار behind the scenes, backstage (fig.) الستار as-sattār the Veiler, the Coverer (attribute of God) ستارة sitāra pl. ستائر satā’ir2 veil; screen; curtain, drape, window curtain; cover, covering تستر tasattur cover (mil.) O ساتر sātir screen, folding screen مستور mastūr hidden, invisible; masked; chaste; (one) having a blameless record (Isl. Law); pl. مساتير masātīr2 hidden, secret things متستر mutasattir O anonymous مستتر mustatir hidden, concealed, latent; understood, implied (pronoun) ستف II to stack up, store up, stow (هـ goods); to arrange تستيف tastīf stacking, stowing, storage سته sath, sith, satah pl. استاه astāh buttocks, backside سجارة sigāra pl. -āt, سجائر sagā’ir2, سجاير sagāyir2 (Eg. spelling) cigarette اسجح asjaḥ2 f. سجحاء sajḥā’2 well-shaped, shapely, beautiful سجد sajadah u (سجود sujūd) to bow down, bow in worship; to throw o.s. down, prostrate o.s. (ل before); to worship (لله God) سجدة sajda pl. sajadāt prostration in prayer │ احد السجدة aḥa as-s. Whitsunday (Chr.) سجود sujūd prostration, adoration, warship; also pl. of ساجد sājid (see below) سجاد sajjād pl. -ūn worshiper (of God) سجادة sajjāda, coll. سجاد sajjād pl. سجاجيد sajājīd2 prayer rug; rug, carpet │ صاحب السجادة and شيخ السجادة title of the leaders of certain dervish orders in their capacity of inheritors of the founder’s prayer rug مسجد masjid pl. مساجد masājid2 mosque │ مسجد جامع (jāmi‘) large mosque, mosque where the Friday prayer is conducted; المسجد الحرام (ḥarām) the Holy Mosque in Mecca; المسجد الأقصى (aqṣā) name of a mosque on Jerusalem’s Temple Square; 397 المسجدان the two Mosques (of Mecca and Medina) ساجد sājid pl. سجد sujjad, سجود sujūd prostrate in adoration, worshiping 1سجر sajara u to fire up, heat (هـ a stove, an oven, etc.) II to cause to overflow (هـ water) مسجر musajjar long and flowing (of hair) 2سجارة look up alphabetically سجس II to upset (ه s.o.) سجع saja‘a a (saj‘) to coo (pigeon); to speak in rhymed prose II to speak in rhymed prose سجع rhymed prose سجعة saj‘a a passage of rhymed prose ساجع composer of rhymed prose سجف sajf, sijf pl. اسجاف asjāf, سجوف sujūf curtain, veil سجاف sijāf pl. سجف sujuf curtain, veil سجق (Turk. sucuk) sujuq sausage │سجق محمر (muḥammar) fried, or grilled, sausage سجل II to register, enter (هـ s.th.), make an entry (هـ of s.th.); to note down, record (هـ s.th.), make a note of (هـ); to have (هـ s.th.) recorded, put (هـ s.th.) on record, make a deposition or statement for the official records; to document, prove by documentary evidence (هـ s.th.); to give evidence (هـ or s.th.); to score (هـ s.th., e.g., اصابة a hit); to put down, write down, book (على هـ s.th. to s.o.’s debit); to record (هـ s.th., said of an apparatus; also, e.g., في الشرائط المسجلة on tape); to capture, catch (هـ a scene); to set (هـ a record; athlet.); to register (هـ a letter); to enter (هـ s.th.) in the commercial register; to have (هـ an invention) patented, secure a patent (هـ on) │ سجل على نفسه انto go on record for (doing or being s.th.) III to rival, contend; to dispute, debate (ه with s.o.); to contest (ه s.o.’s right هـ to s.th.) │ساجله الحديث (ḥadīta) to draw s.o. into a conversation, have a talk with s.o. سجل sijill pl. -āt scroll; register; list, index; سجلات records, archives │السجل التجاري (tijārī) commercial register; السجل الذهبي (dahabī) Golden Book; سجل الزيارات visitors’ book, guest book; سجل التشريفات list of visitors (dipl.); or سجل الأطيان ( سجلات or) cadastre, land register; السجل العقاري (‘aqārī) do. تسجيل tasjīl pl. -āt entering, entry, registration; documentation; authentication; booking; recording; tape-recording; registering (of mail) │تسجيل عقاري (‘aqārī) entry in the land register; آلة تسجيل الصوت (t. aṣ-ṣaut) tape recorder سجال sijāl contest, competition with alternate success │كانت الحرب بينهم سجالا (ḥarb) their battle had its ups and downs, they fought each other with alternate success مساجلة musājala pl. -āt contest, competition; discussion, talk مسجل musajjil pl. -ūn registrar; notary public; (pl. -āt) tape recorder │شريط مسجل pl. شرائط مسجلة magnetic tape; مسجل الكلية m. al-kullīya secretary of the faculty مسجل musajjal registered, etc. (see II) │رسالة مسجلة registered letter; مراسلات مسجلة (murāsalāt) registered mail; اطنان مسجلة register tons; حفلة مسجلة (ḥafla) concert of recorded music سجم sajama u (سجوم sujūm, سجام sijām) to flow, stream, well forth (tears, water); -- sajama i (sajm, سجوم sujūm, سجمان sajamān) to pour forth (هـ water), shed (هـ tears) IV to shed (هـ tears) VII to flow, stream, well forth (water); to be fluent, elegant (speech); to be harmonious; to harmonize, be in keeping (مع with 398 انسجام insijām fluency; harmony; order منسجم munsajim harmonious سجن sajana u (sajn) to jail, imprison (ه s.o.) سجن sajn detention, imprisonment سجن sijn pl. سجون sujūn prison, jail سجين sajīn pl. سجناء sujanā’2, سجنى sajnā imprisoned, jailed, captive; prisoner, prison inmate, convict سجينة sajīna pl. -āt female prisoner سجان sajjān jailer, prison guard, warden مسجون masjūn pl. مساجين masājīn2 imprisoned, jailed, captive; prisoner, prison inmate, convict سجا (سجو) sajā u (سجو sajw, سجو sujūw) to be calm, quiet, tranquil (night, sea) II to cover with a winding sheet, to shroud (الميت al-mayyita the deceased) V to cover o.s. (هـ with a garment) سجية sajīya pl. -āt, سجايا sajāyā nature, natural disposition, temper, character; pl. characteristics, traits │ عن سجيةof one’s own accord, spontaneously ساج sājin quiet, calm, tranquil; dark (night) مسجى musajjan covered with a winding sheet, shrouded (corpse); laid out (corpse) سح saḥḥa u i (saḥḥ, سحوح suḥūḥ) to flow down, flow, fun, stream │ سحت السماء saḥḥat is-samā’ it rained cats and dogs عين سحاحة ‘ain saḥḥāḥ tearful eye سحب saḥaba a (saḥb) to trail on the ground, drag along (هـ s.th.); to withdraw (هـ, ه s,o., s.th., also, e.g., a measure, an order, etc.); to pull out (هم troops, عن from); to take away (هـ من from s.o. s.th.), strip, dispossess, divest (هـ من s.o. of); to draw (هـ water); to take out, withdraw (هـ money, from an account); to draw (هـ a bill of exchange, a lot); to unsheathe, draw (هـ a sword); to apply, make applicable (على هـ s.th. to; said of a law or statute) │ سحب العمل به على(‘amala) to extend the applicability of s.th. to ... VII to drag o.s. along, struggle along; to retreat, withdraw, pull out, fall back (من from); to be drawn out; to be applied (على to; of a law or statute) سحب saḥb withdrawal (of troops, of measures, of rights, of money from an account, etc.); (pl. سحوبات suhūbāt) drawing (in a lottery) سحاب saḥāb (coll.) clouds سحابة saḥāba (n. un.) pl. سحائب suḥub, سحائب saḥā’ib2 cloud; (pl. -āt) umbrella (magr.); سحابة saḥābata during, in the course of │سحابة النهار (اليوم) saḥābata n-nahār (l-yaum) all day long; سرنا سحابة sirnā saḥābata yauminā we have bean traveling all day; سحابة اربعة قرون in the course of four centuries سحابة suḥāba film on the eye سحاب saḥḥāb (Syr., Pal.) zipper, slide fastener مسحب maṣḥab: مسحب الهواء m. al-hawā’ source of the breeze or draft; draft (of air) انسحاب insiḥāb withdrawal, retreat, pulling out, evacuation (esp. mil.); resignation; stretching, extension ساحب sāḥib drawer (of a bill of exchange) المسحوب عليه al-masḥūb ‘alaihi drawee (of a bill of exchange) سحت suḥt, suḥut pl. اسحات asḥāt s.th. forbidden or banned; illegal possessions, ill-gotten property سحتوت saḥtūt Eg. square measure of 0.304 m2 (= 1/24 sahm); -- suḥtūt penny سحج saḥaja a (saḥj) to scrape off, shave off, scratch off, rub off (هـ s.th.); to graze, abrade (هـ the skin), strip off (هـ s.th.) II to scrape off, abrade, strip off (هـ s.th.) 399 مسحج misḥaj pl. مساحج masāḥij2 plane (tool) مسحجة misḥaja pl. مساحج masāḥij2 planing machine, planer مسحاج misḥāj pl. مساحيج masāḥij2 plane (tool) مسحوج masḥūj raw, sore (like a skin abrasion) سحر saḥara a (siḥr) to bewitch, charm, enchant, infatuate, fascinate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to wheedle, coax (ه s.o.) II = I; V to have a light meal (shortly before daybreak) سحر saḥar, suḥr pl. سحور suḥūr, اسحار asḥār lungs, pulmonary region of the body سحر siḥr bewitchment, beguilement, enchantment, fascination; -- (pl. اسحار asḥār, سحور suḥūr) sorcery, witchcraft, magic; charm (of a woman) سحري siḥrī magic(al) │ فانوس سحري (fānūs) magic lantern, slide projector سحر saḥar pl. اسحار asḥār time before daybreak, early morning, dawn سحور saḥūr last meal before daybreak during the month of Ramadan سحار saḥḥār pl. -ūn sorcerer, magician, wizard, charmer سحارة saḥḥāra sorceress, witch سحارة saḥḥāra pl. -āt culvert; (pl. سحاحير (saḥāhīr2) case, crate, chest, box مساحر masāḥir2: انتفخت مساحره (intafakat) his lungs became inflated (out of fear or pride) ساحر sāḥir charming, enchanting; (pl. -ūn, سحرة saḥara, سحار suḥḥār) sorcerer, enchanter, magician, wizard, charmer ساحرة sāḥira pl. -āt, سواحر sawāḥir2 sorceress, witch سحق saḥaqa a (saḥq) to crush (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to pound, bruise, powder, pulverize (هـ s.th.); to annihilate, wipe out (هـ s.th., e.g., an army); to wear out (هـ clothing); -- saḥiqa a, saḥuqa u (suḥq) to be distant, far away, remote II to crush; to annihilate, destroy V and VII to be crushed, be pounded, be bruised, be pulverized سحق saḥq crushing, bruising, pulverization; (pl. سحوق suhūq) worn garment, rag سحق suḥq, suḥuq distance, remoteness; depth, vastness (of an abyss) │سحقا له suḥqan lahū away with him! to hell with him! سحيق saḥīq far away, distant, remote; deep, bottomless (abyss, depth) مساحقة musāḥaqa and سحاق siḥāq tribady, Lesbianism انسحاق القلب insiḥāq al-qalb contrition, penitence, repentance ساحق sāḥiq crushing; overwhelming (majority) مسحوق masḥūq ground, grated (bread, nutmeg, etc.); (pl. مساحق masāḥiq2) powder │ مسحوق الفحم m. al-faḥm coal dust منسحق القلب m. al-qalb contrite, penitent, repentant سحل saḥala a (saḥl) to scrape off, shave off, peel (هـ s.th.); to smooth, make smooth (هـ s.th.); to plane (هـ s.th.); to file (هـ s.th.) سحالة saḥāla filings, file dust سحلية siḥlīya pl. saḥālin lizard (eg.) مسحل misḥa1 pl. مساحل masāḥil2 tool for smoothing, plane; file ساحل sāḥil pl. سواحل sawāḥil2 littoral, coast, seashore; (Eg.) river harbor, anchorage (on the Nile) │حفر السواحل kafar as-s. coast guard; لا ساحل له (sāḥila) shoreless ساحلي sāḥilī coastal, littoral; (pl. سواحلة sawāḥila) coastal inhabitant; Swahili 400 سحلب saḥlab salep (dried tuber of various species of Orchis); a sweet drink made of salep سحم saḥam blackness, black color سحمة suḥma blackness, black color سحام suḥām blackness black color اسحم asḥam2, f. سحماء saḥmā’2, pl. سحم suḥum black سحن saḥana a (saḥn) to crush, pound, bruise, grind (هـ s.th.); to smooth by rubbing (هـ s.th.) سحنة saḥna and saḥana pl. saḥanāt, سحن suḥan (external) appearance, look(s); facial expression, air, mien مسحنة misḥana pl. مساحن masāḥin2 pestle سحاءة siḥā’a pl. سحايا saḥāyā cerebral membrane, cortex سحائي siḥā’ī meningeal │مرض الالتهاب السحائي (maraḍ al-ilt.) meningitis مسحاة misḥāh pl. مساح masāḥin iron shovel, spade سختيان suktiyān, siktiyān morocco (leather) سخر sakira a (sakar, sakr, sukur, sukr, سخرة sukra, مسخر maskar) to laugh, scoff, jeer, sneer (من or ب at), mock, ridicule, deride (من or ب s.o., s.th.), make fun (من or ب of) II to subject, make subservient (ه s.o., هـ s.th., ل to or for the purpose of); to make serviceable (ل هـ s.th. to), employ, utilize, turn to profitable account (ل هـ s.th. for), make use (هـ, ه of, ل for); to exploit (ه s.o., هـ s.th., ل for) V to reduce to servitude, subjugate (ه s.o.); to scoff, jeer, sneer سخرة sukra laughingstock, target of ridicule; corvée, statute labor, forced labor │ رجال السخرة serfs, bondsmen; اعمال السخرة forced labor, slave labor سخري sukrī, sikrī laughingstock, target of ridicule; corvée, statute labor, forced labor سخرية sukrīya scorn, derision, mockery, irony; laughingstock, object of ridicule مسخرة maskara pl. -āt, مساخر masākir2 object of ridicule, laughingstock; ridiculous, droll, ludicrous; masquerade تسخير taskīr subjugation, subjection; exploitation مسخر musakkir oppressor سخط sakiṭa a (sakal) to be annoyed (على or هـ, ه at s.o., at s.th.), be displeased, be angry (هـ or ه with s.o.), resent (على or هـ s.th.) IV to discontent, embitter (ه s.o.); to anger, exasperate, enrage (ه s.o.) V = I سخط sukut, sukṭ, sakat discontent, annoyance, displeasure, indignation, anger, irritation, exasperation; wrath, bitterness, grudge, resentment مسخطة maskaṭa pl. مساخط masākiṭ2 object of annoyance, of wrath, of anger مسخوط maskūt loathsome, hated, odious; (pl. مساخيط masākīṭ) (eg.) idol تسخط tasaḳḳut annoyance, displeasure, anger, wrath سخف sakafa u (sukf, سخافة sakāfa) to be feeble (wit); to be stupid, foolish سخف sakufa feeble-mindedness, dimwittedness; imbecility, idiocy; nonsense, foolishness, folly سخيف sakīf pl. سخاف sikāf stupid, fatuous, simple-minded; absurd, silly, ridiculous, foolish; despicable, inferior; (pl. سخفاء sukafā’) fool سخافة sakāfa feeble-mindedness dimwittedness; (pl. -āt) folly, silly thing to do, childish prank سخائف sakā’if silly things 401 سخلة sakla pl. سخال sikāl lamb سخم II to make black, blacken with soot, besmut (هـ s.th.) │ سخم بصدره(bi-ṣadrihī) to irritate s.o., make s.o. angry V to hate (على s.o.), harbor resentment (على against s.o.), be angry (على with) سخم sakam blackness سخمة sukma blackness; hatred, resentment, ill will سخام sukam soot, smut سخيمة sakīma pl. سخائم sakā’im hatred, resentment, ill will سخن sakuna u, sakana u and sakina a (سخونة sukūna, سخانة sakāna, سخنة sukna) to be or become hot or warm; to warm (up); to be feverish II to make hot, to beat, warm (هـ s.th.) IV = II سخن sukn hot, warm سخانة sakāna heat, warmth سخونة sukūna heat, warmth O سخان sakkān, سخان مياه s. miyāh boiler, hot-water tank O سخانة sakkāna hot-water bottle │سخانة الحمام s. al-ḥammām bath heater, geyser سخانات sakkānāt hot springs ساخن sākin pl. سخان sukkān hot, warm (سخو and سخي) سخا sakā u, سخي sakiya a (سخاء sakā’) and سخو sakuwa u (سخاوة sakāwa) to be liberal. generous (ب على with s.th. toward s.o.); to grant, award (ب s.th., على to s.o.), confer, bestow (ب s.th., على upon s.o.) V to show o.s. generous, display liberality; to endeavor to be liberal or generous VI = V سخاء sakā’ liberality, munificence, generosity سخي sakīy pl. اسخياء askiyā’ liberal, openhanded, generous; giving generously (ب s.th.), being lavish (ب with) │سخية أموال ample funds; سخي النفس عن الشيء (s. an-nafs) only too glad to relinquish or give up s.th. سخاوة sakāwa generosity سد sadda u (sadd) to plug up, close up, stop up (هـ s.th.); to clog, congest (هـ s.th.); to bar, obstruct, block up, barricade (هـ s.th., على هـ to s.o. s.th.); to block, blockade (هـ s.th.); to cork, plug, stopper (هـ s.th.); to pay, defray, settle, cover (هـ s.th., esp. expenses, a debt, etc.); to fulfill, satisfy, meet (هـ a claim, and the like) │ سد ثغرة(tugratan) to fill a gap, close a breach; سد ثلمة (tulmatan) to fill a gap; سد خلة (kallatan) to remedy a shortcoming; سد حاجته (ḥājatahū) to meet s.o.’s need, provide for s.o.; سد رمقه (ramaqahū) to keep s.o. or o.s. barely alive, eke out an existence; to provide s.o. with a bare existences; to allay s.o.’s hunger; سد مسده (masaddahū) to fill s.o.’s place, replace s.o.; سد مطاعمه to satisfy or fulfill s.o.’s claims; سد فراغا (farāgan) to fill a gap; سد النواقص to remove or remedy deficiencies; -- sadda i (سدود sudūd, سداد sadād) to be sound, right, in proper condition; to hit the right thing, say or do the right thing; to be apposite, be to the point II to block, bar, obstruct (هـ s.th.); to pay, defray, settle, cover (هـ expenses, debts, etc.); to guide (نحو s.o. to), show (ه s.o.) the right way (نحو to); to direct (هـ الى s.th. to), point, level (هـ الى s.th. at); to aim (الى at); to sight, take aim by a sight; to focus (الى on; phot.); to draw a bead (الى or نحو on s.th.) │ سدد دينا(dainan) to pay or settle a debt; سدد عجزا (‘ajzan) to cover a deficit; سدد خطاه (kuṭāhu) to guide s.o.’s stepa IV to hit the right thing, say or do the right thing; to be apposite, be to the point V to be guided, be directed, be shown (الى to) VII to be blocked, be obstructed, be plugged up, become or be clogged or congested 402 سد sadd plugging, closing, stopping up; obstruction, barring, barricading; blocking; defrayment (of costs), payment, settlement (of a debt, of expenses); fulfillment, satisfaction (of a claim, etc.); -- sadd, sudd pl. سدود sudūd, اسداد asdād obstruction, block, obstacle; barrier; rampart, bank, mound; dike; dam; weir; barrage, river dam; bar, rail; hurdle (athlet.); bulwark (fig.) │السد العالى (‘ālī) the High Dam (near Aswān); سد المناطيد balloon barrage (mil.); حارة السد blind alley, dead end سدة sadda block, barrier; obstruction, obstacle; barricade; dam │السدة الشريانية (širyānīya) embolism (med.) سدة sudda pl. سدد sudad gate, door; threshold; seat; couch. divan │السدة الرسولية (الباباوية) (rasūlīya) the Holy See سدد sadad obstruction, clogging (of a pipe) سداد sadād payment, defrayment, settlement, discharge, liquidation; the proper, right thing to do, the apposite thing to say; appropriateness, appositeness (of a remark), lucky hand (in one’s actions) │تحت السداد outstanding, due, unpaid (com.); بسداد appropriately, appositely; سداد الرأي s. ar-ra’y levelheadedness سداد sudād obstruction in the nose سداد sidād pl. اسدة asidda plug, stopper, cork │O سداد التوصيل plug (el.) سدادة sidāda plug, stopper, cork; O sight (of a gun) سديد sadīd hitting the target (arrow, spear); apposite, pat, pertinent, relevant, right, correct (answer, view) اسد asadd2 more apposite, more relevant تسديد tasdīd payment, defrayment, settlement, discharge, liquidation │تحت التسديد outstanding, due, unpaid (com.) ساد sādd obstructive مسدود masdūd closed (circuit; el.) □ سدب(eg.; sadab) = سذاب sadāb سدر sadira a (sadar, سدارة sadāra) to be dazzled (eye); to be confused, bewildered, startled, dazed; to be deluded سدر sidr (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. سدر sidar, -āt, سدور sudūr a variety of Christ’s-thorn (Zizyphus spina Christi; bot.); lotus tree │ سدرة المنتهىs. al-muntahā the lotus tree in the Seventh Heaven; بلغ سدرة المنتهى to attain the highest goal, achieve ultimate results سدارة sidāra pl. سدائر sadā’ir an Iraqi headgear, commonly of black velvet; overseas cap سيدارة sīdāra pl. -āt = سدارة sidāra سادر sādir reckless (في in s.th.) سدس II to make sixfold (هـ s.th.); to multiply by six (هـ s.th.); to make hexagonal, make hexangular (هـ s.th.) سدس suds, sudus pl. اسداس asdās one-sixth سداسي sudāsī sixfold; consisting of six parts السادس as-sādis the sixth مسدس muaaddas hexagonal; hexagon; hexahedral; hexahedron; (pl. -āt) revolver, sixshooter │ مسدس اشارة m. išāra Very pistol مسدسة musaddasa pistol, gun, revolver سدف sadaf pl. اسداف asdāf darkness, twilight, dusk سدف sudfa pl. سدف sudaf darkness, twilight, dusk; curtain سدل sadala u i (sadl) to let (هـ s.th.) hang down or fall down; to let down, drop, lower (على s.th. on); pass. sudila to hang down (على on) II and IV = I; V to 403 hang down, be lowered, be down VII to descend (على on) سدل sidl, sudl pl. سدول sudūl, اسدال asdāl veil, curtain سدم VII to dry up (spring) سدم sadam sorrow, sadness, affliction, grief سديم sadīm pl. سدم sudum mist, haze; nebula (astron.) سديمي sadīmī nebular; nebulous سدانة sidāna office of gatekeeper or custodian (of a shrine, specif. of the Kaaba) سادن sādin pl. سدنة sadana custodian, gatekeeper of the Kaaba; sexton, sacristan (Chr.); keeper, curator; pl. سدنة crew (of a machine gun, of a tank, etc.) (سدو and سدى) II to confer (الى هـ a benefit on s.o.) IV to confer (ل or الى هـ a benefit on s.o.); to render, perform, do (هـ s.th.) │ اسدى اليه خدمة (kidma) to render s.o. a service; اسدى اليه الارشادات (iršādāt) to make suggestions to s.o., advise s.o.; اسدى اليه الشكر (šukr) to extend one’s thanks to s.o., thank s.o.; اسدى فائدة to be beneficial; اسدى اليه (له) النصح (nuṣḥ) to give s.o. (a word of) advice; اسدى اليه يدا (yadan) to do s.o. a favor سدى sadan pl. اسدية asdiya warp (of a fabric); a continuous, prevailing characteristic or trait, thread (of a story, of an argument, etc.) سداة sadāh warp (of a fabric); a continuous, prevailing characteristic or trait, thread (of a story, of an argument, etc.) سدى sudan in vain, futilely, to no end, uselessly │ ذهب سدىto be in vain, futile, useless سذاب sadāb rue, herb of grace (bot.) سذبي sadabī of the rue سذاجة sadāja simplicity; innocence, ingenuousness, naiveté; homeliness, plainness; guilelessness ساذج sādaj, sādij pl. سذج suddaj simple; plain, uncolored, uniform (fabric); innocent, ingenuous, naive; plain, homely; artless, guileless, candid, frank (character); primitive 1سر (Pers. sar head) formerly in compounds: head, chief; سردار sirdār (Eg.) supreme commander; commanding general; سرعسكر sar‘askar general (in the former Ottoman army); سريوران saryawarān adjutant general 2سر sarra u (سرور surūr, تسرة tasirra, مسرة masarra) to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer (ه s.o.); pass. surra (سرور surūr) to be happy, glad, delighted (ل or من or ب at), take pleasure (ل or من or ب in) II to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer (ه s.o.) III to confide a secret (ه to s.o.) │ ساره في اذنه (udnihī) to whisper in s.o.’s ear IV to make happy, gladden, delight, cheer (ه s.o.); to keep secret, hide, conceal, disguise (هـ s.th.); to tell confidentially, confide (ب or هـ الى to s.o. s.th.); to tell under one’s breath, whisper (ب or هـ الى to s.o. s.th.) │ اسر في اذنه (udnihī) to whisper in s.o.’s ear (هـ s.th.) V تسرى tasarrā (and تسرر tasarrara) to take (ب or ها a woman) as concubine (سرية surriya) X to try to hide; to hide, be hidden (عن from); to take as concubine (ها a woman) سر sirr pl. اسرار asrār secret; secret thought; heart, inmost; secrecy; mystery; sacrament (Chr.); underlying reason (of s.th.); سرا sirran secretly, privately │ سرا وعلانية (‘alāniyatan) secretly and publicly; سر الليل s. al-lail watchword, password; اسرار القرآن the secret meaning of the Koran; كاتب السر secretary; كاتم السر do.; كلمة السر kalimat as-s. watchword, password; بسركم or في سركم to your 404 health! cheerio! skoal! في سره secretly, Inwardly, in his heart; اتعب سره at‘aba sirrahū to trouble, worry, bother, harass s.o.; اجرى سرا ajrā sirran to dispense a sacrament (Chr.); قدس الله سره qaddasa llāhu sirrahū may God hallow his secret! (eulogy after the name of a deceased Muslim saint) سري sirrī secret; private; confidential; mysterious, cryptic; sacramental (Chr.) │الأمراض السرية venereal diseases سرية sirrīya secret; sportiveness سر surr pl. اسرة asirra umbilical cord سرة surra pl. -āt, سرر surar navel, umbilicus; center سري surrī umbilical │ الحبل السري (ḥabl) umbilical cord سرر surur, sirar umbilical cord سرر surur line of the palm or forehead سرار sarār: سرار الشهر s. aš-šahr last night of the lunar month سرار sirār pl. اسرة asirra, اسارير asārīr2 line of the palm or forehead; pl. features, facial expression, air, also اسارير الوجه a. al-wajh سرور surūr joy, happiness, delight, pleasure; glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth سرير sarīr pl. اسرة asirra, سرور surūr, سراير sarāyīr2 bedstead, bed; throne, elevated seat سريرة sarīra pl. سرائر sarā’ir2 secret; secret thought; mind, heart, soul │صفاء السريرة ṣafā’ as-s. clearness of conscience; طيب السريرة ṭayyib as-s. guileless simplehearted سراء sarrā’2 happiness prosperity │في السراء والضراء (ḍarrā’) in good and bad days, for better or for worse سرية surriya pl. سراري sarārīy concubine مسرة masarra pl. -āt joy, happiness, delight, pleasure; glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth مسرة misarra pl. مسار masārr2 speaking tube; telephone تسر tasarrin concubinage استسرار istisrār concubinage سار sārr gladdening, gratifying, joyous, glad, cheering, delightful مسرور masrūr glad, happy, delighted (ب at), pleased (ب with) مسر musirr gratifying, delightful, pleasant مستسر mustasarr place of concealment سرادق surādiq pl. -āt large tent, canopy, pavilion سراط sirāṭ = صراط ṣirāṭ way, path, road سراى sarāy palace سراية sarāya pl. -āt palace │ السراية الصفراء (ṣafrā’) insane asylum (eg.) 1سرب sariba a (sarab) to flow; to run out, leak II to send in groups or batches (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., الى to) V to flow; to run out, flow off, escape; to sneak away, slink away, steal away; to stream, penetrate (الى into), infiltrate (الى s.th.); to creep (في into); to sneak, slip, steal (الى into, among); to creep along, flow along, glide along; to seep through, leak out (الى to, of a report); to spread, circulate, be passed around (news) VII to hide, crawl into its lair (animal) سرب sirb pl. اسراب asrāb herd, flock, bevy, covey, swarm; squadron, group, wing, formation, flight (of aircraft); heart, mind │سرب من النحل (nahl) swarm of bees; هادئ السرب calm, composed, confident سرب sarab pl. اسراب asrāb burrow, hole, den, lair (of an animal); underground passage; tunnel, conduit 405 سربة surba pl. سرب surab herd, flock, bevy, covey, swarm سراب sarāb mirage, fata morgana; phantom; sewage مسرب masrab pl. مسارب masārib2 course (taken by s.th.); river bed; drain, sewer سارب sārib conspicuous, visible ساربة sāriba pl. سوارب sawārib2 reptile 2اسرب look up alphabetically سربل sarbala to clothe (ه s.o.) with a sirbāl (q.v.); to clothe, dress (ب ه s.o. in or with); to cover, wrap (هـ s.th., ب with) II tasarbala to put on a sirbāl (q.v.); to put on, wear (هـ a garment); to be clothed, clad, garbed (ب in, also fig.); to wrap o.s. (ب in); to dress up (ب in) سربال sirbāl pl. سرابيل sarābīl2 shirt; coat of mail; garment متسربل mutasarbil: متسربل بالشباب blessed with youthfulness, evincing youthful freshness 1سرج saraja to braid, plait (.هـ the hair) II do.; to baste, tack (هـ s.th.); to saddle, (هـ an animal) IV do.; to light (السراج the lamp) سرج sarj pl. سروج surūj; saddle سراج sirāj pl. سرج suruj lamp, light │O سراج الحركة s. al-ḥaraka traffic light; سراج الليل s. al-lail firefly, glowworm سراجة sirāja saddlery, saddler’s trade; glanders سراج sarrāj saddler سروجي surūjī saddler سروجية surūjīya saddlery, saddler’s trade اسروجة usrūja lie, falsehood مسرجة masraja pl. مسارج masārij2 lamp; lampstand 2 سيرجlook up alphabetically 3سرجين sirjīn dung, manure سرح saraḥa a (سروح surūḥ) to move away, go away, leave; to roam freely; to graze freely (cattle); to be distracted (mind); -- sariḥa a to proceed freely, at will, without restraint │ سرح ومرح (mariḥa) to do as one likes II to send (هـ cattle) to pasture; to send, dispatch (ه s.o.); to let go (ه s.o.); to dismiss (ها a woman by divorce); to grant (ه s.o.) leave, dismiss (ه s.o.); to release from an office, discharge, fire (ه s.o.); to release, set free (ه s.o.); to let (هـ the eyes) wander; to demobilize, disband (هـ an army); to dispel s.o.’s (عن) worries (also سرح غمومه); to comb (هـ the hair) │سرح شعره (ša‘rahū) to comb one’s hair, do one’s hair; سرح نظره (naẓarahū) to set one’s eyes on (الى) VII انسرح يفكر (yufakkiru) to be deep in thought, be absent-minded, allow one’s thoughts to wander سراح sarāh dismissal (of a woman by divorce); release │اطلق سرح aṭlaqa sarāḥahū to release s.o., set s.o. free, set s.o. at liberty; اطلاق سراحه iṭlāq s. his release; مطلق السراح muṭlaq as-s. free, at large سريح sarīḥ and بائع سارح hawker, peddler سرحان sirḥān wolf مسرح masraḥ pl. مسارح masāriḥ2 pasture; stage, theater; scene │ مسرح التمثيل theater مسرحي masraḥī dramatic, theatrical, stage (adj.) مسرحية masraḥīya pl. -āt (stage) play تسريح tasrīḥ dismissal; discharge; release; demobilization; (pl. تساريح tasārīḥ2) permission, authorization تسريحة tasrīḥa pl. -āt hairdo, coiffure سارح sāriḥ: سارح مارح grazing freely, roaming freely; free and unrestrained; سارح الفكر sāriḥ al-fikr distracted, absentminded 406 منسرح munsariḥ: المنسرح name of a poetic meter │منسرح الفكر m. al-fikr distracted, absent-minded ساروخ sārūk pl. سواريخ sawārīk2 rocket سرد sarada u (sard) to pierce, perforate (هـ s.th.); to carry on, continue (هـ s.th., e.g., a conversation); to tell off one after another, enumerate (هـ facts, events); to present, quote, detail, set forth neatly (هـ s.th.) II to pierce, perforate (هـ s.th.) سرد sard enumeration; mentioning, quoting; neat, detailed presentation; recital, presentation, rendition (of an account, of a narrative, etc.); coherent, logical سريدة sarīda: سريدة المولد s. al-maulid discourse dealing with the birth of the Prophet (during celebration of Mohammed’s birthday; tun.) O مسرد masrad index (of a book) سرداب sirdāb pl. سرادب sarādib2, سراديب sarādīb2 subterranean vault, cellar; basement, basement flat سردار sirdār (formerly Eg.) supreme commander; commanding general سرادق look up alphabetically سردوك sardūk pl. سراديك sarādīk2 rooster, cock (magr.) سردين sardīn (coll.; n. un. ة) sardines سراس sirās and سيراس see سيراس (alphabetically) سرسام sirsām a cerebral disease 1سرط sariṭa a (saraṭ, سرطان saraṭān) and saraṭa u i to swallow, gulp (هـ s.th.) V and VIII do. سرطان saraṭān pl. -āt crayfish; cancer (med.); Cancer (astron.) │ سرطان بحري (baḥrī) lobster 2سراط sirāṭ = صراط سرع saru‘a u (sirā‘, sarā‘, سرعة sur‘a) to be quick, fast, prompt, rapid; to hurry II to urge (ه s.o.) to hurry; to urge on (هـ an animal); to speed up, accelerate, expedite (هـ s.th.) III to hurry, hasten, rush, run, dash (الى to); to make a beeline (الى for); to hurry (في in, with), hasten (j to do s.th.), do in a hurry (في s.th.); to rush, plunge with undue haste (في into) IV to be quick, fast, prompt, rapid; to hurry, hasten, rush, run, dash (الى to); to hurry (ب or في with. in), hasten (ب or j to do s.th.), do in a hurry (ب or في s.th.); to accelerate, speed up, expedite (هـ s.th.) V to hurry, hasten, rush, run, dash (الى to); to hurry (ب or j with, in), hasten (ب or في to do s.th.), do in a hurry (ب or j s.th.); to be hasty, be rash (ب or j in) VI to hurry, hasten, rush, run, dash (الى to) سرع sur‘, sir‘ pl. اسراع asrā‘ reins سرع sur‘a speed, velocity, pace; fastness, rapidity, quickness, promptness; hurry, haste │سرعة الخاطر presence of mind; سرعة التصديق credulity سرعان ما sar‘āna, sir‘āna, sur‘āna ma (with foll. verb) how quickly ...!; soon, before long, presently, in no time سريع sarī‘ pl. سرعان sur‘ān, سراع sirā‘ fast, quick, prompt, rapid, speedy, expeditious, swift, nimble; السريع name of a poetic meter; express train; سريعا sarī‘an fast, quickly, rapidly, speedily, promptly │سريع التأثر s. at-ta’attur easy to impress, easily affected, sensitive; سريع الخاطر quick-witted; O سريع التردد s. at-taraddud high-frequency (el.); سريع الزوال s. az-zawal ephemeral, fleeting, transient; سريع التصديق credulous; سريع الطلق (الطلقات) s. al-ṭalq quick-firing, rapid-fire; سريع العطب s. al-‘aṭab fragile; سريع التنقل s. at-tanaqqul mobile, maneuverable, easily manageable 407 اسرع asra’2 faster, quicker, more rapid │ما اسرع ان رايته mā asra‘a an ra’aituhū before long I saw him, it did not take very long before I saw him سراعا sirā‘an quickly, in a hurry اسراع isrā‘ acceleration, speed-up; hurry تسرع tasarru‘ hurry, haste; hastiness, rashness precipitance متسرع mutasarri‘ quick, fast, prompt, rapid; hasty, rash, precipitate سرعسكر see سر سرف IV to exceed all bounds, be immoderate, be extravagant (في in, at) exaggerate, overdo (في s.th.); to waste, squander, dissipate, spend lavishly (هـ, في s.th., esp. money) سرف saraf and اسراف isrāf intemperance, immoderateness, exaggeration; waste, dissipation, extravagance, prodigality مسرف musrif immoderate, intemperate, excessive; extravagant, wasteful, prodigal سرق saraqa i (saraq, sariq, سرقة saraqa, sariqa, سرقان sarqān) to steal, pilfer, filch (من هـ or ه هـ from s.o. s.th.); to rob (من هـ or ه هـ s.o. of s.th.) II to accuse of theft, call a thief (ه s.o.) III سارق النظر اليه (naẓara) or سارقه النظر to steal a glance at s.o., glance furtively at s.o.; سارق النوم (nauma) to take a short nap VII pass. of I VIII to steal, filch, pilfer (هـ من s.th. from s.o.); to steal (الى into) │استرق السمع (sam‘a) to eavesdrop; to monitor (radio, telephone, etc.); استرق النظر اليه = سارق النظر اليه; استرق الأنفاس to gasp, pant سرقة sariqa stealing, filching, pilfering; robbery; (pl. -āt) theft, larceny سراق sarrāq thief سارق sāriq pl. -ūn, سرقة saraqa, سراق surrāq, f. سارقة sāriqa pl. سوارق sawāriq thief مسروقات masrūqāt stolen goods منسرق musariq: منسرق القوة m. al-qūwa debilitated, exhausted سرقسطة sarqusṭa2 Zaragoza (city in NE Spain) سرقين sirqīn dung, manure 1سرك (Fr. cirque) sirke circus 2 سركي(Turk. sergi) sarkī (com.) bill of exchange payable to the bearer سرم surm pl. asrām anus سرم sarmad endless duration, eternity سرمدي sarmadī eternal, without beginning or end سرنديب sarandīb2 Ceylon 1 سروsarw (coll.; n. un. ة) evergreen cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.; bot.) 2 سروII (عن قلبه or) سرى عنه to rid s.o. of worries, and the like, dispel s.o.’s worries (also هـ worries); pass. سري عنه and سرى عن نفسه (suriya) to leave s.o. (grief, sorrow, fear, and the like); to regain one’s composure, reel at peace again (after anger, fear or excitement); his anxiety or unrest left him; he found relaxation; he was cheered up, his spirits were raised VII انسرى عنه = سري عنه (surriya) سري sarīy pl. سرواء surawā’2, اسرياء asriyā’2, سراة sarāh high-ranking, high; high-minded, noble; distinguished personality, notable; pl. سراة elite, leading class, the upper crust; see 1سرى سراة sarāh pl. سرروات sarawāt hill; back; chief, head; see also سرى sarīy │سروات القوم s. al-qaum the leaden of the people تسرية tasriya pl. -āt diversion, amusement, pastime سرولا sirwāl, سراويل sirwāl pl. سراويل sarāwīl2 trousers, pants; drawers; panties 408 1سرى sarā i (سرى suran, سريان sarayān, مسرى masran) to travel by night; to set out, depart by night; to circulate; to flow (electric current); to emanate, go out (من from); to spread; to be valid, have validity, be effective, be in, or come into, force (على for). have or take effect (على on); to apply. be applicable (على to); to penetrate (في s.th.), enter deeply (في into); to pervade (الى نفسه s.o.’s soul, of a feeling) │سرى سراه (surāhu) to traverse one’s nightly course; سرى مفعوله (maf‘ūluhū) to be valid, be effective, be in force IV to travel by night; to make (ب s.o.) travel by night V تسرى see 2سر sarra V سرى sarīy pl. اسرية asriya, سريان suryān little creek, brook; see also under 2سرو سرية sariya pl. سرايا sarāyā (military) detachment, flying column, raiding party; company (mil.) │سرية خيالة (kayyāla) cavalry squadron; سرية الطائرات squadron of aircraft سريان sarayān spread, diffusion; validity, effectiveness, coming into force مسرى masran: مسرى محمد masrā muḥammad the point of departure for Mohammed’s midnight journey to the seven heavens, i.e., Jerusalem اسراء isrā’ nocturnal journey; الاسراء Mohammed’s midnight journey to the seven heavens سار sārin pl. سراة surāh traveling by night; night reveler, night hawk; contagious (disease); in force, effective, valid │سارى المفعول in force, effective, valid سارية sāriya a mood or atmosphere which prevails in, or pervades, a room (e.g., سارية من الجهامة an all-pervading gloom); -- (pl. -āt, سوار sawārin) column; shipmast 2سراى and سراية look up alphabetically 3سريان suryān Syrians (coll.) members of the East Syrian Church سرياني suryānī Syriac, Syrian; a member of the East Syrian Church سرياوران saryāwarān (formerly) adjutant general سيسبان look up alphabetically 1اسطبة look up alphabetically 2مسطبة masṭaba, misṭaba pl. مساطب masāṭib2 stone bench (against a wall); mastaba سطح saṭaḥa u (saṭḥ) to spread out, spread, unfold, unroll (هـ s.th.); to level, even, plane, flatten, make smooth (هـ s.th.); to throw to the ground, fell (ه s.o.) II to spread out, spread, unfold, unroll (هـ s.th.) ;: to level, even, plane, flatten, make smooth (هـ s.th.) V to be spread out, be unfolded; to be leveled, be evened; to lie down on one’s back VII to be spread out. be unfolded; to lie flat on one’s back, be supine سطح saṭḥ pl. سطوح suṭūḥ surface (also geom.); plane (geom.); (pl. also اسطحة asṭiḥa, اسطح asṭuḥ) (flat) roof, terrace; deck (of a ship); سطوح suṭūḥ (eg., syr.) roof terrace │ سطح البحر s. al-baḥr sea level; سطح مائل inclined plane سطحي saṭḥī external, outer, outward, outside, exterior; flat; superficial; سطحيات saṭḥīyāt externals, superficialities سطحية satḥīya flatness; superficiality سطيح saṭīḥ flat, spread out, stretched out, supine مسطاح misṭāḥ threshing floor مسطح musaṭṭaḥ even, level, flat; (pl. -āt) surface │قدم مسطحة (qadam) flat foot 1سطر saṭara u (saṭr) and II to rule (هـ s.th.), draw lines (هـ on a sheet of paper); to write, jot down, record (هـ s.th.); to draw up, compose (هـ s.th.) 409 سطر saṭr, saṭar pl. سطور suṭūr, اسطر asṭur, اسطار asṭār line; row ساطور sāṭūr pl. سواطير sawāṭīr2 cleaver اسطورة usṭūra pl. اساطير asāṭīr2 fable, legend, saga, myth; fabulous story, yarn اسطورى usṭūrī mythical, legendary, fabulous مسطرة misṭara pl. مساطر masāṭir2 ruler; underlines, guideline sheet; see also alphabetically │O مسطرة الحساب slide rule مسطار misṭār trowel مسطرين masṭarīn (eg.) trowel تسطير tasṭīr writing down, recording مسطر musaṭṭar piece of writing, paper, document 2سيطر and derivatives look up alphabetically سطع saṭa‘a a (saṭ‘, سطوع suṭū‘) to rise; to spread (dust, fragrance); to shine, be brilliant, be radiant; to be or become manifest, obvious, plain, clear سطع saṭ‘ brilliance, radiance, glow; brightness, luminosity سطع saṭa‘ thump, thud, plump سطوع suṭū‘ brilliance, radiance, glow; brightness, luminosity اسطع asṭa‘ more brilliant, brighter; clearer, more obvious ساطع sāṭi‘ pl. سواطع sawāṭi‘2 radiant, brilliant, shining, luminous, bright; manifest, obvious, clear, plain, patent, evident (proof) سطل saṭala u (saṭl) to intoxicate (s.o.) VII to become or be intoxicated سطل saṭl pl. اسطال asṭāl, سطول suṯūl bucket, pail (of wood or metal) 2اسطول look up alphabetically سطام sitām plug, stopper سطو (سطو) saṭā u (saṭw, سطو saṭwa) to rush, pounce, jump (ب or على upon), assail, attack (ب or على s.o.); to burglarize (على place), break into a place (على) سطو saṭw attack, assault; burglary, housebreaking سطوة saṭwa pl. saṭawāt attack, assault; influence, authority; presumption, cockiness, pride, power, strength اسطوانة look up alphabetically سعة sa‘a see وسع سعتر sa‘tar (= صعتر) wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum; bot.) سعد sa‘ida a and pass. su‘ida (sa‘d, سعادة sa‘āda) to be happy, lucky, fortunate; pass. سعد ب (su‘ida) to have the good fortune of receiving or sharing s.th. III to help, aid, assist (ه s.o., في or على in, with), give s.o. (ه) a hand (في or على in); to support, back (في or على ه s.o. in); to contribute, be conducive (في or ل, على to); to favor, encourage (في or على s.th.) IV to make happy (ه s.o); to help (ه s.o) │ اسعد الحظ ب (الحظ) he had the good fortune to ... سعد sa‘d pl. سعود su‘ūd good luck, good fortune الهيئة السعدية al-hai’a as-sa‘dīya the Saadist union (formerly a political movement in Egypt); السعديون as-sa‘dīyūn the Saadists, the followers of Saad Zaghlūl (1856-1927) سعد su‘d Cyperus (bot.) سعيد sa‘īd pl. سعداء su‘adā’ happy (ب about, at); radiant, blissful; lucky, auspicious; felicitous │ سعيد الذكر s. ad-dikr of blessed memory, the late ... سعادة sa‘āda happiness; bliss, felicity; good fortune, success, prosperity, welfare; title of a pasha; sa‘ādat … (with foll. name) title of high officials (syr., 410 Leb.) │سعادتكم Your Grace (form of address to a pasha); صاحب السعادة title of a pasha; دار السعادة “House of Bliss”, ancient name of Istanbul سعودي sa‘ūdī Saudi │المملكة العربية السعودية (mamlaka) Saudi Arabia سعدان sa‘dān pl. سعادين sa‘ādīn2 ape سعدانة sa‘dāna pl. -āt nipple, teat │سعدانة الباب doorknob اسعد as‘ad2 happier, luckier مساعدة musā‘ada pl. -āt support, backing, aid, help, assistance; encouragement, promotion ساعد sā‘id pl. سواعد sawā‘id2 forearm │هو ساعده الأيمن (aiman) he is his right hand, he is indispensable to him; اشتد ساعده ištadda sā‘iduhū to become strong, powerful; فت في ساعده (fatta) to weaken s.o. ساعدة sā‘ida pl. سواعد sawā’id2 tributary مسعود mas‘ūd pl. مساعيد masā‘īd2 happy, lucky, fortunate مساعد musā‘id helper, help, aide; assistant (adj. end n.); adjutant مسعد mas‘ad favored by fortune, fortunate, lucky سعر sa‘ara (sa‘r) to kindle, start (هـ a fire, a war); pass. su‘ira to flare up, run mad II to kindle, start (هـ a fire, a war); to price (هـ s.th.), set a price (هـ on s.th.); to quote on the stock market III to bargain, haggle over the price (ه with s.o.) IV to kindle, light, start (هـ fire) V to bum, blaze; to flare up (anger) VII to become mad, furious VIII to burn, flare, blaze; to break out (fighting) سعر si‘r pl. اسعار as‘ār price; rate; exchange rate, quotation (stock market) │ سعر الخصمs. al-kaṣm discount rate, bank rate; سعر التسليف rate of interest; سعر الفائدة rate of interest; سعر القطع s. al-qaṭ‘ discount rate, bank rate; سعر القطعة s. al-qiṭ‘a price by the piece سعر su‘r madness; frenzy; voracity سعر su‘ur madness frenzy سعار su‘ār voracity سعير sa‘īr pl. سعر su’ur blazing flame, fire; blaze; bell, inferno مسعر mis‘ar pl. مساعر masā‘ir2 poker, fire iron مسعار mis‘ār pl. مساعير masā‘īr2 poker, fire iron تسعير tas‘īr pricing, price fixing تسعيرة tas‘īra pricing, price fixing │ لجنة التسعيرة lajnat at-t. pricing, price-fixing commission تسعرة tas‘ira quotation (stock exchange) مسعور mas‘ūr mad, crazy سعط VIII to snuff (هـ tobacco) سعوط sa‘ūṭ snuff مسعط mis‘aṭ snuffbox سعف III to help, aid, support (ه s.o.) IV to comply with s.o.’s (ه) wishes (ب for), humor (ب ه s.o. in), grant (ب ه s.o. s.th.); to help, aid, assist (ه s.o.) سعف sa‘af (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt palm leaves │ احد السعف aḥad as-s. Palm Sunday (Chr.) اسعاف is‘āf pl. -āt aid, relief, help, assistance; medical service; الاسعاف first-aid │ اسعاف العجزة i. al-‘ajaza care for the aged; جمعية الاسعاف jam‘īyat al-i. approx.: civil ambulance service; رجال الإسعاف first-aid men, ambulance men; medical orderlies, hospital corpsmen; سيارة الإسعاف sayyārat al-i. ambulance سعل sa‘ala a (سعل su‘la, سعل su‘al) to cough سعلة su‘la cough سعال su‘āl cough │ السعال الديكي (dīkī) whooping cough 411 سعلى si‘lā pl. سعليات si‘layāt female demon سعلاة si‘lāh pl. سعال sa‘ālin female demon ابو سعن abū su‘n marabou (zool.) سعى sa‘ā a (sa‘y) to move quickly, run, speed; to move across the sky (moon); to head, be headed (الى for), proceed (الى to or toward); to strive (ل or الى for), aspire (ل or الى to); to work (الى, ل or وراء for), endeavor, attempt, make an effort (وراء or الى, ل to get or achieve s.th.); to run after s.th. (وراء), pursue, chase (وراء s.th.); to take stops (في in a matter) │ سعى به الى to lead s.o. or s.th. to ... ; سعى في الأرض فسادا (fī l-arḍi fasādan) to spread evil, cause universal harm and damage; سعى لحتفه بظلفه (li-ḥatfihī bi-ẓifihī) to bring about one’s own destruction, dig one’s own grave; سعى في خراب الشيء (karābi š-š.) to work at the ruin of s.th., undermine s.th.; -- sa‘ā a (سعى sa‘y, سعاية si‘āya) to slander (ب s.o., عند or الى to s.o), discredit (عند or الى ب s.o with) VI to run about in confusion سعى sa‘y run, course; السعى the ceremony of running seven times between ṣafā and Marwa (performed during the Pilgrimage); effort, endeavor; livestock سعاية si‘āya slander, calumniation مسعى mas‘ān pl. مساع masā‘in effort, endeavor ساع sā‘in pl. –ūn, سعاة su‘āh messenger; office boy, delivery boy; slanderer, calumniator │ ساعى البريد postman, mailman سغب sagiba (sagab) to hunger (ل for), be or become hungry سغب sagab hunger, starvation سغابة sagāba hunger, starvation مسغبة masgaba famine ساغب sāgib hungry, starving سف IV to descend, link, slip, decline (fig.); to stoop (الى to, fig.) │ اسف النظر اليه (naẓara) to give s.o. a sharp look VIII to eat, swallow (هـ s.th. dry, e.g., a medicinal powder) سفوف safūf medicinal powder اسفاف isfāf decline (fig.); triviality سفتجة suftaja pl. safātij2 bill of exchange (com.) سفح safaḥa a (safḥ, سفوح sufūḥ) to pour out, spill, shed (هـ s.th.) ill to whore, fornicate (ه with s.o.) VI to whore, fornicate سفح safḥ pl. سفوح sufūḥ foot (of a mountain); pl. سفوح flat, rocky surface سفاح saffāḥ shedder of blood, killer, murderer سفاح sifāḥ fornication سفد safida a and safada i (سفاد sifād) to cover, mount (على or ها the female); to cohabit (ها with a woman) II to put on a skewer (هـ meat) ill to cover, mount (ها the female); to rohabit (ها with a woman) سفود saffūd pl. سفافيد safāfīd2 skewer, spit سفر safara i (سفور sufūr) to remove the veil (عن وجهها ‘an wajhihā from her face), unveil o.s.; -- safara i (safr) to shine, glow (aurora) II to unveil, uncover, disclose (هـ s.th.); to send on a journey, compel to leave, send away (ه s.o); to dispatch, send off (هـ s.th.); to embark, put on board (ه passengers) III to travel, maim a trip; to leave, depart, go on a journey IV to shine, glow (aurora, s.o.’s face, etc.); to disclose, unveil, uncover (عن s.th.); to yield, achieve, bring (عن s.th.); to end (عن with, in), result (عن in) VII to rise, disappear (dust, clouds) السفر as-sifr the travelers, the passengers سفر sifr pl. اسفار asfār book (esp. one of the Scriptures) 412 سفر safar departure; (pl. اسفار asfār) journey, travel, trip, tour سفرة safra pl. سفرات safarāt journey, travel, trip, tour سفرية safarīya pl. -āt journey, travel, trip, tour; departure سفرة sufra pl. سفر sufar dining table سفرجي sufragī (eg.) pl. سفرجية sufragīya waiter, steward سفير safīr pl. سفراء sufarā’ mediator (between contending parties); ambassador (dipl.) سفور sufūr uncovering of the face (of a veiled woman); unveiling سفارة sifāra office or function of a mediator, mediation; embassy (dipl.) مسافر masāfir2 (pl.) part of the face not covered by the veil سافر sāfir unveiled, wearing no veil; barefaced, conspicuous, obvious; (pl. سفرة safara) scribe مسافر musāfir pl. -ūn traveler; passenger; visiting stranger; guest سفرجل safarjal (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. سفارج quince (Cydonia; bot.) سفسطة safsaṭa sophistry; pl. سفسطات sophistries, casuistic arguments │اهل السفسطة ahl as-s. the Sophists سفسطي safsaṭī sophistic; Sophist سفسة safsafa pl. سفاسف safāsif2 silly talk, nonsense; poor, inferior stuff سفساف safsāf pl. سفاسف safāsif2 silly, inane, trivial; poor, inferior │ سفساف الأمور poor, inferior stuff سفط safaṭ pl. اسفاط asfāt basket; scales (of fish) سفع safa‘a a (saf‘) to scorch, parch, burn (ه s.o., هـ s.o.’s skin; esp. of a hot wind); to flap the wings, flutter (bird); to strike, hit (ه s.o. with the hand), slap (ه s.o.); to lash (ه s.th., e.g., of a storm) سفع saf‘ burned spot سفعة suf‘a pl. سفع sufa‘ black stain; dark spot, brown discoloration اسفع asfa‘, f. سفعاء saf‘ā’2 dark-brown سفق safaqa u (safq) to shut, bang, slam (هـ the door) سفك safaka i (safk) to shed (هـ blood) VI to murder each other VII to be shed, flow (blood) سفك safk: سفك الدماء s. ad-dimā’ blood-shed سفاك saffāk shedder of blood; blood-shedding سفل safala u (سفول sufūl, سفال safāl) and safila a to be low; to be below s.th. (هـ); -- safala u to turn downward; -- safula u (سفالة safāla) and safala u (safl) to be low, base, despicable V to abase o.s., sink low, go from bad to worse; to act in a base manner سفل sufl lowest part of s.th., bottom سفلى suflī lower, at the bottom; low سفلة sifla: سفلة الناس s. an-nās lowly people, riffraff سفالة safāla lowness; lowliness; baseness, ignominy, despicableness سفالة safāla lowest part اسفل asfal2, f. سفلى suflā, pl. اسافل asāfil2 lower; lowest; lower or lowest part, bottom; اسفل asfala (prep.) under, underneath, below │ الأرض السفلى (arḍ) the nether world; رده اسفل سافلين raddahū asfala sāfilīn to reduce s.o. to the lowest level or status سافل sāfil pl. سفلة safala low; lowly; base, mean, despicable 413 سفلت saflata to cover with asphalt, to asphalt اسفلت asfalt asphalt سفلقة saflaqa sponging سفلاق siflāq sponger 1سفن safan coarse hide used for polishing; emery paper, sandpaper 2سفين safīn ships (coll.); ship; see also alphabetically سفينة safīna pl. سفن sufun, سفائن safā’i2 ship, vessel, boat; السفينة Argo (astron.) │سفينة مدفعية (midfa‘īya) gunboat; سفينة تعليم and سفينة التدريس training ship سفان saffān shipbuilder, shipwright سفانة sifāna (art or trade of) shipbuilding 3 اسفينlook up alphabetically سفنج safanj, sifanj and اسفنج isfanj sponge سفه safiha a (safah) and safuha u (سفاهة safāha) to be stupid, silly, foolish; to be impudent, insolent II to call (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) stupid or foolish; to declare (ه s.o.) legally incompetent; to depreciate, put down as inferior (هـ s.th.) │ سفه نفسهto make a fool of o.s.; سفه وجهه (wajhahū) to expose s.o., show s.o. up, make a fool of s.o., bring s.o. in discredit, disgrace s.o., dishonor s.o. VI to pretend to be stupid or foolish سفه safah foolishness, stupidity, silliness; impudence, shamelessness, insolence سفيه safīh pl. سفهاء sufahā’2, سفاه sifāh foolish, stupid, silly; fool; an incompetent (Isl. Law); impudent, shameless, insolent; insolent fellow سفاهة safāha foolishness, stupidity, silliness; impudence, shamelessness, insolence سفى safā i (safy) to raise and scatter (هـ the dust; said of the wind) IV do. سافياء sāfiyā’2 dust مسفى masfan s.th. whirled up; play-thing, sport (fig.) سفين safīn wedge سقارة sigāra = سجارة cigarette سقالة (It. scala) saqāla scaffold سقر saqar2 f. hell سقراط suqrāṭ2 Socrates سقسقة saqsaqa chirping, cheeping, peeping (e.g., of sparrows) سقط saqaṭa u (سقوط suqūṭ, مسقط masqaṭ) to fall (also = to be killed in action); to fall down, drop; to tumble, trip, slip; to fall out (hair); to sink down (على on, to); to hit, stumble (على upon), come across s.th. (على); to find (على s.th.); to get, come (الى to s.o.), reach (الى s.o.); to decline, sink, drop (standard); to become null and void, be abolished, be canceled; to be dropped, be omitted, drop out; to be missing; to escape (من s.o.), slip (من s.o.’s memory) │ ليسقط (فليسقط) li-yasquṭ (fal-yasquṭ) down with …! سقط به to drop s.o. or s.th.; سقط اليهم عنه انه they had had word from him that he ...; سقط رأسه في (ra’suh) he was born in ..., his birthplace was …; سقط من العضوية (‘uḍwīya) to be dropped from membership; سقط من عينيه (‘ainaihī) to drop in s.o.’s estimation; سقط في الامتحان to fail an examination, flunk; سقط في يده suqiṭa fī yadihī to stand aghast, be at a loss, be bewildered IV to let fall, drop (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) tumble, cause s.o. (ه) to slip; to overthrow, bring down, topple, fell (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to fail, flunk (ه s.o. in an examination); to shoot down (هـ an aircraft); to deduct, subtract (هـ a number); to eliminate (هـ 414 s.th. من from); to have a miscarriage, miscarry; to bring about a miscarriage (woman); to slink (هـ its young one; animal) │اسقطه من الجنسية (jinsīya) to deprive s.o. of his citizenship; اسقط حقه في (ḥaqqahū) to forfeit one’s right in s.th., waive one’s claim to s.th.; اسقط دعوى (da‘wā) to quash a complaint, nonsuit a case; to withdraw or drop a complaint; اسقط الشعر (ša‘ra) to cause loss of hair; اسقط في يده usqiṭa fī yadihī = سقط في يده saqaṭa fī yadihī V to learn gradually, pick up information (من هـ about s.th. from); to hunt for scraps │ تسقط الأخبار to gather information VI to fall down, come down, collapse; to fall successively or gradually; to fall out (hair); to come gradually (الى to), arrive one by one (الى at); to roll, drip (من off); to dribble │ تساقط على نفسه to break down, collapse; تساقط حطاما (ḥuṭāman) to go to ruin, disintegrate سقط saqṭ dew سقط siqṭ miscarried fetus سقط saqṭ, siqṭ, suqṭ sparks flying from a flint سقط saqaṭ pl. اسقاط asqāṭ any worthless thing; offal, refuse, rubbish, trash; junk │ سقط المتاع s. al-matā‘ waste, scrap(s) سقطى saqaṭī junk dealer, ragman سقطة saqṭa pl. saqaṭāt fall, tumble, plunge; oversight, slip, error, mistake │ سقطات الطباعة misprints, errata سقوط suqūṭ fall, tumble; crash (of an airplane); collapse, breakdown, ruin; decline, downfall, fall; devolution (of a right); slip, lapse │ سقوط الشعر s. aš-ša‘r loss of hair; سقوط الأمطار rainfall سقيط saqīṭ hail سقاطة saqqāṭa, (eg.) suqqāṭa door latch مسقط masqaṭ, masqiṭ pl. مساقط masāqiṭ2 place where a falling object lands; waterfall │ مسقط افقي (ufqī) ground plan, horizontal section; مسقط رأسي (ra’sī) front elevation, vertical section (arch.); مسقط الرأس m. ar-ra’s birthplace, home سقط masqaṭ2 Muscat (seaport and capital of Oman) اسقاط isqāṭ overthrow; shooting down (of an aircraft); miscarriage, abortion; deduction, subtraction; rebate │ الاسقاط من الجنسية (jinsīya) abrogation of citizenship; gation of citizenship; اسقاط قيمة الفرنك (qīmat al-f.) devaluation of the franc تساقط tasāqut loss (of hair) │ تساقط الثلوج snowfall ساقط sāqiṭ pl. سقاط saqāṭ fallen; base, mean, vile; disreputable, notorious (district); omitted, missing; forgotten ساقطة sāqiṭa scrap; (pl. -āt) fallen woman, harlot سقطراء suqṭrā’2 Socotra (island, S of Arabia) سقع saqa‘a a (saq‘) to slap, clap (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) مسقعة musaqqa‘a (eg.) dish of eggplant and meat 1 سقفII to provide with a roof or ceiling, roof over (ه s.th.) سقف saqf pl. سقوف suqūf, سقف suquf, اسقف asquf roof; ceiling │ سقف الحلق s. al-ḥalq palate سقيفة saqīfa pl. سقائف saqā’if roofed passage; roofed gallery; roofing, shelter تسقيف tasqīf roofing مسقوف masqūf roofed, covered (ب with) 2 اسقفasquf pl. اساقفة asāqifa look up alphabetically سقالة look up alphabetically سقلب saqlaba to throw down (ه s.o.) سقلبي saqlabī pl. سقالبة saqāliba Slav; Slavic 415 سقم saqima a (saqam) and saquma u (suqm, سقام saqām) to be or become sick, ill, ailing; to become thin, lean, skinny; to be poor, meager, measly II to make sick (ه s.o.) IV = II سقم suqm pl. اسقام asqām illness, sickness; leanness, thinness, skinniness سقم saqam pl. اسقام asqām illness; sickness; leanness, thinness, skinniness سقام saqām illness, sickness; leanness, thinness, skinniness سقيم saqīm pl. سقام siqām, سقماء suqamā’2 sick, ill, ailing; skinny, lean, emaciated; meager, measly; poor, faulty (language) مسقام masqām seriously suffering; constantly ailing, sickly سقاوة siqāwa glanders سقى saqā i (saqy) to give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to drink, make s.o. (ه) drink (هـ s.th.); to water (هـ cattle, plants); to irrigate (هـ s.th.); to dip, scoop, draw (water) │ سقى الفولاذ (fūlāda) to temper steel III to give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to drink; to conclude a lease contract (ه with s.o.; cf. مساقاة) IV to give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to drink, make s.o. (ه) drink (هـ s.th.); to water (هـ cattle, plants); to irrigate (هـ s.th.) VIII to ask (من s.o.) for a drink; to draw water (من from); to draw (من s.th., e.g., information, knowledge, etc., from), take, borrow, obtain (من هـ s.th. from) X to ask (من s.o.) for a drink (also هـ for s.th.); to pray for rain سقى saqy watering; irrigation سقاء siqā’ pl. اسقية asqiya, اسقيات asqiyāt, اساق asāqin waterskin, milkskin سقاء saqqā’ pl. -ūn water carrier; -- pelican (zool.) سقاية siqāya irrigation, watering; office of water supplier (spec. the traditional office of one in charge of providing water for Mecca pilgrims); watering place; drinking vessel مسقى misqā pl. مساق masāqin (eg.) irrigation canal مساقاة musāqāh sharecropping contract over the lease of a plantation, limited to one crop period (Isl. Law) استسقاء istisqā’ dropsy │ صلاة الاستسقاء ṣalāt al-ist. prayer for rain استسقائي istisqā’ī dropsical, hydropic ساق sāqin pl. سقاة suqāh cupbearer, Ganymede, saki ساقية sāqiya barmaid; -- (pl. سواق sawāqin) rivulet; irrigation ditch, irrigation canal; water scoop; sakieh, water wheel سك sakka u (sakk) to look, bolt (هـ the door); to mint, coin (هـ money); -- sakka (1st pers. perf. sakiktu) a (سكك sakak) and VIII to be or become deaf سكة sikka pl. سكك sikak (minting) die; coin; road; (eg.) sidestreet, lane (narrower than شارع šāri‘) │ سكة الحديد and السكة الحديدية railroad; سكة زراعية (zirā‘īya) field path, dirt road; دار السكة mint سكان sukkān pl. -āt rudder اسك asakk f. سكاء sakkā’2, pl. سك sukk deaf مسكوك maskūka pl. -āt coin; drain hole (tun.) │ علم المسكوكات ‘ilm al-m. numismatics سكارة sigāra pl. سكائر sagā’ir2 (Syrian spelling) cigarette سكارين sakārīn saccharin سكب sakaba u (sakb) to pour out, shed, spill (هـ s.th.) VII to pour forth, be poured out; be shed, be spilled سكيب sakīb shed, spilled 416 مسكب maskab pl. مساكب masākib2 melting pot, crucible مسكوبية maskūbīya melting pot, crucible سكباج sakbāj meat cooked in vinegar سكت sakata u (sakt, سكوت sukūt, سكات sukāt to be silent, say nothing; to become silent, lapse into silence; to be or become quiet, calm down, subside; to pass over s.th. (IT) in silence; not to answer (عن s.o.); pass. sukita to have a stroke (med.) │ سكت عنه الغضب (gaḍab) his anger abated II to silence, calm, soothe, pacify (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.); to order to be silent, hush up (ه s.o.) IV do.; to conceal, refuse to tell (هـ s.th.) سكت sakt silence; taciturnity, reticence │على السكت silently, in silence, quietly سكتة sakta silence, quiet; stroke, apoplexy (med.) │ سكتة (qalbīya) heart failure سكات sukāt silence; taciturnity, reticence سكوت sukūt silence; taciturnity, reticence; see also alphabetically سكوتي sukūtī taciturn, reticent سكوت sakūt taciturn, reticent سكيت sikkīt habitually silent ساكت sākit silent, mum; taciturn, reticent; still, quiet, calm, tranquil; quiescent (letter) 1سكر sakara u (sakr) to shut, close, lock, bolt (هـ s.th.) II do. 2سكر sakara a (sakar, sukr) to be drunk; to get drunk, become intoxicated IV to make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate (ه s.o.) VI to pretend to be drunk سكر sukr intoxication, inebriety, drunkenness سكر sakar an intoxicant; wine سكرة sakra pl. sakarāt inebriety, intoxication, drunkenness │سكرة الموت s. al-maut agony of death سكران sakrān2, f. سكرى sakrā, pl. سكارى sukārā, sakārā drunk, intoxicated; a drunk │ سكران طينة (ṭīna) (colloq.) dead drunk سكير sikīr drunkard, heavy drinker مسكر muskir pl. -āt alcoholic beverage, intoxicating liquor 3سكر II to sugar, sprinkle with sugar (هـ s.th.); to candy, preserve with sugar (هـ s.th.) سكر sukkar sugar; pl. سكاكر sakākir2 sweetmeats, confectionery, candies │ سكر الثمار fructose, levulose, fruit sugar; سكر الشعير maltose, malt sugar; سكر العنب s. al-‘inab dextro-glucose, dextrose, grape sugar; سكر القصب s. al-qaṣab saccharose, sucrose, cane sugar; سكر اللبن s. al-laban lactose, milk sugar; سكر النبات s. an-nabāt sugar candy, rook candy; قصب السكر qaṣab as-s. sugar cane; مرض السكر maraḍ as-s. diabetes سكري sukkarī sugar (adj.), sugary, like sugar, saccharine; سكرات confectionery; sweetmeats, candy │مرض البول السكري (maraḍ al-baul) diabetes سكرية sukkarīya sugar bowl مسكرات musakkarāt confectionery, sweetmeats, candy 4سكارة pl. سكائر look up alphabetically 5سيكران look up alphabetically سكرتاة (It. sicurtà) sikurtāh insurance سكرتارية (Fr. secrétariat) sekretārīya secretariat; secretaryship سكرتو (It scarto) sikartō cotton waste سكرتير (Fr secrétaiea) sekretēr secretary │ سكرتير عام (‘āmm) secretary-general سكرتيرية sekretērīya secretariat 417 سكرجة sukurruja, sukruja pl. سكاريج sakārīj2 bowl; platter, plate سكروز sukrōz saccharose, sucrose سكرين sukkarīn saccharin سكسك II tasaksaka to behave in a servile manner سكسكة suksuka wren (?) تسكسك tasaksuk servility سكسوني saksūnī Saxonian; Saxon سكسونيا saksōniyā Saxonia سكع V to grope about (الظلمة aẓ-ẓulmata in the dark); to loiter, loaf, hang around; to proceed aimlessly, dawdle, potter │ طرده الى حيث التسكع (ḥait t-tasakku‘u) to drive s.o. out into the dark, leave s.o. to an uncertain fate سكاف sakkāf shoemaker سكافة sikāfa shoemaker’s trade, shoemaking اسكاف iskāf and اسكافي iskāfī pl. اساكفة asākifa shoemaker اسكفة askafa threshold, doorstep; lintel ساكف sākif lintel اسكلة pl. اساكل look up alphabetically 1 سكن sakana u (سكون sukūn) to be or become still, tranquil, peaceful; to calm down, repose, rest; (gram.) to be vowelless (consonant, i.e., have no vowel immediately fallowing); to abate, subside, remit, cease (anger, pain, and the like); to pass, go away (عن from s.o. pain), leave (عن s.o., pain); to remain calm, unruffled (الى at, in the face of); to be reassured (ل, الى by); to rely (ل, الى on), trust, have faith (ل, الى in); to feel at home (الى in, at); -- sakana u (sakan, سكنى suknā) to live, dwell (ب or في, هـ in), inhabit (ب or في, هـ s.th.) II to calm (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), reassure, appease, placate (ه s.o.), soothe, allay, alleviate (هـ pain, and the like); (gram.) to make vowelless (هـ a consonant, i.e., pronounce it without a following vowel) III to live together, share quarters (في ه with s.o. in) IV to give or allocate living quarters (ه to s.o.); to settle, lodge, put up (هـ ه s.o. in) VI to live together, share quarters سكن sakan means or time for rest; dwelling, abode, habitation; inhabited area, human habitations; ashes سكني sakanī ashen, ash-gray في حركاته وسكناته fī ḥarakātihī wa sakanātihī in all his doings; in every situation سكنة sakina pl. -āt residence, home سكون sukūn calm, tranquility, peace; silence, quiet; (gram.) vowellessness of a medial consonant; the graphic symbol of this vowellessness │ سكون الطائر seriousness, sedateness, gravity سكان sakkān cutler سكان sukkān pl. -āt rudder سكين sikkīn m. and f. pl. سكاكين sakākīn2 knife سكينة sakīna pl. سكائن sakā’in2 immanence of God, presence of God; devout, God-inspired peace of mind; calm, tranquility, peace سكينة sikkīna knife سكنى suknā living, dwelling; stay, sojourn │ محل السكنى maḥall as-s. place of residence سكاكيني sakākīnī cutler مسكن maskan, maskin pl. مساكن masākin2 dwelling, abode, habitation; house; home, residence, domicile تسكين taskīn pacification, tranquilization, placation 418 اسكان settling, settlement; allocation of living quarters ساكن sākin pl. -ūn, سكنة sakana, f. سواكن sawākin2 calm, motionless, still; --vowelless (medial consonant); stagnant, standing (water); O statio (electricity); (pl. سكان sukkān, سكنة sakana) dweller, inhabitant, resident, occupant; السكان the population │ ساكن الجنان inhabitant of Paradise, deceased person, one of blessed memory; كثير السكان populous; لا يحرك ساكنا (yuḥarriku) he doesn’t budge, he doesn’t bend his little linger, he remains immobile, apathetic; حرك ساكنه (sākinahū) to rouse, agitate s.o. مسكون maskūn populated, inhabited; haunted (place); possessed (person) │ الدار مسكونة the house is haunted المسكونة al-maskūna the inhabited world, the world مسكوني maskūnī ecumenical (Chr.) مسكن musakkin pl. -ūn pacifier, soother; (pl. -āt) sedative, tranquilizer مساكن musākin pl. -ūn fellow citizen, neighbor 3مسكنة and مسكين pl. مساكين look up alphabetically سكنجبين sakanjabīn oxymel (pharm.) سكندينافيا skandināfiyā and سكندناوة sikandināwa Scandinavia سكندنافي sikandināfī Scandinavian سكوت (Hebr. sukkōṭ): عيد السكوت ‘īd as-s. Sukkoth, Feast of Tabernacles (Jud.) سكي skī ski 1سل sal imperative of سأل sa’ala 2سل salla u (sall) to pull out, withdraw, or remove gently (هـ s.th.); pass. sulla to have pulmonary tuberculosis, be consumptive V to steal away, slink away, slip away, escape; to spread, extend, get (الى to), reach (الى s.th.); to slip, slink, sneak, steal (الى into); to betake o.s., go (الى to, with secret designs); to invade, infiltrate, enter (الى s.th.); to penetrate (في to, as far as) VII to steal away, slink away, slip away, escape; to slip, slink, sneak, steal (الى into); to infiltrate (الى s.th., also pol.); to advance singly or in small groups (troops in the field; mil.); to have pulmonary tuberculosis, be consumptive VIII to pull out or remove gently (هـ s.th.); to withdraw gently (هـ s.th., e.g., كفه kaffahū one’s hand, عن from); to unsheathe, draw (هـ the sword); to wrest, snatch (من هـ from s.o. s.th.) سل sall basket سل sill, sull consumption, phthisis, tuberculosis │ السل التدرني (tadarrunī) tuberculosis; السل الرئوي (ri’awī) pulmonary tuberculosis سلة salla pl. سلال silāl basket │سلة المهملات s. al-muhmalāt wastepaper basket; كرة السلة kurat as-s. basketball سليل salīl drawn (sword); descendant, scion, son سليلة salīla pl. سلائل salā’il2 (female) descendant سلال sallāl basketmaker, basket weaver سلالة sulāla pl. -āt descendant, scion; progeny, offspring; family; race; strain, stock, provenience (of economic plants) سلالى sulālī family (adj.) مسلة masalla pl. -āt, مسال masāll2 large needle, pack needle; obelisk تسلل tasallul infiltration (pol.); offside position (in football, hockey, etc.) انسلال insilāl infiltration (pol.) مسلول maslūl consumptive, affected with pulmonary tuberculosis مستلة mustalla pl. -āt offprint (ir.) 419 سلأ sala’a a (sal’) to clarify (هـ butter) سلاء silā’ pl. اسلئة asli’a clarified butter سلاطة salāṭa salad سلافي sulāfī Slavic; (pl. -ūn) Slav سلاقون salāqūn red lead, minium سلاقى see سلق سلانيك salānīk2 Salonica (seaport in NE Greece) سلب salaba a (salb) to take away, steal, wrest, snatch (ه من or ه هـ from s.o. s.th.), rob, strip, dispossess, deprive (ه من or ه هـ s.o. of s.th.); to plunder, rifle, loot (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to strip of arms and clothing (ه a fallen enemy); to withhold (ه هـ from s.o. s.th.), deny (ه هـ to s.o. s.th.); -- saliba a (salab) to put on or wear mourning, be in mourning V to be in mourning VIII = salaba سلب salb spoliation, plundering, looting, pillage, robbing; negation │ علامة السلب ‘alāmat as-s. minus sign (math.) سلبي salbī negative (also el.); passive │ الدفاع السلبي or المقاومة السلبية (muqāwama) passive resistance سلبية salbīya negativism, negative attitude سلب salab pl. اسلاب aslāb loot, booty, plunder, spoils; hide, shanks and belly of a slaughtered animal; -- ropes, hawsers (eg.) سلاب sillāb pl. سلب sulub black clothing, mourning (worn by women) سلاب sallāb robber, plunderer, looter سليب salīb stolen, taken, wrested away اسلوب uslūb pl. اساليب asālīb2 method, way, procedure; course; manner, mode, fashion; style (esp. literary); stylistic peculiarity (of an author) │ اسلوب كتابي (kitābī) literary style استلاب istilāb spoliation, plundering, looting, pillage, robbing سالب sālib negative (adj.); (pl. سوالب sawālib2) O negative (phot.) مسلوب maslūb unsuccessful سلبند salaband martingale (of the harness) سلت salata i u to extract, pull out (هـ s.th.); to chop off (هـ s.th., esp. a part of the body) VII to steal away, slip away سلج salg (eg.) = سلق السلاجقة as-salājiqa the Seljuk سلجم saljam turnip (Brassica rapa; bot.); (eg.) rape (Brassica napus; bot.) سلح salaḥa a (salḥ) to void excrement; to drop dung (bird) II to arm (ه هـ s.o. with) V to arm o.s. VI to engage in battle, fight, cross swords سلح salḥ and سلاح sulāḥ excrements, dung, droppings سلاح silāh pl. اسلحة asliḥa arm, weapon; arms, weapons; service (as a branch of the armed forces); armor; steel gripper, steel claw; plowshare سلاح الطيران s. aṭ-ṭayarān air force; سلاح الفرسان s. al-fursān cavalry; شاك السلاح šākk as-s. bristling with arms, armed to the teeth; سلم سلاحه sallama silāḥahū to lay down one’s arms, surrender سلاحدار silāḥdār sword-bearer, shield-bearer, squire سليح salīḥ pl. -ūn apostle (Chr.) تسليح taslīḥ pl. -āt arming, equipping; armament, rearmament; armoring, reinforcement (in ferroconcrete construction) تسلح tasalluḥ armament, rearmament │ سباق التسلح sibāq at-t. arms race مسلح musalliḥ armorer سلح musallaḥ armed; armored, reinforced (with steel); = Fr. armé │ القوات المسلحة 420 (qūwāt) the armed forces; اسمنت مسلح (ismant) ferroconcrete, reinforced concrete; خرسانة مسلحة (karsāna) do.; زجاج مسلح (zujāj) wired glass سلحفاء sulaḥfāh, silaḥfāh pl. سلاحف salāḥif2 turtle, tortoise سلحفائية sulḥafā’īya dawdling, dilatoriness سلخ salaka a u (salk) to pull off, strip off (هـ s.th.); to skin, flay (هـ an animal); to detach (هـ عن s.th. from); to end, terminate, conclude, bring to a close (هـ a period of time); to spend (هـ a period of time, في doing s.th.) V to peel (skin, from sunburn) VII to be stripped off, be shed (skin, slough); to shed, cast off (عن, من the slough, the skin), strip off, take off (عن, من clothing); to abandon, give up, cut off (هـ a trait, a quality); to get detached (عن, من from), come off (عن, من); to withdraw, retire (من from); to pass, end (month) سلخ salk detaching; skinning, flaying; snakeskin, slough; end of the month سلخ salk: خشب سلخ (kašab) (barkless) soft wood, alburnum, sapwood سلاخ sallāk pl. ة, -ūn butcher سلخ salik skinned, flayed; tasteless, insipid (food) سليخة salīka Chinese cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum cassia; bot.); cinnamon bark, cassia bark سخانة salkāna pl. -āt slaughterhouse, abattoir مسلخ maslak pl. مسالخ masālik2 slaughterhouse, abattoir مسلاخ mislāk snakeskin, slough منسلخ munsalak end of the month سلس salisa a (salas, سلاسة salāsa) to be tractable, docile, compliant, obedient; to be smooth, flowing, fluent (style) IV to make tractable, render obedient, subdue (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make easy, smooth, fluent (هـ s.th.) سلس salas incontinence of urine سلس salis tractable, pliable, docile, compliant, obedient; flexible, smooth, fluent (style) │ سلس القياد s. al-qiyād tractable, pliable, docile, compliant, obedient سلاسة salāsa tractability, pliability, docility, compliance, obedience (also سلاسة القيادة s. al-qiyāda); smoothness, fluency (of style) اسلس aslas2 more tractable, more pliable, more obedient; more flexible, smoother, more fluent سلسبيل salsabīl name of a spring in Paradise; spring, well سلسل salsala to link together, concatenate, interlink, interlock, connect, unite (هـ s.th. ب with); to chain up, enchain, fetter, shackle (ه s.o.); to pour (الماء في water into) │ سلسله الى to trace s.o.’s lineage back to s.o. II tasalsala to flow down, trickle (in a continuous stream); to drip, dribble, fall in drops (water); to form a chain or series, be continuous; to be interlinked, interlocked, linked together, concatenate سلسل salsal cool fresh water سلسلة silsila pl. سلاسل salāsil2 iron chain; chain (also fig.); series (of essays, articles, etc.) │ سلسلة الجبال mountain chain; سلسلة الظهر s. aẓ-ẓahr, backbone, vertebral column; السلسلة الفقرية (faqrīya) do.; سلسلة الأكاذب fabric of lies; سلسلة النسب s. an-nasab lineage, line of ancestors تسلسل tasalsul sequence, succession │ بالتسلسل without interruption, successively, consecutively, continuously; نشره بتسلسل to serialize s.th., publish s.th. in serial form 421 مسلسل musalaal chained; continuous (numbering) │ رد فعل مسلسل (raddu fi‘lin) chain reaction (phys.); المرأة المسلسلة (mar’a) Andromeda (astron.) متسلسل mutasalsil continuous (numbering) 1 سلط II to give (ه s.o.) power or mastery (على over), set up as overlord, establish as ruler (على ه s.o. over); to impose, inflict (على ه a penalty on s.o.); to bring to bear, exert (هـ force, pressure, and the like, على on); to load, charge (على هـ s.th. with electric current) │ سلطوا عليه ايديهم (aidiyahum) they laid violent hands on …, dealt high-handedly with ...; سلط عليه الكلاب to set the dogs on s.o. V to overcome, surmount (على s.th.); to overpower, overwhelm (على s.o.); to prevail, gain the upperhand (على over), get the better of (على); to be absolute master (على of), rule, reign, hold sway (على over); to control, supervise, command (على s.th.) سلط sulṭa pl. -āt, سلط sulaṭ power, might, strength; authority; sway, dominion, influence, sovereign power, jurisdiction; (pl. -āt) official agency, authority │السلطة الأبوية (abawīya) paternal authority; patriarchy; السلطة الروحية (rūḥīya) spiritual power; السلطة التشريعية (tašrī‘īya) legislative power; سلطة عسكرية (‘askarīya) military authority; السلطة القضائية (qaḍā’īya) judicial power; السلطة التنفيذية (tanfīdīya) executive power سلطة salṭa jacket سليط salīṭ strong, solid, firm; glib; impudent, sharp, loose, vicious (tongue) سلاطة salāṭa glibness; impudence, lack of restraint (in one’s language); see also alphabetically تسلط tasalluṭ mastery, sway, dominion; rule, influence, authority, supremacy (على over); supervision, control 2 سلطsalaṭa and سلاطة salāṭa salad سلطح III اسلنطح islanṭaḥa to be broad, be wide سلاطح sulāṭiḥ wide سلطن salṭana to proclaim sultan, establish as ruler (ه s.o.) II تسلطن tasalṭana to become sultan or ruler سلطنة salṭana sultanate سلطان sulṭān m. and f. power, might, strength; rule, reign, dominion, sway; authority; mandate, authorization; legitimation (ب for); -- (pl. سلاطين salāṭīn2) sultan; (absolute) ruler │ سلطان ابراهيم s. ibrāhīm red mullet (Mullus barbatus; zool.); ما انزل الله به من سلطان (anzala llāhu) (lit.; God has revealed no legitimation for it; with preceding indeterminate noun) vain, unfounded, baseless, arbitrary سلطانة sulṭāna sultana, sultaness سلطاني sulṭānī of the sultan; sovereign, imperial, royal │ طريق سلطاني imperial highway سلطانية suṭānīya soup bowl, tureen; large metal bowl سلع Sali‘a a (sala‘) to crack, become cracked VII to split, break open, burst سلع sal‘ pl. سلوع sulū‘ crack, fissure, rift سلعة sil‘a pl. سلع sila‘ commodity, commercial article; sebaceous cyst, wen سلف salafa u (salaf) to be over, be past, be bygone; to precede, antecede II to lend, loan, advance (هـ ه to s.o. money) IV to make (هـ s.th.) precede; to lend, loan, advance (ه هـ to s.o. money) │ اسلفنا (القول) (qaul) we have already said, we have previously stated; كما اسلفنا as we have already said V to borrow (هـ من s.th. from); to contract a loan VIII = V سلف silf pl. اسلاف aslāf brother-in-law سلفة silfa sister-in-law 422 سلف salaf and pl. اسلاف aslāf predecessors; forebears, ancestors, forefathers; سلف advance payment, prepayment; free loan, noninterest-bearing loan; سلفا salafan in advance, beforehand, before │ السلف الصالح the worthy ancestors, the venerable forefathers سلفية salafīya pl. -āt free loan; (cash) advance السلفية as-salafīya an Islamic reform movement in Egypt, founded by Mohammed ‘Abduh (1849-1906) سلفة sulfa pl. سلف sulaf loan; (cash) advance; inner lining of shoes, inner sole سلاف sulāf choicest wine (made of the juice flowing from unpressed grapes) سلافة sulāfa = سلاف sulāf سلفاء sulafā’2 predecessors مسلفة mislafa harrow تسليف taslīf credit, advance │ سعر التسليف si‘r at-t. rate of interest; بنك التسليف credit bank تسليفة talīfa credit, loan │ تسليفة عقارية (‘aqārīya) land credit سالف sālif pl. سلف salaf, سلاف sullāf, سوالف sawālif, preceding, foregoing, former, previous, bygone, past; predecessor; سالفا sālifan formerly, previously; above (as a reference in books, etc.) │ سوالف الأحداث former, or past, events; سالف الذكر s. ad-dikr aforementioned; سالف العروس s. al-‘arūs amaranth (bot.); في سالف الزمان fī s. iz-zamān in former times, in the old days 1سلفات sulfāt sulfate │ سلفات النشادر s. an-nušādir ammonium sulfate 2O سلفت salfata to asphalt (هـ s.th.) O مسلفت musalfat asphalted سلفيد sulfīd sulfide سلق salaqa u (salq) to lacerate the skin (ه of s.o.; with a whip); to remove with boiling water (هـ s.th.); to boil, cook in boiling water (هـ s.th.); to scald (هـ plants; said of excessive heat); to hurt (ه s.o., بلسانه bi-lisānihī with one’s tongue, i.e., give s.o. a tongue-lashing) V to ascend, mount, climb, scale (هـ s.th.); to climb up (plant) سلق salq (eg.), silq a variety of chard, the leaves of which are prepared as a salad or vegetable dish السلاق as-sullāq Ascension of Christ سلاقة salāqa vicious tongue, violent language سليقة salīqa pl. سلائق salā’iq2 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (syr.); inborn disposition, instinct سلقون salaqūn and سلاقون salāqūn red lead, minium سلاقي salāqī saluki, greyhound, hunting dog سلوقي salūqī saluki, greyhound, hunting dog تسلق tasalluq climbing; ascent مسلوق maslūq cooked, boiled (meat, egg, vegetable) مسلوقة maslūqa pl. مساليق masālīq2 bouillon, broth النباتات المتسلقة an-nabātāt al-mutasalliqa climbing plants, creepers سلك salaka u (salk, سلوك sulūk) to follow (هـ a road), travel (هـ along a road); to take (هـ a road), enter upon a course or road (هـ; fig.); to behave, comport o.s. (نحو toward s.o.); to proceed, act; to set foot (هـ on), enter (هـ a place); -- salaka (salk) to insert (هـ في s.th. in), stick (هـ في s.th. into); to pass (هـ thread, في الإبرة through the eye of a needle), thread a 423 needle │ سلكه في السلسلة (silsila) to chain s.o. up II to clean, clear (هـ s.th., esp. pipelines, canals, etc.); to unreel, unwind (هـ yarn); to clarify, unravel, disentangle (امرا معقدا amran mu‘aqqadan a complicated affair) IV to insert (هـ في s.th. in), stick (هـ في s.th. into); to pass (هـ thread, في للإبرة through the eye of a needle), thread a needle سلك silk pl. اسلاك aslāk thread; string (also, of a musical instrument); line; wire; rail (Mor.); -- organization, body; profession (as a group or career); corps; cadre │ سلك الأرض s. al-arḍ or السلك الأرضي (arḍī) ground wire; اسلاك بحرية (baḥrīya) underwater cable; O السلك الحراري (h>arārī) filament (of a radio tube); O السلك المتحكم (mutaḥakkim) grid (of a radio tube); (رجال) السلك السياسي (siyāsī) diplomatic corps; سلك الشرطة s. aš-šurṭa the police; السلك الشائك barbed wire; O سلك الانصهار الواقى fuse (el.); السلك التعليمي (ta‘līmī) the teaching profession, the teachers; سلك القضاء s. al-qaḍā’ the judiciary, the judicature; O السلك المقاوم (muqāwim) resistor (el.); O السلك الهوائي (hawā’ī) antenna, aerial; انتظو في (الى) السلك البحري to be a member of an organization and the like; to join an organization and the like, e.g., الانتظام الى السلك البحري (baḥrī) entrance into the navy (as also انخراط في سلك) سلكي silkī by wire, wire (adj.) لاسلكي lā-silkī wireless; radio, broadcasting (adj. and n.); radiogram; radio specialist │ اشارة لاسلكية (išāra) radio message; عامل لاسلكي radio operator سلكة silka pl. سلك silak wire; thread; string (also, of a musical instrument) سلوك sulūk behavior, comportment, demeanor, manners; conduct, deportment, attitude │ حسن السلوك ḥusn as-s. good behavior, good manners; قواعد السلوك or آداب السلوك etiquette مسلك maslak pl. مسالك masālik2 way, road, path; course of action, policy; procedure, method │ المسالك البولية (baulīya) the urinary passages (anat.); مسالك الهواء m. al-hawā’ the respiratory passages (anat.); سلك مسلكا to enter upon a course (fig.) مسلكي maslakī professional, vocational, industrial, trade (adj.) سالك sālik cleaning, clearing سالك sālik passable, practicable (road); entered upon (course); clear, open, not blocked, not obstructed (also anat.); (pl. -āt) one who follows the spiritual path (esp. myst.) مسلوك maslūk passable, practicable (road); entered upon (course) سلم salima a (سلامة salāma, سلام salām) to be safe and sound, unharmed, unimpaired, intact, safe, secure; to be unobjectionable, blameless faultless; to be certain, established, clearly proven (fact); to be free (من from); to escape (من ه danger) II to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm (ه s.o.), save (ه من s.o. from); to hand over intact (هـ s.th., ل or الى to s.o.); to hand over, turn over, surrender (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., ل or الى to s.o.); to deliver (هـ ل or الى to s.o. s.th.); to lay down (هـ arms); to surrender, give o.s. up (ل or الى to); to submit, resign o.s. (ل or الى to); to greet. Salute (على s.o.); to grant salvation (God to the Prophet); to admit, concede, grant (ب s.th.); to consent (ب to s.th.), approve (ب of s.th.), accept, sanction, condone (ب s.th.) │ سلم امره الى الله (amrahū) to commit one’s cause to God, resign o.s. to the will of God; سلم روحه (rūḥahū) to give up the ghost; سلم نفسه الأخير (nafasahū) to breathe one’s last, be in the throes of death; سلم نفسه للبوليس (nafsahū) to give o.s. up to the police; سلم اليه على الحسنى والإساءة (ḥusnā, isā’a) 424 to put o.s. at s.o.’s mercy; سلم لي عليه (salim) give him my best regards! remember me to him! صلى الله عليه وسلم (sallā) God bless him and grant him salvation (eulogy after the name of the Prophet Mohammed) III to keep the peace, make one’s peace, make up (ه with s.o.) IV to forsake, leave, desert, give up, betray (ه s.o.); to let sink, drop (رأسه الى ركبتيه ra’sahū i. rukbataihī one’s head, to one’s knees); to hand over, turn over (الى to s.o., هـ or ه s.o. or s.th.); to leave, abandon (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to deliver up, surrender, expose (ه الى s.o. to); to commit o.s. resign o.s. (لله to the will of God, with ellipsis of نفسه or امره); (اسلم alone:) to declare o.s. committed to the will of God, become a Muslim, embrace Islam │ اسلم امره الى الله (amrahū) to commit one’s cause to God, resign o.s. to the will of God; اسلم روحه (الروح) (rūḥahū) to give up the ghost V to get, obtain (هـ s.th.); to receive (هـ s.th.); to have (هـ s.th.) handed over or delivered; to take over, assume (هـ the management of s.th.) │ تسلم مقاليد الحكم (m. al-ḥukm) to take (the reins of) power VI to become reconciled with one another, make peace with one another VIII to touch, graze (هـ s.th.); to receive, get, obtain (هـ s.th.); to take over (هـ s.th.), take possession (هـ of) X to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s. (ل or الى to s.th.); to give o.s. over (ل or الى to s.th.; to a man, said of a woman); to lend o.s., be a party (ل or الى to s.th.); to succumb (ل to) سلم salm peace سلم silm m. and f. peace; the religion of Islam │حب السلم ḥubb as-s. pacifism سلمي silmī peaceful; pacifist سلم salam forward buying (Isl. Law); a variety of acacia سلم sullam pl. سلالم salālim2, سلاليم salālīm2 ladder; (flight of) stairs, stair-case; stair, step, running board; (mus.) scale; means, instrument, tool (fig.) │ سلم متحرك (mutaḥarrik) escalator سلمة sullama step, stair سلام salām soundness, unimpairedness, intactness, well-being; peace, peacefulness; safety, security; -- (pl. -āt) greeting, salutation; salute; military salute; national anthem │ السلام العام (‘āmm) general welfare, commonweal; دار السلام Paradise; an epithet of Baghdad; Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika); مدينة السلام (the City of Peace =) Baghdad; نهر السلام nahr as-s. the Tigris; السلام عليكم (salāmu), سلام عليكم peace be with you! (a Muslim salutation); عليه السلام upon him be peace (used parenthetically after the names of angels and of pre-Mohammedan prophets); يا سلام exclamation of dismay, esp. after s.th. calamitous has happened: good Lord! good heavens! oh dear! يا سلام على exclamation of amazement or grief about s.th.: there goes (go) ...! what a pity for ...! how nice is (are) ...! بلغ سلامي اليه (ballig) give him my kind regards! remember me to him! والسلام (and) that’s all, and let it be done with that; على ... سلام it’s all over with ... سلاملك (Turk. selamlιk) selāmlιk selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor سلامة salāma blamelessness flawlessness; unimpaired state, soundness, integrity, intactness; well-being, welfare; safety, security; smooth progress; success │ السلامة الاجماعية (ijmā‘īya) collective security; سلامة الذوق s. ad-¬dauq good taste; سلامة (املاك) البلاد the integrity of the country; سلامة النية s. an-nīya sincerity, guilelessness; بسلامة النية in good faith, bona fide; سلامتك a speedy recovery! مع السلامة (a greeting of 425 farewell, said by the person remaining behind) approx.: good-by! farewell! الحمد لله على السلامة (ḥamdu) praised be God for your well-being! (said to the traveler returning from a journey) سليم salīm pl. سلماء sulamā’2 safe, secure; free (من from); unimpaired, undamaged, unhurt, sound, intact, complete, perfect, whole, integral; faultless, flawless; well; safe and sound; safe; healthy; sane; (euphemistically) seriously injured or damaged, on the verge of ruin │ سليم البنية s. al-bunya healthy, sound in body; سليم العاقبة benign (disease); سليم العقل s. al-‘aql sane; سليم النية s. an-nīya, سليم القلب s. al-qalb guileless, sincere, good-natured; ذوق سليم (dauq) good taste سلامى sulāmā pl. سلاميات sulāmayāt phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) سلامية sulāmīya pl. -āt phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) اسلم aslam2 safer; freer; sounder; healthier سليماني sulaimānī Solomon │ حوت سليمان ḥūt s. salmon سليماني sulaimānī corrosive sublimate, mercury chloride تسليم taslīm handing over, turning over; presentation; extradition; surrender (of s.th.); delivery (com.; of mail); submission, surrender, capitulation; salutation; greeting; concession, admission; assent, consent (ب to), acceptance, approval, condonation, unquestioning recognition (ب of) مسالمة musālama conciliation, pacification اسلام islām submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); -- الاسلام the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims اسلامي islāmī Islamic اسلامية islāmīya the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim اسلامبولي look up alphabetically تسلم tasallum receipt; taking over, assumption; reception استلام istilām receipt; acceptance; taking over, assumption │ افادة الاستلام acknowledgment of receipt استسلام istislām surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender سالم sālim safe, secure; free (من from); unimpaired, unblemished, faultless, flawless, undamaged, unhurt, intact, safe and sound, safe; sound, healthy; whole, perfect, complete, integral; regular (verb) │ الجمع السالم (jam‘) sound (= external) plural (gram.) مسلم musallam unimpaired, intact, unblemished, flawless; (also مسلم به) accepted, uncontested, incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible مسالم musālim peaceable, peaceful, peace-loving; mild-tempered, lenient, gentle مسلم muslim pl. -ūn Muslim مستلم mustalim recipient; consignee سلندر (Fr. cylindre) silender pl. -āt cylinder (of an automobile, and the like) سلا (سلو) salā u (سلو sulūw, سلوان sulwān) and سلي saliya a (سلي sulīy) to get rid of the memory of (هـ, ه or عن), forget (هـ, ه or عن s.o., s.th.), think no more (هـ, ه or عن of) II to make (ه s.o.) forget (عن s.o., s.th.); to comfort, console, solace (ه s.o., عن for the loss of); to cheer up (ه s.o.); to distract. divert (عن ه s.o.’s mind from); to amuse, entertain (ه s.o.); to alleviate, dispel (هـ worries and the like) IV = II V to delight, take pleaure (ب in), have a good time, have fun, amuse o.s. (ب with); to console o.s. (عن ب for s.th. 426 with), find comfort (عن ب for s.th. in); to seek distraction or diversion (عن ب from s.th. in) سلوى salwā, sulwā solace, consolation, comfort; fun, amusement, entertainment, distraction, diversion; pastime │ هو في سلوة من العيش (‘aiš) he leads a comfortable life سلوى salwā consolation, solace, comfort سلوى salwā (n. un. سلواة) pl. سلاوى salāwā quail (zool.) سلوان sulwān forgetting, oblivion; consolation, solace, comfort مسلاة maslāh pl. مسال masālin object of amusement; amusement, entertainment, fun, distraction, diversion; solace, consolation, comfort تسلية tasliya consolation, amusement, distraction, diversion, fun; pastime, entertainment مسل musallin amusing, entertaining; comforting, consoling; comforter, consoler سلوفينيا slovēniyā Slovenia □ مسلي maslī (eg.) = سمن samn: cooking butter │ مسلي نباتي (nabātī) vegetable butter سلينيوم silīniyūm selenium 1اسم ism pl. اسماء asmā’, اسام asāmin name; appellation; reputation, standing, prestige; (gram.) noun; اسما isman nominally │ اسم التأليف pen name, nom de plume; اسم الكتابة do.; اسم تجاري (tijārī) firm name (com.); اسم علم ism ‘alam proper name; اسم جامد (gram.) primary noun (not derived from a verb form); اسم الجمع ism al-jam‘ (gram.) collective noun (which, though forming no nomen unitatis, has a broken plural); اسم الجنس الجمعي ism al-jins al-jam‘ī (gram.) generic collective noun (which can form a nomen unitatis; e.g., rv. /lamam pigoons); اسم الإشارة ism al-išāra (gram.) demonstrative pronoun; اسم التصغير (gram.) diminutive; اسم العدد ism al-‘adad (gram.) numeral; اسم المعنى ism al-ma‘nā (gram.) abstract noun; اسم العين ism al-‘ain (gram.) concrete noun; اسم التفضيل (gram.) elative; اسم الفعل ism al-fi‘l (gram.) verbal noun, nomen verbi; اسم الفاعل (gram.) nomen agentis, active participle; اسم المفعول (gram.) nomen patientis, passive participle; اسم المرة ism al-marra (gram.) nomen vicis; الأسماء الحسنى (ḥusnā) the 99 names of God (Isl.); باسم فلان in s.o.’s name, on behalf of s.o.; بسم الله in the name of God; تقدم الطلبات باسم رئيس الجمعية (tuqaddamu ṭ-ṭalabāt) applications will be addressed to the chairman of the society اسمي ismī in name only, nominal, titular; nominal (gram.) │ مبلغ اسمي (mablag) nominal par; جملة اسمية (jumla) nominal clause (gram.); قيمة اسمية (qīma) nominal value, face value 2 سم samma u (samm) to put poison (هـ into s.th.); to poison (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) II to poison (هـ s.th.) V to be poisoned, poison o.s. سم samm pl. سموم sumūm, سمام simām poison, toxin; venom; opening, hole; eye (of a needle) │ السموم البيضاء (baiḍā’) the white narcotics (such as cocaine, Heroin, etc.) سموم samūm f., pl. سمائم samā’im2 hot wind, hot sandstorm, simoom مسام masāmm2, مسامات masāmmāt (pl.) pores (of the skin) مسامي masāmmī porous مسامية masāmmīya porousness, porosity تسمم tasammum poisoning, toxication; sepsis │ التسمم البولي (baulī) uremia; التسمم الدموي (damawī) blood poisoning, toxemia سام sāmm poisonous; toxic, toxicant; venomous 427 مسموم masmūm poisoned; poisonous مسم musimm poisonous; venomous; toxic, toxicant سمانجوني samānjūnī sky-blue, azure, cerulean سمباتوي simbātawī sympathetic (physiol.) 1سمت III to be on the other side of (هـ), be opposite s.th. (هـ), face s.th. (هـ) سمت samt pl. سموت sumūt way, road; manner, mode; السمت azimuth (astron.) │ سمت الرأس s. ar-ra’s zenith, vertex (astron.); سمت الشمس s. aš-šams ecliptic (astron.); سمت الاعتدال equinoctial colure (astron.); سمت القدم s. al-qadam nadir (astron.); سمت الانقلاب solstitial colure (astron.); نظير السمت nadir (astron.); اخذ سمته الى to take the road to ... 2 سمات pl. of سمة, see وسم سمج samuja to be ugly, disgusting, revolting II to make (هـ s.th.) ugly or loath-some سمج samj pl. سماج simāj and samij pl. سماجى samājā ugly, disgusting, loathsome, revolting سميج samīj pl. سماج simāj, سماجى samājā, سمجاء samajā’2 ugly, disgusting, loathsome, revolting سماجة samāja ugliness, abominableness, odiousness سمح samuḥa u (samḥ, سماح samāḥ, سماحة samāḥa) to be generous, magnanimous, kind, liberal, openhanded; -- samaḥa a (سماح samāḥ) to grant from a generous heart (ب ل s.o. s.th.); to allow, permit (ان or ب ل s.o. s.th. or to do s.th.); to authorize, empower (ب ل s.o. to do s.th.) │ لا سمح الله God forbid! II to act with kindness III to show o.s. tolerant (ه with s.o., في or ب in), treat kindly, with indulgence (في or ب ه s.o. in the matter of), forgive (في or ب ه s.o. s.th.) VI to be indulgent, forbearing, tolerant (مع في toward s.o. in), show good will (في in); to be not overparticular (في in); to practice mutual tolerance X to ask s.o.’s (ه) permission; to ask forgiveness, apologize سمح samḥ magnanimity, generosity; kindness; liberality, munificence سمح samḥ pl. سماح simāḥ magnanimous, generous; kind; liberal, openhanded سماح samāḥ magnanimity, generosity; kindness; liberality, munificence; indulgence, forbearance, tolerance, forgiveness, pardon; permission (ب for, to do s.th.) سماحة samāḥa magnanimity; generosity; kindness; liberality, munificence; indulgence, forbearance, tolerance; سماحته His Eminence, سماحة المفتي His Eminence the Mufti (title of a mufti) سميح samīḥ pl. سمحاء sumahā’2 generous, magnanimous; kind, forgiving; liberal, openhanded الحنيفة السمحاء al-ḥanīfa as-samḥā’ the true and tolerant (religion. i.e., Islam) مسامحة musāmaḥa pardon, forgiveness; (pl. -āt) vacation, holidays تسامح tasāmuḥ indulgence, forbearance, leniency, tolerance مسموح به masmūḥ bihī allowed, permitted, permissible, admissible │ مسموحات licenses, privileges, prerogatives متسامح mutasāmiḥ indulgent, forbearing (مع toward), tolerant سمحاق simḥāq pl. سماحق samāḥiq2 periosteum (anat.) 1سمد samada u (سمود sumūd) to raise one’s head proudly, bear one’s head proudly erect (also with الرأس) II to dung, manure, fertilize (الأرض the soil) سماد samād pl. اسمدة asmida dung, manure, fertilizer │ سماد صناعي (ṣinā‘ī) 428 chemical fertilizer; سماد عضوي organic fertilizer تسميد tasmīd manuring, fertilizing سامد sāmid: سامد الرأس s. ar-ra’s with head erect مسمدات musammidāt fertilizers 2□ سميد samīd (= سميذ) semolina (syr.); a kind of biscuit or rusk, sometimes ring-shaped and sprinkled with sesame seed (eg.) سمدور sumdūr pl. سمادير samādīr2 dizziness, vertigo سميذ samīd semolina 1 سمر samura u (سمرة sumra) to be or turn brown; -- samara u (samr, سمور sumūr) to chat in the evening or at night; to chat, talk (generally) II to nail, fasten with nails (هـ الى s.th. to or on); to drive in (المسمار al-mismār the nail) III to spend the night or evening in pleasant conversation, chat at night or in the evening (ه with s.o.); to converse, talk, chat(ه with s.o.) V to be or get nailed down, be fastened with nails: to stand as if pinned to the ground VI to spend the night or evening in pleasant conversation, chat with one another at night or in the evening; to converse, talk, chat IX = I samura سمر saar pl. اسمار asmār nightly, or evening, chat; conversation, talk, chat; night, darkness سمرة sumra brownness, brown color سمار samār (eg.) a variety of rush used for plaiting mats (Juncus spinocus F., bot.) │ سمار هندي صلب (hindī ṣulb) a variety of bamboo سمير samīr companion in nightly entertainment, conversation partner; entertainer in general, with stories, songs, music, amusing improvisations) سميرة samīra woman partner in nightly or evening conversation; woman entertainer; woman companion (who entertains with lively conversation) اسمر asmar2, f. سمراء samrā’2, pl. سمر sumr brown; tawny; pl. سمراوات samrāwāt brown-skinned women مسامر masāmir2 (pl.) evening or nightly entertainments (conversations, also games, vocal recitals, storytelling, etc.) مسمار mismār pl. مسامير masāmīr2 nail; peg; pin, tack, rivet; corn (on the toes) الخط المسماري al-kaṭṭ al-mismārī cuneiform writing مسامرة musāmara nightly or evening chat; conversation, talk, chat سامر sāmir pl. سمار summār companion in nightly entertainment; causeur, conversationalist; entertainer سوامر sawāmir2 (pl.) evenings of entertainment, social evenings; evening or nightly entertainments (conversations, also games, vocal recitals, storytelling, etc.) مسمر musammar fastened with nails, nailed on, nailed down; provided, or studded, with nails; hobnailed مسامر musāmir companion in nightly entertainment, conversation partner 2السامرة as-sāmira the Samaritans سامري sāmirī Samaritan; (pl. -ūn, سمرة samara) a Samaritan 3سمور pl. سمامير look up alphabetically سمرقند samarqand2 Samarkand (city in Uzbek S.S.R.) سمسر samsara to act as broker or middleman سمسرة samsara brokerage; caravansary سمسار simsār pl. سماسرة samāsira, سماسر samāsir2, سماسير samāsīr2 broker, jobber, 429 middleman, agent │ سمسار الأسهم s. al-ashum stockbroker سمسيرة samsīra (ir.) go-between, match-maker سمط samaṭa u (samṭ) to scold (هـ s.th.); to prepare (هـ s.th.) سمط simṭ pl. سموط sumūṭ string, thread (of a pearl necklace) سماط simāṭ pl. -āt, سمط sumuṭ, اسمطة asmiṭa cloth on which food is served; meal, repast مسمط masmaṭ pl. مسامط masāmiṭ2 scalding house (where the carcasses of slaughtered animals are scalded) O مسمط mismaṭ pl. مسامط masāmiṭ2 vine prop سمع sami‘a a (sam‘, سماع samā‘, سماعة samā‘a, مسمع masma‘) to hear (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; ب of or about s.th.; هـ من s.th. from s.o.); to learn, be told (هـ من of or about s.th. from s.o.); to listen, pay attention (الى or ل to s.th.; من to s.o.), hear s.o. (من) out; to learn by hearsay (ب about s.th.); to overhear (ب s.th.); to give ear, lend one’s ear (الى or ل to s.o., to s.th.) │ لم يسمع به (yusma‘) unheard-of II to make or let (ه s.o.) hear (هـ s.th.), give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to hear; to recite (هـ s.th.); to say (هـ one’s lesson); to dishonor, discredit (ب s.o.) IV to make or let (ه s.o.) hear (ه s.th.), give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to hear; to let (ه s.o.) know (هـ s.th. or about s.th.), tell (ه هـ s.o. about s.th.) V to give ear, listen, lend one’s ear (الى, ل to s.o., to s.th.); to eavesdrop, listen (secretly) VI تسامع به الناس people heard about him from one another, word about him got around, he became known among people VIII to hear, overhear (هـ s.th.); to listen, listen closely, give ear, lend one’s ear (الى or ل or هـ, ه to s.o. or s.th.); to eavesdrop; to auscultate (على s.o.) سمع sam‘ hearing, sense of hearing, audition; ears; (pl. اسماع asmā‘) ear │ شاهد السمع earwitness; السمع والطاعة as-sam‘u wa-ṭ-ṭā‘a and سمعا وطاعة sam‘an wa ṯā‘atan I hear and obey! at your service! very well! تحت سمعهم in their hearing, for them to hear; استرق السمع istaraqa s-sam‘a to eavesdrop; to monitor, intercept; القى بسمعه اليه (alqā) to listen to s.o.; مد سمعه madda sam‘ahū to prick up one’s ears سمعي sam‘ī auditory, auditive, hearing (used attributively); acoustic; acoustical; traditional │ علم السمعيات ‘ilm as-sam‘īyāt acoustics سمعة sum‘a reputation (specif., good reputation), credit, standing, name │ حميد (حسن) السمعة hamīd (ḥasan) reputable, respectable; رديء (سيء) السمعة radī’ (sayyi’) ill-reputed, disreputable سماع samā‘ hearing, listening, listening in; auditioning, audition; hearing, receiving (e.g., of a verdict); (gram. and lex.) generally accepted usage سماعي samā‘ī acoustic; acoustical; audible; (gram. and lex.) sanctioned by common usage; derived from tradition, traditional, unwritten (Isl. Law) سماعيات samā‘īyāt acoustics (phys.) سميع samī‘ pl. سمعاء suma‘ā’2 hearing, listening; hearer, listener; السميع the All-hearing (one of the 99 attributes of God) سماعة sammā‘a pl. -āt earphone; earpiece; (telephone) receiver; stethoscope; ear trumpet; knocker, rapper (of a door) مسمع masma‘ earshot, hearing distance │ على مسمع من in the hearing of, within earshot of; على مسمع منه for him to hear, so that he could hear it مسمع misma‘ pl. مسامع masāmi‘2 ear; O stethoscope; (telephone) receiver │ 430 على مسامعهم in their hearing, for them to hear مسمعة misma‘a earpiece; (telephone) receiver سامع sāmi‘ pl. -ūn hearer, listener مسموع masmū‘ audible, perceptible │ مسموع الكلمة m. al-kalima one whose word carries weight, is paid attention to مستمع mustami‘ pl. -ūn hearer, listener; pl. المستمعون the audience 1سمق samaqa u (سموق sumūq) to be high, tall, lofty, tower up سموق samūq very high, towering; tall and lanky سامق sāmiq very high, lofty, towering 2سماق summāq sumac (Rhus; bot.); its highly acid seeds which, after being dried and ground, serve, together with thyme, as a condiment حجر سماقي ḥajar summāqī porphyry سمك II to make thick, thicken (هـ s.th.) سمك samk roof, ceiling سمك sumk thickness سمك samak (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. سماك simāk, اسماك asmāk fish │ سمك موسى s. mūsā plaice (zool.) سمكة samaka (n. un.) a fish; السمكة the Fish, Pisces (astron.) سمكي samakī fish-like, fishy, piscine, fish (adj.) سماك simāk: السماكان as-simākān Arcturus and Spica Virginis (astron.) │ السماك الرامح Arcturus (astron.); السماك الأعزل (a‘zal) Spice Virginis (astron.); حلق الى السماكين (ḥallaqa) to have high-flown aspirations سماك sammāk fishmonger; fisherman, fisher سميك samīk thick سماكة samāka thickness مسامك masāmik2 fish stores, sea-food stores سمكرة samkara tinsmith’s trade, tinsmithing سمكري samkarī tinsmith, tinner, white-smith سمكرية samkarīya trade or work of a tinsmith, tinsmithing سمل samala u (saml) to gouge, scoop out, tear out (عينه ‘ainahū s.o.’s eye); -- samala u (سمول sumūl, سمولة sumūla) to be worn, tattered, in rags (garment) IV to be worn, tattered, in rags (garment) VIII to gouge, scoop out, tear out (عينه ‘ainahū s.o.’s eye) سمل samal pl. اسمال asmāl worn garment; tatters, rags; last remainder of a liquid in a vessel │ شرب الكأس حتى السمل to drain the cup to the dregs سمن samina a (siman, سمانة samāna) to be or become fat, corpulent, obese, stout, plump, fleshy, put on weight II and IV to make fat or plump, fatten (ه s.o.) سمن samn pl. سمون sumūn clarified butter, cooking butter سمن siman fatness, plumpness, fleshiness, stoutness, corpulence; obesity سمنة simna fatness, plumpness, fleshiness, stoutness, corpulence; obesity سمون summūn (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. سمامن samāmin2 quail (zool.) سمين samīn pl. سمان simān fat; corpulent, plump, fleshy, stout, obese سمان summān (coll.; n. un. ة) quail (zool.) سمان sammān butter merchant سمانة samāna: سمانة الرجل s. ar-rijl calf of the leg سمانى sumānā (coll.; n. un. سماناة sumānāh) pl. سمانيات sumānayāt quail (zool.) مسمن musamman fat 431 سمنتو (Sp. cemento) cement سمنجوني samanjūnī and سمانجوني samānjūnī sky-blue, azure, cerulean سمندر samandar salamander سمندل samandal salamander سمهوري samhūrī tall and husky, extremely tall, of giant stature (القامة السمهورية); spear (originally epithet of a strong, tough spear) سمة sima see وسم سما (سمو) samā u (سمو sumūw) to be high, elevated, raised, erect, lofty, tall, eminent, prominent; to rise high, tower up; to be above or beyond s.th. or s.o. (عن), rise above, tower above (عن); to be too proud (or for); to be too high or difficult (عن for s.o.), be or go beyond the understanding of s.o. (عن), exceed s.o.’s (عن) understanding; to rise (الى to, على above or beyond); to be higher (على than); to strive (الى for), aspire (الى to, after) │ سما به to lift, raise, elevate, elevate load up, bring up s.o. or s.th. (الى to); to buoy s.o. up, boost, encourage s.o. III to seek to surpass or excel (ه s.o.): to vie for superiority or glory (ه with s.o.) IV to lift, raise, elevate, erect, load up, bring up (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VI to vie with one another for glory; to be high, elevated, raised, erect, lofty, tall, eminent, prominent; to rise high, tower up; to be above or beyond s.th. or s.o. (عن), rise above, tower above (عن); to claim to be higher in rank (على than s.o. else), claim to be above s.o. (على); to deem o.s. highly superior سمو sumūw height, altitude; exaltedness, loftiness, eminence, highness │ سمو الدوق His Grace the Duke; صاحب السمو الملكى (malakī) His Royal Highness; صاحبة السمو الملكي Her Royal Highness; سمو الأخلاق nobility of character سماء samā’ m. and f., pl. (سموات) سماوات samāwāt heaven, sky; firmament │ سماء السماوات the highest heaven سمائي samā’ī heavenly, celestial; sky, blue, azure, cerulean سماوي samāwī heavenly, celestial; sky, blue, azure, cerulean; descended from heaven; open-air, outdoor, (being) under the open sky; divine, pertaining to God and religion سمي samīy high, elevated; exalted, lofty, sublime, august اسمى asmā higher, farther up, above; more exalted, higher (in rank), more eminent, loftier, more sublime سام sāmin pl. سماة sumāh high, elevated; exalted, lofty, eminent, sublime, august │ امر سام (amr) royal decree; المندوب السامي the High Commissioner سمور sammūr pl. سمامير samāmīr2 sable (Martes zibellina; zool.) سمى II to name, call, designate, denominate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., ب or هـ by or with a name), give a name (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to title, entitle (هـ or هـ ب s.th. as or with); to nominate, appoint (ه ل s.o. to s.th.); to pronounce the name of God by saying بسم الله │ سمى الله عليه (sammā llāha) or سمى عليه to invoke God over s.th. by saying بسم الله IV to name, call, designate, denominate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., ب or هـ by or with a name), give a name (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to title, entitle (هـ s.th., هـ or ب as or with) V to be called, be named │ تسمى بزيد he was named Zaid, he called himself Zaid اسم ism see 1سم سمى samīy namesake تسمية tasmiya pl. -āt naming, appellation, designation, name, denomination; nomenclature; = بسمل basmala (use of the formula بسم الله) 432 مسمى musamman named, called, by name of; -- (pl. مسميات musammayāt) designation, appellation, name; sense, meaning (of a word) │ الى أجل مسمى (ajalin) for a limited period, الى أجل غير مسمى for an indefinite time, sine die, until further notice 2سنة sana pl. سنون sinūn, سنوات sanawāt year │ سنة محمدية (muḥammadīya) Mohammedan year; سنة كبيسة leap year; سنة مسيحية (masīḥīya) year of the Christian era, A.D.; سنة هجرية (hijrīya) year of the Muslim era (after the hegira), A.H.; سنة ميلادية (mīlādīya) year of the Christian era, A.D. سنوي sanawī annual, yearly; سنويا sanawīyan annually, yearly, in one year, per year, per annum مسانهة musānahatan annually, yearly 2سنة sina see وسن 3سن sanna u (sann) to sharpen, whet, hone, grind (هـ s.th.); to mold, shape, form (هـ s.th.); to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (هـ a law, a custom) │ سن قانونا to enact, or pass, a law II to sharpen, whet, hone, grind (هـ s.th.); to indent, jag, notch (هـ s.th.) IV to grow teeth, cut one’s teeth, teethe; to grow old, to age; to be advanced in years VIII to clean and polish one’s teeth with the سواك; to take, follow (هـ a course or way); to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (هـ a law, a custom) │ استن سنة محمد (sunnata m.) to follow the Sunna of Mohammed سن sann prescription, introduction, enactment, issuance (of laws) سن sinn f., pl. اسنان asnān, اسنة asinna, اسن asunn tooth (also, e.g., of a comb; of a saw blade); jag; cog, sprocket, prong; tusk (of an elephant, of a boar, etc.); fang (of a snake, etc.); point, tip (of a nail), nib (of a pen); (pl. اسنان asnān) age (of a person); -- (eg.) coarse flour, seconds │ سن الرشد s. ar-rušd legal age, majority; سن الفيل s. al-fīl ivory; صغير السن young; كبير السن old; طعن في السن to be advanced in years, be aged; تقدمت به السن (taqaddamat) to grow older, to age; to be advanced in years سنة sunna pl. سنن sunan habitual practice, customary procedure or action, norm, usage sanctioned by tradition; السنة or سنة النبي s. an-nabīy the Sunna of the Prophet, i.e., his sayings and doings, later established as legally binding precedents (in addition to the Law established by the Koran) │ اهل السنة ahl as-s. the Sunnites, the orthodox Muslims; سنة الطبيعة law of nature سني sunnī Sunnitic; (pl. -ūn) Sunnite, Sunni سنن sanan customary practice, usage, habit, rule سنان sinān pl. اسنة asinna spearhead سنون sanūn tooth powder اسن asann2 older, farther advanced in years مسن misann pl. -āt, مسان masann whetstone, grindstone; razor strop مسنون masnūn prescribed (as Sunna), sanctioned by law and custom; sharpened, whetted, honed; tapered; pointed (e.g., mustache, features); stinking, fetid (mire) مسنن musannan toothed, serrated, dentate, denticulate, indented, jagged; pointed, sharp; sharp-featured (countenance) مسننة musannana pl. -āt cogwheel مسن musinn pl. مسان masānn2 old, aged, advanced in years; of legal age, legally major سنا see سنو 433 سنارة sinnāra pl. سنانير sanānīr2 fishing tackle; fishhook سنباذج sanbādaj grindstone, whetstone; emery سنبوق sunbūq pl. سنابيق sanābiq2 barge, skiff, boat 1سنبك sunbuk pl. سنابك sanābik2 toe of the hoof; hoof; awl, punch, borer 2سنبك sunbuk pl. سنابك sanābik and سنبوك sunbūk pl. سنابيك sanābīk2 barge, skiff, boat سنبل sunbul (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt, سنابل sanābil2 ear, spike (of grain); السنبلة Virgo (astron.) │ السنبل الرومي (rūmī) Celtic spikenard (Nardus celtica; bot.); السنبل الهندي (hindī) Indian spikenard (Nardotachys jatamansi; bot.) سنبلي sunbulī spiciform, spicat, shaped like a spike or ear (bot.) سنبوسك sanbūsik, sanbūsak (syr., ir.) triangular meat pie with a wavy bread crust سنت cent سنتمتر satimitr pl. -āt centimeter 1سنجة sanja pl. سنج sinaj, سنج sanajāt weight (placed as a counterpoise on the scales of a balance) 2سنجة singa (from Turk. süngü) pl. سنج sinag bayonet (eg.) 3سناج sināj soot, smut سنجاب sinjāb gray squirrel; fur of the gray squirrel سنجابي sinjābī ash-colored, ashen, gray سنجق sanjaq pl. سناجق sanājiq2 standard, flag, banner; sanjak, administrative district and subdivision of a vilayet (in the Ottoman Empire) سنح sanaḥa a (sunḥ, sunūḥ, سنوح sunūḥ) to occur (ل to s.o.), come to s.o,’s mind (ل, idea, thought); to present itself, offer itself (ل to s.o., esp. an opportunity); to afford (ب ل s.o s.th.); -- to dissuade (عن ه s.o. from his opinion), argue or reason (عن ه s.o. out of his opinion) سانح sāniḥ pl. سوانح sawāniḥ2 turning its right side toward the viewer (game or bird); auspicious, propitious; favorable, good (opportunity); pl. سوانح auspices, good omens, auspicious signs; ideas, thoughts سانحة sāniḥa opportunity سنخ sink pl. اسناخ asnāk, سنوخ sunūk root, origin; alveolus, gingival margin of a tooth (anat.) سنخ sanak rankness (of oil). fustiness سنخ sanik rank, rancid (oil), fusty سناخة sanāka rankness (of oil), fustiness 1سند sanada u (سنود sunūd) to support o.s., prop o.s. rest (الى on, upon), lean, recline (الى upon, against) II to support, stay, prop, lean (هـ s.th.) III to support, back, assist, help, aid (ه s.o.) IV to make (ه s.o.) rest (الى on); to make (ه s.o.) lean or recline (الى against, on); to lean (الى هـ s.th. against); to rest, support, prop (الى هـ s.th. on); to base, found (الى هـ s.th. on); (science of Islamic traditions:) to base a tradition (هـ) on s.o. (الى) as its first authority, i.e., to trace back the ascription of a tradition. in ascending order of the traditionaries, to its first authority so as to corroborate its credibility; (gram.) to lean a term (هـ) upon another (الى) being the subject of the sentence, i.e., to predicate it, make it its predicate; to entrust (ل or الى هـ s.th. to s.o.). vest (ل or الى هـ s.th. in s.o.); to attribute, ascribe (هـ ل or الى to s.o. s.th.); to incriminate, charge (هـ الى s.o. with); to lean (الى against, to, on), rest (الى on); to be based, he founded (الى on) │ اسند التهمة الى (tuhma) to direct one’s suspicion on 434 or toward ...; اسند التهمة الى (usnidat) suspicion fell on ... VI to support one another, give mutual support; to support o.s. lean, rest; to trust, rely VIII to lean, recline, be recumbent (على, الى against, on); to rest one’s arms, one’s weight (على, الى on), support one’s weight (على, الى by); to be based, be founded (على, الى on); to rely (على, الى on), trust, have confidence (على, الى in); to use as (documentary) basis (على, s.th.), rest one’s case on (على) سند sanad pl. -āt, اسناد asnād support, prop, stay, rest, back; backing; (pl. اسناد) ascription (of an Islamic tradition), the (uninterrupted) chain of authorities on which a tradition is based │ سندات خشبية (kašabīya) wooden struts, wood bracing; -- (pl. -āt) document, deed, paper, legal instrument; voucher, record; commercial, or negotiable, paper, security, bond; debenture, promissory note, note of hand, debenture bond │ سند شحن البضائع s. saḥn al-b. bill of lading; رجال السند informants, authorities, sources سندان sandān, sindān pl. سنادين sanādīn2 anvil مسند musnad, masnad pl. مساند masānid2 support, prop, stay; rest, back (of an armchair); cushion, pillow اسناد isnād pl. اسانيد asānīd2 ascription (of an Islamic tradition), the (uninterrupted) chain of authorities on which a tradition is based; اسانيد (documentary) proof, vouchers, records, documents استناد istinād leaning (الى against or upon); dependence (الى on) │ استنادا الى based on, on the basis of, on the strength of مسند musnad pl. مساند masānid2 (science of Islamic traditions:) a tradition the ascription of which is traceable, in (uninterrupted) ascending order of the traditionaries, to its first authority; mesh; المسند predicate (gram.); المسند اليه subject (gram.) مستند mustanid relying, in reliance (الى, على on), trusting (الى, على to) مستند mustanad reason, cause; motive; -- (pl. -āt) document, paper, deed, legal instrument; voucher, record; receipt; pl. (documentary) proof, records, data; legal evidence (jur.) │ دار المستندات archives, office of public records; مستندات الشحن m. aš-šaḥn bills of lading 2السند as-sind region extending along the lower course and delta of the Indus river; the province of Sind, of West Pakistan, with the capital city Karachi; the inhabitants of this region سندروس sandarūs sandarac (a resin obtained from the sandarac tree, Callitris quadrivalvis) سندس sundus silk brocade, sarcenet سندسي sundusī (made) of silk brocade or sarcenet سندال = سندان (see above) سنديان sindiyān (coll.; n. un. ة) evergreen oak, holm oak (Quercus ilex; bot.) سندياني sindiyānī oaken; like oak. oaky سنديك (Fr. syndic) sandīk syndic, agent of a corporation 1سنور sinnaur, pl. سنانير sanānīr2 cat 2سنارة sinnāra pl. سنانير sanānīr2 fishing tackle, fishhook السنسكريتية as-sanskrītīya Sanskrit 1سنط sanṭ a variety of sant tree (Acacia nilotica; bot.) 2 سنطةsanṭa (eg.) wart سنطور sanṭūr dulcimer (= سنطير) سنطير sinṭīr, sanṭīr psalter; dulcimer سنغافومرة singāfūra Singapore سنغال sinigāl سنف sinf (coll.; n. un. m) pod, capsule, hull (bot.) سنفرة sanfara emery سنكرى sankarī pl. سناكرة sanākira tinsmith, tinsman, tinner, whitesmith سنكسار sinaksār synaxarion, martyrologium (Chr.) سنكة (Turk. süngü) sənge bayonet (syr.) سنكونا sinkūnā cinchona (bot.) سنم V to ascend, mount, scale (هـ s.th.) │ تسنم ذروة المعالي (darwat l-ma‘ālī) to attain to greatest honors سنمة sanama height, summit, peak سنام sanām pl. اسنمة asnima hump (of the camel) ماء التسنيم mā’ at-tasnīm the beverage of the blessed in Paradise تسنم tasannum accession to the throne مسنم musannam convex, vaulted, arched 1سنمار sinimmār2: جزاه جزاء سنمار jazāhu jazā’ s. he repaid him as they had repaid S., i.e., he requited evil with good 2سنمورة sanamūra anchovy; salted and smoked fish 1سنه V to become stale, spoil (food) 2مسانهة musānahatan annually, yearly 1سنا sanā, سنا مكى s. makkī, سنا مكة s. maka (bot.) senna (tree), senna leaflets (pharm.) 2سنو) and سني) سنا sanā u (سناء sanā’) to gleam, shine, glisten, be resplendent, radiate; to flash (lightning) II to facilitate, ease, make easy (هـ s.th.) V to be easy, be possible, be feasible (ل for or to s.o.), be rendered possible or feasible (ل for s.o.), be put in s.o.’s (ل) power; to rise, be elevated, be exalted سنى and سنا sanan brilliance, resplendence, splendor, flare, flash, sparkle سناء sanā’ brilliance, resplendence, splendor, radiance, flash, flare (of lightning); exaltedness, sublimity, majesty, high rank سني sanīy high, sublime, exalted, splendid more shining, more radiant, more brilliant سانية sāniya pl. سوان sawānin water scoop مسناة musannāh pl. مسنيات musannayāt jetty, dam سنودس (Gr. σύνοδος) sinōdos synod سنونو sanūnū swallow (zool.) سنوي sanawī annual, yearly; سنويا sanawīyan annually. yearly, per year, per annum سهب IV to speak at great length, talk in detail (عن about, of), enlarge, elaborate, expatiate, dilate (عن on) سهب suhb pl. سهوب suhūb level country; steppe region اسهاب ishāb elaboration, elaborateness, expatiation, long-windedness, prolixity │ باسهاب elaborately, in detail, at length, lengthily مسهب mushib, mushab prolix, long-winded, lengthy, detailed, elaborate سهد sahida a (sahad) to be sleepless, find no sleep n to make sleepless, keep awake, deprive of sleep (ه s.o.) V = I سهد suhd sleeplessness, insomnia سهد suhud insomniac سهاد suhād sleeplessness, insomnia ساهد sāhid sleepless, awake 436 سهر sahara a (sahar) to be sleepless, find no sleep, pass the night awake (also with الليل); to stay up at night, spend the night (على in or with some activity); to watch (على over), guard (على s.o.’s interests, etc.), look after (على), attend to (على s.o.’s interests, etc.) │ سهر في حفلة to attend a gathering in the evening or at night IV to make sleepless, keep awake (ه s.o.) سهر sahar sleeplessness, insomnia; wakefulness, vigil; watchfulness, vigilance (على over) │ طال عنده سهري I spent a long evening with him سهرة sahra pl. saharāt evening; evening party, evening gathering, evening show or performance, soiree │ سهرة ليلية (lailīya) do.; ثياب (لباس) السهرة evening dress, formal dress سهران sahrān sleepless, awake, wakeful; watchful, vigilant سهار suhār sleeplessness, insomnia; wakefulness, vigil سهار sahhār one who is habitually up and abroad at night, a nighthawk O اسهر ashar spermatic duct (anat.) مسهر mashar pl. مساهر masāhir2 nightclub ساهر sāhir sleepless, awake, wakeful; watchful, vigilant; evening, night, nocturnal, nightly, taking place by night │ حفلة ساهرة (ḥafla) evening party, evening gathering, evening show or performance, soirée سهف sahifa a (sahaf) to be very thirsty سهف suhāf violent thirst سهل sahula u (سهولة suhūla) to be smooth, level, even (ground); to be or become easy, facile, convenient (على for) │ لا يسهل ان hardly ... II to smooth, level, even (هـ the ground); to facilitate, make easy, ease (هـ ل or على for s.o. s.th.); to provide, furnish, supply (هـ ل or على s.o. with facilities); (gram.) to read without hamzah (هـ a word) ill to be indulgent, mild, forbearing, obliging (ه toward s.o.), show (ه s.o.) one’s good will │ ساهل نفسه (nafsahū) to take liberties IV to purge (med.); to relieve (هـ the constipated bowels, said of a medicine); pass. ushila to be relieved (said of constipated bowels), have a bowel movement, have diarrhea V to be or become easy (ل for) VI to be indulgent, mild, forbearing, obliging, tolerant (مع toward s.o., also ل); to be negligent, careless (ل in s.th.) X to deem easy, think to be easy (هـ s.th.) سهل sahl and sāhil smooth, level, even, soft (ground); easy, facile, convenient (على for s.o.); simple, plain; fluent, flowing, facile (style); -- (pl. سهول suhūl) level, soft ground; plain │ سهل الاستعمال handy, easy to handle or to use, convenient for use; سهل الهضم s. al-haḍm easily digestible, light; عملة سهل (‘umla) soft currency; كان من السهل عليه to be easy for s.o., come easy to s.o.; اهلا وسهلا see اهل O سهلة sahla (proof) planer (typ.) سهيل suhail Canopus (astron.) سهل sahūl purgative, laxative, aperient (adj. and n.) سهولة suhūla easiness, ease, facility, convenience │ بسهولة easily, conveniently اسهل ashal smoother, evener, leveler; easier; more convenient تسهيل tashīl pl. -āt facilitation اسهال ishāl diarrhea تساهل tasāhul indulgence, mildness, leniency, forbearance, tolerance; carelessness, negligence مسهل musahhil purgative, laxative, aperient; (pl. -āt) a purgative, a laxative 437 مسهل mushal suffering from diarrhea متساهل mutasāhil indulgent, mild, lenient, forbearing, tolerant مستسهل mustashal easy, facile سهم sahama u (سهوم suhūm) to look grave, have a grave expression III to cast, or draw, lots (ه with s.o.); to participate, take part (في in), partake (في of s.th.), share (في s.th.) IV to give a share (في ل to s.o. in), make s.o. (ل) share s.th. (في) سهم sahm pl. سهام sihām, اسهم ashum, سهوم suhūm arrow; dart; -- (pl. اسهم ashum) portion, share, lot; share (of stock); sahme, a square measure of 7.293 m2 (Eg.) │ سهم ناري rocket; اسهم التأسيس founders' shares, original shares; اسهم القرض a. al-qarḍ bonds, government bonds; حملة الأسهم ḥ al-a. shareholders, stockholders; نفذ السهم the die is cast; ضرب بسهم مصيب في (muṣībin) to take an active part in, participate actively in ...; ضرب بسهم ونصيب في (wa-naṣībin) do. سهوم suhūm graveness; sadness, mourning اسهمي ashumī share-, stock- (in compounds) مساهمة musāhama participation, taking part (في in), sharing (في of) │ شركة المساهمة širkat al-m. joint-stock company, corporation ساهم sāhim with earnest mien, gravefaced مسمهم musāhim shareholder, stockholder سها (سهو) sahā u (sahw, suhūw) to be inattentive, absent-minded, distracted; to neglect, omit, forget, overlook (عن s.th.) │ سهى عليه suhiya ‘alaihi to be lost in thought سهو sahw inattentiveness, inattention, inadvertence, absent-mindedness distractedness; negligence, neglectfulness, forgetfulness │ سهوا sahwan inattentively, distractedly, absent-mindedly, heedlessly, negligently; inadvertently, by mistake سهوة sahwa a kind of alcove سهوان sahwān2 inattentive, heedless, distracted, absent-minded, forgetful ساه sāhin inattentive, absent-minded, negligent, forgetful │ ساهيا لاهيا sāhiyan lāhiyan amusing o.s. in a carefree manner, completely at ease 2ساء (سوء) sā’a u (سوء sau’) to be or become bad, evil, foul, wicked; to become worse, deteriorate (condition); to grieve, sadden, afflict, hurt, vex, torment, trouble, offend, pain, make sorry, displease (ه s.o.) │ ساء سبيلا (sabīlan) what an evil way (= what an evil practice) this is! ساء به ظنا (ẓannan) to think badly of s.o., have a poor opinion of s.o.; ساء طالعه (ṭāli‘uhū) he was under an evil star, was ill-starred, he was unlucky or unfortunate; يسوءني yasū’unī I am sorry II to do badly, spoil, harm (هـ s.th.); to blame, censure (هـ على s.o. for s.th.); to disapprove (هـ of s.th. على in s.o.), dislike (على هـ s.th. in s.o.) IV to do badly, spoil, harm (هـ s.th.); to deal badly (الى with s.o.), act meanly or evilly (الى toward s.o.); to do evil (الى to s.o.), wrong (الى s.o.); to harm (الى s.o.), do harm (الى to); to hurt, offend, insult (الى s.o.); to inflict pain (الى on s.o.) │ اساء التصرف (taṣarrufa) to misbehave, comport o.s. badly; اساء التصرف في to go about ... in an evil manner; اساء الظن به (ẓanna) to think badly of s.o., have a poor opinion of s.o.; اساء التعبير to choose a poor expression, express o.s. poorly; اساء استعماله to misuse, abuse s.th.; اساء معاملته (mu‘āmalatahū) to mistreat s.o., treat s.o. badly; اساء الفهم (fahma) to misunderstand VIII to go through rugged times, fall on evil days; to be unpleasantly affected; to be offended, 438 hurt, annoyed, indignant, upset, angered, displeased (من about, at, by); to be dissatisfied, discontent (من with); to take amiss (من s.th.) سوء sū’ pl. اسواء aswā’ evil, ill; iniquity, injury, offense; calamity, misfortune │ سوء البخت s. al-bakt misfortune, bed luck; سوء الحظ s. al-ḥaẓẓ do.; لسوء الحظ unfortunately; سوء الخلق s. al-kuluq ill nature, ill-temperedness; سوء الحال bad conditions; سوء الحالة bad situation, predicament; سوء الادارة s. al-idāra mal-administration, mismanagement; سوء السلوك bed behavior, misbehavior, misconduct; سوء الظن s. aẓ-ẓann poor opinion; سوء العلاقات bad relations; سوء المعاملة s. al-mu‘āmala mistreatment; سوء الاستعمال abuse, misuse; سوء الفهم s. al-fahm misunderstanding; سوء التفاهم s. at-tafāhum mutual misunderstanding, disharmony, discord; سوء القصد s. al-qaṣd evil intent; سوء النية s. an-nīya do.; سوء الهضم s. al-haḍm indigestion سوأة, سوءة sau’a pl. -āt shame, disgrace; disgraceful act, atrocity; private part, pudendum; pudenda │ سوءة لك (sau’atan) shame on you! سيئ, سيء sayyi’ bad, evil, ill, foul │ سيء الحظ s. al-ḥaẓẓ unfortunate; unlucky person; سيء الخلق s. al-kuluq ill-natured; سيء التربية s. at-tarbiya bad-mannered, badly brought up; سيء السمعة s. as-sum‘a ill-reputed, disreputable; سيء الطبع s. aṭ-ṭab‘ ill-natured, ill-tempered; سيء الطالع unlucky, unfortunate; unlucky person; من سيء الى اسوأ (aswa’a) from bed to worse سيئة sayyi’a pl. -āt sin, offense, misdeed; bed side, disadvantage (of s.th.) مساءة masā’a pl. مساوئ masāwi’ 2 evil deed, vile action; pl. disadvantages, bad sides, drawbacks, shortcomings اساءة isā’a misdeed; offense, affront, insult; sin, offeence │ اساءة الظن i. ẓann poor opinion (ب of); اساءة المعاملة i. al-mu’āmala mistreatment, etc., see IV above استياء istiyā’ dissatisfaction, discontent, indignation, displeasure, annoyance, vexation مسيء musī’ displeasing, unpleasant, offensive; harmful, disadvantageous, pernicious; insulting مستاء mustā’ offended, displeased, annoyed, vexed, indignant (من about, at, by); dissatisfied, discontent (من with) 2سواء see سوى سوارى sawārī horseman, cavalryman, sowar; horsemen, cavalry سوتيان (Fr. soutien) sūtiyān pl. -āt brassiere سوتيه (Fr. sauté) sōtēh sautéed 1ساج look up alphabetically 2اسوجة see سياج (سوح) ساح sāḥa u to travel, rove, roam about ساحة sāḥa pl. -āt, ساح courtyard, open square; (open) space; arena; field (fig.) │ ساحة الحرب s. al-ḥarb theater of war; ساحات المحاكم courts, tribunals; ساحة القتال battle field, war zone; ساحة القضاء s. al-qaḍā’ tribunal, forum; ساحة الألعاب athletic field, sports field; برأ ساحته barra’a sāḥatahū to acquit s.o. سواح sawwāḥ pl. -ūn, traveler, tourist سائح sā’iḥ pl. -ūn, سياح suyyāḥ, سواح suwwāḥ traveler, tourist; itinerant dervish; anchorite (Chr.) ساخ (سوخ) sāka u (سوخ sauk) to be or become doughy, soft, slippery (esp. ground), yield like mud; to sink (في الأرض in the ground, of the foot) │ ساخت روحه (rūḥuhū) to become faint, swoon 439 1سود II to make black, blacken (هـ s.th.); to draft (هـ a letter, etc.), make a rough draft (هـ of s.th.); to cover with writing (هـ sheets), scribble (هـ on sheets) │ سود وجهه (wajhahū) to expose s.o., show s.o. up, make a fool of s.o., bring s.o. into disrepute, discredit, disgrace, dishonor s.o. IX to be or become black سواد sawād black color, black, blackness; (pl. اسودة aswida) black clothing, mourning; arable land, tilth; shape, form; inner part, core; majority; multitude │ السواد or سواد العراق the rural areas of Iraq; السواد الأعظم the great mass, the great majority, the largest part; سواد الناس the common people, the masses; سواد العين s. al-‘ain eyeball; سواد المدينة suburb, outskirts of the city; سواد الليل s. al-lail the long, dark night اسود aswad2, f. سوداء saudā’2, pl. سود sūd black; dark-colored; -- اسود aswad2 pl. سودان sūdān a black, Negro │ (بلاد) السودان the Sudan; شتائم سوداء severest reproaches; اسود فاحم coal-black, jet-black سود saudā’2 black bile (one of the four humors of ancient medicine); melancholy, sadness, gloom سويداء suwaidā’2 black bile (one of the four humors of ancient medicine); melancholy, sadness, gloom; السويداء Suweida (capital of the Jebel ed Druz) │ سويداء القلب s. al-qalb the deepest folds of the heart, the inmost سوداوي saudāwī melancholic, depressed, dejected (بلاد) السودان (bilād) as-sūdān the Sudan سوداني sūdānī Sudanese; (pl. -ūn) a Sudanese تسويد taswīd rough draft مسودة musawwada, muswadda draft, rough copy, rough sketch, notes; day-book │ مسودة الطبع m. aṭ-ṭab‘ proof sheet, galley proof 2ساد (سود) sāda u (سيادة siyāda, سؤدد su’dud, su’dad) to be or become master, head, chief, chieftain, sovereign, lord, overlord (هـ, ه of or over people, of or over s.th.), rule, govern (هـ, s.o., s.th.), reign (هـ, ه over); to prevail (e.g., view), reign (e.g., calm); to be predominant, predominate, have the upperhand (على over) II to make (ه s.o.) master, head, chief, chieftain, sovereign, lord, overlord سيد sayyid pl. اسياد asyād, سادة sāda, سادات sādāt master; gentleman; Mister; Sir; lord, overlord; chief, chieftain; title of Mohammed’s direct descendants │ سيدي (sayyidī, colloq. sīdī) honorific before the names of Muslim Saints (esp. magr.); السيد فلان Mr. So-and-So; سيدي فلان (magr.) do.; سيد البحار الأعظم Supreme Commander of the Navy (Eg. 1939) سيدة sayyida pl. -āt mistress; lady; Mrs. │ السيدة عقيلته (‘aqīlatuhū) his wife; السيدة فلانة Mrs. So-and-So سيادة siyāda command, mastery; domination, rule, dominion; supremacy; sovereignty; title and form of address of bishops (Chr.); siyādāt ... (with foll. genit.) nowadays, in Egypt, general title of respect preceding the name, سيادتكم = you, a respectful address introduced after the abolition of titles of rank and social class in Egypt │ سيادة المطران s. al-muṭrān His Eminence the Metropolitan; سيادة الرئيس approx.: His Excellency the President (Eg.); دولة ذات سيادة (daula) sovereign state سؤدد su’dud, su’dad dominion, domination, rule, reign, power, sovereignty سائد sā’id prevailing (opinion, feeling, mood, calm, etc.) 3السويد, سويدي look up alphabetically 440 4سادة look up alphabetically and under 2سود سودن saudana to Sudanize (Eg.) سودنة saudana Sudanization (Eg.) 1سور II to enclose, fence in, wall in, surround with a railing or wall (هـ s.th.) III to leap (ه at s.o.), beset, assail, attack, assault (ه s.o.); to befall, overcome, grip (ه s.o., emotion) V to scale (هـ a wall, a cliff, etc.) سور sūr pl. اسوار aswār wall; enclosure, fence, railing سورة sūra pl. سور suwar chapter of the Koran, sura سورة saura vehemence, force, violence; severity (of cold) 2 سوار siwār, suwār pl. سور sūr, اسورة aswira, اساور asāwir2, اساورة asāwira bracelet, armlet, bangle; armband; cuff, wristband 3 سواريlook up alphabetically 4اسوار look up alphabetically 5سوري sūrī Syrian; (pl. -ūn) a Syrian 6سوريا sūriyā Syria │ سوريا الجنوبية (janūbīya) Palestine; سوريا الصغرى (ṣugrā) do.; سوريا الكبرى (kubrā) (Greater) Syria 7سورية sūrīya2 = سوريا (1ساس (سوس sāsa u (سياسة siyāsa) to dominate, govern, rule (ه s.o.): to lead, guide, conduct, direct (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to administer, manage, regulate (هـ s.th.); -- sawisa yaswasu to be or become worm-eaten; to become carious (tooth); to rot, decay (bones) II and V = sawisa سوس sūs (coll.: n. un. ة) pl. سيسان sīsān woodworm, borer; mothworm سوس sūs licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra; bot.) │ عرق سوس ‘irq s. licorice root; رب سوس rubb as-s. licorice rob, thickened licorice juice سياسة siyāsa pl. -āt administration, management: p;olicy; سياسة siyāsatan for reasons of expediency (Isl. Law) │ السياسة الدولية (duwalīya) diplomacy; السياسة العملية (‘amalīya) practical policy, Real-politik; O سياسة التوسع s. at-tawassu‘ policy of expansion سياسي siyāsī political; diplomatic; -- (pl. -ūn, ساسة sāsa) politician; diplomat, statesman │ الدوائر السياسية political circles; السلك السياسي (silk) diplomatic corps; علم الاقتصاد السياسي (‘ilm al-iqtiṣād) political science, political economy تسوس tasawwus (dental) caries سائس sā’is pl. ساسة sāsa, سواس suwwās, سياس suyyās stableman, groom; driver (primarily of animals); manager, leader 2السويس as-suwēs Suez (seaport in NE Egypt) │ قنال السويس qanāl as-s. Suez Canal 3 سواسيةsee سوى سوسته susta zipper (eg.) سوسن sausan, sūsan lily of the valley (bot.) ساط (سوط) sāṭa u (sauṭ) to whip, flog, lash, scourge (ه s.o.) سوط sauṭ pl. اسواط aswāṭ, سياط siyāṭ whip, lash, scourge مسوط miswaṭ stick or similar implement used for stirring ساعة sā‘a pl. -āt, ساع sā‘ (short) time, while; hour; timepiece, clock, watch; الساعة the Hour of Resurrection; as-sā‘ata now, at present, by this time, at this moment, in this instant; at once, instantly, immediately, just │ بين ساعة واخرى (wa-ukrā) from hour to hour; حتى الساعة until now; من الساعة from now on, henceforth; من ساعته immediately, presently, instantly, at once; منذ الساعة from now on, henceforth; مات لساعته he died instantly; ساعة الجيب s. al-jaib pocket watch; ساعة رملية 441 (ramlīya) hourglass; ساعة شمسية (šamsīya) sundial; ابن ساعته ibn sā‘atihī transitory, ephemeral ساعتئذ sā‘ata’idin in that hour ساعاتي sā‘ātī pl. -ya watchmaker سويعة suwai‘a pl. -āt little hour, little while ساغ (سوغ) sāga u (saug, مساغ masāg) to be easy to swallow, go down pleasantly (drink, food); to be permissible, be permitted, allowed (ل to s.o.); to swallow (هـ s.th.); to permit, allow, accept, tolerate (هـ s.th.), put up (هـ with s.th.), swallow, stomach s.th. (هـ, fig.) II to make permissible, permit, allow (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.), admit (هـ s.th.); to justify, warrant (ب هـ s.th. with); to lease, let (هـ s.th.) IV to wash down, swallow easily (هـ s.th.); (fig.:) to take, swallow, stomach (هـ s.th.), stand for s.th. (هـ), put up with s.th. (هـ) V to lease (هـ s.th.), take a lease (هـ of s.th.) X to regard as easy to swallow, find pleasant (هـ s.th.); to taste, enjoy, relish (هـ s.th.); to approve (هـ of s.th.), admit, grant (هـ s.th.), deem (هـ s.th.) proper مساغ masāg easy access; possibility; permission │ لم يستطع مساغا ل (yastaṭi‘) he couldn’t put up with ..., couldn’t reconcile himself to ..., couldn’t swallow ...; لا مساغ للشك (masāga, šakk) one cannot possibly doubt it تسويغ taswīg hiring out on lease, leasing │ قانون القرض والتسويغ (qarḍ) Lease Act (pol., Tun.) سائغ sā’ig easy to swallow; tasty, palatable; permissible, permitted, allowed مسوغ musawwig pl. -āt justifying factor, justification, good reason مستساغ mustasāg easy to swallow; tasty, palatable سوف II to put off (ه s.o.); to postpone, draw out, delay, procrastinate (هـ s.th.) سوف saufa (abbreviated form سـ sa) particle of future tense, e.g., سوف ترى (tarā) you will see مسافة masāfa pl. -āt, مساوف masāwif2 distance, interval, stretch; (mus.) interval │ على مسافة at some distance تسويف taswīf pl. -āt procrastination, postponement, delay, deferment تسويفي taswīfī dilatory, delaying, procrastinating سوفسطائي sūfisṭā’ī sophistic سوفيات suyāt, سوفييت sovyēt Soviet سوفياتي sufyātī, سوفيتي, سوفييتي sovyētī soviet (adj.) │ الاتحاد السوفياتي (ittiḥād) the Soviet Union ساق (سوق) sāqa u (sauq, سياقة siyāqa, مساق masāq) to drive, urge on, herd (هـ, ه prisoners, cattle); to draft, conscript (للجندية li-l-jundīya for military service); to drive (هـ an automobile); to pilot (هـ an airplane); to carry along, convey, transport (هـ s.th.); to send, dispatch, forward, convey, hand over (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to utter (هـ s.th.); to cite, quote, propound, put forth (هـ s.th.) │ ساق مساقه (masāqahū) to follow the example or path of s.o.; ساق الحديث to carry on the conversation; ساق الحديث اليه to address s.o.; اليك يساق الحديث (yusāqu) you are the one that is meant II to market, sell (هـ merchandise) III to accompany (ه s.o.); to go along, agree (ه with s.o.) V to trade in the market, sell and buy in the market VI to draw out; to form a sequence, be successive, be continuous, be coherent; to harmonize VII to drift; to be driven; to be carried away, be given over │ انساق به الى to carry s.o. away to ..., drive or urge s.o. to ... VIII to drive, urge on, herd (هـ cattle) 442 سوق sauq driving (of a car); draft, conscription (للجندية li-l-jundīya for military service); mobilization (of troops, also of forces, energies, etc.) │ اجازة السوق ijāzat as-s. driving license O سوقية sauqīya strategy ساق sāqa f., pl. سوق sūq, سيقان sīqān shank; thigh; leg (also geom.); side (geom.); trunk (of a tree); stem, stalk (of plants) │ ساق الحمام s. al-ḥamām bugloss (Anchusa officinalis; bot.); ربطة الساق rabṭat as-s. garter; وسام ربطة الساق Order of the Garter; عظم الساق ‘aẓm as-s. shinbone, tibia; متساوي الساقين mutasāwī s-sāqain isosceles (geom.); قامت الحرب على ساق (ḥarbu) the war was or became violent, flared up; war broke out; كشفت الحرب عن ساقها (kašafat) do.; كشف الأمر عن ساقه the matter became difficult; وقف على ساق الجد ل (s. il-jidd) to turn one’s zeal to, apply o.s. to, exert o.s., make efforts in order to ... ; على قدم وساق (qadam) in full swing, carried on most energetically (undertaking, preparations, etc.); ارسل ساقه للريح arsala sāqahū li-r-rīḥ to speed along like the wind ساقة sāqa rear guard, arrière-garde سوق sūq mostly f., pl. اسواق aswāq bazaar street; market; O fair │ سوق البر والاحسان s. al-birr wa-l-iḥsān charity bazaar; السوق الحرة (ḥurra) the free market; سوق الاحسان charity bazaar; سوق خيرية (kairīya) do.; السوق الأسود ((aswad) the black market; السوق المشترك (muštarak) the Common Market; سوق النقد s. an-naqd money market (stook exchange); اسواق المحصولات produce markets; سوق عقود القطن s. ‘uqūd al-quṯn cotton exchange سوقة sūqa subjects; rabble, mob سوقي sūqī plebeian, common, vulgar سويق sawīq a kind of mush made of wheat or barley (also with sugar and dates) سويق suwaiq and سويقة suwaiqa stem, stalk (of plants) سويقة suwaiqa small market سياق siyāq succession, sequence, course, thread (of conversation); context سواق siwāq pl. -ūn driver (of animals); driver, chauffeur; (railroad) engineer مساق masāq trend of things, course, development, or progress, of s.th.; مساقة الى it amounts to ..., comes to …, winds up in …, is ultimately aimed at …; also see ساق sāqa above │ مساق من الدراسات course of studies; افضى بنا المساق الى we have come to the point where ... تسويق taswīq marketing, sale (of merchandise) تسويقة taswīqa (eg.) bargain, advantageous purchase تساوق tasāwuq coherence, interrelation, connection, context; harmony سائق sa’iq driving; driving force; -- pl. -ūn sāqa) driver (of animals); chauffeur, driver; (aircraft) pilot مسوقر musauqar (tun.) = مسوكر musaukar ساك (سوك) sāka u (sauk) to rub, scrub, scour (هـ s.th.) II to clean and polish, brush, clean (الاسنان the teeth) سواك siwāk pl. سوك sūk a small stick (the tip of which is softened by chewing or beating) used for cleaning and polishing the teeth مسواك miswāk pl. مساويك masāwīk2 = سواك سوكر saukara to insure (هـ goods, etc.); to register (هـ a letter) سوكر musaukar insured; registered (letter) 443 1سول II to talk or argue s.o. (ل) into s.th. evil or fateful (هـ); to entice, seduce (ل s.o., said of the Devil) │ سولب له نفسه (nafsuhū) he let himself be seduced (هـ to) 2 تسول tasawwala (for تساءل tasā’ala) to beg تسول tasawwul begging, beggary متسول mutasawwil pl. -ūn beggar 1 سام (سوم) sāma u (saum) to offer for sale (هـ a commodity); to impose (هـ ه upon s.o. a punishment or task), force (هـ ه upon s.o. a difficult task); to demand of s.o. (ه) s.th. (هـ) beyond his power │ سامه خسفا(kasfan) to treat s.o. unjustly, wrong s.o.; to humiliate s.o.; -- (سيامة siyāma) to ordain, consecrate (a priest, a bishop, etc.; Chr.) II to impose, force (ه هـ upon s.o. a difficult task), coerce (ه هـ s.o. to s.th. difficult); to demand of s.o. (ه) s.th. (هـ) beyond his power; to assess estimate (هـ the value of an object); to mark, provide with a mark (هـ s.th.) ill to bargain, haggle, chaffer over a price (ه with s.o.); to bargain, haggle (في or على, ب with s.o. over) IV to let (هـ cattle) graze freely; to let (هـ the eye) wander VI to bargain, haggle (في over, for) VID to bargain, haggle, chaffer ( or في, على over, for) مساومة musāwama pl. -āt bargaining, haggling سائمة sā’ima pl. سوائم sawā’im2 freely grazing livestock 2سام, سامي look up alphabetically 3مسام, مسامات see 2سم سومر sūmir Sumer سومطرة sūmaṭra Sumatra اسوان look up alphabetically سوهج sōhag Sohag (city in central Egypt, on the Nile) سوي sawiya a to be equivalent, be equal (هـ to s.th.), equal (هـ s.th.) II to even, level, nivellate, flatten, straighten (هـ s.th.); to smooth (هـ s.th.); to smooth down (هـ s.th., e.g., folds, wrinkles; من ثيابه one’s clothes); to equalize, make equal (ب هـ s.th. to s.th. else), put (هـ s.th.) on the same level (ب with s.th.); سوى بينهما to put two persons on an equal footing, treat two persons as equals, reconcile two persons; to make regular, make good (هـ s.th.); to cook properly (هـ s.th.); to regulate, arrange, make up, smooth over, settle, put in order (هـ a dispute, a controversy, etc.) │ سوى اخدعه to crush s.o.’s pride III to be equivalent, be equal (هـ to s.th.), equal (هـ s.th.); to be worth (هـ s.th.); to equalize, make equal (ب هـ s.th. to s.th. else), put (هـ s.th.) on the same level (ب with); to establish equality (بين -- وبين between -- and); ساوى بينهم to make them equals, equalize them, put them on the same footing; to regulate, arrange, make up, smooth over, settle, put in order (هـ a dispute, a controversy, etc.); ساوى بينهما = سوى بينهما (sawwā) VI to be equal or similar; to be balanced, keep the balance VIII to be even, regular, equal; to be equivalent (هـ to); to be on the same level; to be or become straight, even, level; to stand upright, erect, straight; to straighten up; to sit down (على on), mount (على s.th.); to sit firmly (على on an animal); to be properly cooked, be well done; to ripen, mature, be or become ripe سوى siwan, suwan equality, sameness; (with foll. genit. or suffix) other than, except │ على حد سوي (ḥaddin) equal(ly), indiscriminate(ly), alike, the same; فضله على سواه faḍḍalahū ‘alā siwāhu he preferred him to everybody else; لا -- سوى, ليس -- سوى only, nothing but سواء sawā’ equal; equality, sameness; sawā’a except │ سواء لديه كل شيء (ladaihi) 444 it is all the same to him, he is indifferent to everything; سواء بسواء (sawā’an) equally, indiscriminately, without distinction; together; على السواء likewise, in like manner, equally, evenly, indiscriminately, without distinction; all the same, making no difference; سواء على it doesn’t make any difference for ...; سواء – ام (او) (sawā’an) regardless whether -- or ..., no matter whether -- or ..., be it that ... - or ..., سواء -- ام do.; تلاميذ سقراط سواء منهم الأثينيون وغير الأثينيين the disciples of Socrates, both Athenians and non-Athenians; سواء السبيل (المحجة) (Muhammaḍajja) the straight, right path سوي sawīy pl. اسوياء aswiyā’ straight; right, correct, proper; unimpaired, intact, sound; straight-bodied, straight-shaped, of regular build or growth; even, regular, well-proportioned, shapely, harmonious; سويا sawīyan in common, jointly, together سوية sawīya pl. سوايا sawāyā equality; sawīyatan together, jointly سي siyy (for m. and f.) pl. اسواء aswā’ equal, similar, (a)like │ هما سيان they are alike, are the same; هما سيان عندي they are both the same to me لا سيما lā sīyamā especially, in particular, mainly سواسية sawāsiya (pl.) equal, alike │ هم (هن) سواسية they are equals تسوية taswiya leveling, nivellation; settlement, arrangement, adjustment (of controversies, etc.); equalization; settlement (of a bill) │ تحت التسوية outstanding, unsettled, āunpaid (com.) مساواة musāwāh equality, equivalence; equal rights, equality before the law; settlement, composition (com.) تساو tasāwin equality, equivalence, sameness; equal rights, equality before the law │على التساوي or بالتساوي likewise, in like manner, equally, evenly, regularly استواء istiwā’ straightness; evenness, levelness; equality, regularity, steadiness │خط الاستواء kaṭṭ al-ist. equator استوائي istiwā’ī equatorial, tropical │ المنطقة الاستوائية (minṭaqa) or المناطق الاستوائية the tropics مساو musāwin equal, equivalent, similar متساو mutasāwin equal, similar, (a)like; even, equable, equally strong; of equal weight, equipoised, equiponderant │متساوى الأبعاد equidistant; متساوى الزوايا m. z-zawāyā equiangular (geom.); متساوى الساقين m. s-sāqain isosceles (geom.); متساوى الاضلاع equilateral (geom.) مستو mustawin straight, upright, erect; even, smooth, regular; well done (cooking); ripe, mature مستوى mustawan level, niveau, standard │ مستوى الماء water level; المستوى العلمي (‘ilmī) scientific level; مستوى الحياة m. l-ḥayāh standard of living; في مستوى (with foll. genit.) on an equal level or footing with ... السويد (Fr. la Suède) as-suwīd Sweden سويدي suwīdī Swede; Swedish السويس as-suwēs Suez (seaport in NE Egypt) │قناة (قنال) السويس (qanāt, qanāl) Suez Canal سويسرا (It. Svizzera) swiserā Switzerland سويسري swiserī Swiss 1سية siya pl. -āt curved part of a bow 2□ سي sī short form of سيد sayyid, سيدي Mr., Sir (esp. magr.) 3سي siyy, سيان see سوي سيام siyām Siam, Thailand سيان siyān cyanogen 445 ساب (سيب) sāba i (saib) to flow, stream, run (water); to run along, speed along, glide along, creep along, crawl along; to walk fast, hurry; (eg.) to leave, give up, relinquish (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to neglect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); (eg.) to release, let go, free (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II to leave, give up, relinquish (هـ s.th.); to neglect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to release, let go, free (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VII to flow, stream, run (water); to pour, flow (الى into), enter (الى s.th.); to peter out, seep away, exhaust itself; to speed along, glide along, run along, crawl or creep (along); to glide, slip (بين between); to walk fast, hurry; with foll. imperf.: to begin at once to do s.th. انسيابي insiyābī, انسيابي الشكل ins. Š-šakl stream-lined سائب sā’ib forlorn, lost, (a)stray; free, loose, lax, unrestrained سيبيريا sībīriyā Siberia 1 سيج II to fence in, hedge in, surround with a hedge (هـ s.th.) V pass. of II سياج siyāj pl. -āt, اسوجة aswija, اسياج asyāj; hedge; fencing, fence; enclosure; (fig.) bulwark, shield (of a country, of a nation) 2ساج look up alphabetically سيجار sīgār cigar (eg.) سيجارة sīgāra pl. -āt, سجاير sagāyir, سجائر sagā’ir2 cigarette (eg.) ساح (سيح) sāḥa i (saiḥ, سيحان sayaḥān) to flow, run (water); to melt, thaw, dissolve, become liquid (snow, metal); --(saiḥ, سياحة siyāḥa) to travel, journey; to rove, roam about II to make flow, cause to flow (هـ a river, etc.); to melt, dissolve, liquefy, smelt, fuse (هـ metal, and the like); to melt, clarify (هـ butter) IV to make flow, cause to flow (هـ s.th.) VII to spread, pour forth سياحة siyāḥa pl. -āt travel; tourism سياح sayyāḥ pl. -ūn traveler; tourist سائح sā’iḥ pl. -ūn, سياح suyyāḥ, suwwāḥ) traveler; tourist; itinerant dervish; anchorite (Chr.) مسيخ musayyak fluid, liquid; striped (garment) 1ساخ (سيخ) sāka i (سيخ saik, سيخان sayakān) to sink into the ground or mud 2سيخ sīk pl. اسياخ asyāk spit, skewer; foil, rapier; iron prong or bolt سيد, سيادة see 2سود سيدارة sīdāra pl. -āt (see سدارة) an Iraqi headgear, commonly of black velvet; overseas cap سار (سير) sāra i (سير sair, سيرورة sairūra, مسير masīr, مسيرة masīra, تساير tasāyara) to move (on), set out, strike out, start, get going; to move along; to march; to travel, journey; to ride (in a vehicle); to go, go away, leave, depart; to run, operate (بين -- و between -- and, of a train); to flow (electric current); to run, be in operation, function, work, go (machine); to progress (e.g., work); to make (الى for s.th.), be headed (الى for s.th.), approach (الى s.th.), be directed, be oriented (الى toward s.th.); to circulate, make the rounds, be or become current (proverb); to follow, maintain (سيرا sairan a behavior, على s.th.); to behave, conduct o.s.; to proceed, act (على or بمقتضى bi-muqtaḍā according to) │ سار به to lead s.o., lead s.o. away; سار وراءه to (allow, pursue s.o.; سار جيئة وذهابا (jī’atan wa-dihāban) to walk up and down, go back and forth; سار في سبيل التحسن (s. it-taḥassun) to be on the road to recovery; الخطة التى سار فيها (kiṭṭa) the course he followed; سار سيرة حسنة 446 (sīratan ḥasanatan) to behave well; سار على قدميه (qadamaihi) not to be dead and forgotten, be still much alive, be a tangible reality II to set in motion, drive (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th., e.g., an automobile) go; to start, start up, let run (هـ a machine); to go in (هـ for a task), run, carry on, ply, practice (هـ a trade); to drive (هـ a car), pilot, steer (هـ s.th.); to send, dispatch, send out (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to circulate, put in circulation (هـ s.th.); to stripe (هـ a garment, etc.) III to keep up, go along (ه with s.o.); to walk at s.o.’s (ه) side; to pursue (هـ s.th.); to show o.s. willing to please (ه s.o.), comply (ه with s.o.’s wish); to be in agreement, be consistent (هـ with s.th.); to be familiar, intimate, be hand in glove, get along (ه with s.o.); to adapt o.s. (هـ to circumstances, events, etc.) IV to set in motion, drive (هـ s.th.); to send, dispatch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) سير sair trip, tour, travel, journey, walk, errand, march, procession; movement, motion; departure; course, progress (of an undertaking); procedure, practice, conduct, behavior; (way of) life; observance, pursuance (على of s.th.) │ حسن السير والسلوك(husk as-s.) blameless life; في السير وراء غرضه (garaḍihī) in pursuance of his intention سير sair pl. سيور suyūr (leather) belt; girth; drive belt, transmission belt │ سير متحرك(mutaḥarrik) conveyor belt, assembly line سيرة saira gait; course سيرة sīra pl. سير siyar conduct, comportment, demeanor, behavior, way of life; attitude, position, reaction, way of acting; (in sg. or pl.) biography, history; pl. campaigns; السيرة the biography of Mohammed سيار sayyār traveling frequently, always on the move, continually moving; itinerant, roving, roaming about; circulating; planet │صحف سيارة (suḥuf) or جرائد سيارة daily newspapers, dailies سيارة sayyāra pl. -āt automobile, car │ سيارة الأجرة s. al-ujra taxi cab; سيارة مدرعة (mudarra‘a) armored car; سيارة دورية (daurīya) patrol car; سيارة الإسعاف s. al-is‘āf ambulance; سيارة مصفحة (muṣaffaḥa) armored car; سيارة النقل s. an-naql truck, lorry; سائق السيارة (automobile) driver, chauffeur مسار masār pl. -āt path (of rays, etc.) مسير masīr travel, journey, tour; march (mil.); departure; distance مسيرة masīra travel, journey, tour; departure; distance تسيير tasyīr dispatch, sending out; propulsion, drive (techn.) │التسيير النفاثي (naffātī) jet propulsion مسايرة musāyara adaptation, adjustment سائر sā’ir going, walking, running; walker, wayfarer, wanderer; generally known, current (proverb); see also سئر │خدمة سائرة (kidma) transient laborers, seasonal laborers (eg.) مسير musayyar directed, controlled (ب by); guided, remote-controlled; not endowed with free will (philos., as opposed to مخير mukayyar) سيراس sīrās (syr.) glue made of the yellow powder of a pulverized root, used esp. for pasting leather سيرافيم sīrāfīm seraphim سيرج sīraj sesame oil سيرك (Fr. cirque) sirk circus سيسبان saisabān sesban (an indigenous Egyptian shrub whose leaves have a purgative 447 effect, Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers.; bot.) سيسى sīsī pl. سيسيات sīsīyāt, سياسي sayāsī (eg.) pony; young rat سيطر saiṭara to command, dominate, control (على s.th.); to be master or lord (على over s.th.), reign, gain power (على over s.th.); to seize (على s.th.), take hold (على of s.th.) II tasaiṭara = سيطر سيطرة saiṭara rule, dominion, domination, command, supremacy, power, authority (على over); decisive influence (على on); control (على over) مسيطر musaiṭir ruler, sovereign, overlord سيف saif pl. سيوف suyūf, اسياف asyāf, اسيف asyuf sword; sabre, foil, rapier │سيف الإسلام s. al-islām title of princes of the royal house of Yemen سيف sīf pl. اسياف asyāf shore, coast سياف sayyāf executioner مسايفة musāyafa fencing (with saber or foil) سيقارة = سيكارة سيكارة sigāra pl. سكائر sagā’ir 2 cigarette (syr.) سيكران saikurān, saikarān henbane (Hyoscyamus niger; bot.) سيكورتاه (It. sicurtà) sikurtāh insurance │سيكورتاه الحريق (الحياة) (ḥayā) fire (life) insurance سيكولوجى sīkolōžī, saikolōjī psychologic(al) 1سال (سيل) sāla i (sail, سيلان sayalān) to flow, stream; to be or become liquid; to melt │سال لعابه على (lu’ābuhū) his mouth watered for ... II to make flow, cause to stream, liquefy, melt, dissolve (هـ s.th.) IV = II سيل sail pl. سيول suyūl flood, inundation; torrent, torrential stream │سيل عرام (‘urām) huge mass, flood, stream; بلغ السيل الزبى (zubā) the matter has reached its climax, has come to a head سيلة saila stream سيولة suyūla liquid state, liquidity, flow(ing) سيال sayyāl streaming, pouring, torrential; fluid, liquid; a liquid; stream; a fluid │قلم سيال (qalam) facile pen, fluent style سيالة sayyāla rivulet; pocket سيلان sayalān flowing, ftow; running; deliquescence, liquefaction; gonorrhea (med.); see also below مسيل masīl pl. مسايل masāyil2 river bed, rivulet سائل sā’il ftuid, liquid; (pl. سوائل sawā’il2) a liquid, a fluid │O علم السوائل ‘ilm as-s. hydraulics سائلية sā’ilīya fluidity, liquid state of aggregation (phys.) 2سيلان sayalān2 Ceylon; 3سيلان sīlān garnet (precious stone) 1سيم sīmā (pass.) and VII to be consecrated, be ordained (Chr.) 2ولا سيما wa-lā siyyamā see سوى 3سيماء see next entry 4سيمى sīmā (سيما sīmā), سيماء sīmā’2, سيمة sīma pl. سيم siyam mark, sign, characteristic; mien, expression 5سيميا sīmiyā, سيمياء sīmiyā’ natural magic سين sīn name of the letter س الاشعة السينية al-aši‘‘a as-sīnīya S rays سينا sīnā and سيناء sīnā’ Sinai 448 سينما (Fr. cinéma) cinema, motion-picture theater │ دور السينما dūr as.s. motionpicture theaters, movies; سينما صامتة (صامت) silent film; سينما ناطقة (ناطق) or سينما صائتة (صائت) sound film, talkie سينمائي sīnēmā’ī cinematographic, cinematic, cinema-, movie- (in compounds); motion-picture actor, film star │رواية سينمائية motion picture, film, movie سينماتوغراف (Fr. cinématographe) sīnimatugrāf cinematograph سينماسكوب (Fr. cinémascope) sīnimaskūb cinemascope سينودس (Gr. σύυδος) sinōdos synod ش ش abbreviation of شارع šāri‘ street (St.) شاء šā’ (coll.; n. un. شاة šāh) pl. شواة šiwāh, شياه šiyāh sheep; ewe شؤبوب šu’būb pl. شآبيب ša’ābīb2 downpour, shower شادر šādir, tent; storehouse, warehouse, magazine شاذرون šādarūn fountain; a small water-driven gadget adorned with hells, and the like, resembling a mobile شاروبيم šārūbīm cherubim شاسي šāsī chassis شأفة ša’fa root │استأصل شأفته ista’ṣala ša’fatahū to extirpate, root out, eradicate s.th., remove s.th. drastically شاكوش šākūš and شكوش šakūš pl. شواكيش šawākīš hammer │ابو شاكوش hammerhead (shark) شال šāl pl. شيلان šīlān shawl شاليه (Fr. chalet) šālēh pl. -āt hunting cabin, .hooting lodge; beach cabin, cabana شام VI to perceive an evil omen (من or ب in), regard as an evil portent (من or ب ب s.th.); to foretell calamity (من or ب from); to be superstitious; to he pessimistic X to perceive an evil omen (ب in), regard as an evil portent (ب s.th.); to foretell calamity (ب from) الشام aš-ša’m, aš-šām the northern region, the North; Syria; Damascus │شاما ويمنا (yamanan) northward and southward شامي šāmī Syrian; (pl. -ūn, شوام (šuwām) a Syrian شآمي ša’āmī Syrian (adj. and n.) شؤم šu’m calamity, bad luck, misfortune; evil omen, portent │لا تملأ الدنيا شؤما (tamla’, dunyā) (don’t fill the world with evil omen!) approx.: talk of the devil and he will appear! اشأم aā’am2, f. شؤمى šu’mā inauspicious, ill-omened, ominous, portentous, sinister; calamitous, disastrous; unfortunate, fatal, accursed تشائم tašā’um pessimism مشؤوم maš’ūm and مشوم mašūm pl. مشائيم mašā’īm2 inauspicious, ill-omened, ominous, sinister; unfortunate, unlucky │عدد مشؤوم (‘adad) unlucky number متشائم mutašā’im pessimist شأن ša’n pl. شؤون šu’ūn matter, affair, concern, business; circumstances, state of affaire, case; nature, character, quality, 449 kind; situation, condition, state; significance; importance, consequence; standing, prestige, rank; cranial future; pl. شؤون tears; ša’na like, as │بشأن bi-ša’ni regarding, with regard or respect to, relating to, pertaining to, concerning, as to, about; جل شأنه (jalla) the Sublime (of God); وزارة الشؤون الاجتماعية Ministry of Social Affairs; الشؤون الخارجية (kārijīya)foreign affairs; ذو الشأن, f. ذات الشأن the responsible man, the man in charge, the man directly concerned with the matter; اولو الشأن ulū š-š. and ذوو الشأن dawū š-š. the influential people, the competent people; the concerned with the matter; شؤون الحياة š. al-ḥayāh worldly affairs; خطير الشأن of great importance; ذو شأن significant, important; رفيع الشأن high-ranking; (formerly, Tun.) title of members of the Bey’s family; صاحب الشأن the one concorned; اصحاب الشأن those concerned; the important, influential people; O مكلف بالشؤون (mukallaf) chargé d’affaires (dipl.); شأنه في ذلك شأن الـ... (ša’nuhū … ša’nu l-...) in this matter he fares just as the …, he is, in this respect, in the same situation as the ...; رجل هذا شأنه (ša’nuhū) a man whose situation is this, a man who can be described as ..., a man in this situation; شأنك ša’naka or انت وشأن anta wa-ša’naka please your-self! do as you like! شأنك وما تريد (ša’naka) do as you please! just as you wish! دعني وشأني (da‘nī) let me alone! تركه وشأنه tarakahū wa-ša’nahū to let s.o. alone; to let s.o. go; not to pay any attention to s.o.; هو في شأن he is concerned with a matter; هذا شأنه that’s his affair; ما شأنك what’s the matter with you? what do you want? ما شأنك وهذا what have you got to do with this? what business of yours is this? ما شأنه والأمر (amra) what has he got to do with the matter? ما شأني في ذلك what have I got to do with that? what business of mine is that? اي شأن لك في هذا (ayyu ša’nin) what business of yours is this? what’s that to you? له شأن في ذلك he has s.th. to do with this, he has a hand in this; لا شأن له في ذلك (ša’na) he hasn’t anything to do with this, he has no part in this; ليس لي شأن في ذلك I shall have nothing to do with that, that is none of my business, I shan’t meddle in that; لا شأن لي في ذلك (ša’na) I haven’t anything to do with it, it's none of my business; لي معه شأن آخر (ākar) I still have a bone to pick with him; ذهب لبعض شأنه (li-ba‘ḍi ša’nihī) he attended to a task; he went to do s.th.; انصرف الى شأنه (inṣarafa) he left to do his work; اصلحت من شأنها (aṣlaḥat) she made herself up; اهمل شأنه ahmala ša’nahū he neglected him; ذلك شأنه that is his habit; هذا شأنه دائما he is always that way; شأنه في (ša’nahū) as he used to do in ...; شأنه مع من ... (ša’nahū) as he used to deal with people who ...; كان من شأنه it was his wont, he used to ...; من شأنه ان it is in his (its) nature that ..., he (it) tends to ...; it is his business to ...; ليس من شأنه ان it is not his affair or business to ...; it is inappropriate for him to ...; it does not tend to …; is not conducive to ...; ان لهذا الرجل شأنا (rajuli) there is a man to keep an eye on, this is an important man; there is s.th. about this man! لله في خلقه شؤون (kalqihī) God has created all kinds of things (meaning: strange things can happen in this world!) شانتاج (Fr. chantage) šantāž blackmail شاه šāh shah; king (chess) │ شاه بلوط (ballūṭ) chestnut tree (bot.); شاه مات checkmate (chess) شاهاني šāhānī the shah’s, pertaining to the shah; imperial │ ارادة شاهانية decree of the Sultan (in Ottoman times) شاهين šāhīn pl. شواهين šawāhīn2 shahin, an Indian falcon (zool.) 450 شآ (شأو) šā’a u (شأو ša’w) to overtake in running, outrace (ه s.o.) شأو ša’w highest point, summit, peak; goal, object │ بعيد الشأو far-aiming, far-aspiring; very ambitious; بلغ في شأوه (ša’wihī) to get as far in s.th. as s.o. else, match s.o. in s.th.; بلغ شأوا بعيدا في الرقي (ruqīy) to undergo tremendous progress; بلغ الشأو البعيد to carry off the prize, hit the bull’s eye شاورمة šāwarma, šāwirma (also شورمة) charcoal-broiled mutton, out in thin slices and arranged conically on a vertical skewer (syr.) شاوش šāwuš (tun.) pl. شواش šuwwāš sergeant; office boy, handy man; doorman, gate-keeper شاويش šāwīš a military rank, approx.: staff sergeant (Eg.) │ وكيل شاويش a military rank, approx.: sergeant (Eg.) شاي šāy tea شب šabba i (شباب šabāb, شبيبة šabība) to become a youth or young man, to adolesce, grow up; -- i u (شب šibāb, شبيب šabīb) to raise the forelegs as if about to jump; to rear; to prance (horse); -- i (شبوب šubūb) to burn, blaze (fire); to break out (fire, war); -- u (šabb, šubūb) to light, kindle (هـ fire) │ شبت نيران الحرب (nīrān al-ḥarb) war broke out; شب عن الطوق (ṭauq) to be over the initial stages, with neg.: to be still in its infancy II to rhaplodize about a beloved woman (بها) and one’s relationship to her, celebrate her in verse; to flirt (بها with a woman) V to rhaplodize about a beloved woman (بها) end one’s relationship to her, celebrate her in verse; to compose love sonnets; to take fire, blaze up شب šabb (= شاب šābb) youth, young man شب šabb alum شبة šabba (= šābba) young woman, girl شبة šabba alum شبب šabab fully grown (steer) شباب šabāb youth, youthfulness; youths, young men, adolescents, juveniles │ تجديد الشباب rejuvenation شبابي šabābī youthful, juvenile شبوب šubūb outbreak (of a war) شبابة šabbāba reed flute شبيبة šabība youth, youthfulness; الشبيبة the youth (coll.) شاب šābb pl. شبان šubbān, شباب šabāb, شببة šababa youthful, juvenile, young; youth, young man شابة šābba pl. -āt, شواب šawābb2, شبائب šabā’ib2 young woman, girl مشبوب mašbūb lighted, kindled, ignited, flaming, burning; beautiful شبت šibitt dill (هـnethum graveolens; bot.) 1شبث šabita a (šabat) and V to cling, cleave, hold fast, hang on, attach o.s. adhere (ب to) شبث šabat pl. شبثان šibtān spider شبث tašabbut tenacity; attachment, adherence, fidelity; stubbornness, obstinacy متشبث mutašabbit tenacious; attached, adherent; stubborn, obstinate 2شبث šibitt (هـnethum graveolens; bot.) شبح šabaḥ pl. شبوح šubūḥ, اشباح ašbāḥ blurred, indistinct shape; apparition; phantom; ghost, specter, spirit; nightmare; figure, person 1شبر šabara u i (šibr) to measure (هـ s.th.) with the span of the hand II do.; to gesticulate, make gestures, to gesture شبر šibr pl. اشبار ašbār span of the hand │ شبرا فشبرا (fa-šibran) inch by inch; 451 شبر من الأرض (arḍ) a foot of ground; قلده شبرا بشبر وذراعا بذراع (qalladahū) to imitate s.o. or s.th. religiously; to follow s.th. literally 2شبور šabbūr pl. شبابير šabābīr2 trumpet 3شبورة šabbūra and شابورة šābūra (eg.) fog, mist شبرق šabraqa to tear to pieces, to shred (هـ s.th.) شبرقة šabraqa pocket money شبشب šibšib pl. شباشب šabāšib2 slipper 1شبط šabaṭa to cling, cleave, hold on (في to) 2شباط šubāṭ(2) February (Syr., Ir., Leb., Jord.) 3شبوط šabbūṭ (syr.) large fish found in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers شبع šabi‘a a (šab‘, šiba‘) to satisfy one’s appetite (من or هـ with s.th.), eat one’s fill (من or هـ of s.th.); to be or become sated, satisfied in one’s appetite; to be full (من or هـ of); to be or become fed up, surfeited (من with), be or become sick and tired (من of), have enough (من of) II to sate, satiate, fill (ب, هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with); to satisfy, gratify (هـ the appetite, one’s desires, the senses); to load, charge (هـ s.th., ب with electricity) IV to sate, satiate, fill (ه ب s.o. with); to satisfy, gratify (هـ the appetite, the senses); to saturate (هـ s.th., e.g., with a dye); to load, charge (هـ s.th., ب with electricity); to go in (هـ for s.th.) thoroughly; (gram.) to lengthen (هـ a vowel) by writing it plane; pass. ušbi‘a to be replete, full (ب with, of) │ اشبع الكلام فيه (kalāma) to speak in great detail, at great length about s.th., describe or explain s.th. elaborately; اشبعه ضربا (ḍarban) to give s.o. a sound beating V to be sated, saturated (ب with); to be filled (ب with), be full (ب of); to be loaded or charged (ب with, el.) شبع šab‘ sufficiency, satiety, satiation, saturation, repletion, fullness شبع šib‘, šiba‘ s.th. that fills or satisfies the appetite, fill شبع šaba‘ saturation (chem.) شبعة šub‘a fill شبعان šab‘ān f. شبعى šab‘ā, pl. شباعي šabā‘ā, شباع šibā‘ sated, satisfied, full; rich اشباع išbā‘ satiation, saturation, repletion, filling; satisfaction, gratification مشبع mušabba‘, mušba‘ satiated, saturated (ب with); replete, filled (ب with), full (ب of) │ مشبع بالكهرباء (kahrabā’) electrically charged 2شبق šabiqa a (šabaq) to be lewd, lecherous, lustful شبق šabaq lewdness, lechery, licentiousness, lust شبق šabiq lewd, lecherous, lustful, licentious 2شبق šubuq chibouk 1شبك šabaka i (šabk) to interjoin, intertwine, interlace, interweav., entangle (هـ s.th.); to fasten, tighten, attach (هـ s.th. or في to) II to interjoin, intertwine, interlace, interweave, entangle, complicate (بين or هـ s.th.); to crochet V to be interjoined, intertwined, interlaced, interwoven, entangled; to b. or become complicated, involved, intricate, confused VI to be intertwined, interlaced, interwoven, entangled; to be intermeshed, be interwoven like a net VIII to be or become interjoined, interlaced, interwoven, net-like, reticulate; to be intertwined (branches), be interlocked (hands); to be or become entangled, snarled; to get entangled, involved, ensnared, embroiled, implicated, mixed up (في in); to com. to blows or to gripe 452 (ب or مع with s.o.); to be or become complicated, involved, intricate, confused (matter); to join, unite, combine, coalesce, merge, fuse (ب with); to meet (eyes, glances) │ اشتبك في حديث to be drawn into a conversation, become engrossed in a discussion; اشتبك في حرب (ḥarb) to become involved in a war شبكة šabaka pl. شبك šabak, شباك šibāk, شبوكات šubūkāt net; netting, network; snare; -- (pl. شباك šibāk) O grid (radio) شبكة شائكة barbed-wire entanglement, concertina; شبكة لاسلكية (lā-silkīya) radio network شبكي šabakī reticulate, reticular, netted, net-like; retinal; of framework شبكية šabakīya retina (anat.) شباك šubbāk pl. شبابيك šabābīk2 netting, network; plaitwork; grid, grill; window; wicket (post office, box office, etc.) │ شباك العرض š. al-‘arḍ show window, showcase, glass case مشبك mišbak pl. مشابك mašābik2 hook; clasp, pin; hairpin, bobby pin │ مشبك الورق m. al-waraq paper clip تشابك tašābuk confusion, intricacy, obscurity, abstruseness اشتباك ištibāk entanglement, involvement (في in); complication; hand-to-hand fight, scuffle, melee (مع with), clash (ب with) │ عدم الااشتباك في القتال (‘adam al-išt.) nonintervention in battle مشبك mušabbak plaited, resembling plaitwork; (pl. -āt) window (or door) adorned with plaited latticework مشتبك muštabik entangled, involved, complicated, intricate مشتبك muštabak plaitwork; thicket (of branches) 2شبك šubuk chibouk 3شوبك look up alphabetically شبل IV to take care (على of s.o.), look (على after s.o.), take s.o. (على) in hand شبل šibl pl. اشبال ašbāl lion cub شبين šabīn, šibin pl. شباين šabāyin2 godfather, sponsor (Chr.); best man, groomsman (Chr.) شبينة šabīna, šibīna pl. -āt godmother, sponsor (Chr.); bridesmaid (Chr.) اشبين išbīn pl. اشابين ašābīn2 godfather, sponsor (Chr.); best man, groomsman (Chr.) اشبينة išbīna godmother, sponsor (Chr.); bridesmaid (Chr.) شبه II to make equal or similar (ب or هـ هـ s.th. to s.th. else); to compare (ب هـ s.th. with), liken (ب هـ s.th. to); pass. šubbiha to be doubtful, dubious, uncertain, obscure (على to s.o.) III to resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), bear a resemblance, be similar (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), look (exactly) like s.o. (ه) │ وما شابه ذلك and the like IV to resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), bear a resemblance, be similar (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to look (exactly) like s.o. (ه) │ وما اشبه ذلك and the like V to compare o.s. (ب with); to imitate, copy (ب s.o., s.th.) VI to resemble one another, be similar to one another; to be equal to one another, be identical; to be ambiguous, unclear VIII to resemble one another, be similar to one another; to be in doubt (في about), doubt (في s.th.); to suspect (في امره or في s.o., s.th.); to be doubtful, dubious, obscure (على to s.o.) │اشتبه في الأمر the matter appeared doubtful to him شبه šibh pl. اشباه ašbāh resemblance, similarity, likeness; image, picture; analogue; similar, (a)like; -like, quasi-, semi- (with foll. genit.) │ شبه šibhu jazīratin peninsula; شبه حربي š. ḥarbī semi-military; شبه المنحرف š. al-munḥarif 453 trapezoid (geom.); شبه رسمي š. rasmī semi-official, officious (dipl.); شبه الظل š. aẓ-ẓill penumbra; شبه قارة subcontinent; شبه المعين š. al-mu‘ayyan rhomboid (geom.); اشباهه ašbāhuhū the likes of him, his kind; وشبههم and the likes of them, and their sort (of people); في شبه عزلة تامة (‘uzlatin tāmma) all but completely isolated, as good as completely isolated شبه šabah pl. اشباه ašbāh resemblance, similarity, likeness; image, picture; analogue; similar, (a)like; brass شبهة subha pl. شبهات šubhāt, šubahāt, šubuhāt obscurity, vagueness, uncertainty; doubt; suspicion; specious argument, sophism; judicial error (Isl. Law) │ ذوو الشبهات dawū š-šubuhāt or اصحاب الشبهات dubious persons, people of ill repute; تحت الشبهة suspicious, suspect شبهان šabahān brass شبيه šabīh pl. شباه šibāh similar (ب to), like, resembling (ب s.o., s.th.) │ شبيه بالمنحرف (munḥarif) trapezoid (geom.); شبيه بالرسمي (rasmī) semi-official, officious (dipl.); شبيه بالمعين (mu‘ayyan) rhomboid (geom.) اشبه ašbah2 more similar, more resembling, more like │ هو اشبه ب he resembles … more than anything else, he is just like … مشابه mašābih2 similarities, related traits تشبيه tašbīh comparison; allegory, simile, parable; ascription of human characteristics to God, anthropomorphization (of God, theol.) مشابهة mušābaha pl. -āt resemblance, similarity, likeness تشبه tašabbuh imitation (ب of) تشابه tašābuh resemblance, similarity, likeness; vagueness, haziness, indistinctness, obscurity اشتباه ištibāh resemblance, similarity, likeness; dubiousness, doubtfulness, obscurity, inscrutability; doubt, misgiving, suspicion مشبوه mašbūh suspicious, suspect; dubious, doubtful; notorious; a suspect مشابه mušābih similar متشابهات mutašābihāt obscure, not clearly intelligible passages in the Koran مشتبه فيه (muštabah) or مشتبه في امره (amrihī) suspicious, suspect; a suspect; مشتبه فيه ب suspected of s.th. │ مشتبه في صنعه (ṣan‘ihī) of doubtful make شبا šaban tip, point │ فل من شباه (falla) to weaken s.o. شباة šabāh pl. شبوات šabawāt tip, point; sting, prick شت šatta i (šatt, شتات šatāt, شتيت šatīt) to be scattered, be dispersed, be dissolved; -- šatta i to scatter, disperse, break up (هم a crowd, etc., هـ s.th.) │ شت شملهم (šamlahum) to disperse or break up the gathering of people, dissolve their unity II to disperse, scatter, break up (هم a crowd, etc., هـ s.th.) │ شتت شملهم (šamlahum) = شت شملهم IV = II V to be scattered, be dispersed, be dissolved, scatter, disperse, breakup شت šatt pl. اشتات aštāt dispersed, separate(d), scattered, dissolved; pl. اشتات manifold, variegated, diverse; scattered fragments, single pieces, sections (من of) شتات šatāt dispersed, separate(d), scattered, dissolved شتيت šatīt pl. or شتى šattā dispersed, separate(d), scattered, dissolved; pl. شتى diverse, sundry, various, different, manifold, miscellaneous, all kinds of │ شتى بينهما or what a difference between the two of them! how different they are! شتان šattāna: شتان بينهما, شتان ما بينهما, شتان بين – و what a difference between … and ...! how different they are! 454 تشتيت taštīt dispersion, scattering, dissolution; disruption, splitting, splintering 1شتر šatara i to cut off, tear off, rip off (هـ s.th.); to tear (up) (هـ s.th.) 2 شتراتšitrāt citrate, salt of citric acid شتل šatala i to plant, transplant (هـ a plant) شتلة šatla pl. شتول šutūl, شتائل šatā’il2 seedling, set, transplant مشتل maštal pl. مشاتل mašātil2 (plant) nursery, arboretum شتم šatama i u (šatm) and III to abuse, revile, vilify, scold (ه s.o.) VI to vilify one another, abuse one another, heap curses upon one another شتم šatm abuse, vilification شتام šattām one who indulges in frequent abuse or vilification; impudent, insolent, impertinent, abusive شتيم šatīm abused, reviled, vilified, insulted شتيمة šatīma pl. شتائم šatā’im2 abuse, vilification, vituperation, insult مشاتمة mušātama vilification, vituperation شتا (شتو) šatā u (šatw) to pass the winter, to winter (ب at a place); to hibernate II = I; to rain V to pass the winter, to winter, hibernate (ب at a place) شتاء šitā’ pl. اشتية aštiya, شتى šutīy winter; rains, rainy season شتوي šatwī, šatawī wintery, hibernal, winter (adj.) مشتى maštan pl. مشات mašātin winter residence, winter quarters; winter resort شات šātin wintery, hibernal مشتى mušattan winter residence, winter quarters; winter resort شتى šattā pl. of شتيت šatīt (see شت) شج šajja i (šajj) to break, split, cleave, fracture, bash in (هـ s.th., esp. the skull) شجة šajja pl. شجاج šijāj head wound which lays open the skull; skull fracture شجب šajaba u (šajb) and II to doom to destruction, to min, destroy (ه s.o.); to condemn morally, criticize sharply (هـ s.th.) IV to afflict, grieve (ه s.o.) شجب šajb destruction, routing, crushing شجب šajab sorrow, grief, worry; distress, affliction شجاب šijāb pl. شجب šujub clothes hook (attached to the wall) مشجب mišjab pl. مشاجب mašājib2 clothes hook, clothes rack شجر šajara u (šajr) to happen, occur; to break out, develop (unrest) III to quarrel, argue, dispute (مع or ه with s.o.) VI to quarrel, fight, dispute (with one another); to quarrel, argue, fight (مع with) VIII do. الحروف الشجرية al-ḥurūf aš-šajrīya the sounds j, š, ḍ (phon.) شجر šajar (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اشجار ašjār trees; shrubs, bushes شجرة šajara pl. -āt tree; shrub, bush │ شجر النسب š. an-nasab genealogical tree شجر šajir woody, wooded, abounding in trees شجير šajīr pl. شجراء šujarā’2 bad companion, bad company شجيرة šujaira pl. -āt shrub, bush شجار šijār (wooden) bar, bolt اشجر ašjar2, f. شجراء šajrā’2 woody, wooded, abounding in trees تشجير tašjīr afforestation شجار šijār fight, quarrel; dispute, argument; see also above 455 مشاجرة mušājara fight, quarrel; dispute, argument مشجر mušajjar figured with designs of plants, branched (cloth) مشجر musjir abounding in trees, wooded 2شجران šajarān shagreen (leather) شجع šaju‘a u (شجاعة šajā‘a) to be courageous, brave, valiant, hold II to encourage, embolden, hearten (على ه s.o. to); to favor, support, hack, promote, further (هـ ه s.o., s.th.) V to take heart, pluck up courage; to show o.s. courageous; to be encouraged شجاع šujā‘, šijā‘ pl. شجعة šaja‘a, شجعان šuj‘ān courageous, brave, valiant, bold; hero; الشجاع Hydra (astron.) شجيع šajī‘ pl. m. شجعاء šuja‘ā’2, شجعان šuj‘ān, pl. f. شجائع šajā’i‘2, شجاع šijā‘ courageous, brave, valiant, bold, audacious شجاعة sajā‘a courage, bravery, valor, valiance, boldness, audacity اشجع ašja‘2, f. شجعاء šaj‘ā’2 courageous, brave, valiant, bold, audacious اشجع ašja‘, išjā‘ pl. اشاجع ašāji‘2 (proximal or lint) phalanx of the finger تشجيع tašjī‘ encouragement, heartening, animation (على to); favoring, furtherance, promotion, advancement مشجع mušajji‘ encourager; promoter, supporter, advocate, proponent شجن šajina a to be sad, grieved, distressed, worried; to coo (pigeon); -- šajana u (šajn, شجون šujūn) to sadden, grieve, distress, worry (ه s.o.) II and IV = šajana شجن šajan pl. شجون šujūn, اشجان ašjān worry, anxiety, apprehension; sorrow, grief, distress, sadness; (pl. šujun) twig, branch │الحديث شجون conversation drifts from one topic to another (شجو and شجى) شجا šajā u (شجو šajw) to worry, trouble, grieve, sadden, distress, fill with anxiety (ه s.o.); -- شجى šajiya a (شجا šajan) to be or become worried, troubled, grieved, sad, distressed, anxious, apprehensive II to move, touch, grip (ه s.o.) IV to grieve, worry, trouble, sadden, fill with anxiety (ه s.o.) شج šajin, f. شجية šajiya worried, troubled, grieved, sad, anxious, apprehensive شجو šajw grief, worry, distress, anxiety, apprehension, sadness; fear; affectedness, emotion; wailing, plaintive, moving strain (of a tune, of a song, of an instrument) شجوى šajawī worried, troubled, grieved, distressed, sad شجا and شجى šajān foreign body in the throat which inhibits breathing; شجا affectedness, emotion, being moved, a touching, pathetic mood; also = شجو šajw شجى šajīy worried, troubled, grieved, distressed, sad; anxious, apprehensive, fearful; gripping, heart-rending, touching, moving (vocal part, music) مشج mušajjin moving, touching, gripping, pathetic شح šaḥḥa (1st pers. perf. šaḥaḥtu) u i (šuḥḥ) to be or become stingy, tight-fisted, avaricious, miserly, niggardly; to stint, economize (على or ب with or in s.th., على toward s.o.); to be covetous, greedy (على or ب for); to become short, run out, decrease, dwindle III to stint, be niggardly, be sparing; to withhold (ب from s.o. على s.th.) شح šuḥḥ stinginess, avarice, niggardliness; greed, covetousness; scarcity, paucity, sparsity; ebb شحيح šaḥīḥ pl. شحاح šiḥāḥ, اشحة ašiḥḥa, اشحاء ašiḥḥā’2, pl. f. شحائح šaḥā’iḥ2 stingy, tight-fisted, niggardly, miserly, avaricious (على or ب with, على toward): 456 short, scarce, meager, sparse; greedy, covetous (على or) │ الأيام الشحائح (ayyām) the rainless days, the dry season مشاحة mušāḥḥa: لا مشاحة في ذلك.(mušāḥḥata) that is incontestable; لا مشاحة ان it is incontestable that ..., indisputably ...; ولا مشاحة incontestably, indisputably شحب šaḥaba u a (شحوب šuḥūb), šaḥūba u (شحوبة šuḥūba) and pass. šuḥiba to be or become pale, wan, sallow, emaciated, lean, haggard; to look ill, sickly شحوب šuḥūb paleness, pallor, wanness, sallowness, emaciation شاحب šāḥib pl. شواحب šawāḥib2 pale, wan, sallow; emaciated, lean, haggard; dim, pale (e.g., light); dull, faded (color); wan (smile) □شحت šaḥata (= شحذ) to beg, ask for alms □شحات šaḥḥāt pl. ة beggar │ □ شحات العين š. al-‘ain sty (med.) شحذ šaḥada a (šaḥd) to whet, sharpen, practice, train, strengthen (هـ s.th., also, e.g., the intellect, one’s forces); to hone, strop (هـ a knife); to beg, ask for alms (ه s.o.) شحاذ šaḥḥād (importunate) beggar │ شحاذ العين š. al-‘ain sty (med.) شحاذة beggary مشحذ mišḥad, مشحذة mišḥada whetstone, hone شحر II to soot, besmut, blacken with soot (هـ s.th.) شحار šuḥḥār soot مشحر mašḥar charcoal kiln, pile مشحري mašḥarī charcoal burner شحرور šuḥrūr pl. شحارير šaḥārīr2 thrush, blackbird (zool.) مشحر mušaḥḥar sooty شحط šaḥṯa a (šaḥṯ) to be far away, distant, remote; to strike (هـ a match); to strand, be stranded, run aground (ship); to ground on a sandbank II to strand, be stranded, run aground (ship); to ground on a sandbank; to strand (هـ a ship) شحطة šaḥṭa pl. -āt stripe, braid (on a uniform) شحاطة šaḥḥāṭa pl. -āt (syr.) match, lucifer شحيطة šuḥḥaiṭa (syr.) match, lucifer شاحط šāḥiṭ far (away), distant, remote, outlying, out-of-the-way; stranded شحم šaḥuma u (شحامة šaḥāma) to be or become fat II to grease, lubricate (هـ s.th.) شحم šaḥm pl. شحوم šuḥum, شحومات šuḥūmāt fat, suet, grease; axle grease, lubricant; tallow, sebum; lard; pulp (of fruit) شحمة šaḥma (n. un.) a piece of fat, etc. (see شحم) │ شحمة الأذن š. al-udun earlobe; شحمة الأرض s. al-arḍ truffle; شحمة العين š. al-‘ain eyeball شحمي šaḥmī fatty, sebaceous, stearic شحم šaḥim pulpy, mushy, pappy (fruit) شحيم šaḥīm fat, fatty O مشحمة mišḥama pl. مشاحم mašāḥim2 grease box (of a wheel) تشحيم tašḥīm lubrication, greasing, oiling (of a machine) │ زيوت التشحيم lubricating oils, lubricants تشحم tašaḥḥum fatness, obesity مشحم mušaḥḥam fat, fatty, greasy مشحم mušḥim pulpy, mushy, pappy (fruit) شحن šaḥana a (šaḥn) to fill up (هـ ب s.th. with); to load, freight (هـ ب so ship with); to ship, freight, consign (هـ goods); to 457 load, charge (ب هـ s.th. with, el.); to drive away, chase away, repel (ه s.o.) III to hate (ه s.o.); to quarrel, argue, fight (ه with s.o.) IV to fill up (ب هـ s.th. with); to load, freight (ب هـ s.th. with) VI to hate one another; to quarrel, have a feud شحن šaḥn loading, freighting; shipment, freightage; cargo, lading, load, freight │ بوليسة الشحن būlīsat aš-š. sill of lading; سيارة شحن sayyārat š. truck, lorry شحنة šaḥna pl. šaḥanāt cargo, lading, load, freight; charge (el.) شحنة šiḥna police, police force شحناء šaḥnā’2 grudge, rancor, hatred, enmity مشاحنة mušāḥana pl. -āt grudge, rancor, hatred, enmity; quarrel, feud, controversy شاحن šāḥin loaded, laden, freighted (esp. ship) │ O شاحن المركم š. al-markam battery charger شاحنة šāḥina pl. -āt truck, lorry; baggage car مشحون mašḥūn loaded, laden, freighted (esp. ship); charged (el.); pl. مشحونات cargo, lading, load, freight شحور šaḥwara to soot, besmut, blacken with soot (هـ s.th.) شحور šaḥwar blackbird (zool.) شحور šaḥwār soot, smut شخ šakka u (šakk) to urinate, piss, make water شخ šakk urine, piss شخاخ šakāk urine, piss مشخخة miškaka public lavatory شخب šakaba u a (šakb) to flow, stream, run, pour forth, gush forth شخبط šakbaṭa to scribble, scrawl (in writing) شختور šaktūr, شختورة pl. شخاتير šakātīr large, flat-bottomed (wooden) barge; punt شخر šakara i (شخير šakīr) to snore; to snort; to neigh, whinny; to bray (donkey) شخشخ šakšaka to rattle, clatter, clank شخشخية (eg.) šukšēka pl. شخاشخ šakāšik rattle (toy); toy, plaything; skylight شخص šakaṣa a (شخوص šukūṣ) to rise, tower up; to become high, lofty; to rise, ascend (star); to appear (ل to s.c.); to stare, gaze (الى at, of the eye), be fixed (الى on, of the glance); to be glazed (eyes of a dying person); to start out, leave, depart (الى to see s.o., for a place), travel, journey (الى to s.o., to a place); to pass (من الى from one state or condition into another) │ شخص بصره (baṣarahū) or شخص ببصره to fix one’s eyes, one’s glance (الى on), look fixedly (الى at s.o.), stare, gaze (الى at) II to represent as a person or individual, personify (هـ s.th.); to specify (هـ s.th.), identify (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to act, play (هـ a part, of the actor); to perform (actor) │ شخص مرضا (maraḍan) to diagnose a disease IV to send off, send out, dispatch (ه s.o.) V to appear, be revealed, show o.s. (ل to s.o.) شخص šakṣ pl. اشخاص aškāṣ, شخوص šukūṣ individual, person; figure; character (of a play); someone, somebody شخصي šakṣī personal, private, of one’s own; شخصيا šakṣīyan personally │ قانون (نظام) الأحوال الشخصية personal statute شخصية šakšīya pl. -āt individuality, personality (also = personage); distinctive way of life, peculiarity, distinctive character, personal stamp; identity │ شخصية اعتبارية (i‘tibārīya) legal person (jur.); تحقيق الشخصية identification of a person; شهادة تحقيق الشخصية šahādat t. aš-š. identity card; قلم تحقيق الشخصية qalam t. aš-š. bureau of identification 458 شخصاتي šakṣātī (comic) actor, comedian تشخيص taškīṣ personification; exact designation, specification; identification; diagnosis; acting, performance (on stage), play(ing) (of an actor) تشخيصي diagnostic │ طبيب تشخيصي diagnostician شاخص šākiṣ fixed, glazed (glance); pole, stake (eg.) مشخص mušakkiṣ actor, player; representative مشخصة mušakkaṣa pl. -āt actress, player; personality مشخصات mušakkiṣāt qualities or factors lending s.th. its distinctive character, peculiarities, characteristics شخط šakaṭa (eg.) to shout, bark, bellow (في at s.o.) شخلل šaklala (eg.) to jingle, tinkle; to clatter, rattle (ب with); to coquet, flirt شخليلة šaklīla (eg.) jingle, jangle, tinkling شد šadda i (شدة šidda) to be or become firm, fast, solid, hard, strong, vigorous, rosust, vehement, violent, intense; -- šadda u i (šadd) to make firm, hard, strong, solidify, harden, srace (هـ s.th.), strengthen, fortify (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to tighten, pull taut, draw tight (هـ s.th., e.g., the sow); to fasten, tie, sind (الى or على هـ s.th. on, to), lash (على هـ s.th. on); to saddle (على an animal); to put emphasis (على كلمة ‘alā kalimatin on word), emphasize, stress (على كلمة a word); to pull, drag (ه من s.o. sy the coat); to charge, launch an attack (على against, on), assault, attack (على s.o., s.th.); to press (على s.th. or upon s.th.), exert pressure (على on); to insist (في on s.th.) │ شد ما šadda-mā and لشد ما (la-šadda) (with foll. vers) how much ...! very often ...; very much, exceedingly, vehemently, violently; لشد ما كان سرورنا اذ tremendous was our joy when …; شد ازره (azrahū) or شد من ازره to help, support, encourage, sack up s.o.; شد ازره (azruhū) to be energetic, vigorous, courageous; شد الزمام to tighten the reins, master the situation; شد من عزائمه to strengthen s.o.’s determination; شدعضده (‘aḍudahū) to strengthen, support, solster, assist s.o.; شد على راحلته (be saddled his female riding camel =) he started out on the journey; شد على راحلته to start out, depart, leave (الى for); شد وثاقه (watāqahū) to shackle, fetter s.o.; شد يده على (yadahū) to adhere, cling to s.th.; شد على يديه (yadaihi) to clasp s.o.’s hands II to strengthen, intensify (هـ s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) strong, hard, harsh, severe; (gram.) to intensify, dousle, geminate (هـ a consonant); to exert pressure ( علىon), press (على upon); to be hard, strict, stern (على في toward s.o. in); to impress (على ب upon s.o. s.th.) │ شدد في طلبه (ṭalasihī) to demand s.th. emphatically or inexorasly; شدد من عزيمته (šuddida) he was strengthened in his determination III to argue, have an argument, an exchange of words (ه with s.o.) V to be hard, harsh, strict, severe, stern (على toward); to be or become violent, vehement, intense, strong; to show o.s. stem, harsh, hard, inexorasle, be relentless, remain unmoved, unrelenting VI to argue with one another VIII to be or become hard, harsh, rigorous, intense, forceful, severe, strong, vehement, violent, passionate; to become harder, harsher, more rigorous, more intense, more forceful, severer, stronger, more vehement, more violent, more passionate; to intensify, increase, grow; to become aggravated, more critical; to become tormenting, excruciating, distressing, unbearable 459 (على for s.o.), take a turn for the worse (disease, على with s.o.); to be advanced (time of the day); to run, race, dash │ اشتد ساعده (sā‘iduhū) to become strong, vigorous شد šadd: شد الحبل š. al-ḥabl tug of war شدة šadda (n. vic.) strengthening, intensification; stress, emphasis; pulling, dragging, tugging; tightness, tautness; stress, strain; doubling sign over a consonant (gram.) │ شدة ورق اللعب š. waraq al-la‘b deck of cards شدة šidda strength, forcefulness, power, vehemence, violence, intensity, severity, force, high degree, (pl. شدائد šadā’id2) misfortune, calamity, misery, adversity, distress, hardship, affliction, discomfort شداد šadād pl. اشدة ašidda riding saddle (of a camel) شديد šadīd pl. اشداء ašiddā’2, شداد šidād strong, powerful, forceful, vigorous, stem, severe, rigorous, hard, harsh, violent, vehement, intense; bad, evil, ominous, calamitous, difficult (على for s.o.); with foll. subst. frequently corresponding to Engl. “very”, e.g., شديد الاعتناء very attentive, very careful │ ارض شديدة (arḍ) solid or firm ground; شديد البأس š. al-ba’s courageous, stouthearted, bold, audacious, brave, valiant; شديد الشكيمة stubborn, obstinate, unbending, unyielding, relentless; شديد اللهجة š. al-lahja strongly worded, vehement in language, sharp in tone; شديد الوطأة š. al-waṭ’a cruel شديدة šadīda pl. شدائد šadā’id2 misfortune, calamity, misery, adversity, distress, hardship, affliction, discomfort اشد ašadd2 stronger, more intense, severer, harder, worse │ used with foll. indeterminate abstract substantives as paraphrase of simple elatives, e.g., اشد سوادا (sawādan) blacker, اشد غضبا (gaḍaban) more wrathful, angrier; اشد ما يكون extremely, exceedingly, very much, e.g., روحهم اشد ما يكون تعطشا الى العلم (rūḥuhum, ta‘attušan, ‘ilm) they are extremely eager for knowledge اشد ašudd physical maturity, virility │ بلغ اشده to attain full maturity, come of legal age; to reach its climax مشد mišadd pl. -āt corset, stays تشديد tašdīd intensification, strengthening; (gram.) intensified pronunciation, germination, doubling (of a consonant); doubling sign over a consonant; pressure (على on) مشادة mušādda exchange of words, squabble, argument, quarrel, fight, controversy, conflict اشتداد ištidād aggravation, intensification, increase; deterioration مشدود mašdūd tense, tight, taut مشدد mušaddid: ظروف مشددة aggravating circumstances مشدد mušaddad doubled (letter; gram.); emphatic, intense; severe, stern متشدد mutašaddid pl. -ūn stem zealot, bigot, proponent of a stern viewpoint شدح šadaka a (šadk) to break, shatter, smash, crush (هـ s.th.) II do. شادر šādir pl. شوادر šawādir2 tent; storehouse, warehouse, magazine شادوف šādūf pl. شوادف šawādīr (eg.) shadoof, counterpoised sweep for raising irrigation water شدق V to announce (ب s.th.) in a boastful, bragging, loud-mouthed manner, to vaunt (ب s.th.); to chatter, prattle │ تشدق بالكلام (kalām) to enunciate overcarefully, speak affectedly; to be agape شدق šidq pl. اشداق ašdāq corner of the mouth; jawbone │ ضحك بملء (ملء) شدقيه 460 ḍaḥika bi-mil’i (mil’a) šidqaihi to grin from ear to ear اشدق ašdaq2, f. شدقاء šadqā’2 having a large mouth, largemouthed متشدق mutaš8addiq pl. -ūn braggart, boaster, bigmouth شدن šadana u to be weaned, be on its own feet (young animal) شادن šādin pl. شوادن šawādin2 gazelle fawn شده šadaha a to confuse, perplex, baffle (ه s.o.) مشدوه mašdūh perplexed, appalled, baffled شدا (شدو) šadā u (šadw) to sing; to chant (هـ s.th.); to acquire or have education, become or be educated (في in a field) │ شدا شيئا من العربية to know a little Arabic, have a smattering of Arabic شدو šadw song, chant شاد šādin pl. شادون šādūn educated, trained (e.g., في اللغة linguistically) │ليلة شادية laila šādiya soirée of vocal music شادية šādiya songstress, singer شدياق šidyāq pl. شدايقة šadāyiqa sub deacon (Chr.) شذ šadda i u (šadd, شذوذ šudūd) to segregate, separate, isolate o.s. (عن from), be separated, isolated (عن from), be outside s.th. (عن), elude (عن s.th.); to be alone; to be irregular, deviate, stand out (على or عن from), be an exception (على or عن to); to be wanting, lacking; to decrease, dwindle شذ šadd irregularity, deviation, anomaly, exception (عن to) شذوذ irregularity, deviation, anomaly, exception (عن to); curiosity, eccentricity, eccentric character شاذ šādd pl. شذاذ šudād, شواذ šawādd2 isolated, separate(d), detached, alone; irregular, abnormal, anomalous, unusual, extraordinary, exceptional, singular, curious, queer, odd, peculiar, strange, eccentric; noncanonical (version); pl. شواذ exceptions │ شاذ الأخلاق of deviant (= inferior) character; شاذ الطبع š. aṭ-ṯab‘, شاذ الطبع, شاذ الأطوار eccentric, extravagant, crazy; شذاذ الآفاق the foreigners, the strangers شواذات šawāddāt peculiarities, idiosyncrasies شذب šadaba i u (šadb) to out off, sever (هـ s.th.); to trim, clip, prune, lop (هـ hedges, trees); to adept, doctor, modify (هـ s.th.) II do. شذر V to be scattered, be dispersed; to scatter, disperse شذرة šadra pl. šadarāt, شذور šudūr particle, bit, tiny piece; fragment, section تفرقوا شذر مذر tafarraqū šadara madara, šidara midara they scattered in all directions شذو šadw fragrance of musk شذا šadan flagrance, scent, aroma شذى šadīy fragrant, aromatic شر šarra (1st pers. perf. šarirtu) a, (1st pers. perf. šarurtu) u (šarr, شرة širra) to be bad, evil, wicked, vicious, malicious, malignant شر šarr pl. شرور šurūr evil, ill, mischief; calamity, disaster; iniquity, injustice; harm, damage, injury; wickedness, viciousness, malice; vice, sin; -- (pl. اشرار ašrār) bad, evil, wicked, vicious, malicious; evildoer, culprit; -- šarr (as elative) worse, more evil │ هزمهم شر هزيمة(šarra hazīmatin) he brought utter defeat upon them 461 شراني šarrānī evil, vicious, malicious شرة širra evil, ill, mischief; calamity, disaster; iniquity, injustice; harm, damage, injury; wickedness, viciousness, malice; vice, sin; vivacity enthusiasm, fire of youth شرير šarīr pl. اشراء aširrā’2 bad, evil, wicked, vicious, malicious شرير širrīr very bad, very evil, very wicked, very vicious, very malicious; scoundrel; الشرير the Evil One (= Satan) شرر šarar (coll.; n. un. ة) sparks شررى šararī spark (used attributively) شرار šarār (coll.; n. un. ة) sparks شرارة šarāra pl. -āt spark │ شمعة الشرارة šam‘at aš-š. spark plug; مفتاح الشرارة miftāḥ aš-š. ignition key (automobile) شراري šarārī spark (used attributively) شرار šarrār sparkling, scintillating, emitting sparks اشرأب išra’abba to stretch one’s neck in order to see s.th. (ل or الى), crane one’s neck for (ل or الى); to carry one’s head high (out of vanity); to leer (الى at) شراب šurrāb pl. -āt stocking, sock شراس širās glue, paste 1شرب šariba a (šurb, مشرب mašrab) to drink (هـ s.th.); to sip (هـ s.th.) │ شرب في حبه (ḥubbihī) to drink s.o.’s health, toast s.o.; شرب الدخان (dukāna) to smoke; شرب نخبه (nakbahū) to drink s.o.’s health, toast s.o. II to give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to drink, make or let drink (ه هـ s.o. s.th.); to drench, soak, saturate, impregnate (ب هـ s.th. with); to inculcate, imbue (ه هـ s.o. with s.th.) III to drink in s.o.’s (ه) company, have a drink (ه with s.o.) IV to give (ه هـ s.o. s.th.) to drink, make or let drink (ه هـ s.o. s.th.); to drench, soak, saturate, impregnate (ب or هـ هـ s.th. with); to inculcate, imbue (هـ ه s.o. with); pass. ušriba to be or become full (هـ of s.th.), be filled, imbued, infused (هـ with s.th.), be dominated, permeated (هـ by s.th.) │ اشربه ما لم يشرب (yašrab) to attribute s.th. wrongly to s.o. V to soak up, absorb, imbibe (هـ s.th.); to be permeated, imbued, infused (هـ, ب with s.th.) ; to be full (ب of), be filled, replete (ب with) شرب šurb drinking, drink; absorption شربة šarba drink; sip, draught, swallow; dose, potion (of a medicine); laxative, purgative, aperient شربة šurba drink; sip, draught, swallow; dose, potion (of a medicine) شراب šarāb pl. اشربة ašriba beverage, drink; wine; fruit juice, fruit syrup, sherbet │ شراب التفاح š. at-tuffāḥ apple juice; cider; شراب البرتقال š. al-burtuqāl orangeade شراب šarrāb drunkard, heavy drinker شريب šarīb drinkable, potable شرابة šarrāba, šurraba pl. شراريب šarārīb2 tassel, tuft, bob │ شرابة الراعي š. ar-rā‘ī (European) holly (Ilex aquifolium; bot.) شريب širrīb drunkard, heavy drinker مشرب mašrab drink (as opposed to food); (pl. مشارب mašārib2) drinking place, water hole, drinking trough, drinking fountain; restaurant, bar; inclination, taste; movement, school (e.g., in philosophy) مشربة mašraba pl. مشارب mašārib2 drinking place, water hole, drinking trough, drinking fountain مشربية mašrabīya, mušrabīya and مشربة mašraba moucharaby, projecting oriel window with a wooden latticework enclosure; wooden oriel; attic room; 462 mašrabīya a kind of drinking vessel; vase, pot for flowers تشرب tašarrub absorption, soaking up, imbibing شارب šārib pl. -ūn, شرب šarb, شروب šurūb drinking; drinker; (pl. شوارب šawārib2) mustache, frequently dual: شاربان مشروب mašrūb pl. -āt drink, beverage │ مشروبات روحية (rūḥīya) alcoholic beverage, liquors 2شربة šorba soup شوربة šorba (eg.), شوربا šōraba (syr.) soup 3شراب šurrāb pl. -āt stocking, sock شربك šarbaka to (en)tangle, snarl (هـ s.th.), to complicate (هـ s.th.) شربين šarbīn a variety of larch (bot.) 1شرج šaraj pl. اشراج ašrāj loop, ring, eyelet; buttonhole; anus شرجي šarajī anal 2شيرج look up alphabetically شرح šaraḥa a (šarḥ) to cut in slices, slice, cut up (هـ s.th.); to cut open, rip open (هـ s.th.); to bare, expose, make clearly visible or discernible (هـ s.th.), to expound (هـ s.th.); to explain, elucidate, illustrate, make plain, set forth, describe, depict (هـ s.th.); to comment (هـ on), interpret (هـ s.th.), to open, lay open (صدره s.o. ṣadrahū s.o.’s heart, ل to or for the acceptance of) │ شرح خاطره (kāṭirahū) to gladden, delight s.o. II to cut in slices, slice, cut up (هـ s.th.); to dissect, dismember, anatomize (هـ a corpse) VII to be opened (heart); to be relaxed; to be glad, happy │ انشرح صدره (ṣadruhū) and انشرح خاطره (kāṭiruhū) to be or become glad, happy or delighted, rejoice شرح šarḥ expounding, presentation, explanation, illustration, elucidation, exposition, setting forth; commentation; (pl. (شروح šurūḥ) commentary شرحي šarḥī explanatory, explicatory, illustrative شرحة šarḥa long, thin slice, rasher شريحة šarīḥa pl. شرائح šarā’iḥ long, thin slice (e.g., of fruit, etc.), rasher; girth, cinch; O (microscope) slide O مشرحة mašraḥa operating room; operating table; autopsy room تشريح tašrīḥ dissection; anatomy; autopsy, post-mortem examination │ علم التشريح ‘ilm at-t. anatomy, O تشريح المقابلة t. al.muqābala comparative anatomy تشريحي tašrīhī dissecting, anatomizing, dissective, dissectional, anatomic(al) انشراح inširāḥ relaxedness, relaxation, joy, delight, glee, gaiety شارح šāriḥ pl. شراح šurrāḥ explainer, expounder, interpreter, commentator, expositor مشرح mušarriḥ anatomist 1شرخ šaraka u (شرخ šurūk) to become a youth. grow from childhood to maturity شرخ šark prime of youth, spring of life 2 شرح šaraka a (eg.) to crack, splinter, become cracked شرخ šark pl. شروخ šurūk (eg.) crack, break, fissure, fracture شرد šarada u (شراد šarrād, شرود šurūd) to bolt (horse), to run away, flee, take to flight, take to one’s heels, break loose, escape; to roam, rove, wander, stray, go astray; to be distracted (thoughts) │ شرد ذهنه (dihnahū) to be absent-minded شرد به الفكر (fikru) he became lost in thought II to frighten away, chase away, drive away (ه s.o.); to scare (ه s.o.), frighten (ه s.o.) into a panic IV to chase away, drive 463 away (ه s.o.) V to roam, tramp about, lead a vagabond life شرود šarūd pl. شرد šurūd running away; straying; astray, deviant, aberrant, strange, peculiar شرود šurūd roaming, straying, wandering │ شرود الفكر š. al-fikr absent-mindedness, distractedness شريد šarīd fugitive, expatriated, displaced, expelled; loafer, tramp, vagrant, vagabond تشريد tašrīd expulsion, banishment, eviction; vagrancy, vagabondage │ حياة التشريد ḥayāt at-t. the unsettled life, life of a vagabond تشرد tašarrud vagrancy, vagabondage شارد šārid pl. شرد šurud, šurrad, شوارد šawārid2 fugitive, straying, astray; intimidated, frightened, helpless at a loss; a fugitive, runaway, deserter; defector; vagrant, tramp, vagabond │ شارد الفكر š. al-fikr absent-minded, distracted; شوارد اللغة š. al-luga irregularities of the language, linguistic anomalies; شارد النظر (النظرات) š. an-naẓar (an-naẓarāt) with a blank stare; gazing into the void شاردة šārida pl. شوارد šawarid2 peculiarity, anomaly, exception │ لا تفوته شاردة ولا واردة (tafūtuhū) nothing escapes him, he doesn’t miss a thing مشرد mušarrad fugitive, refugee, displaced person; neglected, unkempt │ مشرد البال confused, disconcerted متشرد mutašarrid pl. -ūn homeless person, tramp, vagrant, vagabond; adventurer شردق II tašardaqa to swallow the wrong way; to choke (to death) شرذم II tašardama to be jagged, indented شرذمة širdima pl. شراذم šarādim 2, شراذيم šarādīm2 small group, gang, party, troop; little band 1شرس šarisa a (šaras, شراسة šarāsa) to be vicious, malicious, mischievous, ill-tempered, unsociable, quarrelsome, petulant, peevish VI to be cross, quarrel (مع with) شرس šaras = شراسة شرس šaris vicious, malicious, mischievous, ill-tempered, unsociable, quarrelsome, petulant, peevish; wild, ferocious, fierce شريس šarīs = شرس šaris شراسة šarāsa wickedness, malice, viciousness, meanness, baseness, villainy; ill-temperedness, unsociableness, querulousness, petulance, peevishness 2 شراس širās glue, paste, see سراس, سيراس شرسوف šursūf pl. شراسيف šarāsīf2 rib cartilage شراسيفي šarāsīfī epigastric, pertaining to the anterior walls of the abdomen شرش II to take root شرش širš شرش pl. شروش šurūš root │ شرش اللبن š. al-laban whey شرشور šuršur pl. شراشير šarāšīr chaffinch (zool.) شرشير šaršīr (eg.) wild duck (zool.) شراشير šarāšīr2 soul, self, nature (of a person) شرشف šaršaf pl. شراشف šarāšif bedsheet شرط šaraṭa i u (šarṭ) to tear (هـ s.th.); to make incicions (هـ in), scratch, scarify (هـ s.th.); to slit open, rip open (هـ s.th.); to impose as a condition, as an obligation (هـ على on s.o. s.th.), make conditional (هـ على for s.o. s.th.); to stipulate (هـ s.th.) II to tear to shreds (هـ s.th.); to scratch, scarify (هـ s.th.); to make incisions (هـ in) III to fix mutual conditions.; to make a contract, conclude an agreement; to bet, wager (ه with s.o.) V to impose severe oonditiono or terms │ تشرط في عمله (‘amalihī) to be meticulous in one’s 464 work, do one’s work painstakingly VIII to impose as a condition, as an obligation (على هـ on s.o. s.th.); to make conditional (على هـ for s.o. s.th.); to stipulate (هـ s.th.); pass, ušturiṭa to be prerequisite, preconditional (ل for) شرط šarṭ pl. شروط šurūṭ incision (in the skin); long cut, rip, clash, slit; condition, precondition; provision, proviso, clause; stipulation (of a contract) │ شرطا ان (šarṯan), على شرط, بشرط on the condition that ..., provided that ...; من دون (بدون) شرط unconditional; بلا شرط او قيد (au qaidin) with no strings attached; unconditional (obedience, surrender, etc.); شرط الخيار proviso of the right of withdrawal (from a contract, a commercial transaction, an obligation, and the like, Isl. Law) شرط šaraṭ pl. اشراط ašrāṭ sign, portent │ اشراط الساعة the portents of the Day of Judgment شرطي šarṭī conditional │ جملة شرطية (jumla) conditional clause (gram.) شرطية šarṭīya contract, agreement شرطة šarṭa pl. شرط šuraṭ stroke, line; hyphen; dash شرطة šurṭa police, policemen │ دار الشرطة police station; تقرير الشرطة police report شرطي šurṭī, šuraṭī pl. -ūn policeman, officer شريط pl. شرائط šarā’iṭ, اشرطة ašriṭa band, ribbon, tape; cord, string; leash, line; thong, strap; braid, galloon, chevron, stripe; ribbon (of an order), medal ribbon, service ribbon; (railway) track, line; film strip; film (also شريط سينمائي); (magnetic) tape │ شريط مصغر (muṣaggar) microfilm; شريط القياس tape measure; measuring tape; شريط ناطق pl. شرائط ناطقة sound film; sound track; magnetic tape; شريط النار fuse; دودة الشريط dūdat aš-š. tapeworm شريطة šarīṭa condition │ على شريطة on the condition that ... مشرط mašraṭ program مشرط mišraṭ pl. مشارط mašāriṭ2 lancet, scalpel تشريط tašrīṭ scarification, incision مشارطة mušāraṭa agreement, arrangement اشتراط ištirāṭ pl. -āt condition, provision, proviso; stipulation شرطن šarṭana to consecrate, ordain (ه s.o., Chr.) II to be ordained (Chr.) شرط šarṭana = شرطونية شرطونية šarṭūnīya ordination of a priest, and any ordination of persons by laying on of hands (Chr.); simony (Copt.-Chr.) شرع šara‘a a (šar‘, شروع šurū‘) to go (في into), enter (في s.th.); to begin, start, commence (في or y with; with foil. imperf.: to do s.th.); to point a weapon (هـ) at s.o. (على); to untie, unbind, unlace (هـ s.th.); to fix (هـ bayonets, على on rifles); -- šara‘a a (šar‘) to introduce, enact (o laws), prescribe, give (هـ ل to s.o. laws), make laws (هـ) for s.o. (ل) │ شرع مشروعا to devise a plan II to draw a weapon (هـ) on s.o. (على); to legislate, make laws IV to draw or train a weapon (هـ) on s.o. (على) │ اشرع عينه الى (‘ainaihi) to cast one’s eyes on …, turn one’s glance toward ...; اشرع قلمه (qalamahū) to draw one’s pen = to prepare to write VIII to introduce, enact (هـ laws); to prescribe, give (ل هـ to s.o. laws), make laws (هـ) for s.o. (ل) الشرع aš-šar‘ the Revelation, the canonical law of Islam │ شرعا وفرعا šar‘an wa-far‘an with full right, with good cause, by rights; هم في هذا شرع واحد they are alike in this 467 شروق šurūq rise (of the sun) شراقي šarāqī (eg.) unirrigated land not reached by the Nile floods شراق šarrāq suctorial device; part of a suction pump □ شراقوة šarāquwa (pl. of شرقاوي) Levantines (eg.) مشرق mašriq pl. مشارق mašāriq2 place of sunrise, east; place of rise; the Orient, the East; المشرقان East and West │ مشارق الأرض ومغاربها m. al-arḍ wa-magāribuhā or المشرقان والمغربان (magribān) the whole world; في الغربين وفي المشرقين all over the world مشرقي mašriqī eastern, easterly, oriental; (pl. مشارقة mašāriqa) an Oriental; المشرقيات orientalia, oriental studies تشريق tašrīq easternization; development of domestic production (esp. in local industry, with the gradual elimination of Europe), drive for (economic) independence │ ايام التشريق ayyām at-t. the old name of the three days following the day of Immolation (10th of Zu’lhijja) during the hadj festival اشراق išrāq radiance; radiation, eradiation, emanation; Illuminism (mysticism deriving from Neoplatonism) الاشراقيون al-išrāqīyūn the Illuminists, adherents of Illuminism الاستشراق al-istišrāq oriental studies مشرق mašriq resplendent, radiant, shining مستشرق mustašriq having oriental manners; (pl. -ūn) orientalist شرقرق šaraqraq, شرقراق šarāqrāq green woodpecker شرك šarika a (širk, شركة širka, šarika) to share (ه في with s.o s.th.), participate (في ه with s.o. in), be or become partner, participant, associate (في ه of s.o. in) III to share (في or هـ ه with s.o., s.th.), participate (في or هـ ه with s.o. in), be or become partner, participant, associate (في or هـ ه of s.o. in); to associate o.s. (ه with s.o.), enter into partnership (ه with s.o.), form a partnership, join, combine (في or هـ ه with s.o. in); to sympathize (ه with s.o.) │ شاركه رأيه (ra’yahū) to share s.o.’s opinion IV to make (ه s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (في in), give (ه s.o.) a share (في in), have (ه s.o.) share (في in); to tie s.th. (هـ) closely to s.th. (ب), associate (هـ ب s.th. with s.th.) │ اشركه بالله to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); اشرك بالله to set up or attribute associates to God. i.e. to be a polytheist, an idolator VI to enter into partnership (مع with s.o.); to participate together (في in), share with one another (في s.th,) VIII to enter into partnership, to cooperate (مع with s.o.); to participate (مع في with s.o. in), share (مع في with s.o., s.th.), collaborate, take part (في in), contribute (في to); to subscribe (في to); to partake of the Lord’s Supper, communicate (Copt.-Chr.) شرك širk polytheism, idolatry │ اهل الشرك ahl aš-š. the polytheists, the idolators شرك šarak pl. شرك šuruk, اشراك ašrāk, شراك širāk net, snare, gin; trap │ نصب له شركا to lay a trap for s.o., trap s.o. شرك spurious, unsound, phony, false شركة širka, šarika partnership; communion (Chr.); (pl. -āt) association, companionship; company, corporation (com.); commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); establishment, firm; شركة التأمين insurance company; شرك تجارية (tijārīya) trading company, firm; شركة الاذاعة broad- 468 casting corporation; شركة المساهمة š. al-musāhama joint-stock company, corporation; شركة سهامية (sihāmīya) do.; شركة الشركات trust (com.) شراك širāk pl. شرك šuruk, اشرك ašruk, اشراك ašrāk shoelace شريك šarīk pl. شركاء šurakā’2, اشراك ašrāk sharer, participant, partner, copartner; associate, companion, confederate, ally; co-owner, coproprietor (Isl. Law); accomplice, accessory (in a crime) │ O شريك موص (mūṣin) silent partner (com.) شريك šuraik (eg.) sesame cake شريكة šarīk pl. شرائك šarā’ik woman partner, woman participant, etc. (see شريك) تشريك tašrīk: سياية التشريك siyāsat at-t. policy of alliances مشاركة mušāraka partnership, copartnership, participation (في in); cooperation, collaboration; communion (Chr.); complicity, accessoriness (jur.) اشنراك ištirāk partnership, copartnership, coparcenary; participation, sharing, joining, co-operation, collaboration (في in); interference (في in); subscription (في to); jointness, community; communion (Chr.) ; (pl. -āt) subscription rate; participation fee │بالاشتراك jointly, in concurrence, together (مع with); اشتراك شهري (šahrī) monthly subscription; monthly fee or contribution اشتراكي ištirākī socialist, socialistic; (pl. -ūn) a socialist اشتراكية ištirākīya socialism مشرك mušrik pl. -ūn polytheist مشترك muštarik pl. -ūn participant; subscriber مشترك muštarak common, joint, combined, concurrent, collective, co- │ الأمن المشترك (amn) collective security; بلاغ مشترك (balāg) joint communiqué; السوق المشترك (sūq) the Common Market; الشعور المشترك community spirit, communality, solidarity; الضمان المشترك (ḍamān) collective security شركسي šarkašī Circassian; (pl. شراكسة šarākisa) a Circassian شرم šarama i (šarm) to split, slit, slash (هـ s.th.) شرم šarm pl. شروم šurūm cleft, crack, split, rift, slit, slot; small hay, inlet اشرم ašram2, f. شرماء šarmā’2 having a disfigured nose; harelipped شرمط šarmaṭa (eg., syr.) to shred, tear to shreds (هـ s.th.) شرموطة šarmūṭa pl. شراميط šārāmīṭ rag, shred, tatter; whore, slut, prostitute شرنقة šarnaqa pl. شرانق šarāniq2 cocoon (of the silk worm); chrysalis (of an insect); slough (of a snake), snakeskin; -- šarāniq2 hemp (Cannahis sativa; bot.); hemp seed شره šariha a (šarah) to be greedy (الى or على for food); to eat greedily, gormandize, gluttonize, be gluttonous شره šarah gluttony, gourmandism, ravenousness, voracity; greediness, greed, covetousness, avidity شره šarih greedy (على for food), gluttonous; voracious, ravenous; ravenous eater, glutton; greedy, covetous, avid شراهة šarāha gluttony, gourmandism, ravenousness, voracity; greediness, greed, covetousness, avidity شرو šarw, širw honey شروال širwāl pl. شراويل šarāwīl 2 trousers, pants; drawers شروة, شروى see شري 469 شرى šarā i (širan, شراء širā’) to sell, vend (ب هـ s.th. for a certain price); to buy, purchase (هـ s.th.); to bring upon o.s., to ask for (e.g., المتاعب troubles, inconveniences) -- šarā i (širan) to expose (هـ s.th.) to the sun for drying II to expose (هـ s.th.) to the sun for drying VIII to buy, purchase (هـ s.th.); to buy up, acquire, obtain by commercial transaction (هـ s.th.); to sell, vend (هـ s.th.) X to become worse, worsen, deteriorate شرى šary (coll.; n. un. ة) colocynth شرى širan pl. اشرية ašriya purchase, buy(ing), bargain شرى šaran an itching skin eruption شراء širā’ purchase buy(ing) │ راغب الشراء eager to buy; O المقدرة على الشراء (maqdura) or O قوة الشراء qūwat aš-š. purchasing power شروة šarwa purchase buy(ing) شروى šarwā: لا يملك شروى نقير lā yamliku š. naqīrin he hasn’t a red cent to his name, he has absolutely nothing; لا يجدي شروى نقير (yujdī) it is of no use at all O الحمى الشروية al-ḥummā aš-šarawīya nettle rash, urticaria (med.) شريان širyān pl. شرايين šarāyīn2 artery │ تصلب الشرايين taṣallub aš-š. arteriosclerosis شرياني širyānī arterial │ السدة الشريانية (sudda) embolism (med.) اشتراء ištirā’ purchase buy(ing) شار šārin pl. شراة šurāh seller, salesman, vendor; purchaser, buyer, customer; -- O lightning rod (also شارى الصواعق); الشراة aš-šurāh designation of the Khawārij مشتر muštarin purchaser, buyer, customer; seller, vendor المشترى al-muštarī Jupiter (astron.) مشترى muštaran pl. مشتريات muštarayāt, that which is purchased, purchased goods; purchase, buy(ing), acquisition شزرا sażran: نظر اليه شزرا to look askance at s.o. عين شزراء ‘ain sazrā’2 an eye looking askance, distrustfully or maligrantly; نظرة شزرا (naẓra) distrustful, suspicious glance شست (Fr. chiste) slate (min.) شاسع šāsi' far (away), distant, remote; wide, large, great (distance); huge, vast, enormous (difference) ششخان šašakān rifled (gunbarrel) اسلحة الششخانة aṣliḥat aš-š. firearms مششخن mušaškan rifled (gunbarrel) 1ششم šišm seed of the Cassia absus (bot.), used as eye powder 2ششمة šašma, šišma toilet, lavatory, privy ششنى šišnī sample, specimen; sampling ششنجي (eg.) šišnagī assayer (of precious metals) شص šiṣṣ pl. شصوص šuṣūṣ fishhook شصر šaṣara a kind of gazelle شط šaṭa i u (شطط šaṭaṭ) to go to extremes, go too far, exceed the proper hounds, be excessive (في in, with); to deviate (عن from), digress, stray (عن الموضوع from the topic) VIII to go to extremes, go too far, exceed the proper bounds, be excessive (في in, with) شط šaṭṭ pl. شطوط šuṭūṭ bank, shore, coast, seashore, beach, strand │ شط العرب š. al-‘arab Shatt-al-Arab, river in SE Iraq formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; the region traversed by this river on the Persian Gulf شطة šaṭṭa a variety of pepper (Capsicum conicum Mey.; bot.) 470 شطط šaṭaṭ that which is excessive or exceeds the proper bounds, excess; inroad, encroachment, infringement شطيطة šaṭīṭa a variety of pepper (Capsicum conicum Mey.; bot.) مشط mušiṭṭ excessive شاطئ šāṭi’ pl. شواطئ šawāṭi’2, شطآن šaṭ’ān shore, coast, seacoast, beach, strand شطب šaṭab u (šaṭb) to out into slices or strips (هـ s.th.); to strike out, cross out, scratch out, write off (على or هـ s.th.); to erase, efface (على or هـ s.th., e.g., a word, a sentence); to cancel, release (على or هـ a mortgage); to drop, nonsuit (دعوى da‘wā a case) II to make an incision, a longitudinal cut, a slit, a slash (في in s.th.); to strike out, cross out, scratch out, write off (على or هـ s.th.); to erase, efface (على or هـ s.th., e.g., a word, a sentence); to cancel, release, (على or هـ a mortgage); to book, enter, post (هـ an item, an account); to finish off, terminate, wind up (على s.th.) شطب šaṭb cut, slash; incision, scratch; crossing out, striking out, writing off; erasure, effacement; annulment, cancellation شطب šaṭb pl. شطوب šuṭūb tall, strapping, sturdy, husky تشطيب tašṭīb: تشطيب الحساب posting of an account (to the ledger); ساعة التشطيب curfew شطح šaṭaḥa (šaṭḥ) to roam, rove, stray شطحة šaṭḥa pl. شطحات šaṭaḥāt escapade شطر šaṭara ū (šaṭr) to halve, divide into two (equal) parts, bisect, cut through (هـ s.th.); to out off, sever (هـ s.th.); -- شطر بصره (baṣaruhū) u (شطور šuṭūr) to be squint-eyed; -- šaṭara u (شطور šuṭūr, شطورة šuṭūra, شطارة šaṭāra) to withdraw, separate, disassociate o.s. (عن from); - - šaṭara u, šaṭura u (شطارة šaṭāra) to be sly, cunning, artful, shrewd; to be clever, smart, bright, skillful, adroit II to halve, divide into two (equal) parts, to bisect, out through (هـ s.th.) III to halve, share by halves, share equally (ه with s.o., s.th.), go halves (ه with s.o.); to participate, take part (هـ in s.th.), share (هـ s.th.) │ شاطره آراءه، فرحه (ārā’ahū, faraḥahū) to share s.o.’s views, s.o.’s joy V to manifest slyness, cleverness, smartness, adroitness, skill VII to divide, split (هـ into, intrans.) شطر šaṭr partition, division, separation, halving, bisecting; -- (pl. شطور šuṭūr, اشطر ašṭur) a half, moiety; hemistich; portion, share, lot; direction; šaṭra in the direction of ..., toward │ قصد شطره to move toward s.o., walk up to s.o.; ولى انظاره شطره (wallā anẓārahū) to direct one’s glances toward s.o.; ولى وجهه شطره (wajhahū) to turn one’s face toward s.th. شطرة šiṭra side, half شطارة šaṭāra slyness cunningness shrewdness, adroitness, skill, cleverness, smartness شطيرة šaṭīra sandwich; schnitzel, steak مشاطرة mušāṭara participation, sharing انشطار inšiṭār fission, splitting, cleavage, division, separation شطر šāṭir pl. شطار šuṭṭār sly, cunning, shrewd; scoundrel, villain; clever, smart, bright, adroit, skillful شطرنج šiṭranj, šaṭranj chess │ لوحة الشطرنج lauḥat aš-š. chessboard شطف šaṭafa u (šaṭf) to rinse (under flowing water), clean with water, wash (هـ s.th.) شطف šuṭfa piece, chunk, lump; (pl, شطف šutaf) flint (of a gunlook. eg.) شطفة šiṭfa splinter, chip, sliver 471 1شطن šaṭana u (šaṭn) to fasten, attach, tie, bind (هـ ب s.th. with a rope) 2شيطان and تشيطن see شيطن (alphabetically) شظف šaẓafa u (šaẓf) to castrate شظف šaẓaf pl. شظاف šiẓāf discomfort, hardship, difficulty; ruggedness of life │ اقام على شظف العيش (š. il-‘aiš) to lead a life of hardships شظف šaẓif hard, harsh, rough, rugged, austere (life, character) شظي šaẓiya a (šaẓan) to be splintered, be shattered, splinter, shiver V do. شظية šaẓīya pl. šaẓīy, شظايا šaẓāyā splinter, sliver, chip; shinbone; bone شع ša‘‘a i (ša‘‘, شعاع ši‘ā’) to disperse, scatter, diffuse, spread; to beam, radiate, flash up IV to emit, spread, diffuse (هـ s.th.); to eradiate (هـ s.th.); to emit rays or beams, radiate, beam V to emit rays or beams, radiate, beam, eradiate شع šu‘‘ rays, beams; spokes شعاع ša‘ā’ distracted, confused, bewildered, perplexed │ طار فؤاده (روحه) شعاعا his mind became confused, bewildered or perplexed شعاع šu‘ā’ (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اشعة aši‘‘a rays, beams; spokes; horizontal wooden crosspieces (on a door or window) │ الأشعة فوق البنفسجية (banafsajīya) the ultraviolet rays; الأشعة الي تحت الأحمر the infra-red rays; صورة اشعة X-ray photograph, roentgenogram; O فاعلية الأشعة radioactivity اشعاع iš‘ā’ pl. -āt radiation, eradiation اشعاعي iš‘ā‘ī radiative, radiational │ O ذو نشاط اشعاعي (našāṭ) radioactive تشعع taša‘‘u‘ radiation, eradiation │ التشعع الحراري (ḥarārī) radiation of heat; التشعع الشمسي (šamsī) solar radiation مشع muši‘‘ radiating, radiant; emitting rays, radiative; O radioactive O مشعة muši‘‘a radiator شعب ša‘aba a (ša‘b) to gather, assemble, rally (هم people, هـ s.th.); to disperse, scatter (هم people, هـ s.th.) II to form branches, to branch; to branch (out), ramify, divide into branches or subdivisions (هـ s.th.) V to branch (out), ramify; to b. subdivided, form subdivisions; to diverge, move in different directions, part company, separate, split, break up, become disunited, disorganized, disrupted; to branch off (عن from); to result (عن from) VIII to branch out, ramify; to branch off شعب ša‘b pl. شعوب šu‘ūb people, folk; nation; tribe; race شعبي ša‘bī national, people’s; popular, folksy, folk- (in compounds) │ الجبهة الشعبية (jabha) popular front; ديموقراطية شعبية people’s democracy (in Marxist terminology) شعبية ša‘bīya popularity شعوبي šu‘ūbī adherent of the شعوبية, see below الشعوبية aš-šu‘ūbīya a movement within the early Islamic commonwealth of nations which refused to recognize the privileged position of the Arabs شعب ši‘b pl. شعاب ši‘āb mountain path, mountain trail; gorge, ravine, canyon; gulf, abyss; reef شعبة ši‘ba reef شعبة šu‘ba pl. شعب šu‘ab, شعاب ši‘āb branch, bough, limb, ramification; shoot, twig, sprig, spray; prong, tine; (sub-) division, section, department, branch, cell; field of study, discipline (e.g., at a university); part, portion; (pl. شعب šu‘ab) bronchus │ التهاب الشعب bronchitis (med.) 472 شعبي šu‘abī bronchial شعيب ša‘īb disrupted, disorganized, disunited, scattered, dispersed شعبان ša‘bān2 Shaban, name of the eighth month of the Mohammedan year اشعب aš‘ab2 name of a legendary miser, hence, said of s.o. extremely niggardly: اطمع من اشعب greedier than Aš‘ab اشعبي aš‘abī extremely miserly, avaricious, or greedy; (pl. -ūn) skinflint, miter, niggard │ طمع اشعبي (ṭama‘) insatiable greed تشعب taša‘‘ub ramification, branching, branching off; disruption, split(ting), disunion انشعاب inši‘āb ramification, branching, branching off; disruption, split(ting), disunion متشعب mutaša‘‘ib ramified, branching; manifold, diverse; many-sided, versatile (متشعب m. al-janabāt) شعبذ ša‘bada to practice jugglery, legerdemain, sleight of band, or magic شعبذة ša‘bada jugglery, legerdemain, sleight of band, magic شعث ša‘itqa a (ša‘at) to be or become disheveled, unkempt, matted (hair) II to dishevel, ruffle (هـ the hair) V to become disheveled, ruffled (hair); to disintegrate, fall apart, decay (of buildings) شعث ša‘at: لم شعثه lamma ša‘atahū to straighten out the muddled affairs of s.o., help s.o. to get back on his feet; to struggle back to one’s feet, “pick up”, recover شعث ša‘it matted, disheveled, unkempt (hair); having matted, unkempt hair شعوذ look up alphabetically شعر ša‘ara u (شعور šu‘ūr) to know (ب s.th., ان that), have knowledge, be cognizant (ب of); to come to know, realize, notice (ب s.th., ان that); to perceive, feel, sense (ب s.th., ان that), be conscious, be aware (ب of s.th.); -- (ši‘r) to make or compose poetry, poetize, versify │ لم يشعر الا بـ ... (illā bi-), لم يشعر الا و ... (illā wa-) and ما شعر الا بـ..., ما شعر الا و... before be even realized it, there was all of a sudden ... ; then, all of a sudden, there was ..., it happened that … IV to let (ه s.o.) know (ب or هـ s.th., of or about s.th.), notify, inform (ب or هـ ه s.o. of or about), give notice or information (ه to s.o., ب or هـ of or about), impart (ه to s.o., ب or هـ s.th.) X to fee), sense, notice, perceive, realize (ب, هـ s.th.), be conscious, be aware (هـ of): to be filled (هـ with a feeling) شعر ša‘r, ša‘ar (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اشعار, شعور šu‘ūr, شعار ši‘ār hair; bristles; fur, pelt شعرة ša‘ra (n. un.) pl. -āt a hair │ لا ... قدر شعرة (qadra š.) not by a hair’s breadth شعري ša‘rī, ša‘arī hairy, hirsute, hair (adj.) شعرية ša‘rīya pl. -āt wire grille, wire netting, lattice work; O (without pl.) capillarity │ شعرية الشباك š. aš-šabbāk (latticed) window shade, jalousie شعرية ši‘rīya vermicelli شعراني ša‘rānī hairy, hirsute, shaggy شعر ši‘r knowledge │ ليت شعري laita ši‘rī I wish I knew ...! would that I knew ...! -- (pl. اشعار aš‘ār) poetry; poem شعري ši‘rī poetic(al) شعرى ša‘rā pl. شعارى ša‘ārā scrub country 473 الشعرى aš-ši‘rā Sirius, Dog Star (astrron.) شعار ši‘ār pl. شعر šu‘ur, اشعرة aš‘ira password, watchword; slogan; motto, device; mark, token, sign; signal; distinguishing mark or feature, characteristic, emblem, badge │ شعار تجاريI ši‘ār (tijārī) trade mark شعير ša‘īr (coll.) barley; (n. un. ة) barleycorn │ شعير لؤلؤي (lu’lu’ī) pearl barley; شعيرة الجفن š. al-jafn sty (med.) O شعيرة ša‘īra bead (of a gun sight, mil.; Syr.) شعيرات دموية šu‘airāt damawīya blood capillaries (biol.) شعيرية ša‘īrīya vermicelli شعور šu‘ūr knowledge, cognizance; consciousness, awareness; perception, discernment; perceptive faculty; sensation; sentiment; feeling; perceptiveness, sensitivity, sensibility; mood │ على غير شعور منه (gairi šu‘ūrin) without his being aware of it; غاب عن الشعور to lose consciousness; فاقد الشعور unconscious, insensible; الشعور بالنفس (nafs) self-consciousness; الشعور بالذات do.; دقة الشعور diqqat aš-š. sensitivity, sensibility; الشعور المشترك (muštarak) community spirit, communality, solidarity; عديم الشعور unreeling, insensitive شعوري šu‘ūrī conscious; emotional │ لا شعوري unconscious, subconscious شعارى ša‘ārā (pl.) goats شعيرة ša‘īra pl. شعائر ša‘ā’ir2 religious ceremony, rite, cultic practice; pl. also: places of worship, cultic shrines اشعر aš‘ar hairy, hirsute, long-haired, shaggy شعرور šu‘rūr poetaster, versifier, rhymester شويعر šuwai‘ir poetaster, venifier, rhymester شعر maš‘ar pl. مشاعر mašā‘ir2 cultic shrine for ceremonies of the hadj; sensory organ; pl. senses, feelings, sensations │ المشعر الحرام (ḥarām) the hadj station of Muzdalifa east of Mecca اشعار iš‘ār pl. -āt notification, information (ب of, about), notice شاعر šā‘ir knowing (by instinctive perception), endowed with deeper insight, with intuition; (pl. الشعراء šu‘arā’2) poet شاعرية šā‘irīya pl. -āt poetry; poetical work, poetization; poetical talent; poet-ship شواعر šawā‘ir attacks, diatribes, invectives, calumnies, defamations مشعور maš‘ūr split, cracked; mad, crazy, idiotic مشعراني muš‘irānī hairy, hirsute, shaggy شعشع ša‘ša‘a to mix with water, dilute (هـ a beverage); to shine, beam, radiate, glitter شعشع muša‘ša‘ half drunk, tipsy, fuddled شعط ša‘aṭa a to scorch, sear, singe شعفة ša‘fa pl. شعاف ši‘āf summit, top, peak شعل ša‘ala a (ša‘l), II and IV to light, kindle, ignite, inflame, set on fire (هـ s.th.), set fire (هـ to s.th.); to set ablaze, fan (هـ s.th.) VIII to catch fire, start burning, ignite, bum, flame, blaze, flare up, break out (fire) │ اشتعل غضبا (gaḍaban) to be flaming with rage; اشتعل رأسه شيبا (šaiban) his hair was, or turned, white شعلة šu‘la pl. شعل šu‘al fire, blaze, flame; torch مشعل maš‘al, مشعلة maš‘ala pl. مشاعل mašā‘il2 torch مشعال miš‘āl torch 474 مشاعلي mašā‘ilī pl. مشاعلية mašā‘ilīya torch bearer; hangman, executioner اشعال iš‘āl lighting, kindling, ignition, setting on fire, fanning اشتعال išti‘āl ignition, inflammation, combustion, burning مشتعل mušta‘il burning, ablaze, on fire شعنينة ša‘nīna pl. شعانين ša‘ānīn2 palm branch │ احد (عيد) الشعانين aḥad (‘īd) al-š. Palm Sunday (Chr.) شعواء ša‘wā’2 (used attributively with غارة gāra, حرب ḥarb, حملة ḥamla, and the like) large-scale, devastating everything (over a wide area) شعوذ šawada to practice jugglery, legerdemain, sleight of band, or magic arts شعوذة ša‘wada pl. -āt jugglery, legerdemain, sleight of hand; magic, magic arts; humbug, swindle, tricks مشعوذ muša‘wid juggler, conjurer, magician, practitioner of legerdemain; swindler, trickster (f. مشعوذة) شغب šagaba, šagiba a (šagb, šagab) to disturb the peace, make trouble, stir up riots, cause an uproar, riot; to provoke discord, dissension, or controversy (among ب, على, ه) III to make trouble, disturb the peace; to rebel (على against), mutiny شغب šagab, šagb unrest, trouble, disturbance, discord, dissension; riot, commotion, uproar, strife, tumult; brawl, fight, broil, fracas; row, wrangle, contention, quarrel, controversy شغب šaggāb troublemaker, agitator, subverter شغوب šagūb causing much noise and unrest, riotous, turbulent, troublous مشاغب mašāgib2 troubles, disorders, disturbances مشاغبة mušāgaba pl. -āt disorder, disturbance, trouble, riot, uproar; rebellion (على against); discord, dissension, row, wrangle, quarrel, controversy مشاغب mašāgib pl. -ūn troublemaker, agitator, subverter, rioter, mischief-maker شغر šagara II (شغور šugūr) to be devoid of fortifications, be unprotected (country); to be free, vacant, unoccupied, open (seat, position) شغور šugūr vacancy (of a position) شاغر šāgir empty and unprotected (of a country); free, vacant, unoccupied, open (seat, position); شواغر šawāgir2 vacancies شغف šagafa a (šagf) (to hit, or affect, the pericardium, i.e.) to infatuate, enamor, fill with ardent passion (ه s.o.); pass. شغف به (حبا) šugifa bihī (ḥubban) to love s.o. or s.th. passionately, be madly in love with s.o., be infatuated with or enamored of s.o., be extremely fond of s.th. VII انشغف به = šugifa bihī شغف šagaf pericardium; passionate love, passion, sensual desire; infatuation, enamoredness, amorousness; ardent zeal, craze, love, passion شغف šagif madly in love, infatuated (ب with), enamored (ب of), fascinated (ب by) شغاف šigāf pericardium شغوف šagūf obsessed with fervent affection (ب for); madly in love, infatuated (ب with), enamored (ب of) مشغوف mašgūf passionately fond (ب of), madly in love, infatuated (ب with), enamored (ب of), fascinated (ب by) شغل šagala a (šagl, šugl) to occupy, busy (ه ب s.o. with); to preoccupy (ه s.o.), keep (ه s.o.) busy, give (ه s.o.) trouble; 475 to distract, divert, alienate (ه عن s.o. from s.th.).; to occupy, fill, hold, have (هـ office, seat, position); to take up, fill (هـ s.th.), engage, engross (هـ the attention); to engage, tie down (هـ forces of the opponent); -- pass. šugila to occupy o.s., busy o.s. be busy (ب with), be engaged in; to be taken up, occupied (ب by, e.g., ground by buildings); شغل به عن to be distracted by s.th. from │ شغل نفسه ب to occupy o.s., busy o.s. with, work at, attend to; شغل البال to disquiet, discomfit, make uneasy, trouble, disturb; شغل الوقت ل (waqt) to devote tim, to II to busy, occupy (ه s.o.), engage, engross (هـ s.th.); to employ (ه s.o.), provide employment (ه for s.o.); to put (ه s.o.) to work, make (هـ a machine) work, put in operation, make run, start (هـ a machine); to make, produce, manufacture, fabricate (هـ s.th.); to invest (هـ money) III to hold in play, keep occupied, divert (ه s.o.); to distract (ه s.o.) IV to occupy, busy, employ (ه s.o.); to occupy, hold, fill, have ( an office, a position); to fill, take up (ه s.th.), engage, engross (هـ the attention); to cover (ب هـ a space with a building or buildings), occupy, take up, fill (ب هـ a space with); to take, take up, require (هـ time); to engage, tie down (هـ forces of the opponent); to distract, divert, alienate, entice away (ه عن from) │ اشغل البال to disquiet, discomfit, make uneasy, trouble, disturb, preoccupy VI to occupy o.s., busy o.s. be occupied or busy, be preoccupied (ب with), be engaged (ب in), attend, devote o.s. (ب to s.th.); to pretend to be busy VII to occupy o.s., busy o.s. be occupied or busy, be preoccupied (ب with); to be concerned (ب about) VIII to busy o.s. occupy o.s. be occupied or busy (ب or في with), be engaged (ب or في in), attend, devote o.s. (في or فيto s.th.); to work; to study (Jo under or with); to work, run, operate, be in operation, be in motion (machine, and the like) │ اشتغل قلبه (qalbuhū) to be uneasy, apprehensive, worried; اشتغل به عن to be distracted by s.th. from شغل šugl occupancy, filling, taking up; detention, prevention, distraction (عن from); -- (pl. اشتغال ištigāl, شغول šugūl) occupation, activity; work, job; business, concern │ شاغل شغل that which ie uppermost in one’s mind, chief or foremost concern; s.th. which preoccupies s.o.’s mind or distracts s.o. (عن from); اشغال شاقة (šāqqa) hard labor; اشغال عامة (‘āmma) or اشغال عمومية (‘umūmīya) public works; شغل يدوي (yadawī) handwork; manual labor; شغل يد š. yad (colloq., used appositionally) handmade; في شغل preoccupied (من with), concerned (من about); في شغل ب busy, occupied with; كان في شغل عن to be too busy or preoccupied (ب with) to be able to attend to s.th.; الزم شغلك ilzam šuglaka mind your own business! شغال šaggāl very busy; hard-working, industrious, diligent, laborious, active; being in operation, running (of a machine); (pl. -ūn) worker, workman, laborer شغيل šaggīl pl. ة (syr.) worker, workman, laborer, (lowly) employee شاغول šāgūl mainsheet (of a sailing vessel) مشغل mašgal pl. مشاāغل mašāgil2 workshop; workhouse شغلة pl. مشاغل mašāgil2 occupation, avocation, activity, business, concern, work, job; effort, exertion; diversion, distraction, preoccupation, disturbance تشغيل tašgīl employment, occupation; providing of employment, provision of work; hiring (of s.o., as a worker); opening, starting, putting into operation; 476 production, manufacture, making; investment (of money) انشغال inšigāl (state of) being busy or occupied; occupation, activity; overcharge, overwork; apprehension, concern, anxiety اشتغال ištigāl (state of) being busy or occupied; work, occupation (ب or في with, at); syntactical regimen, government (of a word by another; gram.) شاغل šāgil pl. شواغل šawāgil that which preoccupies s.o., engrosses s.o.’s attention, takes up s.o.’s time; occupation, activity; object of concern or worry; pl. شواغل distractions, preoccupations │ وجد شاغلا عنه في be found distraction from it in …; هو في الف شاغل عن (alfi šāgilin) he had a thousand other things to think of than ...; كان اكبر شاغل له (akbara šāgilin) it was his greatest worry مشغول mašgūl busy, occupied (ب with); distracted, diverted (عن from); occupied, taken (seat, space); busy, occupied (telephone line, and the like); worked on, processed │ مشغول البال anxious, apprehensive, concerned, worried; المشغولات الذهبية والفضية (dahabīya, fiḍḍīya) gold and silver work مشغولية mašgūlīya anxiety, apprehension, concern مشغل mušaggal employee, worker مشتغل muštagil busy, occupied (ب or في with); in operation, running (of a machine) شفة šafa pl. شفاه šifāh, شفوات šafawāt lip; rim, edge │ الشفة العليا (‘ulyā) upper lip, الشفة السفلى (suflā) lower lip; شفة الأرنب š. a1-arnab harelip; بنت شفة bint š. word شفاهي, شفاها, شفهى and مشافهة see شفه شفوي see شفو 1شفائف šafā’if2, شفايف šafāyif2 lips 2شف šaffa i (شفوف šufūf, شفيف šafīf, شفف šafaf) to be thin, flimsy; to be transparent, diaphanous, translucid, pellucid; to let (عن s.th.) shimmer through, reveal, disclose, betray (عن s.th.) VIII to drink up, drain, empty (هـ s.th.); to eat up, devour (هـ s.th.) X to look (هـ through s.th., e.g.. through a piece of fabric in order to ascertain its quality); to have a glimpse (هـ of s.th.), hope (هـ for s.th.); to try to see (هـ through s.th.), seek to penetrate (هـ s.th.); to perceive, discern, make out (هـ s.th.); to shimmer (من through s.th.), show (من through s.th.); to manifest itself, become tangible, perceptible, noticeable شف šaff, šiff pl. شفوف šufūf diaphanous fabric, gauze شفف šafaf transparency, translucence, diaphaneity شفيف šafīf thin, flimsy, translucent, transparent, diaphanous شفوف šufūf transparancy, translucence, diaphaneity شفافة šufāfa the rest in the glass شفاف šaffāf thin, flimsy, translucent, transparent, diaphanous شفافية šaffāfīya transparency, translucence, diaphaneity شفت šift pl. شفوت šufūt (eg.) pincers, tweezers شفتر šaftara to pout, sulk شفتورة šaftūra thick lip شفتشي see جفتجي شفتلك see جفتلك 1شفر šafr pl. اشفار ašfār palpebral margin from which the eyelashes grow, (outer) edge of the eyelid; edge, rim, border, fringe شفر šufr pl. اشفار ašfār palpebral margin from which the eyelashes grow, 477 (outer) edge of the eyelid; edge, rim, border. fringe; -- labium (anat.) شفرة šafra pl. šafarāt, شفار šifār large knife; blade (of a sword, of a knife); razor blade; (pl. شفار) brink, edge, verge │ على شفرة الهاوية on the brink of the abyas شفير šafīr palpebral margin from which the eyelashes grow; (outer) edge of the eyelids; edge, rim, border, fringe مشفر mišfar pl. مشافر mašāfir2 flew, chap; trunk, snout, proboscis 2شفر (Fr. chiffre) cipher, code شفري šifrī ciphered, coded, in code شفرة šifra cipher, code شفشف šafšafa to dry, dry out, parch, drain (هـ s.th.) شفط la/ala to suck, suck up, absorb; to empty, drain; to sip شفاطة šaffāṭa pl. -āt siphon │ O شفاطة الغبار š. al-gubār vacuum cleaner شفع šafa‘a a (šaf‘) to double (هـ s.th.); to attach, add, subjoin (هـ ب to s.th. s.th.), enclose (هـ ب in s.th. s.th.); to give the (right of) pre-emption (ه ب to s.o. on s.th.), grant (ه s.o.) the lint refusal (ب of s.th.); -- (شفاعة šafā‘a) to mediate, use one’s good offices, put in a good word, intercede, intervene, plead (ل or في for or on behalf of s.o., الى with s.o. else) V to mediate, use one’s good offices, put in a good word, intercede, intervene, plead (ل الى or في for or on behalf of s.o. with s.o. else) شفع šaf‘ pl. اشفاع ašfā‘, شفاع šifā‘ either part of a pair; even number شفع šaf‘ diplopia, double vision of a single object شفعي šaf‘ī even (of a number) شفعة šuf‘a (right of) pre-emption شفيع šafī‘ pl. شفعاء šufa‘ā’2 mediator, intercessor, advocate; patron saint (Chr.); holder of the right of pre-emption, preemptor شفاعة šafā‘a mediation, intercession, advocacy شافع šāfi‘ mediator, intercessor, advocate; holder of the right of pre-emption, pre-emptor الشافععي aš-šāfi‘ī founder of one of the four orthodox Islamic schools of theology; شافعي Shafiitic; (pl. -ūn, شوافع šawāfi‘) adherent of the Shafiitic school, Shafiite مشفوع mašfū‘ accompanied (ب by), attended, combined (ب with) شفق IV to pity, commiserate (على s.o.), feel pity (على for), sympathize (على with); to be concerned (ان that, على about) worry (ان that, على about), fear (ان that, على for, من s.o., s.th.), be apprehensive, feel anxiety (على about, من as a result of); to shun, shirk (من s.th.), beware (من of), be on one’s guard (من against) شفق šafaq evening glow, twilight, dusk │ الشفق الجنوبي (janūbī) aurora australis; الشفق الشمالي (šamālī) aurora borealis; الشفق القطبي (quṭbī) polar light; شفق الآلهة Twilight of the Gods شفقة šafaqa compassion, commiseration, pity, sympathy, kind(li)ness, tenderness, affectionateness, solicitude, loving care │ عديم الشفقة pitiless, merciless شفوق šafūq compassionate, sympathetic, affectionate, tender, solicitous, kind(ly) شفيق šafīq compassionate, sympathetic, affectionate, tender, solicitous, kind(ly) اشفاق išfāq compassion, pity, sympathy; tenderness, affectionateness; care, solicitude; concern, worry, anxiety, apprehension 478 شافن šāfin proud شفه III to speak (mouth to mouth) (ه to s.o.) شفه pl. شفاه, شفوات see 2 شف شفهي šafahī lip-, labio- (in compounds), labial; oral; الشفهي orals (= oral examination); شفهيا šafahīyan orally │ الحروف الشفهية the labials b, f, m, w (phon.) شفاها šifāhan orally شفاهي šifāhī oral; الشفاهي the orals (= oral examination); شفاهيا šifāhīyan orally مشافهة mušāfahatan orally شفو IV to be very close (على to s.th.), be on the verge, on the brink of s.th. (على) │ اشفى به على حافة اليأس (ḥāffat al-ya’s) he brought him to the brink of despair شفا šafan pl. شفاء ašfā’ edge, rim, border, brink, verge شفوي šafawī lip-, labio- (in compounds), labial; oral; شفويا šafawīyan orally │ الحروف الشفوية the labials b, f, m, w (phon.) مشف mušfin moribund, doomed to death شفى šafā i (شفاء šifā’) to cure (ه من s.o. of a disease), heal (ه من s.o. of a disease, هـ a wound), make (ه s.o.) well, restore (ه s.o.) to health; -- pass. šufya to be healed, be cured, be restored to health, recover, convalesce, recuperate; to heal, heal up (wound) │ شفي غلته (غليله) (gullatahū) to quench one’s thirst, gratify one’s desire, satisfy one’s thirst for revenge; شفي غيظه من (gaiẓahū) to vent one’s anger on s.o., take it out on s.o. V and VIII to be cured, be healed, be restored to health (ب by); to take revenge, avenge o.s., satisfy one’s thirst for revenge, vent one’s anger, take it out (من on) X to seek a cure شفاء šifā’ cure, healing, restoration, recovery, recuperation, convalescence; satisfaction, gratification; (pl. اشفية ašfiyah, اشاف ašāfin) remedy, medicament, medication, medicine │ قابل للشفاء curable شفائي `sifā’ī healing, curative, medicative مشفى mašfan pl. مشاف mašāfīn2 hospital تشف tašaffin gratification of one’s thirst for revenge, satisfaction استشفاء istišfā’ seeking of a cure; cure, (course of) treatment شاف šāfin healing, curative, medicative, salutary; satisfactory, clear, unquivocal (of an answer) مستشفى mustašfā pl. مستشفيات mustaštayāt hospital; field hospital; sanitorium │ مستشفى المجاذيب insane asylum, mental hospital شق šaqqa u (šaqq) to split, cleave, part, tear, rend, rip (هـ s.th.); to break (هـ s.th.); to plow, till, break up (هـ the ground); هـto furrow, traverse, cross (هـ s.th.); to pass go, travel (هـ through a region); to break (dawn); -- (شقوق šuqūq) to break forth, shoot up, sprout (plant), break through, erupt (tooth); -- (šaqq, مشقة mašaqqa) to be heavy, oppressive, burden some unbearable (على for s.o.); to grieve, trouble (على s.o.); to molest, harass inconvenience (على s.o.), be troublesome, cumbersome (على for s.o.); to visit (على s.o.). call (على upon s.o.) │ شقت جيبه (jaibahā) to tear the front of the garment as a sign of mourning (woman); شق سبيلا to cut, or open, a way for o.s.; شق السكون to break the silence; شق شارعا (طريقا) to build a street (a road); شق طريقه to force one’s way, plow ahead; شق طريقا جديدا to open up, or enter upon, a new path 479 (fig.); شق العصا (‘aṣā) to part from the community, break with the community; شق عصا الطاعة (‘aṣā ṭ-ṭā‘a) to rebel, revolt, renounce allegiance; شق عصا القوم (‘aṣā l-qaum) to sow discord among people; ما شق غبارهم (gubārahum) he did not reach their mark; لا يشق غباره (yušaqqu gubaruhū) he is unsurpassable, he is incomparable, there is no one like him II to split (هـ s.th.); to tear open, rip open, slit open (هـ s.th.) V to be split, be cleft; to split, crack, bunt; to be cracked VII to be split, be cleft; to split, crack, burst; to split off, separate, segregate, secede, break away, withdraw (عن from), break (عن with), renounce (عن s.th.); to become a schismatic (Chr.); to break (dawn) │ انشقت عصاهم (‘aṣāhum) they fell out (with one another); انشقت مرارته (marāratuhū) he exploded (with anger), he blew his top VIII to derive (هـ من word from) شق šaqq pl. شقوق šuqūq fissure, crack, chink, crevice, rift, cleft, crevasse, chasm, split, rent, tear, rip, gap, slit, slot; half, moiety; -- fission, splitting, cracking, cleavage │ شق الذرة š. ad-darra atomic fission شق šiqq half, side, part, portion; trouble, difficulty, hardship │ شق المعارضة š. al-mu‘āraḍa opposition party; لا ... الا بشق الأنفس (illā bi-šiqqi l-anfus), بشق النفس only with great effort, with great difficulty, barely شقة šaqqa rift, tear, rip, fissure, crack, split, crevice شقة šiqqa pl. شقق šiqaq, شقاق šiqāq a half, moiety; piece; splinter; trouble, toil, labor, difficulty, hardship; difficult journey; destination of a journey; distance شقة šiqqa, šaqqa pl. شقق šiqaq apartment, flat, split-level apartment; compertmeut (in a train) شقة šuqqa pl. شقق šuqaq trouble, toil, labor, difficulty, hardship; difficult journey; destination of a journey; distance │ بعد الشقة bu‘d aš-šuqqa (and aš-šiqqa) large or wide distance; بعيد الشقة b. aš-šiqqa (and aš-šiqqa) far away, distant, remote شقيق šaqīq a half, moiety; (pl. اشقة ašiqqa, اشقاء ašiqqā’) full brother, brother on the paternal and maternal side; (attributively) brother-, sister-; -- anemone │ القطر الشقيق (quṭr) the brother country; الدول الشقيقة (duwal) the sister states (esp. with reference to Arab countries) شقيقة šaqīqa pl. -āt, شقائق šaqā’iq2 full sister, sister on the paternal and maternal side; hemicrania, migraine │ شقائق النعمان š. an-nu‘mān red anemones (bot.) اشق ašaqq2 more troublesome, more tiresome, more difficult, harder مشقة mašaqqa pl. -āt, مشاق mašāqq2 trouble, toil, labor, difficulty, hardship شقاق šiqāq disunity, dissension, discord انشقاق inšiqāq separation, segregation, dissociation, spilt; schism (Chr.); dissension, discord, disunion اشتقاق ištiqāiq derivation, etymology (of a word) شاق šāqq troublesome, tiresome, wearisome, cumbersome, tiresome, tedious, fatiguing, arduous, onerous, difficult, hard │ اشغال شاقة hard labor مشاق mušāqq schismatic (Chr.) مشتق muštaqq pl. -āt derivative (gram.) شقح IV to send far away, remove to a distant place (ه s.o.) شقذف šuqduf pl. شقاذف šaqādif2 a kind of sedan 480 شقر šaqira a (šaqar) and šaqura u (شقرة šuqra) to be of fair complexion, be light skinned; to be blond, fair-haired شقر šaqar fair-complexionedness; blondness شقرة šuqra fair-complexionedness; blondness; redness اشقر ašqar2, f. شقراء šaqrā’2, pl. شقر šuqr fair-complexioned, light skinned; blond, fair-haired; reddish شقرق saqraqa to be gay, cheerful, be exhilarated, amuse o.s. شقشق šaqšaqa to twitter, peep, chirp; to babble (ب s.th.); to peep, break (dawn) │ شقشق بالحديث عن to chat, chatter about s.th. شقشقة šaqšaqa pl. -āt twitter(ing), peopling), chirp(ing); (silly) prattle; pl. شقاشق šaqāšiq2 rigmarole, rambling talk │ شقشقة اللسان (silly) prattle; شقشقة النهار s. an-nahār daybreak, peep of dawn شقشقة šiqšiqa pl. شقاشق šaqāšiq2 faucal bag of the camel شقف šaqaf (coll.; n. un. ة) (pot)sherds شقافة šuqāfa (pot)sherds 1 شاقل šāqil shekel 2شاقول šāqūl plumbline, plummet شقلب šaqlaba to turn things upside down, upset things II tašaqlaba to be upset, be toppled; to turn a somersault شقلبة šaqlaba pl. -āt somersault (شقو and شقي) شقا šaqā u (شقو šaqw) to make (ه s.o.) unhappy, miserable, wretched, distress (ه s.o.); -- شقي šaqiya a (شقاء šaqā’, شقاوة saqāwa, شقوة šaqwa) to be unhappy, miserable, wretched, distressed; to have trouble (ب with, in s.th.) IV to make (ه s.o.) unhappy, miserable, wretched, distress (ه s.o.) شقاء šaqā’ and شقا saqan misfortune, distress, misery, wretchedness, pain, suffering; hardship, trouble, toil, drudgery شقي šaqīy pl. اشقياء ašqiyā’2 unhappy, unlucky, miserable, wretched, distressed; damned; wretch, villain, culprit, criminal, scoundrel, rogue; nasty, naughty, mischievous شقوة šaqwa misfortune, distress, misery شقاوة saqāwa misfortune, distress, misery; mischief, nastiness, naughtiness 1شك šakka u (šakk) to pierce, transfix (ه s.o. ب with); to impale, spit (هـ ب s.th. on); to prick, stab (هـ s.th.); to doubt (ب or في s.o., s.th.); to distrust, suspect, question (ب or في s.o., s.th.), entertain doubts, have misgivings (ب or في about s.o., about s.th.); to be skeptical II to make (ه s.o.) doubt (في s.th.), fill (ه s.o.) with doubt, misgivings, skepticism, suspicion (في about) V to doubt (ب or في s.o., s.th.), have doubts (ب or في about); to be skeptical, have misgivings شك šakk pl. شكوك šukūk doubt, uncertainty, suspicion, misgiving │ بلا شك (bi-lā), لا شك (šakka), ولا شك wa-lā šakka, من دون شك min dūni šakk without doubt, doubtless, undoubtedly, indubitably, certainly, positively; لا سبيل الى الشك فيه (sabīla) doubtless, indubitable, beyond any doubt; لا يتطرق اليه الشك (yataṭarraqu, šakku) do. شكة šakka stab, tšhrust, jab (with the point of a weapon) تشكك tašakkuk doubt; skepticism شاك šākk doubting, in doubt, skeptical │ شاك السلاح or شاك في السلاح armed to the teeth, bristling with arms مشكوك فيه maškūk fīhi doubtful, dubious, uncertain; مشكوك في امره (amrihī) suspect(ed) 481 2شكك šakkaka (eg.) to sell on credit; to buy on credit; to borrow شكك šukuk (eg.) on credit 3شك (Fr. chèque) pl. شكات check 1شكر šakara u (šukr, شكران šukrān) to thank (ل or ه s.o., على or ل or ه for s.th.), be thankful, grateful (ل or ه to s.o., على or ل or ه for s.th.); to praise, laud, extol (ل or ه s.o.) │ يشكر عليه (yuškaru) worthy of thanks, deserving acknowledgment, meritorious, praiseworthy V to thank (هـ ل s.o. for s.th.), be thankful, grateful (هـ ل to s.o. for s.th.) شكر šukr pl. شكور šukūr thankfulness, gratefulness, gratitude; thanks, acknowledgment; praise, laudation │ شكرا لك šukran lak I thank you! thanks! شكره شكرا جزيلا to express many thanks to s.o. شكري šukrī of thanks, thanking شكران šukrān thankfulness, gratefulness, gratitude; thanks, acknowledgment; praise, laudation شكور šakūr very thankful شاكر šākir thankful, grateful مشكور maškūr worthy of thanks, deserving acknowledgment, meritorious, praiseworthy 2شكارة šikāra pl. شكائر šakā’ir2 (eg.) sack, gunny sack 3شوكران look up alphabetically 4شيكران look up alphabetically شكس šakusa u (شكاسة šakāsa) and šakisa a (šakas) to be malicious, spiteful, querulous, quarrelsome, peevish, petulant, ill-tempered, morose, surly, sullen, sulky, grumpy, unfriendly III to pick a quarrel, to quarrel (ه with s.o.) VI to quarrel (with one another), be querulous, quarrelsome, petulant; to be incongruous شكس šakis pl. شكس šuks malicious, spiteful, querulous, quarrelsome, peevish, petulant, ill-tempered, morose, surly, sullen, sulky, grumpy, unfriendly شكاسة šakāsa malice, spite, querulousness, peevishness, petulance, ill-temperedneess, moroseness, surliness, sullenness, sulkiness, grumpiness, unfriendliness; rudeness مشاكسة mušākasa pl. -āt quarrel, controversy, dispute, wrangle; plot, conspiracy; moroseness, surliness, grumpiness; petulance, nagging, querulousness تشاكس tašākus incongruity, absurdity شاكوش and شكوش look up alphabetically شكل šakala u (šakl) to hobble (هـ بالشكال an animal with the šikāl, q.v.); to vowel, point, provide with vowel points (هـ a text); to be dubious, ambiguous, equivocal, vague, obscure, intricate, difficult II = I; to shape, fashion, form, create, mold, organize, build up (هـ s.th.); to diversify, vary, variegate (هـ s.th.), bring variety (هـ into s.th.) III to be similar (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه) IV to be dubious, ambiguous, equivocal, vague, obscure, intricate, difficult (على for s.o.) V to be formed, fashioned, shaped, molded, created, organized, built up, take form, take shape; to be variegated, shaded, graded, form various gradation; to materialize, appear in visible form (ل to s.o.) │ تشكل بشكله (bi-šaklihī) to take on the shape of s.o., assume the form of s.th. X to regard as dubious (ه s.th.); = IV شكل šakl pl. اشكال aškāl, شكول šukūl similarity, resemblance, likeness; outward appearance, figure, form, shape, build; form of perception, perceptual form (as opposed to matter or content; philos.); 482 type, out, pattern; mode, manner; sort, kind, specimen; شكل vowelization, voweling; شكلا formally, in form │ هم وأشكالهم they and the like of them شكلي šaklī formal; pl. شكليات formalities O شكلية šaklīya formalism شكل šikl coquetry, coquettishness شكلة šakila coquettish woman, coquette, flirt شكلي šuklī quarrelsome, peevish شكل šikal pl. -āt, شكل šukul fetter, hobble (for shackling the feet of a riding animal) تشكيل taškīl pl. -āt forming, formation, shaping, molding, fashioning, creation, organization, building up; order of march (mil.); pl. تشكيلات formations; organizations تشكيلة taškīla assortment, selection, variety; formation مشاكلة mušākala similarity, resemblance, likeness اشكال iškāl dubiosity, ambiguity, obscurity, vagueness تشاكل tašākul similarity, resemblance شاكلة šākila way, manner, mode; (pl. شواكل šawākil2) flank, side, groin │ على شاكلة in the manner of, of the kind of, like, على شاكلتهم of their kind, like them; كان على شاكلتهم to be of the same kind, of the same strain as s.th. مشكل mušakkal different, diverse, manifold, miscellaneous, variegated; vowel(iz)ed مشكل muškil turbid, murky (liquid); dubious, ambiguous, equivocal, obscure, vague, hazy; difficult, intricate, involved, problematic; problem, unsolved question, issue; difficulty مشكلة muškila pl. -āt, مشاكل mašākil2 problem, unsolved question, issue; difficulty شكم šakama u (šakm) to bridle (هـ an animal); to bribe (ه s.o.); to silence, gag, muzzle (s.o.) شكيمة šakīma pl. شكائم šakā’im2, شكم šukum, شكيم šakīm bit, curb, snaffle, bridoon; (pl. شكائم) O brake (of a wheel); unruliness, unyieldingness obstinacy; contempt, disdain, scorn │ شديد الشكيمة stubborn, obstinate, unyielding; قوة الشكيمة quwwat aš-š. energy; قوي الشكيمة qawīy aš-š. energetic, vigorous, active شكه III to resemble (هـ s.th.), he like s.th. (هـ) شكا (شكو) šakā u (شكو šakw, شكوى šakwā, شكاة šakāh, شكاية šikāya, شكية šakīya) to complain (من or هـ, ه of, about, ل or الى to s.o., من or هـ of or about s.th.), make a complaint; to raise or lodge a complaint (من or هـ, ه of, about or against s.o., ل or الى with s.o.); to suffer (هـ from s.th.) V = I; VI to complain to one another (هـ of, about s.th.) VIII = I شكوة šakwa complaint, grievance; (pl. شكوات šakawāt, شكاء šikā’) small skin (for water or milk) شكوى šakwā pl. شكاوى šakāwā complaint; accusation; suffering, grievance شكاة šakāh complaint; accusation; suffering, grievance شكاية šikāya complaint; accusation; suffering, grievance شكية šakīya complaint; accusation; suffering, grievance شكاء šakkā’ given to complaining, querulous مشكاة miškāh pl. مشكاوات miškāwāt, مشاك mašākin niche (for a lamp); lamp, pendent lamp 483 شاك šākin complainant, plaintiff │ شاكي السلاح = شاك السلاح šākk as-s. (منه) مشكو maškūw complained of, accused, charged; an accused, defendant مشتك muštakin complainant, plaintiff مشتكى عليه muštaka ‘alaihi complained of, accused, charged; an accused, defendant شكوريا šikūriyā chicory شكولاته šukūlāta (eg.), šikōlāta (syr.), chocolate شاكوش and شكوش see شاكوش (alphabetically) شل šalla a (šall, شلل šalal) to dry up, wither, become crippled, stunted; to be paralyzed, be lame; -- šalla u to paralyze (هـ s.th.) │ شل حركته (ḥarakatahū) to overwhelm s.o., لاring s.o. down IV to cause (هـ the hand) to wither; to paralyze (هـ s.th.); to neutralize, bring to a stand-still (هـ s.th.) VII to be paralyzed, be lamed شلة šalla destination (of a journey) شلة šilla pl. شلل šilal hank, skein (of yarn); coil, spool; party, group شلل šalal paralysill, pelsy, paralyzation (also fig.) │ شلل الأطفال š. al-aṭfāl, الشلل الطفلي (ṭiflī) infantile paralysis, poliomyelitis; الشلال الاهتزازي (ihtizāzī) paralysis agitans, Parkinson’s disease شلال šallāl pl. -āt cataract, waterfall, rapids اشل ašall2, f. شلاء šallā’2 withered, stunted (hand); paralyzed, lame; a paralytic مشلول mašlūl paralyzed, lame شلبي šalabī dandyish, foppish; dandy, fop; (pal.) nice, handsome, beautiful 1شلت II to kick 2شلتة šalta pl. -āt, شلت šilat mattress شلح šalaḥa a (šalḥ) to take off (ثيابه tiyābahū one’s clothes); to shed the cloth (هـ), renounce the ministry (monk, prieat) II to undress, disrobe, strip (ه s.o.); to roh, plunder (ه s.o.) مشلح mašlaḥ pl. مشالح mašāliḥ, (syr., nejd.) long, sowing cloak of wool or camel’s hair, also one with gold embroidery تشليح tašlīḥ robbing, plundering, robbery مشلح mušallaḥ dressing room (in a public bath) شلشل šalšala to dribble, trickle شلفة šilfa (razor) blade 1شلق šalaqa u (šalq) to split lengthwise (هـ s.th.) شلق bale (e.g., of hay) 2شولقي šaulaqī person with a sweet tooth شليك look up alphabetically 1شولم look up alphabetically 2شيلم look up alphabetically شلن (Engl.) šilin pl. -āt shilling شلو šilw pl. اشلاء ašlā’ corpse (esp. one in a state of decay); severed member (of the body); part torn off, fragment; remnant; stump of a limb شليك (Turk. çilek) šilek (eg.) strawberries شم šamma (1st pers. perf. šamimtu) a and (1st pers. perf. šamamtu) u (šamm, شميم šamīm) to smell, sniff (هـ s.th.); to snulf (هـ s.th.); to emanate, exude (من from) │ شم النسيم (الهواء) (hawā’a) to get a breath of fresh air, take a walk; -- šamma (1st pers. perf. šamimtu) a (شمم šamam) to behave proudly or haughtily, be proud, haughty, supercilious II to give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) to smell, 484 let (ه s.o.) smell (هـ s.th.) IV – II V to savor the smell of s.th. (هـ), sniff (هـ s.th.) │ تشمم الأخبار to nose about for news VIII to smell, sniff (هـ s.th.); to gather, understand (من هـ s.th. from), read (من ه s.th. into) شم šamm smelling; sense of smell, olfaction │ شم النسيم Egyptian popular holiday on the Monday following the Greek Coptic Easter at the end of March, in April or in early May شمة šamma pinch (of snuff); smell, odor; slight trace of s.th., whiff شمي šammī olfactory شمم šamam pride, haughtiness, superciliousness شمام šammām pl. -ūn (tobacco) snuffer شمام šammām (coll.; n. un. ة) musk-melon, cantaloupe اشم ašamm 2, f. شماء šammā’2, pl. شم šumm having a sensitive, or good, nose; supercilious, haughty; proud (in a complimentary sense); highborn; most honorable الإشمام al-išmām the pronunciation of u with a trace of i, as rüdda for rudda, and vice versa, qǖla for qīla (gram.) شامة šāmma sense of smell, olfaction مشموم mašmūm musk اشمأز (شمأز) išma’azza = to contract, get contracted, shrink; to shrink back, recoil (من from), shudder (من at), abhor, detest (من s.th.), feel disgust (من for), be nauseated (من by) اشمئزاز išmi’zāz shudder; disgust, aversion, repugnance مشمئز mušma’izz disgusted, nauseated, revolted (من by) شمبانيا (Fr.) šambanyā champagne شمت šamita a (شمات šamāt, شماتة šamāta) to rejoice at the misfortune of s.o. (ب), gloat over s.o.’s (ب) mishaps, savor s.o.’s (ب) bad luck II to disappoint (ه s.o.) IV to cause s.o. (ه) to take malicious pleasure in the mishaps of another (ب) شمات šamāt malicious joy, Schadenfreude شماتة šaamāta malicious joy, Schadenfreude, malice شامت šāmit pl. شمات šummāt, pl. f. شوامت šawāmit2 enjoying another’s misfortune, malicious, gloating شمخ šamaka a (samk, شموخ šumūk) to be high, tall, lofty, tower up, loom (mountain, building); to disdain (على s.th.), turn up one’s nose (على at s.th.) │ شمخ بأنفه (انفه) (bi-anfihī, anfahū) to be arrogant, haughty, proud, supercilious VI to be high, tall, lofty, tower up, loom; to be boastful, put on airs; to be proud, haughty, supercilious تشامخ tašāmuk pride, haughtiness, arrogance شامخ šāmik pl. شمخ šummak, شوامخ šawāmik2 high, tall, lofty, towering; proud, haughty, supercilious │ شامخ الأنف š. al-anf proud, haughty, supercilious, arrogant متشامخ mutašāmik high, tall, lofty, towering; proud, haughty, supercilious; towering in lofty heights مشمخر mušmakirr lofty, towering (of buildings) شمر II to gather up, lift, roll up, tuck up, turn up (هـ a garment); to prepare, get ready │ شمر للأمر to embark upon s.th., buckle down to s.th.; شمر عن ساعده to bare the upper arm (by rolling up the sleeve), get to work; شمر عن يد الجد (s. al-jidd) to buckle dawn to a job, rally all one’s forces, put one’s shoulder to the wheel V to set to work briskly 485 شمر šamar fennel (bot.) شمرة šumra, šamra fennel شمار šamār fennel مشمر mušammir busily at work in (an activity) شمروخ šumrūk pl. شماريخ šamārīk2 stalk with date cluster; date-palm panicle, branch stripped of its leaves; little stick; detonator, primer cap اشمأز see شمأز شمس šamasa u (شموس šumūs, شماس šimās) to be headstrong, balky, restive (of a horse); -- šamasa i u and šamisa a (šamas) to be sunny (day) II to expose (هـ s.th.) to the sun, lay ( هـs.th.) out in the sun to dry; to perform the office of deacon (Chr.) IV to be sunny (day) V to bask, sun o.s., lie or sit in the sun شمس šams f., pl. شموس šumūs sun │ سمت الشمس samt aš-š. ecliptic (astron.); شروق الشمس sunrise; ضربة الشمس ḍarbat aš-š. sunstroke, heat prostration; عباد الشمس ‘abbād aš-š. sunflower; غروب الشمس sunset شمسي šamsī sun- (in compounds), solar │ الحروف الشمسية (gram.) the sun letters (which assimilate the l of the article); صورة شمسية (ṣūra) photograph, photo; التصوير الشمسي phtoography شمسية šamsīya pl. -āt (colloq. شماسي šamāsī) sunshade, parasol; umbrella; curtain, screen; stop (of a wind instrument) │ شمسية الشباك š. aš-ubbāk window curtain, drape; O شمسية الطيار š. aṭ-ṭayyār parachute شموس šamūs pl. شمس šumus headstrong, balky, restive (horse) شماس šammās pl. شممسة šamāmisa deacon of the lower rank of the ministry, nowadays, with unconsecrated persons frequently performing this office, corresponding to the sexton or sacristan (Chr.); acolyte and liturgical cantor of Oriental Christian rites (clerics and laymen) شامس šamis sunny (day) مشمس mušmis sunny (day) شمشم šamšama to sniff (هـ s.th.) شمط šamiṭa a (šamaṭ) to become gray, haired, turn gray اشمط ašmaṭ2, f. شمطاء šamṭā’ 2, pl. شمط šumṭ, شمطان gray-haired شمع II to rub, or smear, with wax, to wax (هـ s.th.) │ شمع الفتلة (fatla) to slip away, abscond, make off, decamp شمع šam‘, šama‘ (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. شموع šumū‘ wax; (wax) candles │ الشمع الأحمر sealing wax; شمع الختم š. al-katm do.; شمع لتلميع الأرضية (li-talmī‘ al-araḍīya) floor wax شمعة šam‘a, šama‘a (n. un.) (wax) candle │ O شمعة الشرارة š. aš-šarāra spark plug شمعي šam‘ī, šama‘ī waxy, waxen, ceraceous, cero- (in compounds), made of wax شماع šammā‘ chandler, maker or seller of candles شماعة šammā‘a clothes rack, clothes peg, hat rack مشمع mušamma‘ waterproof, impermeable (of a garment); -- (pl. -āt) waterproof material; impregnated linen; waterproof cover or coating; oilcloth, wax cloth; linoleum │ مشمع بتيومين للسقف (li-s-saqf) bituminous roof covering, roofing felt, tar paper; معطف مشمع (mi‘ṭaf) raincoat شمعدان šam‘addān pl. -āt, شماعد šamā‘id2, شماعدين candlestick, candelabrum يشمق look up alphabetically 486 1 شمل šamila a (šamal) and šamala u (šaml, شمول šumūl) to contain, comprise, comprehend, enclose (هـ s.th.); to imply, implicate, include (هـ s.th.); to touch, affect, fill, overcome, pervade (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., of feelings, emotions); to prevail, be general, universal │ شمله بعنايته (bi-‘ināyatihī) to bestow one’s care on s.o., take s.o. under one’s wing V تشمل بالشملة to wrap o.s. in the šamla (q.v.) VIII = V; to wrap o.s. (هـ, ب in s.th.); to contain, comprise, comprehend, enclose, enfold, imply, implicate, include (على s.th.) │ اشتمله السواد (sawādu) it was completely black شمل šaml uniting, gathering, concentration; unity. union │ جمع الشمل jam‘ aš-š. reunion, reunification; اجتماع الشمل reunion; unity, union; مزق شمله mazzaqa šamlahū to break up, dismember, dismantle, parcel s.th.; to partition s.th., divide s.th. up شملة šamla pl. šamalāt cloak; turban │ ام شملة ummu šamlata the world, the temporal joys شمائل šamā’il2 (pl.) good qualities; character, nature اشمل ašmal more comprehensive; more general, more universal شامل šāmil comprehensive, exhaustive; general, universal, complete, total مشمول mašmūl contained, comprised, included, implied │ مشمول برعايته (bi-ri‘āyatihī) enjoying the protection or patronage of s.o.; مشمولات الوظيفة the inherent functions of an office مشتمل muštamal comprising, containing, including (على s.th.) مشتمل muštamal cottage (for rent) مشتملات muštamalāt contents 2شمال šamāl, šimāl north; north wind; šimāl left hand; left side; left; الشمال the left (pol.); شمال šimāla north of …; شمالا šimālan to the left; northward, to the north │ شمال شرقي (šarqī) northeast; شمال غربي (garbī) northwest; كوكب الشمال kaukab aš-š. polar star; اليد الشمال (yad) the left hand شمالي šamalī, šimālī northern, northerly, north; situated on the left; الشماليون the leftist parties (pol.) │ الشفق الشمالي (šafaq) aurora borealis, northern lights 3 شملولšumlūl pl. شماليل šamālīl2 small amount, small quantity; -- (eg.) šamlūl brisk, vivid, agile, lively, nimble 4مشملة, مشملا look up alphabetically شمندر šamandar white beet, chard شمندورة šamandūra buoy 1شن šanna u (šann): شن غارة (gāratan) to make a raid, an invasion; to make an attack, launch an attack (على against, on) IV = I شن šann pl. شنون šunūn (water)skin مشنة mišanna basket without handles اشنان look up alphabetically شنأ šana’a a (شنآن šan’ān, šana’ān) to hate شنب šanab pl. اشنب ašnāb mustache شنتيان šintiyān pl. شناتين šanātīn2 loose trousers resembling pantalets, worn by women شنج šanija a (šanaj) to contract, shrink; to suffer from convulsions V = I; to twitch تشنج tašannuj contraction, shriveling, shrinking (of the skin); convulsive contraction (of a muscle), twitch, jerk, convulsion, spasm, fit, cramp │ التشنج الرعشي (ra‘šī) clonic spasm; التشنج الكزازي (kuzāzī) tonic spasm تشنجي tašannujī spastic, spasmodic, cramplike, paroxysmal, convulsive 487 شنخوبة šunkūba pl. شناخيب šanākīb2 large rock, boulder شنر II to blame, censure, revile, slander, abuse (على s.o.) شنار šanār disgrace, ignominy شنارق šanāriq2 = شرانق šarāniq2 شنشنة šanšana rustling (of paper); cracking, crackling شنشنة šinšina pl. شناشن šanāšin2 nature, disposition; habit, custom, practice 1 شنيطة šunaiṭa knot; noose, loop 2 شنطة šanṭa pl. شنط šunaṭ suitcase; satchel; bag, traveling bag │ شنطة اليد š. al-yad handbag شنع šanu‘a u (šana‘, شناعة šana‘a) to be ugly, abominable, repugnant, repulsive, atrocious, hideous, horrid, horrible, disgraceful; -- šana‘a a (šan‘) to dishonor, disgrace (ب or ه s.o.) II to calumniate, slander, revile, defame (على s.o.); to pillory, expose, condemn, denounce (على s.o., s.th.) شنع šanī‘ ugly, abominable, repugnant, repulsive, disgusting, atrocious, hideous, horrid, horrible, disgraceful, ignominious شنعة šun‘a ugliness, hideousness, horridness, repulsiveness شنيع šanī‘ ugly, abominable, repugnant, repulsive, disgusting, atrocious, hideous, horrid, horrible, disgraceful, ignominious شناعة šanā‘a ugliness, hideousness, horridness, repulsiveness اشنع ašna‘2, f. شنعاء šan‘ā’2 ugly, abominable, repugnant, repulsive, disgusting, atrocious, hideous, horrid, horrible, disgraceful, ignominious شنغوبة šungūba pl. شناغيب šanāgīb2 spicate protuberance; thorn, spike شنف II شنف الآذان (ādāna) to please the ears, to delight (of a voice) شنف sanf pl. شنوف šunūf earring شنق šanaqa u (šanq) to hang (هـ s.th., ه s.o. on the gallows) شنق šanq hanging شنق šanaq rope مشنقة mišnaqa pl. مشانق mašāniq2 gallows, gibbet; scaffold, place of execution (by hanging); mašnaqa gallows, gibbet مشنوق mašnūq hanged شنقب šunqub bécassine, snipe (zool.) شنكل šankala (eg.) to trip (ه s.o.) up; to hook up شنكل šankal pl. شناكل šanākil2 clothes peg; hook شنهق šanhaqa to bray (donkey) شهب šahab gray color, gray شهبة šuhba gray color, gray شهاب šihāb pl. شهب šuhub, شهبان šuhbān flame, blaze, fire; shooting star, luminous meteor; star اشهب ašhab2, f. شهباء šahbā’2, pl. شهب šuhb gray; الشهباء epithet of Aleppo (Syria) شهد šahida a (شهود šuhūd) to witness (هـ s.th.), be witness (هـ of s.th.); to experience personally (هـ s.th.), see with one’s own eyes (ه s.o. in a situation); to be present (هـ at), attend (هـ a celebration); to be present at the public appearance of s.o. (ه); to see (هـ s.th.); -- (شهادة šahāda) to testify, bear witness; to attest, confirm, certify (ب s.th., ان that), testify, give testimony, give evidence (على against s.o., to or about s.th., ل in s.o.’s favor); to sign as a witness, to witness (J. a document); 488 to acknowledge, adjudge (ب ل to s.o., s.th.) │ شهد to swear by God; شهد قانونيا to notarize ill to see (with one’s own eyes), view, inspect, watch, observe, witness (هـ s.th.) IV to call (ه upon s.o.) as a witness (على for s.th.); pass. ušhida to be martyred, die as a martyr X to call (ه or ب upon s.o.) or cite (ه or ب s.o.) as witness (على against or for, في in); to cite, quote (ب s.th.); to attest (e.g., على معنى كلمة ببيت the meaning of a word by a verse); pass. ustušhida to be martyred, die as a martyr شهد šahd, šuhd pl. شهاد šihād honey; honeycomb شهدة šahda carbuncle شهيد šahīd pl. شهداء šuhadā’2 witness; martyr, one killed in battle with the infidels; one killed in action شهيدة šahīda (woman) martyr شهادة šahāda pl. -āt testimony, witness, evidence, deposition; statement; certificate, certification, testimonial, affidavit; attestation, attest; credentials, identification; (Muslim) creed (= doftrinal formula); martyrdom, شهادة الإثبات š. al-itbāt evidence for the prosecution; شهادة حسن السير والسلوك (š. ḥusn as-sair) certificate of good conduct; شهادة خلو الطرف عن العمل š. kulūw aṭ-ṭaraf ‘an il-‘amal certificate of discharge (from a position); شهادة الدراسة الثانوية (tānawīya) secondary school diploma; شهادة زور š. zūr false testimony; شهادة على شهادة indirect testimony (Isl. Law); شهادة العالمية š. al-‘ālimīya (Eg.) diploma of higher learning (highest diploma awarded by Al Azhar University); شهادة عالية (‘āliya) diploma; شهادة النفي š. an-nafy evidence for the defense; شهادة الولادة birth certificate مشهد mašhad pl. مشاهد mašāhid2 place of assembly, assembly, meeting; place where a martyr or hero died; religious shrine venerated by the people, esp. the tomb of a saint; funeral cortege; profession; view, aspect, spectacle, sight, scenery; place or object of interest; scene (e.g., of a crime, of nature); act, number (as part of a program, e.g., in vaudeville), scene (in theater, as part of a play); aspect │مشهد غنائي (ginā’ī) song scene, vocal recital; مشاهد الحياة m. al-ḥayāh aspects of life مشاهدة mušāhada seeing, viewing, witnessing, inspection; (pl. -āt) view, sight, spectacle; apparition, vision اشهاد išhād pl. -āt written certification استشهاد istišhād citation. quotation; death of a martyr; death of a hero, heroic death; martyrdom شاهد šāhid pl. شهود šuhūd, شهد šuhhad present; -- (pl. شهود šuhūd, اشهاد ašhād) witness (على for); notary public; -- pl. شواهد šawāhid2) (piece of) evidence (على for); attestation; quotation serving as textual evidence; testimony; an oblong, upright tombstone │ شاهد الإثبات š. al-itbāt witness for the prosecution; شاهد السمع š. as-sam‘ earwitness; شاهد s. al-‘ain, شاهد عيان š. ‘iyān, شاهد عياني (‘iyānī) eyewitness; شاهد النفي š. an-nafy witness for the defense; على رؤوس الأشهاد in public, for everyone to see شاهدة šāhida pl. شواهد šawāhid2 an oblong, upright tombstone; index finger; true copy, copy of a letter, duplicate; الشاهدة the Earth مشهود mašhūd taking place in the presence of spectators or witnesses; happening before a large audience, well-attended; memorable (day, event) │ بالجرم المشهود (jurm) in the act, red-handed, flagrante delicto │ اليوم المشهود (yaum) the Day of Resurrection; red-letter day, festive public holiday 489 مشاهد mušāhid pl. -ūn spectator, onlooker, observer مشاهد mušāhad visible, perceptible; pl. مشاهدات things seen, sights; visible things شهر šahara a (šahr) to make well-known, famous, renowned, notorious (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to spread, make known, divulge, proclaim, announce (هـ s.th.); to draw, unsheathe (هـ a weapon); pass. šuhira to be or become well-known, famed, famous, renowned, notorious (ب by or for s.th. respectively, by or under a name) │ شهر الحرب عليه (ḥarb) to declare war on s.o.; شهر البندقية (bunduqīya) to level a gun (على at s.o.) II to make well-known, famous, renowned, notorious (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to spread, make known, divulge, proclaim, announce (هـ s.th.); to defame, slander, revile publicly, pillory, condemn, denounce (ه s.o.) III to engage or hire (ه s.o.) on a monthly basis, rent (هـ s.th.) by the month IV to make known, proclaim, announce, spread, divulge (هـ s.th.); to unsheathe, draw (ه a weapon); to sell at auction, also اشهر المزاد (mazāda) │ اشهر مزاد بيع شيء (mazāda bai‘i š.) to auction s.th. off, put s.th. up at auction VIII to be or become well-known, famed, famous, renowned, notorious (ب by or for s.th. respectively, by or under a name); to be known (عن of s.o., a trait, and the like); to be widespread, common شهر šahr pl. اشهر ašhur, شهور šuhūr new moon; month │ شهر العسل š. al-‘asal honeymoon شهري šahrī monthly, mensal; شهريا šahrīyan monthly, per month, by the month │ اشتراك شهري monthly subscription; monthly fee or contribution; نصف شهري niṣfu šahrīyin fortnightly, semimonthly, appearing biweekly شهرية šahrīya monthly salary شهرة šuhra repute, reputation, renown, fame, famousness, celebrity; notoriety; surname (Syr., Leb.) │ شهرة عالمية (‘ālamīya) world-wide renown, worldwide fame شهير šahīr widely known, well-known, famous, renowned, celebrated (ب by a name); notorious, ill-reputed اشهر ašhar2 better known, more widely known مشاهرة mušāhara pl. -āt monthly salary; pl. monthly payments, monthly allowances; mušāharatan monthly, per month, by the month اشهار išhār announcement, proclamation, declaration; public sales, auction; publicity, advertising │ اشهار الإفلاس i. al-iflās notice of bankruptcy, declaration of insolvency اشتهار ištihār repute, reputation, renown, fame, famousness, celebrity; notoriety مشهور mašhūr pl. مشاهير mašāhīr2 well-known, widely known, renowned, famous, celebrated; notorious, ill-reputed; wide-spread, common; a famous, celebrated personality, a celebrity; accepted, established, canonical (textual variant, version of the Koran) │ على المشهور according to the general belief, as it is (was) generally understood مشهر mušahhar well-known, widely known, renowned, famous, celebrated; notorious, ill-reputed شهق šahaqa a i (شهيق šahīq) to bray (donkey); -- šahaqa a i and šahiqa a (شهيق šahīq, شهاق šuhāq, تشهاق tašhāq) to inhale; to sigh deeply; to sob, gulp; to moan, groan IV اشهق بالبكاء (bi-l-bukā’) to burst into tears, break out into loud weeping شهقة šahqa moan(ing), groan(ing); gulping 490 شهيق šahīq braying, brays (of a donkey); sobbing, sobs; sighing, sighs; inhalation, breathing in شاهق šāhiq pl. شواهق šawāhiq2 high, lofty, towering (building, mountain) │ علو شاهق (‘ulūw) tremendous height شواهق šawāhiq2 heights شهل II to accelerate, speed up, expedite (هـ s.th.); to remove quickly, hurry off (ه s.o.) شهل šahil nimble, swift, quick شهلة šuhla bluish-black color of the eyes اشهل ašhal, f. شهلاء šahlā’2 having bluish-black eyes شهم šahm, pl. شهام šihām perspicacious, sagacious, astute, clever, bold, audacious; energetic; noble, gallant, decent; gentleman شهامة šahāma perspicacity, sagacity, astuteness, cleverness; audacity, boldness, gallantry, noble-mindedness; energy, vigor, verve; decency, respectability شاهين pl. شواهين look up alphabetically شهو) and شها (شهي šahā u and شهي šahiya a (شهوة šahwa) to desire, wish, covet, crave (هـ s.th.), long (هـ for s.th.) II to make covetous, fill with desire, allure, entice (ه s.o.); to arouse greed, desire, appetite (ه in s.o., هـ for s.th.); to whet the appetite, be appetizing (food) V and VIII to be covetous, greedy, to long (هـ for s.th.), crave, desire, wish (هـ s.th.), ffeel appetite (هـ for s.th.) │ شيء لا يشتهى (yuštahā) an undesirable thing شهوة šahwa pl. šahawāt greed, craving, desire, ardent wish, longing, yearning, eagerness, passion, carnal appetite, lust; appetite شهوي šahwī sensual, sensuous, lustful, instinctual, uninhibited شهوان šahwān, f. شهوى šahwā, pl. شهاوى šahāwā covetous, greedy; lewd, lecherous, lascivious, libidinous, dissolute, debauched شهواني šahwānī covetous, greedy; lewd, lecherous, lascivious, libidinous, dissolute, debauched; sensual, sensuous, lustful, instinctual, uninhibited شهي šahīy pleasant, agreeable, desirable; appetizing, inviting, tasty شهية šahīya appetite │ فاتح الشهية or ما يفتح الشهية (yaftaḥu) stimulating the appetite, appetizing; قلة الشهية للطعام qillat aš-š. li-ṭ-ṭa‘ām want of appetite تشه tašahhin greed, avidity, cupidity, craving, desire اشتهاء ištihā’ greed, craving, desire, dent wish, longing, yearning. eagerness, passion, carnal appetite, lust; appetite مشه mušahhin stimulating the appetite, appetizing; مشهيات appetizers, relishes, hors d’oeuvres مشته muštahin covetous, greedy, avid, craving, desirous, lustful مشتهى muštahan desirable; desired, welcome, agreeable, pleasant; (pl. مشتهيات muštahayāt) that which is coveted, object of desire شاء šā’ (coll.; n. un. شاة šāh) pl. شواه šiwāh, شياه šiyāh sheep; ewe شوال šuwāl, šiwāl pl. -āt (large) sack 1شاب (شوب) šāba u (šaub, شياب šiyāb) to mix, blend (هـ ب s.th. with); to adulterate, vitiate, contaminate, spoil, corrupt, pollute, tarnish, sully, stain, spot (هـ s.th.); to mix, blend, intermix (هـ with) │لا تشوبه شائبة blameless, flawless, unblemished, immaculate شوب šaub mixture; tarnishing, sullying, roiling, rendering turbid; impairment, blemish, flaw; hot wind 491 شائبة šā’iba pl. شوائب šawā’ib dirt, stains, spot, flaw, blemish, defect, fault; suspicion, reason for suspicion, suspicious fact مشوب mašūb mixed; adulterated, vitiated│ مشوب بالهموم troubled with worries 2 شابة look up alphabetically شوبق šaubaq pl. شوابق šawābiq2 rolling pin شوبك šaubak: pl. شوابك šawābik2 rolling pin 1شوح II (eg.) to grill, broil, roast (هـ s.th.) 2شوح šūḥ (coll.; n. un. ة) fir, sapin 3شوحة šūḥa kite (zool.) 4مشاحة see شح شور II to make a sign, beckon, signal, wink, blink (الى to s.o.); to point out (الى s.th.), point (الى at) III to ask s.o.’s (ه) advice, seek s.o.’s (ه) advice, consult (ه s.o.); to consult, take counsel (ه with s.o.), شاور نفسه (nafsahū) to take counsel with o.s., reflect, bethink o.s. IV to make a sign, beckon, signal, wink, blink (ل or الى to s.o.), motion (ل or الى s.o., ب to do s.th.); to ask, invite, urge (الى s.o.); to point, allude (الى to), hint (الى at), indicate, point out (على or الى s.th.), call s.o.’s (ل) attention to (على); to advice (ب على s.o. of s.th., على ان s.o. to do s.th.), suggest (ب على to s.o. s.th., على ان to s.o. to do s.th.), command, order ان or على ب s.o. to do s.th.); to state, indicate (ب s.th.) │ ما يشار اليه بالبنان (yušāru, banān) that which is pointed at with the finger tips, i.e., s.th. very remarkable, s.th. outstanding; ما اشار بطرف (bi-ṭarfin) he did not bat an eye VI to take counsel, deliberate, consult (في مع with s.o. about) X to ask for advice (ه s.o.), take counsel (ه with s.o.), consult (ه s.o.) شارة šāra pl. -āt sign, token, distinguishing mark, badge; guile, outward appearance │ شارة الصليب sign of the cross شورى šūrā consultation, deliberation, taking counsel; counsel; advice │ مجلس الشورى majlis š-šūrā and مجلس شورى الدولة m. š. d-daula state council شوري šūrī consultative, advisory مشوار mišwār pl. مشاوير mašāwīr2 errand; O stroke, (of an internal-combustion engine; techn.) │ محرك ثنائي المشوار muḥarrik tunā’ī l-m. two-cycle engine; محرك رباعي المشوار (rubā‘ī l-m.) four-cycle engine مشورة mašwara, mašūra pl. -āt consultation, deliberation, conference; counsel, advice, suggestion مشاورة mušāwara pl. -āt consultation, deliberation, conference اشارة išāra pl. -āt sign, motion, nod, wink, wave; gesture; signal; indication; allusion, hint, intimation; symbolic expression; (silent) reminder; advice, counsel, suggestion; instruction, order, command │ اشارة برقية (barqīya) telegram, wire, dispatch, cable(gram); اشارة تلغرافية telegram, wire; اشارة الخطر i. al-kaṭar air-raid warning, alert; اشارة الصليب sign of the cross (Chr.); اشارة ضبط الوقت i. ḍabt al-waqt (radio) time signal; اشارة لا سلكية (lā-silkīya) radio message; محطة الإشارات maḥaṭṭat al-i. signal post; اسم الإشارة ism al-i. demonstrative pronoun; وحدات الإشارة waḥdat al-i. signal corps units (mil.); رهن اشارته (rahna) at s.o.’s beck and call, at s.o.’s disposal اشاري išārī (mil.) signalman, member of the signal corps (Eg. 1939) اشارجي išargī (mil.) signalman, member of the signal corps (Eg.) تشاور tašāwur joint consultation, deliberation (مع with) استشارة istišāra pl. -āt a seeking of advice, consultation; guidance, advice (one receives) 492 استشاري istišārī consultative, advisory مشاور mušāwar adviser, counselor, consultant مشير mušīr indicative (الى of); adviser, counselor, consultant; field marshal (Eg.; 1933); Fleet Admiral (Eg. 1939) المشار اليه al-mušār ilaihi the aforementioned, the aforesaid, the said مستشار mustašār adviser, counselor, consultant, councilor; chancellor; approx.: justice (title; Eg.) │ مستشار السفارة counselor of embassy; مستشار المفوضية m. al-mufawwaḍīya counselor of legation دار المستشارية dār al-mustašārīya office of the chancellor, chancellery 1شورب šaurab flycatcher (zool.) 2شوربة šōrba (eg.), šōraba (syr.) and شوربا soup شورت (Engl.) šort short, short feature (motion pictures) شورمة اشوس ašwas2, f. شوساء šausā’2, pl. شوس šūs, اشاوس ašāwis2 proud; bold, audacious, daring, venturesome │ شوس الحرب š. al-ḥarb war heroes 1شوش II to muddle, confuse, confound, jumble (هـ s.th.), disturb (على or هـ s.th.), complicate (هـ s.th.) V to be confused, confounded, muddled, jumbled, deranged, disturbed; to feel indisposed, be ill شاش šāš muslin; white cloth شاشة šāša white cloth; الشاشة aš-šāša and الشاشة البيضاء (baiḍā’) (motion picture) screen شاشية šāšiya, šāšīya pl. شواشي šawāšī a kind of headgear, cap, skullcap شوش šūš Maria Theresa dollar (Nejd) شوشة šūša tuft of hair, lock; crest (of birds) شواش šawāš confusion, muddle, (state of) disorder, disturbance, derangement (e.g., of the mind) شواشي šawāšī pl. شواشية šawāšīya a maker of šāšiya’s (see above) تشويش tašwīš confusion, confounding, muddling; disturbance, derangement; ailment مشوش mušawwaš muddled, jumbled, befuddled, confused; disturbed, deranged (e.g., of a sensorial function); ailing, ill │ مشوش الفكر m. al-fikr bewildered, confused, baffled 2شاوش pl. شواش look up alphabetically 3شاويش look up alphabetically شوشبرك šušbarak (eg.) small pastry stuffed with meat and served with milk rice شوط šauṭ pl. شوط ašwāṭ to a goal; state, phase; round, game, half, course (in sports and games); goal, aim │قطع شوطا كبيرا (بعيدا) في التقدم (الرقي) (taqaddum, ruqiy) and قطع في ميدان الرقي اشواطا (maidān r-ruqīy) to make good progress or headway, advance in great strides, قطع اشواطا شاسعة do.; يفوقه اشواطا (yafūquhū) he surpasses him by far شواظ šuwāẓ flame; fire, fervor, ardor, passion 2شوف II to polish (هـ s.th.); to adorn, deck out (ها a woman) V to look out expectantly, longingly (الى for), look forward (الى to), expect, anticipate (الى s.th.) شوف šauf harrow الشوف aš-šūf name of an administrative district of Lebanon شوفة šaufa (colloq.) sight, spectacle, view شوفان šūfān oats شاق (شوق) šāqa u (šauq) to please delight (ه s.o.), give joy (ه to s.o.); to fill (ه s.o.) with longing, craving, desire, 493 arouse longing, craving, desire (ه in s.o.) II to fill (ه s.o.) with longing, craving, desire, arouse longing, craving, desire (ه in s.o.) V and VIII to long, yearn (الى or ه, هـ for), crave, covet, desire ardently (الى or هـ s.th.) شوق šauq pl. اشواق ašwāq longing, yearning, craving, desire, wish شيق šayyiq longing, yearning, craving, desirous, covetous; brilliant, gorgeous, splendid تشويق tašwīq arousing of desire, of longing; fascination, thrilling, awakening of excitement, of eagerness تشوق tašawwuq longing, yearning, desire, inclination, craving, eagerness اشتياقištiyāq longing, yearning, desire, inclination, craving, eagerness شائق šā’iq arousing longing, stimulating desire; brilliant, gorgeous, splendid, beautiful مشوق mušawwiq arousing desire or longing; thrilling, exciting, fascinating, absorbing, stimulating, stirring, attractive, interesting; -- mušawwaq filled with longing (الى for), desirous, covetous (الى of) مشتاق muštāq longing, yearning, craving, desirous, covetous شاك (شوك) (šauk) to sting, prick, hurt, injure, pierce (ب ه s.o. with a thorn, a needle, and the like) II to be thorny; to stud (. s.th.) with thorns or spikes; to sting, prick, hurt, injure, pierce (ب ه s.o. with a thorn, with a needle) IV to sting, prick, hurt, injure شوك šauk (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اشواك ašwāk thorns, spikes, pricks, prickles, spines; fishbone; forks │ على الشوك on tenterhooks, on pins and needles شوكة šauka (n. un.) thorn, spike, prick, prickle, spine, sting, point; tine, prong; spur (of a rooster); fork; fishbone; furor of fighting, bravura, bravery, valor, verve, dash, élan; might, power شوكي šaukī thorny, spiky, prickly, spiny; spinal │ الطين الشوكي (ṭīn) fruit of the Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica Haw.; bot.); الحبل الشوكي (ḥabl) spinal cord; الحمى الشوكية المخية (ḥummā, mukkīya) cerebrospinal meningitis (med.); العمود الشوكي (‘amūd) vertebral column, backbone; spine; النخاع الشوكي (nukā‘) spinal cord شوك šawik thorny, spiky, prickly, spiny شائك šā’ik thorny, spiky, prickly, spiny; delicate, ticklish, critical, difficult │ سلك شائك (silk) pl. اسلاك شائكة barbed wire شوكران šaukarān poison hemlock (Conium maculatum; bot.) 1شال (شول) šāla u (šaul) to rise, be raised, elevated; to raise, lift (هـ or ب s.th.); to carry (هـ or ب s.th.) │ شالت نعامته (na‘āmatuhū) he went away, departed; he died, be is dead II to become sparse, scarce, short in supply III to attack, assail (ه s.o.) IV to raise, lift (هـ s.th.); to carry (هـ s.th.) شول šawil nimble, adroit, swift, quick, expeditious (at work) شوال šawwāl pl. -āt شواويل šawāwīl2, الشوال Shawwal, name of the tenth month of the Muslim year مشال mašāl carrying, carriage, conveyance, transportation (of loads); porterage, carrying charges 2شال pl. شيلان look up alphabetically 3 شوالlook up alphabetically شولقى šaulaqī person with a sweet tooth شولم šaulam darnel (Lolium temulentum; bot.); a variety of vetch 494 1شام, شامي pl. شوام, مشوم see شأم 2شومة šuma stick, cudgel شون II to garnmer, store (هـ s.th., esp. grain) شون šūna pl. -āt, شون šuwan (eg.) storehouse, granary, shed, barn شوندر šawandar white beet, chard 1 شوهšawiha a (šawah) and شاه šāha u (شوه šauh) to be or become ugly, misshapen, deformed, defaced, disfigured, distorted, malformed II to disfigure, deform, deface, distort, mar, mutilate (ه s.o., هـ s.th., esp. the face); to revile, slander, defame (ه s.o.); to jam (اذاعة a broadcast) │ شوه وجه الحقيقة (wajah l-ḥ) to distort the truth; شوه وجه وظيفته to disgrace one’s profession V = I شوه šawāh ugliness, misshapenness, malformation, deformity, disfigurement, distortion, perversion اشوه ašwah2, f. شوهاء šauhā’2, pl. شوه šūh misshapen, malformed, ugly, disfigured, deformed, disfeatured, defaced; distorted, perverted تشويه tašwīh deformation, disfigurement, defacement, mutilation; defamation; crippledness تشوه tašawwuh ugliness, misshapenness, malformation, deformity, disfigurement, distortion, perversion شائه šā’ih misshapen, malformed, ugly, disfigured, deformed, disfeatured, defaced; distorted, perverted مشوه mušawwah disfigured, defaced, deformed; mutilated, maimed; misshapen, malformed, ugly; distorted, perverted │ مشوه الحرب m. al-ḥarb disabled (inactive service); disabled veteran 2شاه look up alphabetically 3شاة (n. un.) see شوء شواه pl. of شاء see شوء شوى šawā i (شي šayy) to broil, grill, rout (هـ meat) شواء šiwā’ broiled, or grilled, meat, and the like │ شواء السجق š. sujuq grilled sausage شوى šawīy broiled, grilled, rosted شواة šawāh pl. شوى šawan scalp شواية šawāya gridiron, grill مشواه mišwāh pl. مشاو mašāwin gridiron, grill 1 شىsee شوى 2شية, شيات see وشي شاء (شيأ) šā’a a (مشيئة mašī’a) to want; to wish (هـ s.th., ان that) │ ان شاء الله (in) God willing; it is to be hoped; I (we) hope so; ما شاء الله whatever (howsoever, how long soever) God intend (used to express an indefinite quantity, amount, number, or period of time); various, sundry, all kinds of, God knows what; also, exclamation of surprise: amazing! that’s right! good! bravo! الى ما شاء الله forever and ever, for all time and time to come; لفق ما شاء له التلفيق (laffaqa, talfīqu) to fabricate the moot outrageous lies شيء šai’ pl. اشياء ašyā’2 thing; something; (with neg.) nothing │ شيء من ... some a little, a certain (amount of), a considerable ...; شيء من النشاط (našāṭ) some activity; شيء من القلق (qalaq) some uneasiness, some anxiety; بدون شيء من الجهد (jahd) without any effort at all; هذا شيء وذاك شيء آخر (ākar) this and that are two entirely different things (or matters); في الأمر شيء there is s.th. wrong, there is a fly in the ointment; بعض الشيء ba‘ḍ š. to a certain extent, a little, somewhat; بشيء, في شيء in negative sentences: not in any way; in no 495 way, by no means, not at all, not in the least; على شيء كثير من very, extremely, e.g., على شيء كثير من البساطة (basāṭa) very simple; الشيء الكثير the most; اشبه شيء ب (ašbahu šai’in) very much like ...; شيئا بعد شيء or شيئا فشيئا (fa-šai’an) bit by bit, one after the other, by and by, gradually; لا شيء a nothing, nil, nonentity; nothing (in sport scoring); اللاشيء the nothing; لا شيء nothing (as object); لا ... غير الشيء اليسير (gair š-šai’ l-yasīr) only very little; ليس بشيء it is nothing, it is of no consequence; ليس هذا في شيء من ذلك this has absolutely nothing to do with that شيئي šai’ī objective, factual لاشيئية lā-šai’īya nonexistence, nothingness, nihility, nullity شيئ šuyyai’ a little thing, trifle شوية šuwayya (colloq.) a little, a bit, somewhat مشيئة mašī’a volition, will; wish, desire │بمشيئة الله God willing 2شاب (شيب) šāba i (šaib, شيبة šaiba, مشيب mašīb) to become white-haired, gray-haired; to turn white or gray (hair); to grow old, to age; to make white-haired; to bleach (هـ s.th.) II to make (ه s.o.) white-haired, cause s.o.’s (ه) hair to turn white (grief) IV = II شيب šaib grayness of the hair, gray or white hair; old age شيبة šaiba a variety of Artemisia (Artemisia arborescens L.; bot.) اشيب ašyab2, f. شيباء šaibā’2, pl. شيب šīb white, gray (hair); white-haired, gray-haired (person); old, aged; old man مشيب mašīb grayness of the hair, gray or white hair; old age شائب šā’ib white, gray (hair); white-haired, gray-haired (person); old, aged; old man 2شابة look up alphabetically شيت šīt pl. شيوتات šuyūtāt chintz. Printed calico (eg.) 1شيح II (tun.) to dry, blot (هـ s.th.) IV to turn away, avert (ب the eyes, one’s face, عن from) شياح šayyāḥ blotting paper 2 شيح šīḥ an oriental variety of wormwood (bot.) شاخ (شيخ) šāka i (شيخ šayak, شيوخة šuyūka, شيخوخة šaikūka) to age, grow old; to attain a venerable age شيخ šaik, pl. شيوخ šuyūk, اشياخ ašyāk, مشيخة mašyaka, مشايخ mašāyik2, مشائخ mašā’ik2 an elderly, venerable gentleman; old man; elder; chief, chieftain, sheik, patriarch, head (of a tribe); title of the ruler of anyone of the sheikdoms along the Persian Gulf; title of native scholars trained in the traditional sciences such as clerical dignitaries, members of a religious order, profesors of spiritual institutions of higher learning, etc.; master; master of an order (Sufism); senator (parl.) │ الشيخ ارز اسمر (aruzz asmar), الشيخ ارز ابيض (abyaḍ) (eg.) popular names for certain rice dishes; شيخ البحر š. al-baḥr sea calf (zool.); شيخ البلد š. al-balad chief of a village, village mayor; شيخ السجادة š. as-sajjāda title of the leaders of certain dervish orders in their capacity of inheritors of the founder’s prayer rug; شيخ الإسلام š. al-islām sheikh ul-Islam, formerly, esp. in medieval Egypt, title of the Grand Mufti, the spiritual head of Islam, later being bestowed more and more exclusively upon the Mufti of Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire; title of the chief mufti in Tunisia; شيخ المدينة inspector of police (Magr.); مشيخة الجامع الأعظم professoriate, or faculty, of the Great Mosque in Tunis; الشيوخ (pl. of majesty) title of a ruler 496 among the inhabitants of Nejd; مجلس الشيوخ majlis aš-š. senate شيخة šaika pl. -āt an old, or elderly, woman, a matron شياخة šiyāka position, or dignity, of a sheik شيخوخة šaikūka old age, senility شيخوخي šaikūkī senile, characteristic of old age مشيخة mašyaka pl. -āt, مشايخ mašāyik2 office, or dignity, of a sheik; sheikdom (in general, specif., anyone of the semi-independent territories on the Persian Gulf); an administrative subdivision (Tun.); professoriate (e.g., of Al Azhar) شاد (شيد) šāda i (شيد šaid) to erect, set up, construct, build (هـ an edifice, and the like) II = I; IV = I; به or اشاد بذكره (bi-dikrihī) to celebrate, praise, commend s.o. or s.th., speak in glowing terms of s.o. or s.th. شيد šīd plaster (of a wall); plaster of Paris; mortar تشييد tašyīd erection, setting up, construction, building (of an edifice) اشادة išāda praise, commendation, extolment (ب of) مشيد mušayyad high, lofty, imposing (of a structure) شيراز šīrāz2 Shiraz (city in SW Iran) شيرج šīraj sesame oil شيرة šīra a refreshment (made of fruit juice) شيزوفرانيا šīzofrāniyā schizophrenia 1شيش šīš foil, rapier; jalousie, Venetian blind │ معلم الشيش mu‘allim aš-š. fencing instructor; لعبة الشيش la‘bat aš-š. fencing, swordplay 2 شيشةšīša bottle of the narghile; narghile, hookah شاط (شيط) šāṭa i (شيط šaiṭ) to burn (esp. food) II to burn slightly, singe, scorch, sear (هـ s.th.) IV = II; V = I; X استشاط غضبا (gaḍaban) to be or become fuming with rage, flare up, fly off the handle شيطان II tašaiṭana to behave like a devil شيطان šaiṭān pl. شياطين šayāṭīn2 Shaitan, Satan, devil, fiend شيطاني šaiṭānī satanic, devilish, fiendish; demonic, demoniac, hellish, infernal شيطنة šaiṭana devilry, villainy, dirty trick شاع (شيع) šā‘a i (شيع šai‘, شيوع šuyū‘) to spread, be divulged, become known, become public (news); to spread (out), diffuse (في over); to fill, pervade, dominate (في s.o., s.th.; of a feeling); شاع في to be generally attributable, be generally applicable to s.th.; شاع به to spread, divulge, publicize, circulate s.th.; make s.th. known, bring s.th. to public notice II to see (ه s.o.) off, escort, accompany (ه s.o.); to bid farewell (ه to s.o.); to pay (ه the deceased) the last honors; to send (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to adhere (هـ to a faction) │ شيعت الجنازة šuyyi‘at il-janāzatu the deceased was escorted to his final resting place, the funeral took place III to follow (على ه s.o. in), adapt o.s. (على ه to s.o. in); to conform, fall in (على ه with s.o. in); to side (على هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th. in), take sides (على هـ, ه for s.o., for s.th. in) IV to spread, divulge, publish, publicize, make known, bring to public notice, circulate (ب or هـ s.th.) V to side (ل في with s.o., with s.th. in), take sides (ل في for s.o., for s.th. in), join (ل s.o., s.th., a faction), make common cause, hold (ل with s.o.); to become a Shiite; to pretend to be a Shiite VI to come to an agreement (على in, about) 497 شيعة šī‘a pl. شيع šiya‘ followers, adherents, disciples, faction, party, sect; الشيعة the faction of Ali, the Shiah, the Shiites (that branch of the Muslims who recognize Ali, the Prophet’s son-in-law, as his rightful successor), pl. اشياع ašyā‘ adherents, followers, partisans شيعي šī‘ī Shiitic, (pl. -ūn) Shiite شياع šiyā‘ community (of property) (jur.) شيوع šuyū‘ publicity, spread, circulation (of news) │ على الشيوع in common, jointly, in joint possession شيوعي šuyū‘ī communistic, communist; (pl. -ūn) a communist شيوعية šuyū‘īya communism تشييع tašyī‘: تشييع الجنازة ṯ al-janāza funeral, burial مشايعة mušāya‘a partisanship, partiality اشاعة išā‘a spreading, publication, circulation (of news); rumor; news, information O اشاعية išā‘īya collectivism (pol.) تشيع tašayyu‘ partisanship, partiality, bias (ل for) شائع šā’i‘ widespread, (well-)known, public; general, universal; common, joint │ الشائع ان it is rumored that ...; شائع الذيوع widely known, widespread, common; شائع الاستعمال in general use, commonly used, generally accepted; ملك شائع (milk) joint property شائعة šā’i‘a pl. -āt, شوائع šawā’i‘ rumor مشايع mušāyi‘ partial, adherent, partisan مشاع mušā‘ widespread; (well-)known, public; general, universal; common, joint; joint (or collective) ownership, joint tenancy (Isl. Law); public property, public domain متشيع mutašayyi‘ partial; partisan مشتاع muštā‘ partner, co-partner, co-owner شاف II to cut up, chop or slice (هـ fruit) اشياف ašyāf (pl.) cuts, slices شيون šīfūn chiffon (fabric) شيق see شوق 1شيك (Fr.) šīk chic اشيك ašyak2 very chic 2شيك (Fr. cheque) šēk, šīk pl. -āt check │ شيك السياحة traveler's check شيكوريا (It. cicoria) šīkōriyā chicory شيكولاته šīkōlāta (syr.) chocolate 1شال (شيل) šāla , to carry, convey, transport (هـ s.th.); to raise, elevate, lift (هـ s.th.) شيلة šaila pl. -āt load, burden شيالة šiyāla carrying, carriage, conveyance, transportation (of loads); porterage, carrying charges شيال šayyāl pl. -ūn, شيالة šayyāla porter, carrier شيالة šayyāla suspender مشال mašāl carrying, carriage, conveyance, transportation (of loads); porterage, carrying charges 2شال pl. شيلان look up alphabetically شيلام šailām darnel (Lalium temulentum; bot.); a variety of vetch شيلمان šīlmān (coll.; n. un. ة) steel girders (ir.) شيلي šīlī Chile شام (شيم) šāma i to look out (هـ for), be on the lookout, watch; to expect (هـ s.th.), hope (هـ for) شيمة šīma pl. شيم šiyam nature, temper, disposition, character; habit, custom, practice 498 شامة šāma pl. -āt, شام šām mole, nevus, birthmark شيمية šīmīya pl. شيامي šayāmī (eg.) vortex, whirlpool, eddy مشيمة mašīma pl. مشيم mašīm, مشايم mašāyim2 placenta 1شان (شين) šāna i (شين šain) to disfigure, disfeature, mar, .dishonor, disgrace (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) │ شان سمعته (sum‘atahū) to detract from s.o.’s good reputation II = I شين šain disfigurement, marring, dishonoring, disgracing; disgrace, shame شائن šā’in dishonorable, scandalous, disgraceful مشين mušayyin dishonorable, scandalous, disgraceful 1شين šīn name of the letter ش شاي look up alphabetically شياخ pl. of شاء, see شوء ص ص abbreviation of صفحة ṣafḥa page (of a book) ص ب abbreviation of صندوق البريد ṣundūq al-barīd post-office box, p. o. b. صؤاب ṣu’āb (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. صئبان ši’bān, صيبان ṣībān nit صابورة see 2صبر صابون see صبن صاج ṣāj thin sheet iron; bread tin, baking tin │ صاج مضلع (muḍalla‘) corrugated iron يا صاح yā ṣāḥi = يا صاحبي yā ṣāḥibī صاد name of the letter ص صاغ in order, right, proper, sound, regular, standard; a rank in army and police (intermediate between captain and major); a naval rank intermediate between lieutenant and lieutenant commander (Eg.) │ عملة صاغ (‘umla) standard currency; غرش صاغ (girš) standard piaster صاغقول اغاسي (Turk. sağkol ağasι) military rank intermediate between captain and major (Eg.) صالة (It. sala) ṣāla pl. -āt hall, large room صالون ṣālūn salon, parlor, reception room │ عربة صالون ‘arabat ṣ. parlor car, club car صامولة see صمولة ṣamūla صأى ṣa’ā a i (صئى ṣa’īy) to twitter, chirp (of a bird) صب ṣabba u (ṣabb) to pour, pour forth, cast, empty, fill (في هـ s.th. into); to impose, عليه بلاء (balā’an) a trial upon s.o. │ صب الغارة to commit an assault; -- i (ṣabb) to be poured out, pour forth, shed, flow (في into); to befall (على s.o.), come upon s.o. (على); -- (1st pers. perf. ṣabibtu) a (صبابة ṣabāba) to love ardently (الى s.o.) V to pour forth, shed, flow; to drip, outflow (هـ with), be bathed (هـ in); to dissolve, melt, deliquesce │ تصبب عرقا (‘araqan) to be wet with perspiration, break into a sweat VII to be poured out, pour forth, flow, shed, effuse, gush out; to be intent, be bent (على or الى on), be out for (على or الى); to apply o.s. (على or الى to s.th.), study, endeavor (على or الى to be or do s.th.); to be aimed, directed, oriented (على at), bear upon (على) 499 صب ṣabb pouring; casting, founding (of metal); cut; flow gush; outpour, effusion; ardently in love, enamored صبيب ṣabīb pl. اصباب aṣbāb declivity; slope, incline, hillside صبيب ṣabīb poured out, shed, spilled; blood; sweat, perspiration صبابة ṣabāba ardent love, fervent longing صبابة ṣubāba rest, remainder, remnant مصب maṣabb pl. -āt, مصاب maṣābb2 outlet, escape, drain; mouth (of a river, and the like); drainpipe; funnel مصبوب maṣbūb lead (metal); pl. مصبوبات cast-metal goods, foundry products 1صبأ ṣaba’a a (صبوء ṣubū’) to grow (tooth, nail), sprout (plant); -- ṣaba’a a to turn (الى to, toward) 2صابئ ṣābi’ Sabian; Mandaean, see the following الصابئة aṣ-ṣābi’a the Sabians, designation of two different sects, 1) the Mandaeans, a Judeo-Christian Gnostic, baptist sect in Mesopotomia (Christians of St. John), used in this sense in the Koran. 2) The Sabians of Harran, a pagan sect extant as late as the 11th century A. D. صبح ṣabaḥa a (ṣabḥ) to offer a morning draught (ه to s.o.); -- ṣabuḥa u (صباحة ṣabāḥa) to be beautiful, graceful, handsome, comely, pretty; to beam, be radiant (face) II to offer a morning draught (ه to s.o.); to come in the morning (ه to s.o.); to which a good morning (على or ه to s.o.) III يصابحه ويماسيه he attends to it mornings and evenings, he is constantly, incessantly occupied with it IV to enter upon morning; to wake up, be awake, be in one’s senses; to be or become clear; to become, be, or happen in the morning; to get (في into a situation), reach a state, come to a point where ...; to become, grow, turn; to be │ اصبح الصباح (ṣabāḥu) it became morning; اصبح على خير to have a good morning, begin the day happily; تصبح على خير (tuṣbiḥ) porting word at night: may you he well tomorrow morning! يفعله اذا اصبح ويفعله اذا امسى (amsā) he does it mornings and evenings, he does it all the time, incessantly; اصبح الحق (ḥaqqu) truth has come to light; لم يصبح يفعل he no longer did (so); لم يصبح له وجود it no longer existed VIII to have a morning draught; to light (هـ s.th., e.g., a lamp); to use for lighting (ب s.th.) X to begin the day صبح ṣubḥ pl. اصباح aṣbāḥ dawn; daybreak; morning; (ellipt. for صلاة الصبح ṣalāt aṣ-ṣ.) morning prayer (at dawn) صبحة ṣubḥa early morning; breakfast, morning meal صباح ṣabāḥ morning; صباحا ṣabāḥan in the morning │ صباح مساء ṣabāḥa masā’a in the morning and in the evening, mornings and evenings; صباح اليوم ṣabāḥ al-yaum this morning; صباحك بالخير, صباح الخير (bi-l-kair) good morning! عم صباحا (‘im) do. صباحي ṣabāḥī morning (adj.) صباح ṣubāḥ and صبحان ṣabḥān2, f. صبحى ṣabḥā pretty, comely, handsome, beautiful, graceful صبيح ṣabīḥ pl. صباح ṣibāḥ pretty, comely, handsome, beautiful, graceful صباحة ṣubāḥa beauty, gracefulness, grace صبيحة ṣabīḥa morning صبوح ṣabūḥ morning draught; beautiful as the early day, radiant, bright مصباح miṣbāḥ pl. مصابيح maṣābīḥ2 lamp; light, luminary (also fig.); head-light (of an automobile) │ مصباح الإضاءة 500 incandescent light, light bulb; مصباح كشاف (kaššāf) searchlight; مصباح كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electric light, light bulb; مصباح كهربائي يدوي (yadawī) electric flashlight اصباح iṣbāḥ morning استصباح istiṣbāḥ illumination, lighting │ غاز الاستصباح illuminating gas مصبح muṣbaḥ morning صبر ṣabara i (ṣabr) to bind, tie, fetter, shackle (ه s.o.); to be patient, be forbearing, have patience, take patience, persevere; to bear calmly, patiently, stoutly, endure (على s.th.); to refrain, abstain, desist (عن from), renounce (عن s.th.); to hold one’s own (ل against s.o.), withstand (ل s.o.) II to ask (ه s.o.) to be patient; to admonish (ه s.o.) to be patient; to console, comfort, solace (هـ the heart); to make (هـ s.th.) durable; to conserve (هـ s.th.); to preserve, can (هـ s.th.) │ صبر بطنه (baṯnahū; eg.) to have a snack III to vie in patience (ه with s.o.); to bear stoutly V to be patient, be for-bearing, have or take patience, persevere VIII = V صبر ṣabr fettering, shackling; patience, forbearance; composure, equanimity, steadfastness, firmness; self-control, self-command, self-possession; perseverance, endurance, hardiness │ قتله صبرا qatalahū ṣabran to kill s.o. in captivity; لا صبر لي (ṣabra) I cannot bear it! this is unbearable! قلة الصبر qillat aṣ-ṣ. impatience; قليل الصبر impatient; قل صبره qalla ṣabruhū to be impatient; to lose patience; لم يبق في قوس صبري منزع lam yabqa fī qausi ṣabrī minza‘ (there is no arrow left for the bow of my patience, i.e.) my patience is at an end صبر ṣabir, ṣabr aloe (bot.) صبرة ṣabra severe cold صبرة ṣabra heap, pile; ṣubratan summarily, on the whole, in the lump صبار ṣabbār (very) patient, enduring, perseverant, steadfast صبار ṣubār Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica; bot.) صبر ṣubbair Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica; bot.) صبور ṣabūr pl. صبر ṣubur (very) patient, enduring, perseverant, steadfast صبارة ṣabāra and ṣabārra severe cold تصبيرة taṣbira (eg.) light meal in the forenoon, a snack مصابرة muṣābara long-suffering, longanimity, endurance, perseverance, patience, forbearance اصطبار iṣtibār patience, forbearance, endurance, perseverance صابر ṣābir patient, long-suffering, enduring, perseverant, steadfast مصبرات muṣabbarāt conserves, canned goods 2صبر ṣabbara to ballast (ه a ship) صابورة ṣābūra ballast of a ship صبع ṣaba‘a a (ṣab‘) to point with the finger (على or ب at); to insert one’s finger (ها into the hen, so as to ascertain whether she is going to lay an egg) اصبع iṣba‘ pl. اصابع aṣābi‘2 finger; toe (also اصبع القدم i. al.qadam); a linear measure (Eg.; = 3.125 cm) │ اصابع من البطاطس French fried potatoes; اصبع الأحمر lipstick; اصابع السجق s. as-sujuq frankfurters; بصمة الأصابع baṣmat al-a. fingerprint; طابع الأصابع do.; له اصبع في هذا الأمر he has a hand in this matter صباع ṣubā‘ (eg.) finger; toe (also صباع القدم ṣ. al-qadam) اصبوع uṣbū‘ pl. اصابيع aṣābī‘ finger; toe مصبع muṣabba‘ gridiron, grill 501 صبغ ṣabaga u i a (ṣabg, ṣibag) to dye, stain (هـ s.th., e.g., a fabric), color, tint, tinge, paint, daub (هـ s.th.); to give s.th. (هـ) the air, touch, or appearance (ب of s.th.); to dip, immerse (هـ s.th., في in water); to baptize (ه s.o.) │ صبغه صبغة (ṣibgatan ukrā) to transform, change s.o. VIII to be dyed, be or become colored or tinted; to be baptized, receive baptism صبغ ṣibg pl. اصباغ aṣbāg color, dye, dyestuff; pigment; (coat of) paint, varnish; make-up, grease paint, face paint صبغة ṣibga color, dye, dyestuff; pigment; tincture (med.); coloring, tinge, tint, shade, hue, nuance, touch, air; nature, character; (coat of) paint, varnish; baptism; religion │ صبغة الأفيون ṣ. al-afyūn tincture of opium, laudanum; صبغة اليود ṣ. al-yūd tincture of iodine; صبغة محلية (maḥallīya) local touch, local color; اخرجه من صبغته (akrajahū) to change, disfigure s.o. or s.th. O صبغيات ṣibgīyāt chromosomes صباغ ṣibāg pl. اصبغة aṣbiga color, dye, dyestuff; spice, condiment, seasoning, sauce صباغ ṣabbāg dyer صباغة ṣibāga dyer’s trade, art of dyeing or staining مصبغة maṣbaga dyehouse, dye works صابغ ṣābig dyer; baptist │ يوحنا الصابغ (yūḥannā) John the Baptist مصبوغ maṣbūg dyed, stained, colored, tinted; having a touch or air (ب of); influenced (ب by); imbued (ب with) صبن II to soap, rub with soap (هـ s.th.) صابون ṣabūn soap │ حجر الصابون ḥajar aṣ-ṣ. soapstone, steatite صابونة ṣābūna (n. un.) a cake of soap صابوني ṣābūnī soapy, soap-like, saponaceous, made of soap صبان ṣabbān soap boiler مصبنة maṣbana soap works صبا (صبو) ṣabā u (ṣabw, ṣubūw, صبا ṣiban, صباء ṣabā’) to be a child, be childish; -- (ṣubūw, صبوة ṣabwa) to bend, incline (الى to), feel sensual desire (الى for); to strive (الى for), aspire (الى to); -- ṣabiya a (صباء ṣabā’, صبا ṣiban) to behave like a child, act in a childish manner II to rejuvenate, render youthful again V to behave like a child, act in a childish manner; to incline to youthful pleasures; to rejuvenesce, undergo rejuvenation, regain youth, become young again; to woo, court (ها a woman); to tempt, entice, captivate, charm (ه s.o., هـ the heart) VI to behave like a child X = VI صبا ṣaban pl. صبوات ṣabawāt, اصباء aṣbā’ east wind صبا, صبى ṣiban childhood, boyhood, youth; youthfulness; inclination, propensity, bent, longing, desire صباء ṣabā’ childhood, boyhood, youth; youthfulness صبوة ṣabwa youthful passion; amorous disposition; sensual desire; childish manners صبو ṣubūw youthful passion; amorous disposition; sensual desire; childish manners صبوة ṣubūwa childhood, boyhood, youth; youthfulness صبي ṣabīy pl. صبية ṣibya, ṣabya, صبيان ṣibyān, ṣubyān, اصبية aṣbiya boy, youth, lad صبية ṣabīya pl. صبايا ṣabāyā girl; young girl 502 صبياني ṣibyānī boyish, childlike; childish, puerile; children’s صاب ṣābin youthful, juvenile thoughtless, rash صبي see صبو صح ṣaḥḥa i (صحة ṣiḥḥa, صحاح ṣaḥāḥ) to be healthy; to be all right, be in order; to recover, recuperate (من from); to heal (of a wound); to be sound, strong, vigorous, firm, right, correct, faultless, unimpaired, unblemished; to be firm, unshakable (resolution); to be admissible, permissible; to be true, authentic, certain, sure; to prove true, turn out to be true; to hold good. go (على for), apply (على to), b. true (على of); to result or follow definitely (عن from); to be a fact, turn out (ل for); to become a fact; to be successful, work out well (ل for s.o.); to fall to s.o. or to s.o.’s share (ل) │ صحت عزيمته على or صح عزمه (‘azmuhū) he was firmly resolved to ..., his mind was made up to ...; يصح الاعتماد عليه it may serve as a basis; يصح ان يقال فيه it is rightly said of him ...; صح في الأذهان to appear right, adequate, reasonable II to restore, to health, cure, heal (ه s.o.); to correct, emend, rectify (هـ s.th.); to prepare, a critical edition (هـ of a text); to legalize, authenticate (هـ a document), certify, confirm, attest (هـ the authenticity of a document), sign (هـ a document); to impose one’s signature, undersign (magr.) V to undergo correction, emendation, rectification, be corrected, emended, rectified X to regain health; to recover, recuperate (من from) صحة ṣiḥḥa health; hygiene; faultlessness, rightness, soundness, correctness; truth, genuineness, verity, veracity, credibility, authenticity; validity; legal validity, legality │ وزارة الصحة العمومية (‘umūmīya) Ministry of Public Health (Eg.) صحي wholesome, salubrious, healthy, healthful (diet, and the like); sanitary; hygienic │ المحجر الصحي (maḥjar) quarantine صحيح pl. صحاح ṣiḥāḥ, ṣiḥāḥ, اصحاء aṣiḥḥā’2 healthy, well, sound, healthful; complete, integral, perfect; whole, entire, undivided; right, correct, proper; true, veritable, actual, real; authentic, genuine, truthful, reliable, credible, believable; valid, legally valid, legal, lawful, rightful; strong (gram.; of a consonant, a verb) │ جمع صحيح (jam‘) sound plural (ending in ون -ūn or ات -āt; gram); عدد صحيح (‘adad) whole number, integer (math.); صحيح ... انه (annahū) he was (he is) …, he was (he is), it is true, … اصح aṣaḥḥ2 sounder, healthier; more correct, more proper │ او على الأصح or more properly speaking اصحاح aṣḥāḥ, iṣḥāḥ chapter of the Holy Scriptures (Chr.) مصح maṣaḥḥ pl. -āt sanatorium; health retreat, sanitarium مصحة maṣaḥḥa that which promotes or is conducive to health; sanatorium تصحيح taṣḥīḥ correction, rectification; emendation, critical revision مصحح muṣaḥḥiḥ O vernier (of a range finder) │ المصحح اسفله (asfalahū) the undersigned صحب ṣaḥiba a (صحبة ṣuḥba, صحابة ṣaḥāba, ṣiḥāba) to be or become a companion, an associate, a comrade, a friend (ه of s.o.), make or become friends, be friends (ه with s.o.); to associate, have social intercourse (ه with s.o.); to accompany, escort (ه s.o.); to be closely associated (ه with s.o.) III = I; to keep (ه s.o.) company IV to send along, delegate as companion or escort (ه ه or هـ for s.o. s.o. else or s.th.) VI to 503 have social intercourse, associate (مع with); to become friends, be friends (مع with) VIII to accompany, escort (ه s.o.); to take (ه s.o.) as companion or escort, have o.s. escorted or accompanied (ه by s.o.): to take along (ه s.th., ه a companion) X to take a companion or escort, take along صحبة ṣuḥba friendship, companionship, comradeship; accompanying, company, escort; association, intercourse; friends, companions, associates, comrades; (eg.) nosegay, bunch of flowers: ṣuḥbata accompanied by; with │ صحبة هذا (ṣuḥbata) herein enclosed الصحابة aṣ-ṣaḥāba the Companions of the Prophet Mohammed صحابي ṣaḥābī a Companion of the Prophet Mohammed مصاحبة muṣāḥaba accompanying, company, escort اصطحاب iṣṭiḥāb accompanying, company, escort; association صاحب ṣāḥib pl. اصحاب aṣḥāb, صحب ṣuḥub, صحابة ṣaḥāba, صحبان ṣuḥbān, صحبة associate, companion, comrade, friend; adherent, follower; the other (of two); (with foll. genit.) man, owner, possessor, holder, master, lord, commander, representative, author or originator of …; entrusted with; addicted or given to; يا صاح yā ṣāḥi = يا صاحبي yā ṣāḥibī│ صاحب الأمر ṣ. al-amr ruler, master, overlord, sovereign; صاحب البواخر shipowner; صاحب الجلالة ṣ. al-jalāla His Majesty; صاحب حال the noun to which a circumstantial phrase (ḥāl) refers; صاحب الدولة ṣ. ad-daula (formerly) title of the Prime Minister (Eg.); صاحب السجادة ṣ. as-sajjāda title of the leaders of certain dervish orders in their capacity of owners of the founder’s prayer rug; صاحب السعادة ṣ. as-sa‘āda title of a pasha; صاحب السماحة ṣ. as-samāḥa title of a mufti, approx. “His Eminence”; صاحب السمو الملكي ṣ. as-sumūw al-malakī His Royal Highness; اصحاب الشأن a. aš-ša’n those concerned; the important, influential people; اصحاب الشبهات a. aš-šubuhāt dubious persons, people of ill repute; صاحب الطبع (formerly) Keeper of the Seal (of the Bey of Tunisia); صاحب العزة ṣ. al-‘izza title of a bey; صاحب العظمة ṣ. al-‘aẓama His Majesty; صاحب المعالي ṣ. al-ma‘ālī title of a cabinet minister; صاحب العمل ṣ. al-‘amal employer; صاحب الغبطة ṣ. al-gibṭa title of the Coptic Patriarch; صاحب الفضيلة title of Islamic theologians and sheiks, such as Rector and Professors of Al Azhar University; صاحب ṣ. al-fikra father to the thought, the originator of an idea; صاحب المقام الرفيع (ṣ. al-maqam) formerly, title bestowed on bearers of the order القلادة established by Fuad I in 1936 صاحبة ṣāḥiba pl. -āt, صواحب ṣawāḥib2, صواحبات ṣawāḥibāt fem. of صاحب woman companion. etc. │ صاحبة الجلالة ṣ. al-jalāla Her Majesty; صاحبة السمو الملكي ṣ. as-sumūw al-malakī Her Royal Highness; صاحبة العصمة ṣ. al-‘iṣma title of a lady of high social standing صويحب ṣuwaiḥib friend (diminutive of صاحب) صويحبة ṣuwaiḥiba pl. -āt girl friend (diminutive of صاحبة) مصحوب maṣḥūb accompanied (ب by); attended (ب with); associated (ب with); provided (ب with) اصحر aṣḥar2 f. صحراء ṣaḥrā’2 desertlike; of the color of desert sand; desolate, bleak صحراء ṣaḥrā’2 pl. صحار ṣaḥārin, صحاري ṣaḥārā, صحروات ṣaḥrawāt desert, steppe 504 صحراوي ṣaḥrāwī desert, desolate, waste │ اراض صحراوية (arāḍin) desert areas صحارة ṣaḥāra pl. صحاحير ṣaḥāḥīr2 case, chest, crate, box صحف II to misplace the diacritical marks; to misread, mispronounce, misspell (هـ a word); to misrepresent, distort, twist (هـ a report, etc.) V to be misread or misspelled (word) صحفة ṣaḥfa pl. صحاف ṣiḥāf bowl, dish, platter صحيفة ṣuḥaifa saucer صحيفة ṣaḥīfa pl. صحف ṣuḥuf, صحائف ṣaḥā’if2 leaf (in a book or notebook), page; newspaper, paper, daily, journal; epidermis; surface; exterior │ الصحيفة البيضاء (baiḍā’) honorable name, honor صحفي ṣuḥufī newspaper-, news-, press- (in compounds), journalistic; (pl. -ūn) newspaperman, journalist │ مؤتمر صحفي (mu’tamar) press conference صحافة ṣiḥāfa journalism, news business; the press صحافي ṣaḥāfī journalistic; journalist, newspaperman, newsman صحافية ṣiḥāfīya woman journalist مصحف maṣḥaf, muṣḥaf pl. مصاحف maṣāḥif2 volume; book; copy of the Koran (مصحف شريف) تصحيف taṣhīf misplacement of the diacritical marks; misspelling, slip of the pen; (grammatical) mistake; misrepresentation, distortion صحل ṣaḥal raucous voice 1صحن ṣaḥn pl. صحون ṣuḥūn bowl, dish; plate; dish, meal, food; yard, courtyard; surface, plane; disk; (pl. اصحنة aṣḥina) phonograph record, disc (tun.) │ صحن الدار courtyard, patio; صحن السجار ashtray; على صحن الخد (ṣ. il-kadd) on the (surface of the) cheek مصحون maṣḥūn ground, brayed, pounded, crushed, grated 2صحناة ṣaḥnāh sardine (صحو and صحي) صحا ṣaḥā u (ṣaḥw) and صحي ṣaḥiya a (صحا ṣaḥan) to be or become clear, bright, cloudless, serene (day, sky); -- (صحو ṣaḥw, ṣuḥuw) to regain consciousness, come to; to recover (من from intoxication), sober up; to wake up, awake (من from sleep); to become alert (الى to s.th.), become aware (الى of s.th.) II to wake up, awaken, rouse (ه s.o.) IV to be or become clear, bright, cloudless, serene (day, sky); to wake up, awaken, rouse (ه s.o.) صحو ṣaḥw cloudlessness, brightness serenity (of the weather); clarity, alertness of the mind, consciousness; bright, serene, cloudless, sunny (weather) صحوة ṣaḥwa awakening, recovery of consciousness; state of consciousness صاح ṣāḥin bright, serene, cloudless, clear (weather); -- (pl. -ūn, صحاة ṣuḥāh) awake, wakeful, watchful, alert, vigilant; conscious; sober صخب ṣakiba a (ṣakab) to shout, cry, yell, clamor, roar, bellow; to scold (على s.o., s.th.); to rage, roar, be loud VIII to raise a din, roar simultaneously, be tumultuous, resound in utter confusion, rage صخب ṣakab shouting, roar(ing), bellowing, yelling, clamor, din, hubbub; cry, outcry, yell; raging صخب ṣakib crying, yelling, noisy, clamoring, vociferous, roaring, raging صخاب ṣakkāb clamorous, boisterous, roaring, bellowing, raging اصطخاب iṣtikāb noise, din, clamor, hubbub, uproar, tumult, turmoil, roar, raging صاخب ṣākib loud, noisy, clamorous, boisterous, vociferous, tumultuous, roaring, 505 raging │قوة صاخبة (qūwa) power of the voice مصطخب muṣṭakab noise, din, hubbub, tumult, raging, roar(ing) صخر ṣakr (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. صخور ṣukūr, صخورة ṣukūra, صخرات ṣakarāt rocks, solid rock, boulders, rock formations; pl. صخور rock (geol.) صخرة ṣakra boulder, rock │ قبة الصخرة qubbat aṣ-ṣ. the Dome of the Rock, the Mosque of Omar (in Jerusalem) صخري ṣakrī rocky, stony صخر ṣakir rocky, stony صد ṣadda u (ṣadd) to turn away, alienate, discourage, divert, deter, restrain, reject, send away (عن ه s.o. from); to dissuade (عن ه s.o. from his desire); to repel, parry, ward off (هـ s.th., e.g., an attack); to hinder, prevent (عن ه s.o. from); to impede, hamper, stop, bring to a standstill (ه s.o.); to resist, oppose (ه s.o.) │ لا يصد النظر (naẓara) it does not offend the eye, it is nice to look at; -- i u (ṣadd, صدود ṣudūd) to turn away (عن from), turn one’s back (عن on s.o., on s.th.); to stay away, remain aloof (عن from s.th.) II to suppurate, maturate, fester IV do. V to face, confront (ل s.o.) صد ṣadd averting, turning away; checking, stopping; repulsion, rejection; hindering, impeding, obstruction, prevention; resistance, aversion, reluctance صدد ṣadad nearness, proximity; intention, purpose, design, aim; respect, regard, relation, concern, subject, matter; topic (of a discussion); ṣadada (prep.) opposite, in front of │ على صدد and بصدد opposite, in front of; في صدد concerning, regarding, re, with respect to; في هذا الصدد in this respect, with regard to this, with relation to this, on this occasion, in this connection; هو بصدد امر he is currently busy with s.th., he is at present occupied with a matter; نرجع الى ما نحن بصدده (narji‘) we return to what is our present concern or to what we are just discussing صديد ṣadīd pus, matter صديدي ṣadīdī suppurative, purulent, festering صدئ ṣadi’a a (صدأ ṣada’) and صدؤ ṣadu’a u (ṣadā’a) to become or be rusty, rust, oxidize II = I; to make (هـ s.th.) rusty, cause (هـ s.th.) to rust, corrode (هـ s.th.) صدأ ṣada’a rust; oxidation; smut, rust (plant disease) صداءة ṣadā’a rustiness صدئ ṣadi’a rusty, rust-covered; dirty, mean, shabby مصدأ maṣda’ rusty, rust-covered صدح ṣadaḥa a (ṣadḥ, صداح ṣudāḥ) to chant, sing; to play (ب a song, a tune) صدح ṣadaḥ banner صدحات ṣadaḥāt (musical) strains O صادح ṣādiḥ note raised a semitone, a sharp (mus.) صدر ṣadara a i (صدور ṣudūr) to go out, step out (عن or من of, from within); to proceed, emanate, arise, originate, stem (عن or من from), have its origin (عن or من in); to come out, be issued, be promulgated (order, ordinance, law); to appear, be published (book); to leave, go out (mail); to go (الى to); to happen, occur, come to pass; pass. ṣudira to have a chest complaint │ صدر عن الجد (jidd) to set about seriously, get to work earnestly; صدر عن ارادته to act on one’s own volition II to send, send off, dispatch, forward (هـ s.th.); to export (هـ s.th.); to publish, bring out (هـ a book); to preface (هـ a book); to introduce, commence (ب هـ a book with) 506 III to seize, impound, confiscate (هـ s.th.); to urge, press, oppress (s.o.), throw obstacles in s.o.’s (ه) way IV to send, send out, dispatch (هـ s.th.); to export (هـ s.th.); to issue (هـ s.th., e.g., banknotes, bonds), make out (هـ s.th., e.g., a passport); to publish, bring out (هـ s.th., e.g., a book); to give, issue (هـ an order); to pronounce, pass (هـ a legal sentence); to utter, express (هـ an opinion, a view) V to be sent, be dispatched; to preside (هـ over), head (هـ a group); to have a front seat (هـ at a social gathering); to resist, oppose (ل s.o.), throw obstacles in s.o.’s (ل) way, stand in s.o.’s (ل) way X to bring about, obtain (هـ s.th., esp. حكما ḥukman a legal judgment or sentence); to issue (marsūman an ordinance) صدر ṣadr pl. صدور ṣudūr chest, breast, bust; bosom, heart; front part, front; part, portion; first hemistich; leader, commander; beginning, start, outset, commencement, inception; early period, beginnings, dawn (fig.) │ صدر الدار one who occupies the highest position in the house, who plays first fiddle in the house; صدر رحب (raḥb) generosity, magnanimity; open-mindedness, broadmindedness, liberality, frankness, candor; صدر الإسلام early period of Islam, early Islam; الصدر الأعظم title of the Grand Vizier in the Ottoman Empire; grand vizier (Mor.); صدر المكان ṣ. al-makān the foremost part of a room; صدر النهار ṣ. an-nahār daybreak, beginning of the day; ابو صدر robin (zool.); بنات الصدر banāt aṣ-ṣ. worries, anxieties, apprehensions; باب الصدر front door; ذات الصدر chest complaint; bottom of the heart, secret thoughts; رحب الصدر raḥb aṣ-ṣ. generous, magnanimous; open-minded, broad-minded, liberal; free of misgivings, unhesitating; رحيب الصدر do.; ضيق الصدر ḍayyiq aṣ-ṣ. annoyed, angry (ب at); disgruntled, depressed; منقبض الصدر munqabiḍ aṣ-ṣ. dejected, low-spirited, crestfallen; مكانة الصدر makānat aṣ-ṣ. first place, precedence, priority; واسع الصدر = رحب الصدر; صدرا من الزمان (zamān) quite a stretch of time, for some time; في الصدر in the foreground; سخم بصدره (sakkama) to irritate s.o., make s.o. angry; انشرح صدره inšaraḥa ṣadruhū to be gladdened, be pleased, be cheered, be happy, rejoice صدري ṣadrī pectoral, chest (used attributively) │ نزلة صدرية (nazla) bronchitis صدرة ṣudra vest, waistcoat; camisole, (under)waist, bodice صديري ṣudairī and صديرية pl. -āt vest, waistcoat; bodice صدار ṣidār vest, waistcoat; (under-)waist, bodice صدارة ṣadāra, ṣidāra precedence; presidency, chairmanship; first place, pre-eminence; grand vizierate, office, chancellery, or position, of the Grand Vizier (Mor.) صدور ṣudūr coming out, appearance, publication (e.g., of a book), issuance (e.g., of an ordinance) مصدر maṣdar pl. مصادر maṣādir starting point, point of origin; origin, source (fig.); (gram.) infinitive, verbal noun; absolute or internal object تصدير taṣdīr sending (off), dispatch, forwarding; exportation, export; preface, foreword (of a book); issuance مصادرة muṣādara seizure, confiscation اصدار iṣdār exportation, export; issue, issuance, bringing out, edition, publication; making out, issuance │ مصرف الاصدار maṣrif al-i. bank of issue استصدار istiṣdār issue, making out; issuance 507 صادر ṣādir going out, emanating, originating; issued, come out, published, etc.; exportation, export; yield; الصادرات export goods, exports مصدور maṣdūr affected with a pectoral ailment, phthisical, consumptive, tubercular مصدر maṣdar export merchant, exporter صدع ṣada‘a a (ṣad‘) to split, cleave, part, sunder (هـ s.th.); to crack, break (هـ an object), cause (هـ an object) to crack; to break (هـ through obstacles), conquer, overcome, surmount (هـ obstacles, difficulties) │ صدع بالحق (ḥaqq) to come out openly with the truth; صدع بأمر (amr) to execute an order, comply with an order; pass. sudi‘a to have or get a headache II to cause a headache (ه to s.o.); to molest, harass, trouble (خاطره kāṭirahū s.o.); pas. ṣuddi‘a to have or get a headache V to get split, let cleft, come apart, burst, break, crack; to go to pieces; to reel, waver, be shaken; to separate (عن from), part (عن with) VII to get split, get cleft, come apart, break, crack; to be rudely interrupted; to break, dawn (morning) صدع ṣad‘ pl. صدوع ṣudū‘ crevice, fissure, crack, break, rift, cleft صداع ṣudā‘ headache مصدوع maṣdū‘ having a crack, cracked, broken صدغ ṣudg pl. اصداغ aṣdāg temple (anat.); earlock, lovelock (also قصة الصدغ quṣṣat aṣ-ṣ.) صدغي ṣudgī temporal (anat.) صدف ṣadafa i u (ṣadf, صدوف ṣudūf) to turn away (عن from), avoid, shun (عن s.o., s.th.); -- i (ṣadf) to turn (ه s.o.) away (عن from), discourage, restrain, deter (عن ه s.o. from); to happen by chance III to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), meet (ه s.o., هـ with s.th.); to meet unexpectedly, by chance (ه s.o.), light (هـ, ه on), come across s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), run into s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), encounter (هـ, s.o., s.th.); to coincide, be coincident, concur (هـ with s.th.); to fall (هـ on a given date); to happen by chance, come to pass (ان that) │ صادف الاستحسان to meet with approval; صادف محله (maḥallahū) to come in handily, be convenient, be opportune V to turn away (عن from), avoid, shun (عن s.o., s.th.) VI to happen by chance, come to pass صدف ṣadaf (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اصداف aṣdāf pearl oyster, sea shell, conch │ صدفة الاذن ṣ. al-udun external ear, auricle, pinna صدف ṣadaf, مرض الصدفية maraḍ aṣ-ṣadafīya a noncontagious skin disease, psoriasis (med.) صدفي ṣadafī sea-shell, shell (adj.); nacreous, mother-of-pearl (adj.) صدفة ṣudfa pl. صدف ṣudaf chance, haphazard, coincidence, unexpected concurrence; صدفة ṣudfatan by chance, by coincidence, accidentally │ بالصدفة or بطريق الصدفة by chance, by coincidence, accidentally; as chance will have it, haphazardly مصادفة muṣādafa pl. -āt encounter, meeting; chance, haphazard, coincidence, unexpected concurrence; muṣādafatan by chance, by coincidence, accidentally مصادف muṣādif corresponding (ل to), concurrent (ل with a date of another chronological system), coincident (ل with), falling (ل on a given date) صدق ṣadaqa u (ṣadq, ṣidq) to speak the truth, be sincere; to tell (ه s.o.) the truth (عن about); to prove to be true, turn out to be correct, come true; to be right; to fit exactly (على s.o. or s.th.), apply (على to), hold true (على of) │508 وعده or في وعده (fī wa‘dihī or wa‘dahū) to keep, or fulfill, one’s promise; صدقه النصيحة (naṣīḥata) to advice s.o. sincerely; صدقه الحب (ḥubba) to love s.o. sincerely, truly II to deem (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.) credible, accept (هـ s.th.) as true, give credence (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), believe, trust (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to consider or pronounce (هـ s.th.) to be true, right, correct or credible; to believe (ب in); to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (على to s.th.), approve (على of s.th.), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate, attest, ratify, authenticate, legalize, verify (على s.th.) │ لا يصدق (yuṣaddaqu) incredible, unbelievable, unreliable, untrustworthy; صدق او كذب ṣaddiq au kaddib (as an affirmative parenthesis) believe it or not III to treat (ه s.o.) &s a friend; to maintain one’s friendship (ه with s.o.); to be or become friends (ه with s.o.), befriend (ه s.o.); to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (على to s.th.), approve (على of), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate (على s.th.); to legalize, authenticate (على a signature, etc.) IV to fix a (bridal) dower (ها for a woman) V to give alms (على to s.o.); to give as alms, donate (على to s.o., ب s.th.) صدق ṣidq truth, trueness, truthfulness; sincerity, candor; veracity, correctness (of an allegation); efficiency; صدقا ṣidqan truly, really, in truth صدقة ṣadaqa pl. -āt alms, charitable gift; almsgiving, charity, voluntary contribution of alms, freewill offering; legally prescribed alms tax (Isl. Law) │ صدقة الفطر ṣ. al-fiṭr almsgivings at the end of Ramadan (Isl. Law) صداق ṣadāq, sidāq pl. صدق ṣuduq, اصدقة aṣdiqa (bridal) dower; -- (pl. اصدقة) marriage contrast (tun.) صداقة ṣadāqa pl. •41 friendohip صديق ṣadīq pl. اصدقاء aṣdiqā’2, صدقاء ṣudaqā’2, صدقان ṣudqān friend; friendly, connected by bonds of friendship صدوق ṣadūq veracious, truthful, honest, sincere صديق ṣiddīq strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; الصديق epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr اصدق aṣdaq2 truer, sincerer │ اصدق برهان على (a. burhānin) the most reliable, or best, proof for ...; اصدق صديق the most loyal, or best, friend مصداق miṣdāq confirmation, corroboration, substantiation; touchstone, criterion تصديق taṣdīq belief, faith (ب in); consent, assent, agreement (على to), approval, sanctioning, licensing, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification, verification, authentication, legalization (على of s.th.) │ سرعة التصديق sur‘at at-t. credulity; سريع التصديق credulous مصادقة muṣādaqa consent, assent, agreement (على to), concurrence (على in); approval, sanctioning, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification (على of s.th.); legalization, authentication (على of a document) تصادق taṣāduq legalization, authentication (على of a document) صادق ṣādiq true, truthful, veracious, sincere, candid; reliable; accurate, true, genuine, faithful, authentic مصدقة muṣaddiqa certificate, certification, attestation مصدق muṣaddaq credible, believable, reliable, trustworthy │ غير مصدق incredible; مصدق عليه رسميا (rasmīyan) legalized, officially certified 509 صيدلي look up alphabetically صدم ṣadama i (ṣadm) to bump, strike, knock, dash, bounce, bang, run (هـ, ه against), hit (a upon); to run (ه into s.o., e.g., an automobile, etc.); to collide, clash (ب with, e.g., train with car) ill to bump, strike, knock, dash, bounce, bang, run (هـ, ه againat s.o. or s.th.); to resist, oppose (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), battle (هـ, ه against); to encounter (hostilely), clash; pass. صودم ṣūdima to be severely afflicted (ب by) VI to collide (e.g., trains), encounter (armies); to clash, conflict (e.g., different opinions) VIII to collide, clash (ب or مع with); to bump, strike, run (ب against), hit (ب s.th., e.g., a mine); to take offense (ب at, e.g., at mistakes), take exception (ب to); to fail (ب due to), be thwarted (ب by); = VI صدمة ṣadma pl. ṣadamāt push, thrust, jolt, shook, blow, stroke; upset, commotion, (psychic) shock; obstacle, difficulty صدام ṣidām collision, clash; breakdown, collapse │ صدام وجداني (wijdānī) mental breakdown مصادمة muṣādama, pl. -āt collision, clash, impact تصادم taṣādum collision, clash; bounce, impact (ب on); upset, commotion, (psychic) shock │ طاسة التصادم buffer (railroad) اصطدام iṣṭidām collision, clash; bounce, impact (ب on); upset, commotion, (psychic) shock صدى ṣadiya II (ṣadan) to be very thirsty IV to echo, resound, reverberate V to occupy o.s. (ل or الى with); to turn, apply o.s. (ل or الى to s.th.); to undertake (ل or الى s.th.), embark (ل or الى upon); to oppose, resist, counteract, antagonize (ل s.o.), throw obstacles in s.o.’s (ل) way, be in s.o.’s (ل) way صدى, صدا ṣadan pl. اصداء aṣdā’ echo, reverberation تصدية taṣdiya hand clapping صر ṣarra i (ṣarr, صرير ṣarīr) to chirp, stridulate (cricket); to creak (door); to squeak, screech; to grate, scratch; to gnash, chatter (teeth); to lace, cord, tie up, truss up, bind (هـ s.th.); to shove, put (هـ في money into a purse); to prick up (هـ or ب one’s ears) IV to persist (على in), insist (على on); to make up one’s mind, resolve, determine, decide (على to do s.th.); to prick up (هـ or ب one’s ears) صرة ṣurra pl. صرر ṣurar (money) bag, purse; bundle, packet, parcel │ الصرة or صرة الحرمين ṣ. al-ḥaramain the ṣurra for Mecca and Medina, the traditional funds sent by the different Islamic countries (nowadays, e.g., by Egypt and Tunisia) with the hadj caravan to be distributed among the poor of Mecca and Medina; امين الصرة the Trustee of the ṣurra (who is responsible for its delivery); صرة النقود cash remittance صرير ṣarīr chirping, stridulation (of crickets); squeaking, screeching صرار ṣarrār or صرار الليل ṣ. al-lail cricket (zool.) صريرة ṣarīra coins wrapped in a purse اصرار iṣrār penitence, perseverance (على in), insistences (على on) │ سبق الإصرار sabq al-i. premeditation, willfulness (jur.) مصر muṣirr persistent, insistent; determined, resolute الصرب aṣ-ṣirb Serbia; the Serbs صربي ṣirbī Serbian صرح ṣaruḥa u (صراحة ṣarāḥa, صروحة ṣurūḥa) to be or become pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated, clear; -- ṣaraḥa a (ṣarḥ) to make clear, clarify, explicate, 510 explain (هـ s.th.) II to explain, explicate, clarify, make clear (هـ s.th.); to declare, state, announce (ب s.th.), make a statement (ب about); to speak out frankly, openly, be clear, be explicit (ب, عن about), let (ب, عن s.th.) be known; to allow, permit, grant (ب ل to s.o. s.th.); to license (ب s.th.), give a permit, grant a license (ب for) III to speak frankly, openly; to speak out frankly or openly, be clear, be explicit (ب about), avow (ب s.th.), let (ب s.th.) be known; to declare (ه ان to s.o. that) IV to make clear, clarify, explicate, explain (هـ s.th.) VI to become clear, evident, manifest, come to light VII to become evident, manifest, clear صرح ṣarḥ pl. ṣurūḥ castle, palace, lofty edifice, imposing structure صراح ṣurāḥ pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated, clear; distinct, plain, obvious, evident, patent, manifest, unambiguous, unequivocal صريح ṣarīḥ pl. صرحاء ṣuraḥā’2, صرائح ṣarā’iḥ2 pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated; clear; distinct, plain, obvious, evident, patent, manifest, unambiguous, unequivocal; open, frank, sincere, candid; free, openhearted صراحة ṣarāḥa clearness clarity, distinctness, plainness; unambiguousness; openness, frankness, candor, sincerity, openheartedness; ṣarāḥatan clearly, plainly, distinctly, patently, unequivocally, unambiguously; openly, frankly, bluntly, straightforward, honestly, openheartedly اصرح aṣraḥ2 purer, clearer; sincerer تصريح taṣrīḥ pl. -āt, تصاريح taṣārīḥ2 (public) statement, declaration; permission, (official) permit, license صرخ ṣaraka u (صراخ ṣurāk, صريخ ṣarīk) to cry, yell, scream, shriek, shout; to cry for help; to call (ب s.o.); to call out, shout (على to s.o.); to yell, bellow, roar (في or في وجهه at s.o.) │ صرخ صرخة (ṣarkatan) to cry out, let out a cry X to cry for help; to call (ه to s.o.) for help صرخة ṣarka pl. -āt cry, outcry, yell, scream; call for help صراخ ṣurāk crying, yelling; clamor, screaming, screams صريخ ṣarīk crying, yelling; clamor, screaming, screams صراخ ṣarrāk crier, screamer, bawler; peacock صاروخ ṣārūk pl. صواريخ ṣawārīk2 rocket; siren (magr.) │ O صاروخ عابر القارات intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM قنبلة صاروخية qunbula ṣārūkīya rocket bomb, guided missile صارخ ṣārik gaudy, flashy (color); glaring (color, light); crude, gross, coarse; noisy, loud; crier, caller صرد ṣard severe cold (spell) صراد ṣarrāad drifting clouds, cirrus صريد ṣurraid drifting clouds, cirrus صرصر ṣarṣara to let out a piercing cry, scream shrilly ريح صرصر rīḥ ṣarṣar violent, cold wind, icy gale صرصر ṣurṣur pl. صراصير ṣarāṣīr2 a variety of cockroach (Blatta aegyptiaca; zool.); cricket (zool.) صرصور ṣurṣūr pl. صراصير ṣarāṣīr2 cricket (zool.); cockroach (syr.) صرصار ṣarṣār cricket (zool.) صراط ṣirāṯ way, path, road صرع ṣara‘a a (ṣar‘, ṣir‘, مصرع maṣra‘) to throw down, fell, bring to the ground (ه s.o.); -- pass. ṣuri‘a to be epileptic, have an epileptic fit; to be or go mad 511 III to wrestle (also as a sport), fight (ه with s.o.) VI to wrestle with one another VII to be or go mad VIII = VI صرع ṣar‘ epilepsy صرع ṣur‘ rein صريع ṣarī‘ pl. صرعى ṣar‘ā thrown to the ground, felled; epileptic; demented, insane, mad, crazy; (with foll. genit.) succumbing to s.th., fallen victim to s.th., │ سقط صريعا to be killed (in battle); صريع الشراب ṣ. aš-šarāb addicted to the bottle; صريع الكرى ṣ. al-karā overcome by sleep مصرع maṣra‘ pl. مصارع maṣāri‘2 battle-ground; ruin, destruction, perdition, death; fatal accident; vital part of the body (the injury of which can cause death) مصراع miṣrā‘ pl. مصاريع maṣārī‘2 leaf of a door; hemistich │ صفائح المصراع door panel; الباب مفتوح على مصراعيه (miṣrā‘aihi) the door is wide open صراع ṣirā‘ wrestling, wrestling match; fight, struggle مصارعة muṣāra‘a wrestling, wrestling match; fight, struggle اصطراع iṣṭirā‘ fight, struggle, conflict, controversy مصروع maṣrū‘ thrown to the ground, felled; epileptic; demented, insane, mad, crazy مصارع muṣāri‘ wrestler; fighter صرف ṣarafa i (ṣarf) to turn; to turn away, avert (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to dissuade, alienate, keep away (عن ه s.o. from); to divert, distract (عن ه s.o. from); to turn, direct (الى ه s.th., e.g., one’s eyes, one’s attention, to s.th.); to grant leave, dismiss, send away (ه s.o.); to give s.o. (ه) the brush-olf; to spend, expend (على ه money for); to defray the cost (على of s.th.), pay (على for s.th.); to pay out, disburse (ل هـ money to); to issue, give out (هـ s.th., e.g., tickets), make out (هـ s.th., e.g., a permit); to spend, devote (ل or الى or في هـ time, effort on); to pass, spend (في هـ time at s.th., doing s.th.); to change money (هـ); to inflect (هـ a word) │ صرف النظر عن (naẓar) to avert one’s glance from, disregard s.th., pay no attention to s.th., leave s.th. out of consideration; -- i (صريف ṣarīf) to creak, grate II to cause to flow off, draw off (هـ water); to drain (هـ land); to dispatch, expedite, wind up, liquidate (هـ business); to change money (هـ); to market, retail, distribute, sell (هـ merchandise), dispose (هـ of merchandise); to circulate (هـ s.th.); to give a free hand (ه في to s.o. in s.th.), let (ه s.o.) dispose freely (في over, in), grant the right of disposal (في ه to s.o. over or in s.th.); to inflect (هـ a word), conjugate (هـ a verb), decline (هـ a noun) V to act independently; to dispose freely, have the right of disposal (في over); to move freely, act without restriction (في in), administer (freely) (في s.th.); to behave, act, conduct o.s., comport o.s. ; to exercise sacerdotal functions (Copt.-Chr.); to be inflected (gram.); to be derived │ تصرف تصرفا كيفيا في (taṣarrufan kaifīyan) to proceed arbitrarily in or at VII to turn away; to go away, depart (عن from), leave (عن s.th.); to give up, abandon, relinquish, quit (عن s.o., s.th.); to flow off, drain; to pass on, change over, turn one’s attention (الى to s.th.); to proceed (الى to some activity or to do s.th.); to apply o.s., devote o.s. (الى to s.th.); to be spent, be expended (money); to be issued, be made out (e.g.. ticket); to be fully, i.e., triptotically, inflected │ انصرف الى نفسه to withdraw by o.s., isolate o.s.; انصرف يفعل to set about to do s.th., proceed to do s.th. 512 صرف ṣarf averting, turning away; expenditure, expense; spending, use, application (e.g., of time, of effort, etc.); issuance, issue, making out; disbursement; money changing; barter (Isl. Law); drainage; inflection (gram.); (pl. صروف ṣurūf) adversities, misfortunes (also صروف الدهر ṣurūf ad-dahr) │ محطة الصرف maḥaṭṭat aṣ-ṣ. (el.) power station; drainage station, pumping station; سعر الصرف ṣi'r aṣ-ṣ. exchange rate; علم الصرف ‘ilm aṣ-ṣ. morphology (gram.); ممنوع من الصرف indeclinable (gram.); بصرف النظر عن (bi-ṣ. in-naẓar) regardless of, irrespective of, notwithstanding, to say nothing of صرف ṣirf pure, unadulterated, unmixed; mere, sheer, absolute صرفيات ṣarfīyāt payments, disbursements صريف ṣarīf squeak(ing), creak(ing), squeal(ing) صراف ṣarrāf money changer; cashier, teller, treasurer; paymaster; banker صرافة ṣarrafa (woman) cashier │ صرافة التذاكير (woman) ticket agent صيرف ṣairaf pl. صيارف ṣayārif2 money changer; cashier, teller, treasurer صيرفي ṣairafī pl. صيارفة ṣayārifa money changer; cashier, teller, treasurer صريفة ṣarīfa pl. صرائف ṣarā’if2 reedmat hut مصرف maṣrif pl. مصارف maṣārif2 drainage canal, drainage ditch, drain; bank; pay office, teller’s window (at a bank) تصريف taṣrīf drawing off (of water), drainage; sale, retail, disposal, distribution; change, alteration; inflection, declension, conjugation │ تصاريف الدهر t. ad-dahr the vicissitudes of fate; تصريف الشئون settlement, windup, or management, of affairs تصرف taṣarruf pl. -āt free disposal (في over), right of disposal; usufruct; administration; action, way of acting, demeanor, behavior, conduct; outflow, efflux, effluence, output (in terms of the capacity of a pump), discharge, throughput, quantity of water flowing through; pl. تصرفات measures, dispositions, regulations │ تصرف منجز (munjaz) regulation effective immediately (Isl. Law); حسن التصرف ḥusn at-t. discretion; مطلق التصرف muṭlaq at-t. having unrestricted right of disposal, invested with full power; بتصرف freely; تحت تصرفه at s.o.’s disposal; وضع شيئا تحت تصرفه to put s.th. at s.o.’s disposition; تصرفات الزمن t. az-zaman the vicissitudes of time انصراف inṣirāf going away, leave, departure; avertedness, aversion (عن to); abstention (عن from). renunciation (عن of) مصروف devoted, dedicated (الى to s.th.); money spent, expenditure; pl. -āt, مصاريف maṣārīf2 expenses, expenditures, costs │ مصروف البريد and مصاراف البريد postage; مصروف الجيب m. al-jaib pocket money; خالص المصاريف postage free, franked; وفى المصاريف (wafā) to cover the cocte, defray the expense; مصروف من الخدمة (kidma) dismissed, discharged متصرف mutaṣarrif approx.: provincial governor (Ir.; administering anyone of the 14 liwā’, q.v.); former title of a Turkish administrative officer in Arab countries متصرف mutaṣarrifa jurisdiction of a mutaṣarrif (q.v.), approx.: province; dignity, government, authority, etc., of a mutaṣarrif منصرف munṣarif fully inflected, i.e., triptotical (gram.); المنصرف the money spent, expenditures منصرف munṣarif departure, leave, going away │ لا منصرف عنه (munṣarafa) 513 indispensable, inevitable; منصرفهم munṣarafahum at their departure, when they left; في صرف النهار (m. in-nahār) at the parting of day, at day’s end 1 صرمṣaruma u (صرم ṣarāma) to be sharp; to be stern, hard, harsh, severe; -- ṣrama i (ṣarm, ṣurm) to cut, cut off, sever (هـ s.th.); to leave, forsake (ه s.o.), separate (ه from s.o.), part (ه with s.o.) II to cut, cut off, cut through, sever, separate (هـ s.th.) V to decrease, wane, dwindle; to elapse, go by, pass; to be past, be bygone, be over (time) VII to elapse, go by, pass; to be past. be bygone, be over (time) صرم ṣarm severance, separation صرمة ṣirma pl. صرم ṣiram herd of camels صرامة ṣarāma sharpness, keenness; harshness, sternness, severity, rigor, unfriendliness صريمة ṣarīma horse bridle مصارمة muṣārama estrangement, break, antagonism, hostility صارم ṣārim sharp, harsh, hard, severe, stem منصرم munṣarim elapsed, past, bygone (period of time) 2صرم ṣurm = سرم 3صرم ṣarma pl. صرم ṣuram (eg.) shoe صرمايا ṣurmāyā pl. -āt, صرامى ṣarāmī (syr.) shoe made of red or yellow leather; shoes مصارين see مصر صار ṣārin and صارية ṣāriya pl. صوار ṣawārin mast, pole │ صارى العلم ṣ. l-‘alam flagpole مصطبة maṣṭaba, miṣṭaba pl. مصاطب maṣāṭib2 outdoor stone bench (built into the side of a house), maṣṭaba مصطول maṣṭūl fool صعب ṣa‘uba u (صعوبة ṣu‘ūba) to be hard, difficult (على for); to be embarrassing, shocking, unpleasant (على for, to) II to make hard, make difficult (على for s.o. s.th.); to present as difficult (على to s.o. s.th.) V to become difficult; to make (هـ s.th.) hard or difficult VI to be difficult (of a person); to be hard to please X to find or consider difficult (هـ s.th.) صعب ṣa‘b pl. صعاب ṣi‘āb hard, difficult; pl. difficulties │ صعب الاحتمال hard to bear, oppressive; صعب الارضاء ṣ. al-irḍā’ hard to please, fastidious; صعب المراس obstinate, stubborn, self-opinionated, recalcitrant, headstrong; عملة صعبة (‘umla) hard currency صعوبة ṣu‘ūba difficulty │ صعوبة المراس obstinacy, stubbornness, recalcitrance, refractoriness مصاعب maṣā‘ib2 difficulties صعتر ṣa‘tar wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum; bot.) صعد ṣa‘ida a (صعود ṣu‘ūd) to rise, go up; to lift, climb, ascend, slope upward; to mount, scale, ascend, climb (هـ s.th.), climb up (هـ on s.th.); to take off (airplane); صعد به الى to make s.o. ascend, lead s.o. up to … II to ascend, mount; to go upstream; to travel to Upper Egypt; to send up (ه s.o.); to cause (هـ s.th.) to rise or ascend; to heave (from one’s breast), utter (هـ sigh, wails, and the like); to cause (s.th.) to evaporate, vaporize, volatilize (هـ s.th.); to sublimate (هـ s.th.; chem.) │ صعد الزفرات (zafarāt) to heave deep sighs IV to make (ه s.o.) ascend or advance; to ascend (الى to elevated terrain); to go upstream; to travel up, travel V to evaporate, vaporize VI to rise, lift, ascend 514 صعود ṣu‘ūd height, altitude صعدة ṣa‘da pl. ṣa‘adāt rise, incline; slope, declivity صعود ṣu‘ūd rising, lifting, ascending; take-off (of an airplane); ascent; boom; advance (الى toward) │ صعود الرب ṣ. ar-rabb and عيد الصعود ‘īd aṣ-ṣ. Ascension Day (Chr.) صعود ṣa‘ūd steep hill صعيد ṣa‘īd pl. صعود ṣu‘ūd highland, upland, plateau; الصعيد and صعيد مصر ṣ. miṣr Upper Egypt │ في صعيد واحد on a common basis, on common ground, on equal footing, without distinction, indiscriminately; على صعيد واحد congenial, like-minded, kindred in spirit, agreed صعيدي ṣa‘īdī pl. صعايدة ṣa‘āyida Upper Egyptian صعداء ṣu‘adā’2 (deep) sigh │ تنفس الصعداء tanaffasa ṣ-ṣu‘adā’ to sigh (deeply), heave a (deep) sigh مصعد maṣ‘ad pl. مصاعد maṣā‘id2 point of ascent مصعد miṣ‘ad pl. مصاعد maṣā‘id2 elevator, lift; O anode مصعدة miṣ‘ada elevator, lift صاعد ṣā‘id pl. صواعد ṣawā‘id 2 rising, ascending (also, e.g., of vapors) │ فصاعدا fa-ṣā‘idan and beyond that, and more; من -- فصاعدا from -- on, from --upward; من الآن فصاعدا (min al-āna) from now on, henceforth متصاعد mutaṣā‘id rising, ascending (also, e.g., of vapors) صعر ṣa‘ra a (ṣa‘ar) to be awry (face; with pride) II صعر خده (kaddahū) to put on a contemptuous mien صعق ṣa‘aqa a (صاعقة ṣā‘iqa) to strike s.o. (ه) down with lightning, destroy, hit, slay (ه s.o.; of lightning); to stun, stupefy, make unconscious (ه s.o.); -- ṣa‘iqa a and pass. ṣi‘iqa (ṣa‘aq, صعقة ṣa‘qa) to be thunderstruck; to lose consciousness │ صعق في مكانه (makānihī) to stop dead in one's tracks, stand as if thunderstruck IV to strike down, slay, destroy (ه s.o.; of lightning); to stun, stupefy, make unconscious (ه s.o.) VII to be struck by lightning صعق ṣa‘aq thunder, peal of thunder صعق ṣa‘iq thunderstruck, dumfounded صاعقة ṣā‘iqa pl. صواعق ṣawā‘iq 2 bolt of lightning, thunderbolt مصعوق maṣ‘ūq struck by lightning; thunderstruck, stupefied, dumfounded; crushed, destroyed صعلكة ṣa‘laka loitering, loafing صعلوك ṣu‘lūk pl. صعاليك ṣa‘ālīk2 utterly destitute; have-not, pauper, poor wretch; beggar; tramp, vagabond, loafer صغر ṣagura u (ṣigar, صغارة ṣagāra) and ṣagira a (ṣagar) to be or become small, little, scanty; to diminish, decrease, wane, dwindle; to be young; to be lowly, submissive, servile, humble; -- ṣagara u (ṣagr) to be younger (ب ه than s.o. by) │ ما صغرني الا بسنة (bi-sanatin) he was only one year younger than I II to make small(er) or little(r), lessen, minimize, reduce, diminish, decrease (هـ s.th.); to belittle, deride, ridicule, debase, bemean (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to form a diminutive (هـ of a noun) VI to prove o.s. contemptible, be servile, fawn, cringe, grovel X to deem (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) small, little or paltry; to make light (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.), undervalue (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to think little (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.) │ استصغر نفسه (nafsahū) to feel inferior صغر ṣigar smallness, littleness, scantiness, paltriness, paucity, insignificance; youthfulness, juvenility (also صغر السن ṣ. as-sinn) 515 صغرة ṣigra: هو صغرة ابويه (ṣ. abawaihi) he is the youngest of his parents’ children صغير ṣagīr pl. صغار ṣigār, صغراء ṣugarā’2 small, little; paltry, scanty, insignificant; tiny, minute; young, juvenile, minor; a minor, one under age │ صغير السن ṣ. s-sinn young; صغير النفس ṣ. an-nafs mean-spirited, base, servile, Toadying, cringing, groveling صغار الموظفين ṣ. al-muwaẓẓafīn small officials, subaltern officials; العيد الصغير (‘īd) Little Bairam, i.e., the feast of fast breaking on the 1st of Shawwal; كل صغيرة وكبيرة kullu ṣ. wa-kabīra every detail صغير ṣagīra pl. صغائر ṣagā’ir2 venial sin (Isl. Law); minor mistake; pl. trivialities, trifles صغارة ṣagāra littleness, paltriness, scantiness, paucity; lowliness, servility, humility, humbleness اصغر aṣgar f. صغرى ṣugrā pl. m. اصاغر aṣāgir2 smaller, littler; younger │ اصغر الشرين a. aš-šarrain the lesser of two evils, آسيا الصغرى Asia Minor; الدول الصغرى (duwal) the small countries; سوريا الصغرى (sūriyā) Palestine; النهاية الصغرى the minimum تصغير taṣgīr diminution, lessening, decrease, reduction │ اسم التصغير ism at-t. diminutive (gram.) اصغار iṣgār disdain, contempt, disregard تصاغر taṣāgur servility, toadying, cringing, groveling صاغر ṣāgir low, lowly, despised, contemptible, humiliated, meek, dejected; submissive, servile; subject (ل to s.o.) مصغر muṣaggar reduced, decreased, diminished │ في صورة صغيرة (ṣūra) on a reduced or small scale, in miniature; فلم مصغر (film) microfilm صغو) and صغا (صغي ṣagā u (صغو ṣagw, sugūw) to incline, bend, lean (الى to, toward); -- صغي ṣagiya a (ṣagan, ṣugīy) to incline, bend, lean (الى to, toward); to listen (ل to) IV to listen, pay attention, lend one’s ear (ل or الى to s.th., to s.o.). heed (ل or الى s.th.) صغو ṣagw and صغا ṣagan inclination, disposition, tendency, affection, attachment, good will اصغاء isgā’ attention, attentiveness صاغ ṣāgin inclined, disposed, attentive; listener, hearer مصغ attentive; listener, hearer 1صفة see وصف 2صف ṣaffa u (ṣaff) to set up in a row or line, line up, align, array, arrange, order (هـ s.th.); to eat, compose (هـ type, typ.); to range, class, classify (مع ه s.o. among); to cut (هـ s.th.) in strips II to set up in a row or line, line up, align, array, arrange, order (هـ s.th.); to comb (هـ the hair) straight VI to line up, take position in a row or line, stand in a row or line, be lined up, be aligned, be strung in a line VIII - VI; to fall in, stand in formation (of a military detachment) │ اصطف الى جانب الطريق to line the rood, form a lane (e.g., troops, police, etc.) صف ṣaff aligning or arranging in a line or row; -- (pl. صفوف ṣufūf) row, line, file, rank, queue; row, or tier, of seats; grade, form (in school), class course, section, division, group │ صف الدم ṣ. ad-dam, blood group; آلة صف الحروف typesetting machine, ضابط الصف (also صف ضابط pl. صف ضباط) non-commissioned officer; انتظم صفوفا intaẓama ṣufūfan to line up in rows or files صفة ṣuffa pl. صفف ṣufaf (stone) molding; ledge 516 صفاف ṣaffāf and صفاف الحروف type-setter, compositor مصف maṣaff pl. مصاف maṣaff2 position (of an army); battle line; row, line, file; composing stick (typ.) │ رفعه الى مصاف (with foll. genit.) to class s.o. with, put s.o. on the same level with صفح ṣafaḥa a (ṣafḥ) to broaden, widen, flatten, beat into a leaf, foliate, plate (هـ s.th.); to pardon, forgive (عن s.o., s.th.) II to broaden, widen, flatten, beat into a leaf, foliate (هـ s.th.); to roll out (هـ s.th.); to plate, overlay, or cover, with metal plates (هـ s.th.); to armor (هـ s.th.); to equip, furnish, cover (هـ ب s.th. with) ill to shake hands (ه with s.o.); to greet (.s.o.); to touch (هـ s.th.) lightly or gently, graze (هـ s.th.), brush, glide (هـ over s.th.), pass, blow (هـ over s.th., of the wind, breath, etc.) │ صافح سمعه (sam‘ahū) to reach s.o.’s ear V to leaf, thumb (هـ a book, etc.); to examine, scrutinize, regard, study (هـ s.th.) VI to shake hands X to ask s.o.’s (ه) forgiveness (هـ for), apologize (هـ ه to s.o. for) صفح ṣafḥ pardon, forgiveness; (pl. صفاح ṣifāḥ) side, surface │ ضرب (اضرب) عنه صفحا to turn away from s.o. or s.th., pass over s.o. or s.th., ignore, snub, slight, disregard s.o. or s.th., desist from s.th. صفحة ṣafḥa pl. ṣafaḥāt outside, exterior; plane, surface; page; leaf, sheet; phase صفيح ṣafīḥ broad side or surface; sheet iron; tin, tinplate; tin plates, tin sheets صفيحة ṣafīḥa pl. صفائح ṣafā’iḥ2 plate, sheet (of metal), leaf (of wood), slab, flag (of stone), ledger stone (on a tomb); tin plate, tin sheet; can, jerry can │ صفائح المصراع ṣ. al-miṣrā‘ door panel; O صفائح المقول ṣ. al-miqwal phonograph records, gramophone discs صفوح ṣafūhḥ forgiving, reedy to forgive صفاح ṣuffāḥ pl. -āt, صفافيح ṣafāfīḥ plate, sheet, leaf; flagstone, stone slab تصفيح taṣfīḥ plating تصفح taṣaffuḥ examination, scrutinization, scrutiny, study مصفح muṣaffaḥ, shaped into plates or thin layers, plated, foliated; armored, armor clad, ironclad, metal-covered│ خشب مصفح (kašab) plywood; سيارة مصفحة (sayyāra) armored car مصفحة muṣaffaḥa pl. -āt armored car, armored reconnaissance car (mil.) صفد ṣafda i (ṣafd) to bind, fetter, shackle (ه s.o.) II and IV = I صفد ṣafad pl. اصفاد aṣfād bond, tie, fetter صفاد ṣifād bond, tie, fetter │ صفاد اليدين ṣ. al-yadain manacle, handcuff 1صفر ṣafara i (صفير ṣafīr) to whistle (bird, person); to hiss (snake); to chirp, stridulate (cricket); to seream (siren) II = I صفير ṣafīr whistling, whistle, etc. (see above); high, thin tone (e.g., of a flute) │ حروف الصفير sibilants; -- see also below and alphabetically صفارة ṣaffāra pl. -āt whistle; siren │ صفارة الأمان ṣ. al-amān all-clear siren; صفارة الإنذار ṣ. al-indār warning siren 2 صفر II to dye yellow, make yellow, to yellow (هـ s.th.) IX to turn yellow, to yellow; to pale, become pale │ اصفر وجهه (wajhuhū) he grew pale, he turned white صفر ṣufr brass; money صفر ṣafar jaundice صفرة ṣufra yellow color, yellowness, yellow; pallor, paleness (of the face) 517 صفار ṣafar yellow color, s.th. yellow; pallor, paleness │صفار البيضة ṣ. al-baiḍa egg yolk صفار ṣaffār pl. ة brass founder اصفر aṣfar2, f. صفراء ṣafrā’2, pl. صفر ṣufr yellow; pale, pallid, wan │ ضحكة صفراء (ḍaḥka) forced, or embarrassed, laugh; نحاس صفر (nuḥās) brass صفراء ṣafrā’ bile, gall صفير (eg.) golden oriole (zool.) صفارية ṣufārīya golden oriole (zool.) صفراوي ṣafrāwī bilious; choleric │ الحمى الصفراوية (ḥummā) yellow fever; ضحكة صفراوية (ḍaḥka) bitter, or sardonic, laugh (= Fr. rire jaune) اصفرار iṣfirār yellowing, yellow; pallor, paleness (of the face) مصفر muṣfarr yellow-colored; pale, pallid, wan 3صفر ṣafira a (ṣafar, صفور ṣufūr) to be empty, be devoid, vacant (من of) │ صفرت يده من الشيء (ṣafirat yaduhū) to have lost s.th. II to empty, void, vacate, evacuate, free (هـ s.th.) IV = II صفر ṣafr, ṣifr, ṣufr, ṣafir, ṣufur pl. اصفار aṣfār empty, void, devoid, (من of), free (من from) │ صفر اليدين ṣifr al-yadain empty-handed صفر ṣifr zero, naught; nothing اصفر aṣfar empty, void مصفر muṣfir empty-handed │ مصفر اليد m. al-yad with an empty hand; مصفر اليد من كل شيء without any possessions at all, completely destitute 4صفر ṣafar pl. اصفار aṣfār Safar, name of the second month of the Mohammedan year 1صفصف ṣafṣaf (coll.; n. un. ة) a variety of willow (Salix Safsaf F.; bot.) 2صفصف ṣafṣaf even, level; waste, desolate, barren, empty │ قاع صفصف wasteland, desolate area; جعله قاعا صفصفا to devastate s.th., lay s.th. waste صفع ṣafa‘a a (ṣaf‘) to cuff, buffet, slap lightly (ه s.o.); to slap s.o.’s (ه) face, box s.o.’s (ه) ears; to violate (هـ a rule) VI to slap one another صفعة ṣaf‘a (n. vic.) slap, cuff, smack; blow صفاع ṣaffā‘ pl. -ūn a kind of buffoon صفق ṣafaqa i (ṣafq) to slap, smack (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to aet into motion (هـ s.th.); to flap, clap; to shut, slam, bang (هـ a door); -- ṣafuqa u (صفاقة ṣafāqa) to be thick, heavy, close in texture (cloth) II to flap, clap, smack; to clap one’s hands (also بيديه), applaud (ل s.o.); to flap (ب the wings) صفقة ṣafqa pl. ṣafaqāt handclasp (in concluding a deal); conclusion of a contract (Isl. Law); deal, bargain, transaction │ صفقة خاسرة poor deal, bad bargain; صفقة رابحة favorable deal, good bargain; صفقة واحدة ṣafqatan wāḥidatan all at once, wholly, entirely, altogether; اعطى صفقة (a‘ṭā), عقد صفقة to conclude a bargain, effect a transaction; عاد (رجع) بصفقة المغبون to lose the game, return empty-handed; كانت له الصفقة الخاسرة do. صفاق ṣifāq pl. صفق ṣufuq dermis underskin; peritoneum صفيق ṣafīq pl. صفاق ṣifāq thick, heavy, close in texture (cloth) │ صفيق الوجه ṣ. al-wajh impudent, insolent, brazen صفاقة ṣafāqa impudence, insolence, brazenness تصفيق taṣfīq hand clapping; applause, acclaim │ تصفيق الاستحسان applause صفاكس ṣafākis2 Sfax (aeaport in Tunisia) 518 1صفن ṣafana i to stand with one foot (ب) slightly raised; to pore, brood, ponder, reflect, muse صفن ṣafan pl. اصفان aṣfān scrotum 2 صفين ṣafīn (Juniperus Sabina; bot.) صفا (صفو) ṣafā u (ṣafw, ṣufūw, صفاء ṣafā’) to be or become clear, unpolluted, limpid, cloudless, untroubled, serene, undisturbed, pure; صفا لـ to apply o.s. to s.th. with clear intent, devote o.s. wholeheartedly to, be completely given to, be solely preoccupied with, be exclusively ready for (heart, mind) II to make clear, limpid, pure, clarify, clear, purify (هـ s.th.); to settle, straighten out (مسألة mas’alatan a question, a problem); to remove the water, pour off the water (هـ from s.th., e.g., in cooking; also صفاه من الماء ); to rid of moisture, dry out (هـ s.th.); to clarify, purify, rectify (هـ s.th., من by removing s.th.); to filter, strain (هـ s.th.); to settle, pay, liquidate (هـ s.th.); to realize (هـ assets) III to be sincere (ه toward s.o), deal honestly (ه with s.o.) IV = III (ه or ل): to be no longer in a position (to ), posses no longer, forfeit; to cease composing poetry (poet) │ اصفاه بالشيء to have s.o. in mind for s.th., choose, select, or single out s.o. for s.th.. grant s.o. s.th. in preference to others, bestow upon s.o. s.th. (دون فلان which others do not have) VI to be sincere toward one another, be honest with one another, be of pure intent toward one another VIII to choose, select (ه s.o.) X = VIII; to deem (هـ s.th.) clear or pure │ استصفى ماله to realize all one’s assets; to confiscate s.o.’s property صفو ṣafw clearness, clarity, limpidity, untroubledness, cloudlessness, serenity, purity, sheerness; happiness, felicity, pleasure, delight; clear, limpid; untroubled, undisturbed, serene, pure, sheer صفوة ṣafwa the best, or choicest, part, prime, cream, flower, elite, quintessence صفا ṣafan (coll.: n. un. صفاة ṣafāh pl. صفوات ṣafawāt) stone(s), rock(s) صفوان ṣafwān stones, rocks صفوة ṣifwa sincere friend, best friend, bosom friend صفاء ṣafā’ clearness, clarity, limpidity, untroubledness, cloudlessness, serenity, purity, sheerness; happiness, felicity, serenity, gaiety, cheerfulness; sincerity, candor, honesty │ ساعات صفاء pleasant time, delightful hours صفى ṣafīy clear, limpid, untroubled, undisturbed, serene, cloudless, pure, sheer; (pl. اصفياء aṣfiyā’2) sincere friend, best friend, bosom friend صفية ṣafīya pl. صفايا ṣalafīya leader’s share of the loot; lion’s share of the booty مصفى maṣfan refinery مصفى miṣfan sieve مصفاة miṣfāh pl. مصاف maṣāfin strainer, colander, filter; strainer cloth; sieve; refinery, purification plant │ مصفاة القهوة coffee filter, percolator تصفية taṣfiya pl. -āt clarification, clearance, purification (also fig.); filtering, filtration; elimination (also in sports); settlement, straightening out, adjustment; clearing (com.); liquidation (com.); clearance sale │ تصفية الحسابات t. al-ḥisābāt settlement of accounts; مأمور التصفية official receiver, receiver in equity مصافاة muṣāfāh cordiality, concord, harmony; good will, sincere attitude or disposition 519 تصاف taṣāfin peaceful settlement, compromise (بين between) اصطفاء iṣṭifā’ selection (also biol.) استصطفاء istiṣfā’: اصطفاء الأموال sequestration of property صاف ṣāfin clear, limpid; sheer, pure, straight, unmixed, undiluted, unadulterated; untroubled, undisturbed; serene; pure; net │ صافى النية ṣ. an-nīya sincere, candid, openhearted; صافي الحمولة net tonnage; صافى الأرباح net profit مصف muṣaffin official receiver, receiver in equity; clarifier, clarifying agent مصفى muṣaffan purified, pure, clear, limpid, cloudless مصطفى mušṭafan chosen, selected; المصطفى epithet of Mohammed صفير ṣafīr sapphire صقالة (It. scala) ṣaqāla pl. صقائل ṣaqā’il2 scaffold; gangway, gangplank صقب III to approach (ه s.o.), go or come near (ه s.o.); to be neighbor (ه with s.o.), be adjacent (هـ to s.th.), adjoin (هـ s.th.) O مصاقبة muṣāqaba affinity 1صقر ṣaqr pl. صقور ṣuqūr, اصقر aṣqur saker, falcon, hawk 2صاقور ṣaqūr stone axe صقع ṣaqa‘a a (ṣaq‘, صقاع ṣuqā‘) to crow (rooster); pass. ṣuqi‘a to be covered with hoarfrost (ground) II to be icy, ice-cold, frozen صقع ṣuq‘ pl. اصقاع aṣqā‘ area, region, country, district, locality, land │ الأصقاع المتجمدة الجنوبية (mutajammida, janūbīya) the Antarctic صقعة ṣaq‘a frost, severe cold صقيع saqī‘ frost; ice; hoarfrost اصقع asqa‘2 more eloquent مصقع miṣqa‘ pl. مصاقع maṣāqi‘ eloquent; loud-voiced, having a stentorian voice 1صقل ṣaqala u (ṣaql, صقال ṣiqāl) to smooth, polish, burnish, cut (هـ s.th.); to refine (هـ style, taste, and the like) VII to become smooth صقل ṣaqala u polishing, burnishing │ صقل الأذهان mental training صقيل ṣaqīl polished, burnished; smooth, shiny, glossy صقال ṣaqqāl polisher. smoother صيقل ṣaiqal pl. -āt مصاقل maṣāqil2 polisher, smoother مصقلة miṣqala pl. مصاقل maṣāqil2 burnisher (tool) مصقول maṣqūl polished, burnished; cut (glass, and the like); acute, refined (wit) 2 صقالة look up alphabetically صقلب ṣaqlab pl. صقالبة ṣaqāliba Slav صقلية ṣiqillīya Sicily 2صك ṣakka u (ṣakk) to beat, strike; to shut, lock (هـ the door) │ صكت به الآذان his ears were tingling or ringing; صك سمعه (sam‘ahū) to strike s.o.’s ear (noise); to roar in s.o.’s ears VIII to knock together, shake, tremble, (knees), chatter (teeth) 2صك ṣakk pl. صكوك ṣukūk, صكاك ṣikāk, اصك aṣukk (instrunlent of) contract (Isl. Law); legal instrument, document, deed; check, cheque 1صلة see وصل 2صل ṣalla i (صليل ṣalīl) to ring, clink, clank, clatter, rattle صل ṣill pl. اصلال aṣlāl, صلال ṣilāl a variety of venomous adder, viper صليل ṣalīl rattle, clatter, clash (e.g., of weapons), jingling (of coins) 521 1صلب ṣaluba u (صلابة ṣalāba) and ṣaliba a to be or become hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, solidify, harden, set, stiffen II to make hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, harden, solidify, stiffen, indurate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to support, prop, shore up (A s.th.); to harden (هـ the heart) V = I; to show o.s. hard or severe صلب ṣulb hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid; steel; -- (pl. اصلب aṣlub, اصلاب aṣlāb) spinal column, backbone; loins; -- text, body (of a book, and the like) │ صلب الرأي ṣ. ar-ra’y obstinate, stubborn, headstrong, opinionated; صلب الرقبة ṣ. ar-raqaba do.; صلب العود ṣ. al-‘ūd of robust physique, strongly built, husky, sturdy; stubborn, resistant, unbending, unyielding, relentless; هو ابن صلبه (ibn ṣulbihī) and هو من صلبه he is his own son, his offspring; درامة مستخرجة من صلب الحياة (mustakraja min ṣulbi l-ḥayāh) a drama taken from real life; في صلبه at heart, in his innermost صلبة ṣulba: صلبة العين ṣ. al-4ain sclera (anat.) صليب ṣalīb hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid صلابة ṣalāba hardness, callousness; hardening, induration; firmness, solidity, stiffness, rigidity; stubbornness, obstinacy, unyieldingness; intolerance │ صلابة العود ṣ. al-‘ūd sternness, severity, hardness, obstinacy, stubbornness, inflexibility, relentlessness تصلب taṣallub hardness, callousness, hardening │ تصلب الشرابين t. aš-šarābīn arteriosclerosis متصلب mutaṣallib unyielding, inflexible, relentless, hard 2صلب ṣalaba i (ṣalb) to crucify (ه s.o.) II = I; to make the sign of the cross (على over); to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (هـ one’s arms) صلب ṣulb crucifixion صليب ṣalīb pl. صلبان ṣulbān, صلب ṣulub cross │ الصليب الجنويب (janūbī) the Southern Cross (astron.); الصليب الأحمر the Red Cross; صليب معقوف swastika; شارة الصليب and اشارة الصليب sign of the cross (Chr.); عود الصليب ‘ūd aṣ-ṣ. peony (Paeonis; bot.) صليبي ṣalībī: الحروب الصليبية the crusades; الصليبيون the crusaders صلبوت ṣalbūt (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix مصلب muṣallab crossing, interjunction (of roads) صلت ṣaluta u (صلوتة ṣulūta) to be glossy, be smooth and shining IV to draw, unsheathe (السيف as-saifa the sword); pass. uṣlita to be drawn (sword) 1صلج ṣullaj (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt cocoon, chrysalis of the silkworm 2صولجان look up alphabetically صلح ṣalaḥa u a (صلاح ṣalāḥ, صلوح ṣulūḥ, مصلحة maṣlaḥa) and ṣaluḥa u (صلاح ṣalāḥ, صلاحية ṣaāḥīya) to be good, right, proper, in order, righteous, pious, godly; to be well, thrive; to be usable, useful, practicable, serviceable, fitting, suitable, or appropriate (ل for), lend itself (ل to), suit, match (ل s.th.), fit (مع s.th. or s.o.), apply (مع to s.o. or s.th.); to be admissible, permissible (مع in, at, with); to be valid. hold true (ل for) II to put in order, settle, adjust, restore, restitute (هـ s.th.), make amends, compensate (هـ for); to mend, improve, ameliorate, fix, repair (هـ s.th.) III to make peace, become reconciled, make up, reach a compromise or settlement (ه with s.o.); to foster peace (بين between), reconcile (بين people) IV to put in order, settle, adjust (من or هـ s.th.), overhaul, restore, restitute, rebuild, reconstruct; to make amends, compensate (من or 521 هـ for); to mend, improve, ameliorate, fix, repair (من or هـ s.th.); to make suitable or fitting, adjust, modify (هـ s.th.); to reform (من or هـ s.th.); to remove, remedy (من or هـ s.th.); to make arable or cultivable, reclaim, cultivate, till, (هـ land); to further, promote, encourage (ه s.o.), make (ه s.o.) thrive or prosper, bring good luck (ه to s.o.); to make peace (بين between), bring together (بين people), bring about an agreement (بين between), conciliate (بين people) VI to make peace, make up, become reconciled with one another VII to be put in order, be righted, be corrected, be improved, be ameliorated VIII = VI; to agree (على on), accept, adopt (على s.th.) X to deem (ه s.th.) good, proper, suitable, fitting, usable, useful, practicable, or serviceable; to make arable, cultivable, reclaim (هـ land) صلح ṣulḥ peace, (re)conciliation, settlement, composition, compromise; peace (pol.), peacemaking, conclusion of peace │ حاكم الصلح (Syr.) justice of the peace; قاضي الصلح do.; قضوية الصلح qaḍawīyat aṣ-ṣ. jurisdiction of the قاضي الصلح صلحي ṣulḥī of peace, peace (adj.); arbitrative, arbitrational, arbitration (in compounds) │ لجنة صلحية (lajna) arbitration committee صلاح ṣalāḥ goodness, properness, rightness; usability, practicability, usefulness; righteousness, probity, piety, godliness صلاحية ṣalāḥīya suitability, fitness, appropriateness, aptness; efficiency; usability, practicability, usefulness, use, worth; serviceability, proper or working condition (e.g., of a machine); competence; validity. applicability; (pl. -āt) full or mandatory power. power of attorney, also صلاحية تامة (tāmma) │ جهات ذات صلاحية competent authorities; مطلق الصلاحية muṭlaq aṣ-ṣ. plenipotentiary (dipl.) صلوحية ṣalūḥīya = صلاحية ṣalāḥīya اصلح aṣlaḥ2 better, more proper, more correct; more pious, godlier; fitter, more suitable مصلحة maṣlaḥa pl. مصالح maṣāliḥ2 matter, affair; requirement. exigency; that which is beneficial, helpful, or promoting; advantage, benefit, interest, good, welfare; office, authority, department, governmental agency, administration (chiefly Eg.) │ مصلحة الآثار المصرية (miṣrīya) Administration of Egyptian Antiquities; مصالح الأمة m. al-umma the welfare of the people; مصلحة البريد postal administration; مصلحة الحدود administrative agency for the territories outside the cultivated area (Eg.); المصالح الحكومية (ḥukūmīya) the governmental agencies; مصلحة الصحة m. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa health office; المصلحة العامة (‘āmma) public welfare, commonweal; في مصلحة فلان in s.o.’s interest; في المصلحة والمفسدة (mafsada) in good and bad times, for better or for worse; لمصلحة فلان in s.o.’s favor, for the benefit of s.o., to s.o.’s advantage, on behalf of s.o., in s.o.’s interest; خدم مصالح فلان to serve s.o.’s interests مصلحي maṣlaḥī administrational, official, governmental تصليح taṣlīḥ restoration, restitution, mending, fixing, overhauling, repair, improvement, amelioration مصالحة muṣālaḥa peace, conciliation; compromise; composition, settlement اصلاح iṣlāḥ pl. -āt restoration, restitution, redressing, reparation; improvement, amelioration, betterment, mending, correction; reconstruction; reconditioning, repair; renovation, refurbishing; adjustment, settling, remedying, removal, elimination; restoration of 522 order, establishment of peace, happiness and order; reformation, reform; reclamation, cultivation (of land); (re)conciliation, settlement, compromise, peacemaking (بين between) اصلاحي iṣlāḥī reformatory, reformational, reform- (in compounds); reformer, reformist │ معهد اصلاحي (ma‘had) reformatory, house of correction اصلاحية iṣlāḥīya revisionism, reformism; (pl. -āt) reformatory, house of correction تصالح taṣāluḥ (re)conciliation اصطلاح iṣṭilāḥ pl. -āt agreement, convention, practice, usage; (colloquial, linguistic) usage; technical term, terminus technicus اصطلاحي iṣṭilāḥī conventional; technical (of a term) استصلاح istiṣlāḥ reclamation, cultivation صالح ṣāliḥ good, right, proper, sound; thorough, substantial, downright, out-and-out, solid; virtuous, pious, devout, godly; usable, useful, practicable, serviceable, fitting, suitable, appropriate (ل for); (pl. صوالح ṣawāliḥ) advantage, benefit, interest, good, welfare │ السلف الصالح (salaf) the worthy ancestors, the venerable forefathers; صالح السير (sair) passable, practicable (road); صالح للعمل (‘amal) fit for action, ready for use, serviceable, practicable; valid (ل for), applicable (ل to); الصالح العام (‘āmm) public welfare, commonweal; في صالح (with foll. genit.) in favor of, for the benefit of, to the advantage of, in the interest of s.o. or s.th.; لصالح do.; كان من صالحه it was in his interest; صوالح شخصية (šakṣīya) personal interests الصالحات aṣ-ṣāliḥāt the good works, the good deeds مصالح muṣāliḥ peacemaker, conciliator مصلح muṣliḥ peacemaker, conciliator; reformer, reformist; salt مصطلح muṣṭalaḥ and مصطلح عليه generally accepted, universally followed, commonly established, conventional, customary; (pl. -āt technical term, terminus techniques صلد ṣalada (صلادة ṣalāda, صلودة ṣulūda) to be or become hard, firm, solid, compact (ground) IV = I صلد ṣald pl. اصلاد aṣlād hard, firm, solid, dry, barren, arid (ground); rigid, lifeless, inert صلودة ṣulūda hardness, firmness, solidity (of the ground) صلصة (It. salsa) ṣalṣa pl. -āt and صلص sauce │ صلصة مايونيز mayonnaise صلصل ṣalṣala to ring, clink, clank; to clatter, rattle, II taṣalṣala do. صلصلة ṣalṣala clank(ing), clatter(ing), clash, rattle صلصال ṣalsāl dry clay, argillaceous earth مصلطح muṣalṭaḥ = مسلطح shallow, shoal, flat صلع ṣali‘a a (ṣala‘) to be bald صلع ṣala‘ baldness صلعة ṣul‘a, ṣala‘a bald pate, bald head اصلع aṣla‘2, صلعاء ṣal‘ā’2, pl. صلع ṣul‘, صلعان ṣul‘ān bald(-headed) صلعم abbreviation of the eulogy following the name of the Prophet Mohammed: صلى الله عليه وسلم (ṣallā, ṣallam) God bless him and grant him salvation! صلف ṣalifa a (ṣalaf) to boast, brag, bluster, swagger V = I صلف ṣalaf vainglory, bragging, boasting, conceit, arrogance, pomposity, self-importance 523 صلف ṣalif pl. صلفاء ṣulafā’2 vainglorious, bragging, boastful, showing off, pompous, blustering, swagering; braggart, boaster, show-off, swaggerer, fourflusher تصلف taṣalluf vainglory, bragging, boasting, conceit, arrogance, pomposity, self-importance متصلف mutaṣallif vainglorious, bragging, boastful, showing off, pompous, blustering, swagering صلو II to perform the salat (صلوة see below), pray, worship │ صلى بالناس to lead people in prayer; صلى على to pray for; (of God) to bless s.o.: صلى الله عليه وسلم (sallam) God bless him and grant him salvation! (eulogy after the name of the Prophet Mohammed) صلوة, صلاة ṣalāh pl. صلوات ṣalawāt salat, the official Islamic prayer ritual; intercession, intercessory prayer, benediction; blessing, grace (of God) │الصلاة الربانية (rabbānīyra) the Lord’s prayer; صلاة التراويح a prayer performed during the nights of Ramadan; صلاة الستار vesper prayer (Chr.) مصل muṣallin prayer, worshiper مصلى muṣallan place of prayer, oratory صلون ṣalūn salon, parlor, reception room صلى ṣallā i (ṣaly) to roast, broil, fry (هـ s.th.); -- ṣaliya a (ṣalan, ṣulīy, صلاء ṣilā’) to burn (intr.; ب or هـ in); to be exposed to the blaze of (ب or هـ) II to warm, heat (ب هـ s.th. with or on) IV = II (هـ هـ s.th. on or with); to make (ه s.o.) burn (هـ in. esp. النار in the fire) │ اصلاه نارا من الغيرة (gaira) to make s.o. undergo the most excruciating pangs of jealousy; اصلاه نارا to set s.th. on fire; to fire at s.o. or s.th. (mil.) V to warm o.s., seek warmth (ب at, by, بالنار by the fire) VIII = V│لا يصطلى بناره (yuṣṯalā bi-nārihī) invincible, a great hero مصطلى muṣṯalan fireplace صم ṣamma (1st pers. perf. ṣamimtu) a (ṣamm, صممṣamam) to be or become deaf; -- ṣamma (1st pers. perf. ṣamamtu) u (ṣamm) to close, plug, cork, stopper (هـ s.th., e.g., a bottle) II to deafen (ه s.o.); to make up one’s mind (على to do s.o.); to make up one’s mind (على to do s.th.), determine (على upon, to do s.th.), resolve, be determined (على to do s.th.), decide (على on, to do s.th.); to persist (على in); to deoign (هـ s.th.); to plan (هـ s.th.), design (هـ ل s.th. for) IV to be or become deaf; to deafen (ه s.o.), make (. s.o.) deaf (هـ, عن to s.th.) VI to give a deaf ear (عن to) صمة ṣimma plug, cork, stopper صمم deafness │كان في صمم عن to be deaf to s.th. صمام ṣimām pl. -āt plug, cork, stopper; valve, tube (radio) │ صمام الأمان (الأمن) s. al-amān (al-amn) safety valve; O صمام التقويم rectifier tube; رفع الصمام عن to let s.th. take its course, give free rein to s.th. (also to a feeling) O صمامة ṣammāma embolism (med.) صميم ṣamīm innermost, heart; core, essence, marrow, pith; true, sincere, genuine │ من صميم القلب (ṣ. il-qalb) from the bottom of the heart, wholeheartedly, most sincerely; في صميم ... amid, in; ضربه في الصميم to affect s.o. to the very core, touch s.o. most deeply صميمي cordial, hearty اصم aṣamm2, f. صماء ṣammā’2, pl. صم ṣumm, صمان ṣummān deaf; hard and solid, massive (rock); الأصم the deaf one, epithet of the month of Rajab │ فعل اصم (fi‘l) triliteral verb with identical second and third radical, verbum mediae geminatae (gram.); اصم اصلخ (aṣlak) stone-deaf; جذر اصم (jadr) irrational or surd root (math.), آلة صماء willing tool تصميم taṣmīm determination (على for, to do s.th.), resolution, decision; resolute 524 action; tenacious pursuit (of a plan); planning, projecting; design, designing (e.g., of a dress); (pl. –āt, تصاميم taṣāmīm2) plan; design; sketch│من تصميم فلان designed by so-and so مصمم muṣammim determined (على to do s.th.)│مصمم الازياء fashion creator, designer صمت ṣamata u (ṣamt, صموت ṣumūt) to be silent, be taciturn, hold one’s tongue, hush up, be or become quiet or still II to silence (ه s.o.) IV = II صمت ṣamt silence │ في صمت silently, quietly صموت ṣumūt silence; pl. of act. participle صامت صموت ṣamūt silent, taciturn صامت ṣāmit pl. صموت ṣumūt silent │ سينما صامتة silent film مصمت muṣammat uniform (color); plain, unpatterned, blank (wall); uniform in texture, made of a single material; massive, solid, not hollow, compact صماخ ṣimàk pl. اصمخة aṣmika auditory meatus صمد ṣamada u (ṣamd) to betake o.s., repair, go (هـ, ه or ل or الى to, into, toward), to turn, apply o.s. (هـ or ل or الى to s.th.); -- (صمود ṣumūd) to defy, hrave, withstand (في وجهه fī wajhihī or ل s.o., s.th.), to stand up (في وجهه or ل against s.o. or s.th.), resist, oppose (في وجهه or الى s.o. or s.th.); to hold out (في وجهه or ل against); -- i to close, plug, cork, stopper (هـ s.th., e.g., a bottle) II to betake o.s., repair, go (ه to s.o., هـ to, toward), to close, plug, cork, stopper (هـ s.th., e.g., a bottle), to save, lay by (money) III to come to blows, fight (ه with s.o.) صمد ṣamad lord; eternal, everlasting (epithet of God) صمدانى ṣamadānī eternal, everlasting صمادة ṣimāda (ir.) headcloth (worn by men) صمصم ṣamṣama to persist (فى in) صومعة ṣauma‘a pl. صوامع ṣawāmi‘2 monk’s cell, hermitage; silo (for grain storage); (mor.) minaret صمغ II to gum (هـ s.th.); to paste, glue (هـ s.th.) IV to exude gum (tree) صمغ samg pl. صموغ ṣumūg gum, resin │ صمغ سائل mucilage; صمغ عربي (‘arabī) gum arabic; صمغ اللك s. al-lakk shellac; صمغ مرن (marin) rubber, caoutchouc; صمغ هندي (hindī) do.; شجر الصمغ šajar aṣ-ṣ. rubber trees صمغي ṣamgī gummy, gummiferous, gumlike, mucilaginous تصميغ taṣmīg gumming; resinification 1صمل ṣamala u (ṣaml) to be firm, be hard, hold one’s ground, stand firm, hold out, last, endure صمل ṣaml rigidity, stiffness, │ صمل جيفي (jīfī) rigor mortis 2صمولة ṣamūla pl. صوامل ṣawāmil2, صامولة ṣāmūla pl. صواميل ṣawāmīl2 nut (of a bolt), rivet صملاخ ṣimlāk pl. صماليخ ṣamālīk2 earwax, cerumen صمى IV to deal (ه s.o.) a fatal blow, to hit (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) fatally │ رمى فاصمى ramā fa-aṣmā to shoot and hit, shoot dead on the spot صن ṣann basket صنة ṣinna odor emanating from the armpit صنان ṣunān odor emanating from the armpit صنارة ṣinnāra pl. صنانير ṣanānīr2 hook, fishhook 525 صنبور ṣanbūr pl. صنابير ṣanābīr2 (water) faucet, tap صنبر look up alphabetically صنتيم ṣantīm pl. -āt centime (1/100 franc) 1صنج ṣanj pl. صنوج ṣunūj cymbal (mus.) 2صنجة ṣinja = 1سنجة 3صنجات ṣanajāt castanets صنجقية ṣanjaqīya see سنجق صنديد ṣindīd pl. صناديد ṣanādīd leader, notable; brave, valiant صندوق ṣundūq, ṣandūq pl. صناديق ṣanādīq2 crate, box; chest; trunk, suitcase; case, cabinet; money box; till, coffer; pay office, treasurer’s office; any public institution where funds are deposited and disbursed for a special purpose (e.g., sick fund, health insurance, etc.) │ صندوق البريد post-office box; صندوق المكاتب mailbox; صندوق النقد الدولي ṣ. an-naqd ad-duwalī International Monetary Fund; صندوق التوفير savings bank; ابو الصندوق (eg.) hunchback; امين الصندوق treasurer; دفتر الصندوق daftar aṣ-ṣ. cashbook صندل ṣandal sandalwood; sandals; (pl. صنادل ṣanādil2) (freight) barge; lighter, barge صنارة look up alphabetically 1صنع ṣana‘a a (ṣan‘, ṣun‘, صنيع ṣanī‘) to do, make (هـ s.th.); to arrange, stage, put on (هـ s.th.); to produce, build, manufacture, fabricate, design (هـ s.th.); to work, treat, process (هـ s.th.) │ صنع اليه معروفا to do s.o. a favor; صنع معه جميلا do.; صنع به هـ to do s.th. to s.o.; صنع به صنيعا قبيحا to do s.o. a dirty trick II to industrialize (هـ s.th.) ill to cooperate, go along (هـ, ه with); to flatter, cajole (ه s.o.); to bribe (ب ه s.o. with) V to pretend, feign, stimulate, fake, sham, affect (هـ s.th.); to speak or write in an artificial, affected, stilted, or mannered way; to use means for enhancing her beauty (woman) VIII to order, commission (هـ s.th.); to create (هـ s.th.) synthetically; to produce, manufacture, make, fabricate (هـ s.th.); to pretend, feign, fake, assume falsely (هـ s.th.); to invent (هـ s.th.); to make (ل ه s.th. into), take, use (ل هـ s.th. for); to commit, bind (ل ه s.o. to) X to have (ه s.o.) make (هـ s.th.) صنع ṣan‘, ṣan‘ production, manufacture, fabrication, making, design, make, workmanship │ صنع اليد ṣ. al-yad handwork; بديع الصنع badī‘ aṣ-ṣan‘ of wonderful workmanship صنعي ṣan‘ī artificial, synthetic صنع ṣun‘ benefit, favor صنعة ṣan‘a work, workmanship, making, manufacture, fabrication; art; technical skill, artistic skill; work, craft, trade, business, occupation, vocation, profession │صاحب الصنعة artisan, craftsman; expert, specialist صناع ṣanā‘: صناع اليد ṣ. al-yad skillful, skilled, dexterous, deft صناعة ṣinā‘a pl. -āt, صنائع ṣanā’i‘2 art, skill; occupation, vocation, calling, business, profession; handicraft; trade, craft; industry; pl. branches of industry, industries │ صناعة شريفة honorable, respectable trade; ارباب الصناعات the artisans, craftsmen; رجل الصناعة rajul aṣ-ṣ. industrialist; اصحاب الصنائع والحرف (ḥiraf) artisans and tradesmen صنائعي ṣanā’i‘ī artificial, synthetic, imitation; workmanlike, handicraft, trade (adj.); industrial; artisan, craftsman صناعي ṣinā‘ī artificial, synthetic, imitation; workmanlike, handicraft, trade (adj.); industrial │ سر صناعي (sirr) industrial secret; الفن الصناعي (fann) applied arts, artistic handicraft 526 صنيع ṣanī‘ action, acting, doing; act, deed; fact; good deed, benefit, favor; charge, protégé; creature, willing tool; meal, repast, banquet صنيعة ṣanī‘a pl. صنائع ṣanā’i‘2 action, deed; good deed, good turn, benefit, favor; charge, protégé; creature, willing tool مصنع maṣna‘ pl. مصانع maṣāni‘2 factory, plant, mill, works; establishment, firm; مصانع also: large structures, installations, man-made works │ ارباب (اصحاب) المصانع manufacturers, industrialists مصنعية maṣna‘īya wages, pay تصنيع taṣnī‘ industrialization تصنع taṣannu‘ hypocrisy, dissimulation, dissemblement; affectedness affectation, mannerism اصطناع iṣṭinā‘ production, making اصطناعي iṣṭinā‘ī artificial, synthetic, imitation صانع ṣāni‘ pl. صناع ṣunnā‘ maker, producer, manufacturer, creator; artisan, craftsman; worker, workman, laborer; servant مصنوع product, produce; pl. مصنوعات (industrial) products, produce, articles, manufactured goods متصنع mutaṣanni‘ subtilizing, overrefining; affected, stilted, mannered مصطنع muṣṭana‘ artificial, synthetic; affected, simulated, imitated, sham, bogus, phony │ مفتاح مصطنع (miftāḥ) duplicate key, masterkey 2صنعاء ṣan‘ā’ San‘a (capital of Yemen) صنف II to sort, assort, classify, categorize (هـ s.th.); to compile, compose, write (هـ a book) صنف ṣanf, ṣinf pl. اصناف aṣnāf, صنوف ṣunūf kind, sort, specimen; article (com.); genus, species, class, category; sex; صنفا in kind (as oppose to: in cash) تصنيف taṣnīf classification. Categorization, sorting, assorting; compilation, composition, writing; (pl. تصانيف taṣānīf2) literary work تصنيفة taṣnīfa assortment, selection مصنف muṣannif author, writer مصنف muṣannaf pl. -āt literary work صنفر ṣanfara to rub with sandpaper, to sandpaper, to emery (هـs.th.) صنفر ṣanfar and صنفرة ṣanfara emery صنم ṣanam pl. اصنام aṣnām idol, image صنو ṣinw pl. صنوان ṣinwān, اصناء aṣnā’ one of two, twin brother صنوبر ṣanaubar stone pine (Pinus pinea; bot.) │ حب الصنوبر ḥabb aṣ-ṣ. pine nut, pinon صنوبري ṣanaubarī pine (adj.). piny, pine-like; pineal │ الغدة الصنوبرية (gudda) pineal gland صه ṣah pst! hush! quiet! صهب IX and XI iṣhābba to be or become reddish, red-brown اصهب aṣhab2, f. صهباء ṣahhbā’2, pl. صهب ṣuhb reddish; الصهباء wine صهد ṣahada a (ṣahd) to scorch, parch, burn (هـ ه s.o., s.th., esp. of the sun) صهد ṣahd beat صهيد ṣahīd scorching beat, blaze صهود ṣuhūd scorching heat, blaze صهر ṣahara a (ṣahr) to melt, fuse, smelt (هـ s.th.) III to become related by marriage (في or ه to s.o.) IV to become related by marriage (الى or ب to s.o.) VI to be related by marriage VII to melt, fuse; to melt away, vanish, break (intr.) 527 صهر ṣihr relationship by marriage; -- (pl. اصهار aṣhār) husband of one’s daughter, son-in-law; husband of one’s sister, brother-in-law صهير ṣahīr molten, in fusion مصاهر maṣāhir2 (pl.) smelting furnaces; blast furnaces O مصهر miṣhar pl. -āt fuse (el.) مصاهرة muṣāhara relationship by marriage; O affinity انصهار inṣihār melting process │ O سلك الانصهار الواقى silk al-ins. al-wāqī fuse (el.) صهريج ṣihrīj, ṣahrīj صهاريج ṣahārīj2 cistern; large (water) container, tank صهل ṣahala a i (صهيل ṣahīil) to whinny, neigh (horse) صهيل ṣahīl whinny(ing), neighing صهوة ṣahwa pl. ṣahawāt, صهاء ṣihā’ back (of a horse) صهيون ṣahyūn2, also ṣihyaun2 Zion صهيوني ṣahyūnī, ṣihyaunī Zionistic, Zionist صهيونية ṣahyūnīya, ṣihyaunīya Zionism 1صاب (صوب) ṣāba u (ṣaub, صيبوبة ṣaibūba) to hit (هـ s.th., the target); to be right, hold true, be to the point, hit the mark, be pertinent, be apposite (opinion) │ صاب ام اقلع (am aqla‘a) by all means, under all circumstances II to direct, fix (الى هـ s.th., also, e.g., the glance on, to), aim, point, train (الى هـ s.th. at or on); to agree (ه with s.o.), concur (هـ, ه with s.o., in s.th.), consent, assent (هـ to s.th.), approve (هـ of s.th.), sanction (هـ s.th.) IV to hit (هـ a target); to attain, reach, achieve (هـ s.th., e.g., end, purpose); to reach out (هـ for s.th., of the hand); to get, obtain, win, gain (هـ e.g., a fortune), acquire (هـ s.th.ه e.g.ه a certain amount of knowledge); to have, eat (هـ a snack); to take (هـ a meal); to befall (ه s.o.), fall (ه upon s.o.), happen (ه to s.o.); to allot (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), bestow (ب ه upon s.o. s.th.), make (ب s.th.) fall to s.o.’s (ه) lot; to cause losses (من to s.o.); to be right, be in the right; to do the right thing, hit the mark; to do right, properly (ه s.th., expressed by a verbal noun); to say the right word; pass اصيب uṣība to be stricken, attacked, afflicted (ب by a disease, and the like); to be killed │ اصاب اصابات (iṣābāt) to score, make goals (in sports); اصاب في عمله (‘amalihī) to do right, act properly; اصيب بجراح to incur multiple wounds; اصيب بخسارة (bi-kasāratin) to suffer a loss; اصيب اصابة شديدة (iṣābatan) to be hard hit, be grievously afflioted X استوصب istauṣaba to approve (ه of s.th.), sanction (هـ s.th.) صوب ṣaub direction, quarter; that which is right, proper, or correct; ṣauba (prep.) in the direction of, toward, to │ من كل حدب وصوب (ḥadabin) or من كل صوب وحدب or من كل فج وحدب (fajjin) from all sides, from all directions, from all quarters, from everywhere; في كل صوب وحدب every place, everywhere, all over, in all quarters صيب ṣayyib rain cloud صابة ṣāba pl. -āt harvest (tun.) صواب ṣawāb that which is right, proper, or correct; right, proper, or correct; rightness, correctness, properness; reason, intellect, mind, consciousness; صوابا ṣawāban rightly, justly │ هو على الصواب he is right; سلك طريق الصواب والحق (ḥaqq) to act in exactly the right manner, pursue the right course; رجع (فاء) الى صوابه to regain one’s reason, get back to one’s senses, become reasonable again; اضاع صوابه, فقد صوابه to lose one’s mind; غاب عن صوابه to lose consciousness; غائب عن صوابه unconscious, senseless 528 اصوب aṣwab2 more pertinent, more apropos, more apposite, more proper, more correct اصوبية aṣwabīya advisability, expediency تصويب taṣwīb aiming; turning, pointing; (pl. -āt) correction, rectification اصابة isāba pl. -āt hit; goal, score (in sports); injury, wound; state or process of being afflicted (by a disease), (attack of) illness, sickness; accident │ اصابة العمل i. al-‘amal industrial accident; محل الاصابة maḥall al-i. scene of the accident استصواب istiṣwāb approval صائب ṣā’ib pertinent, apropos, apposite, right, correct; suited, appropriate مصيب muṣīb pertinent, apropos, apposite, right, correct; suited, appropriate مصيبة muṣība pl. -āt, مصائب maṣā’ib2 misfortune, calamity, disaster مصاب muṣāb stricken, befallen, attacked, afflicted (ب by); injured, wounded, sick, ill; wounded person, casualty; victim of an accident; misfortune, calamity, disaster │مصاب اليم grievous misfortune, mournful event, death 2صوبة (Turk. soba) ṣōbe stove (syr.) صات (صوت) ṣāta u a (ṣāut) to ring, sound, make a noise or sound; to raise one’s voice, about II = I; to vote, cast ballots (at an election) صوت ṣaut pl. اصوات aṣwāt sound (also phon.); voice; tone, strain; melody, tune; noise; fame, renown; vote; pl. interjections (gram.) │ بعد الصوت bu‘d aṣ-ṣ. fame, celebrity; رجع الصوت raj‘ aṣ-ṣ. echo, reverberation; علم الأصوات ‘ilm al-a. phonetics; قوة الصوت qūwat aṣ-ṣ. volume, intensity (radio); بصوت مسموع audibly; بصوت عال aloud; بصوت واطئ (wāṭi’) softly, in a low voice, under one’s breath صوتي ṣautī sonant, sound- (in compounds), vocal, sonic, acoustic; resounding, resonant, sonorous; phonetic صوتيات ṣautīyāt phonetics صوات ṣuwāt crying, shouting, clamor صيت ṣīt (good) repute, standing, prestige; fame, renown; celebrity, famousness │ بعد الصوت bu‘d as.-ṣ. fame, celebrity; ذائع الصيت famous, celebrated, well-known صيت sayyit loud-voiced, having a stentorian voice; O loud-speaker (Syr.) O مصوات miṣwāt microphone تصويت taṣwīt voting, vote, casting of ballots, polling (election) صائت ṣā’it sound- (in compounds) │ O سينما صائتة sound film مصوت muṣawwit voter; entitled to vote, franchised صاج look up alphabetically صوح II to dry (هـ s.th.) مصوح muṣawwaḥ withered, dried (herb, etc.) 1صاخ (صوخ) ṣāka u = ساخ sāka u 2 صوخIV to listen, lend one’s ear (الى or ل to s.o., to s.th.) صاد name of the letter ص صودا soda │ صودا كاوية (kāwiya) caustic soda, sodium hydroxide; نترات الصودا (nitrāt) sodium nitrate صوديوم (Lat. sodium) sodium صور II to form, shape, mold, fashion, create (هـ s.th.); to paint, draw, sketch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to illustrate (with drawings or pictures, هـ s.th.); to make a picture (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.); to photograph (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to represent, portray (هـ s.th., fig.) │ صور له (ṣuwwira) it appeared to him, seemed to him 529 V = pass. of II; to imagine, fancy, conceive (هـ s.th.); to think (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) to be s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to seem, appear, look (ل to s.o.) │ لا يتصور العقل (‘aqlu) unimaginable, inconceivable, unthinkable صور ṣūr horn, bugle; see also below صورة ṣūra pl. صور ṣuwar form, shape; pictorial representation, illustration; image, likeness, picture; figure, statue; replica; copy, carbon copy, duplicate; manner, mode; ṣūratan formally │ صورة جامعة total picture, overall picture; صورة متحركة (mutaḥarrika) motion picture, film; دار الصور المتحركة, motion-picture theater, cinema; صورة شمسية (šamsīya) photograph; صورة طبق الأصل (ṭibqa l-aṣl) true copy; exact replica (fig.); undistorted picture; صورة مكبرة (mukabbara) enlargement, blowup (phot.); في صورة الآدميين in human shape; بصورة جلية (jalīya) obviously, evidently; بصورة محسوسة perceptibly, tangibly, palpably; بصورة خاصة (kāṣṣa) especially, particularly; بصورة عامة (‘āmma) generally, in general; بصورة مكبرة (mukabbara) increasingly, on a larger scale, to an increasing degree; بصورة ملحوظة noticeably, markedly; على صورة كيميائية (kīmiyā’īya) chemically, by chemical means; في صورة ما اذا in case that ..., if; في صورة مصغرة (muṣaggara) on a reduced scale, in miniature صوري ṣūrī, ṣūwarī formal; superficial; false, sham, deceptive, fallacious; artificial, fictitious, seeming, fancied, imaginary تصوير taṣwīr drawing, sketching; representation, portrayal, depiction; illustration; painting; photography, also التصوير الشمسي (šamsī); take (in motion picture taking) │ آلة التصوير camera تصويرة taṣwīra pl. تصاوير taṣāwīr2 pictorial representation, image, picture, illustration تصور taṣawwur pl. -āt imagination (also philos.), fancy, fantacy, idea; conception, concept (philos.) تصوري taṣawwurī existing in imagination only, imaginary, fancied, fictitious │ O الذهب التصوري (madhab) idealism (as a philosophical school) مصور muṣawwir pl. -āt former, shaper, fashioner, creator; painter; photographer; cameraman (motion pictures); draftsman, commercial artist, illustrator │ مصور الكائنات the Creator of the Universe; المصور الكهربائي للقلب (kahrabā’ī, qalb) electrocardiograph مصورة muṣawwira camera مصور muṣawwar illustrated; -- (pl. -āt) photographer’s studio; motion-picture studio │ مصور الجغرافيا m. al-jugrāfiyā atlas 2صور ṣūr2 Tyre (town in S Lebanon) 1صوص ṣūṣ pl. صيصان ṣīṣān chicken, chick (syr.) 2 صوصيṣauṣī (eg.) to peep, cheep, squeak صوع VII to turn on one’s heel; to obey, yield, give in, submit (ل to s.o. to s.th.) صاع ṣā‘ pl. اصوع aṣwu‘, اصواع aṣwā‘, صيعان ṣī‘ān saa, a cubic measure of varying magnitude │ بصاع صاعا tit for tat; رد له الصاع صاعين (radda, ṣā‘ain) or to pay s.o. back twofold, bring double retaliation on s.o. صاعة ṣā‘a salon, parlor, reception room 1صاغ (صوغ) ṣāga u (ṣaug, ṣiyāga) to form, shape, mold, fashion, create (هـ s.th.); to formulate (هـ s.th.); to coin (هـ a word); to fabricate, invent, make up (هـ a lie) │ صاغ الذهب والفضة (dahab, fiḍḍa) to work in gold and silver, practice the art of goldsmithing صوغ ṣaug forming, shaping, molding, fashioning, creating 530 صيغة sīga forming, shaping, molding, fashioning, creating; -- (pl. صيغ ṣiyag) shape, form; external form; wording, text, version (e.g., of a letter, of a treaty); formula (in general, also math., chem.); jewelry, gold and silver articles; (gram.) form │ صيغة الفاعل the active (gram.); صيغة المفعول the passive (gram.); بصيغة حاسمة in a decided form, in no uncertain terms صياغة ṣiyāga composing, drafting, wording, forming, formulation, fashioning, molding, shaping; goldsmithery, goldsmithing مصاغ maṣāg jewelry, jewels, gold and silver articles صائغ ṣā’ig pl. صياغ ṣuyyāg, صاغة ṣāga, صواغ ṣuwwāg goldsmith, jeweler مصوغات maṣūgāt gold and silver jewelry, goldsmithery, jewelry 2صاغ look up alphabetically صوف ṣūf pl. اصواف aṣwāf wool صوفي ṣūfī of wool, woolen; Islamic mystic, Sufi صوفية ṣūfiya Sufi way of life; الصوفية Sufism (Islamic mysticism) صوفان ṣūfān tinder, touchwood, punk صوفانة ṣūfāna tinder, touchwood, punk صواف ṣawwāf wool merchant التصوف at-taṣawwuf Sufism (Islamic mysticism), the Sufi way of life; mysticism المتصوفة al-mutaṣawwifa the Sufis, members of Sufi communities, mystics صوفيا ṣōfiyā Sofia (capital of Bulgaria) 1 صال (صول)ṣāla u (ṣaul, صولة ṣaula, صيال ṣiyāl) to spring, jump, leap (على on), attack, assault (على s.o.) II to pan, wash out (هـ grain, gold) III to vie, compete (هـ with s.o.) صولة ṣaula pl. -āt attack, assault; force, tyranny, despotism, arbitrariness 2صول (Turk. sol) approx.: sergeant major, technical sergeant (Eg.) │ صول التعليم approx.: master sergeant; صول التعيين approx.: quartermaster sergeant (mil.) صولجان ṣaulajān pl. صوالجة ṣawāllija staff with a curved end; polo mallet; scepter, mace صام (صوم) ṣāma u (ṣaum, صيام ṣiyām) to abstain (عن from s.th.); to abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse; to fast صوم ṣaum abstention, abstinence, abstemiousness; fasting, fast; الصوم fasting during the month of Ramadan, one of the five principal duties of the Muslim │ الصوم الكبير the Great Fast = Lent (Chr.); عيد صوم الغفران ‘īd ṣ. al-gufrān Yom Kippur, Day of Atonement (Jud.) صيام ṣiyām fasting, fast صيامي ṣiyāmī Lenten fare صائم ṣā’im pl. -ūn, صوم ṣuwwam, صيم ṣuyyam, صيام ṣiyām fasting (adj.); faster, one who fasts الصومال aṣ-ṣomāl Somaliland صومالي ṣomalī Somali (adj. and n.) صومعة ṣauma‘a see صمع صان (صون) ṣāna I (ṣaun, صيانة ṣiyāna) to preserve, conserve, keep, retain, maintain, sustain, uphold (هـ s.th.); to maintain (هـ e.g., a machine, an automobile); to protect, guard, safeguard, keep, save (عن هـ ه s.o., s.th. from); to defend (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. against) V to uphold one’s honor, live chastely, virtuously (woman); to shut o.s. off; seclude o.s. protect o.s. صون ṣaun, preservation, conservation, guarding, keeping; susten(ta)tion, upholding; maintenance, upkeep, care; 531 protection, safeguard(ing), securing, defense; chastity, respectability │ صاحبة الصون honorary title or ladies of high social standing صوان ṣiwān, ṣuwān pl. اصونة aṣwina cupboard, case صوان ṣawwan (coll.; n. un. ة) flint; granite صواني ṣawwānī: ادوات صوانية (adawāt) flint implements صيانة ṣiyāna = صون ṣaun │ ملك الصيانة malak aṣ-ṣ. guardian angel (Chr.) صائن ṣā’in preserver, sustainer, maintainer, keeper, guardian, protector; protective مصون maṣūn well-protected, well-kept, guarded, sheltered; chaste, virtuous (woman); also an epithet for women صوة ṣūwa pl. صوى ṣuwan stone landmark, trail mark صوى ṣawā i (ṣuwīy) and ṣawiya a (ṣawan) and II to dry up, wither, wilt; -- ṣawā to peep, cheep, squeak, chirp, screech صيت see صوت صاح (صيح) ṣāḥa i (ṣaiḥ, صياح ṣiyāḥ) to cry, yell, shout; to scream, screech; to crow; to utter, let out (صيحة ṣaiḥatan a cry); to call out (ب to s.o.), shout, bellow, bawl (في or على at s.o.) II to cry out (loud), roar, bellow, bawl VI to shout at one another, call out to one another; to clamor, raise a din صيح ṣaiḥ crying, clamor صيحة ṣaiḥa (n. vic.) pl. -āt cry, outcry, shout │ صيحة الحرب ṣ. al-ḥarb battle cry, war cry; ارسل صيحات (arsala) to utter cries; صاح صيحة to utter a cry; على صيحة within shouting distance; ذهب صيحة في واد (ṣaiḥatan) to die unheard (call) صياح ṣiyāḥ crying, clamor, cry, outcry; cry of a bird صياح ṣayyāḥ crier, loud-mouthed person; noisy, clamorous, vociferous, crying تصايح taṣāyuḥ crying, clamor, roar, bellow(ing) 1صاد (صيد) ṣāda i (ṣaid) to catch (in a trap), trap (هـ game); to hunt (هـ game); to hunt down (هـ game); to catch (هـ fish) V to hunt for prey; to hunt down (s.th.); to catch (هـ s.th.); VIII = I │ اصطاد في الماء العكر (‘akir) to fish in troubled waters صيد ṣaid hunting, hunt; angling, fishing (also صيد السمك ṣ. as-samak); game, venison, prey, quarry │ من صيد خياله (ṣ. kayālihī) dreamed up by him, a product of his fantasy (of a story) صياد ṣayyād pl. -āt hunter; fisher │ صياد السمك ṣ. as-samak fisher, fisherman; kingfisher (zool.) صيداء ṣaidā’ Sidon (city in Lebanon) مصيدة miṣyada pl. مصايد maṣāyid2 trap, snare; net; hunting or fishing implement مصيدة maṣyada pl. مصايد maṣāyid2 fishery, fishing grounds (also مصيد الأسماك) 2صاد ṣād name or the letter ص صيدلية ṣaidalīya apothecary’s trade; pharmacy, pharmacology صيدلي ṣaidalī pl. صيادلة ṣayādila pharmacist, druggist, apothecary صيدلاني ṣaidalānī pharmacist, druggist, apothecary صيدلية ṣaidalīya pl. -āt pharmacy; drugstore صيدليات ṣaidalīyāt drugs, pharmaceutics صار (صير) ṣāra i (ṣair, صيرورة ṣairūra, مصير maṣīr) to become (هـ s.th.); (with foll. imperf.) to begin, commence, start to ..., come to ..., get to ..., get into a situation where ..., get to the point where ...; to set in, occur, happen, come to pass, 532 take place; to fall to s.o.’s (ل) lot, befall (ل s.o.); to betake o.s., come, get (عند or الى to); to arrive (الى at); to end, wind up (الى with), result (الى in); صار به الى to lead, bring s.o. or s.th. to; يصار الى (yuṣāru) one proceeds to ..., one will eventually..., one will wind up with ... II to induce (ه s.o.) to become (هـ s.th.), make (هـ ه s.o. into s.th., out of s.o. s.th.) صير ṣīr crack (of the door); small salted fish صيرورة ṣairūra (act or process of) becoming, development; end, outcome, upshot, result مصير maṣīr development, progress (e.g., of work); -- (pl. مصاير maṣāyir2) place at which one arrives; end, outcome, upshot, issue, result; fate, destiny, lot; life; see also under مصر │ تقرير المصير self-determination (pol.); مصير كل حي m. kull ḥayyin the way of all flesh تصيير taṣyīr cession, transfer (jur.) صيصية ṣīṣiya pl. صياص ṣayāṣin spur of the rooster صيغة see صوغ صاف (صيف) ṣāfa i (ṣaif) to be summery; to spend the summer, estivate (هـ or ب in) │ صاف الزمان ام شتا (zamānu am šatā) at all times, under all circumstances II, V, VIII = I صيف ṣaif pl. اصياف aṣyāf summer صيفي ṣaifī summery, estival, summer (adj.) │ توقيت صيفي daylight-saving time مصيف maṣīf pl. مصايف maṣāyif2 summer residence, summer resort; rest center, holiday camp اصتياف iṣtiyāf summering, summer vacationing صائفة ṣā’ifa summer(time) مصطاف muṣṭāf summer resort; (pl. -ūn) vacationist, summer visitor الصين aṣ-ṣīn China; the Chinese │ بلاد الصين China صيني Chinese (adj. and n.); porcelain, china صينية ṣīnīya (syr. ṣēnīya, leb. ṣainīya) pl. صواني ṣawānī a large, round metal plate with raised brim, esp. one made of copper, used as baking tin, serving tray and table top; turntable, صينية متحركة (mutaḥarrika); pl. chinaware, porcelain vessels صيوان ṣīwān pl. -āt, صواوين ṣawāwīn2 (large) tent, pavilion, marquce ض ضاد ḍād name of the letter ض; a sound peculiar to Arabic, hence: اهل الضاد ahl aḍ-ḍ. the Arabic-speaking peoples, the Arabs; ابناء الضاد do.; اقطار الضاد the Arabic-speaking countries; لغة الضاد lugat aḍ-ḍ. the Arabic language ضؤل ḍa’ula u (ضآلة ḍa’āla, ضؤولة ḍa’ūla) to be small, tiny, little, scanty, meager, slight, sparse, feeble, faint, thin; to diminish, dwindle, wane, decline, shrink, decrease VI = I ضآلة ḍa’āla (ضئالة ḍi’āla) smallness, littleness, tininess; minuteness, scantiness, meagerness, slightness, sparsity, paucity, feebleness, faintness, thinness; waning, dwindling, diminution, decrease; shrinking, shrinkage; small number ضؤولة ḍa’ūla = ضآلة ḍa’ālah ضئيل ḍa’īl pl. ضئال ḍi’āl, ضؤلاء ḍu’alā’2 small, tiny, minute, little, scanty, slight, meager, sparse, feeble, faint, thin تضاؤل taḍā’ul = ضآلة ḍa’āla ضامة ḍāma checkers ضأن ḍa’n sheep (coll.) ضأن ḍa’nī, ḍānī mutton (meat) ضائن ḍā’in sheep ضب ḍabba i (ḍabb) to take hold (على of s.th.); to keep under lock, put in safekeeping, guard carefully (على s.th.) II = I; to bolt (هـ the door) IV to be foggy (day) ضب ḍabb pl. ضباب ḍabāb, اضب aḍubb, ضبان ḍubbān lizard ضب ḍabb (eg.) front teeth ضبة ḍabba pl. -āt, ضباب ḍibāb door bolt, latch; wooden lock ضباب ḍadāb fog, mist ضبر ḍabara u to gather, collect, assemble ضبارة ḍabāra, ḍubāra and اضبارة iḍbāra pl. اضابر aḍābir2 file, dossier اضبور uḍbūr file, dossier ضبح ḍabaḥa a (ḍabḥ) to blacken (هـ s.th., said of fire); to snort (horse) ضبط ḍabaṭa u (ḍabṭ) to grab, grasp, seize, catch, apprehend, arrest, detain (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), take hold (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.); to keep, hold, retain (هـ s.th.); to tackle resolutely, master, overcome (هـ s.th.), cope (a with s.th.); to have (هـ s.th.) under control, have command (هـ over s.th.); to restrain, hold back, keep down, subdue, check, curb, control (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to seize, distrain, impound, confiscate (a s.th.); to do (هـ s.th.) accurately, precisely, meticulously, or well; to render precise, define precisely (هـ s.th.); to regulate, adjust (هـ s.th., e.g., techn.); to determine precisely (كلمة kalimatan the spelling and pronunciation of a word), vowel(ize) (هـ a word); to observe strictly, keep exactly (a time); to regulate, settle, put or keep in order (هـ s.th.); to correct (a s.th.); to enter, book, record, register (هـ s.th.); to measure off exactly, measure out (هـ s.th.), take exactly the right amount, the right proportion (هـ of) VII to be detained, be held back, be held up; to be regulated, be kept in order, be disciplined; to be determined, be established, etc. (pass. of ḍabaṭa) ضبط ḍabṭ capture, apprehension, arrest(ing), detention; restraint, suppression, subdual, curb(ing), check(ing); control; seizure, impoundage, distraint, confiscation; accuracy, correctness, exactitude, precision; vowelization; correction, amendment, settlement; regulation, adjustment of an apparatus (techn.); (pl. ضبوط ḍubūṭ) protocol, minutes, procès-verbal; entering, entry, record, registry; ضبطا ḍabṭan accurately, exactly, precisely, punctually │ بالضبط = ضبطا ḍabṭan; ضبط الأراضي ḍ. al-arāḍī cadastral survey; ضبط الحسابات bookkeeping; ضبط الشهوة ḍ. aš-šahwa abstemiousness, continence; ضبط الأملاك العقارية (‘aqārīya) cadastral survey; ضبط النفس self-control, self-command; جهاز الضبط jahāz aḍ-ḍ. control apparatus, controlling device; عار عن الضبط (‘ārin) unvowel(iz)ed ضبطية ḍabṭīya police station; police مضبطة maḍbaṭa pl. مضابط maḍābiṯ2 protocol, minutes, procès-verbal انضباط inḍibāṭ discipline │لجنة الانضباط lajnat al-inḍ disciplinary board ضابط ḍābiṭ controlling device, control, governor, regulator (techn.); prepositor 534 entrusted with discipline (in Eg. schools); (pl. ضباط ḍubbāṭ) officer; (pl. ضوابط ḍawābiṭ2) general rule, canon, (moral) precept or order │ ضابط آمر senior officer; ضابط مأمور subaltern officer; ضابط الصف ḍ. aṣ-ṣaff pl. ضباط الصف noncommissioned officer; ضابط الصوت ḍābiṭ aṣ-ṣaut volume control (radio); صف ضابط ṣaff ḍ. pl. صف ضباط noncommissioned officer; بغير ضابط ولا رادع (gair) completely unrestrained, out of all control ضابطة ḍābiṭa police; (pl. ضوابط ḍawābiṭ2) curbing force, order مضبوط maḍbūṭ accurate, exact, correct, right, precise ضبع ḍab‘, ḍabu‘ f. pl. ضبع ḍibā‘, اضبع aḍbu‘ hyena ضبن VIII to take under one’s arm ضبن ḍibn armpit ضج ḍajja i (ḍajj, ضجيج ḍajīj) to be noisy, boisterous; to clamor, about, raise a hue and cry IV = I ضجة ḍajja cry, yell, outcry; clamor, noise, din, row, hubbub, tumult ضجيج ḍajīj cry, yell, outcry; clamor, noise, din, row, hubbub, tumult ضجوج ḍajūj roaring, bellowing, screaming, crying ضجاج ḍajjāj violently roaring, bellowing, screaming, crying, boisterous, uproarious ضجر ḍajira a (ḍajar) to be angry, annoyed, irritated, exasperated (من or ب at, about); to be dissatisfied, discontent, displeased (من or ب with); to sorrow, be worried, uneasy (من or ب about), be disquieted, grieved, troubled (من or ب by, over) IV to anger, vex, irritate, trouble, torment (ه s.o.), disquiet, discomfit, aggrieve (ه s.o.) V = I ضجر ḍajar annoyance, irritation, vexation, anger; dissatisfaction; discontent, displeasure; sorrow, worry, grief ضجر ḍajir annoyed, irritated, angry, vexed; morose, sullen; dissatisfied, discontent, displeased, uneasy, restless; worried, grieved, troubled مضجر muḍjir annoying, irritating, exasperating, irksome, tedious متضجر mutaḍajjir = ضجر ḍajir ضجع ḍaja‘a a (ḍaj‘, ضجوع ḍujū‘) to lie on one’s side, lie down; to lie, recline, be prostrate; to sleep III to lie, have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) VII = I VIII (اضطجع and اضجع aḍja‘a) = I ضجعة ḍaj‘a (n. vic.) lying position, lying, recumbency; slumber ضجع ḍuja‘a, ḍuj‘a late riser, slugabed, sluggard, lazybones; lazy, sluggish, inert ضجعي ḍuj‘ī late riser, slugabed, sluggard, lazybones; lazy, sluggish, inert ضجيع ḍajī‘ one sharing the bed; bedfellow; comrade, companion مضجع maḍja‘ pl. مضاجع maḍāji‘ couch, bed │ اخذ مضجعه he lay down (to sleep); اقض مضجعه aqaḍḍa maḍja‘ahū or اقض عليه المضجع or اقلق مضجعه (maḍja‘ahū) to deprive s.o. of sleep مضاجع muḍāji‘ bedfellow مضطجع muḍṭaji‘ couch, bed ضحضح ḍaḥḍaḥa to vibrate, dicker (mirage); to shatter, break, crush II to vibrate, flicker (mirage) ضحضاح ḍaḥḍāḥ shallow, shoal, flat (water) ضحك ḍaḥika a (ḍaḥk, ḍiḥk, ḍaḥik) to laugh (ب or من at, about, over); to jeer, scoff, jibe (ب or على or من at s.o., at s.th.), deride, ridicule, mock, scorn (ب or على or من s.o., s.th.) │ ضحك بملء شدقيه (bi-mil’i 535 šidqaihi) or ضحك ملء شدقه (mil’a) to grin from ear to ear; ضحك عن در منضد (durrin munaḍḍadin) (to laugh by showing stringed pearls, i.e., the teeth), to show a toothy smile; to grin from ear to ear; ضحك على ذقنه (daqanidī; pl. على ذقونهم) (eg. syr.) to fool s.o., make a fool of s.o., pull s.o.’s leg, make fun of s.o., lead s.o. around by the nose (ب with s.th.), put on an act for s.o.; ضحك في ذقنه (daqanihī) to laugh in s.o.,s face II to make (ه s.o.) laugh III to joke, jest, banter (ه with s.o.) IV and X to make (ه s.o.) laugh (من about) │ ما يضحك الثكلى (taklā) (that which makes a woman who has lost her child laugh =) irresistibly comical VI to laugh ضحك ḍaḥk, ḍiḥk, ḍaḥik laugh(ing); laughter ضحكة ḍaḥka (n. vic.) pl. -āt laugh ضحكة ḍuḥka object of ridicule, laughingstock ضحوك ḍaḥuk frequently, or constantly, laughing; laugher ضحاك ḍaḥḥāk frequently, or constantly, laughing; laugher; joker, jester, wag, buffoon اضحوكة uḍḥūka pl. اضاحك aḍāhik2 object of ridicule, laughingstock; lark, spree, hoax, practical joke اضحك aḍḥak2 more ridiculous, more laughable, more ludicrous, funnier, more comical مضحكة maḍḥaka object of ridicule, laughingstock ضاحك ḍāḥik pl. ضواحك ḍawāḥik2 laughing │ ضاحك السن ḍ. as-sinn cheerful, gay, sunny مضحك muḍḥik ridiculous, laughable, ludicrous, droll, funny, comical; comedian, buffoon, jester │ قصة تمثيلية مضحكة (qiṣṣa tamtīlīya) comedy ضحل ḍaḥl shallow, shoal, flat; a shallow, a shoal ضحى) and ضحو) ضحا ḍaḥā u (ḍaḥw, ḍuḥuw) to become visible, appear; -- ضحى ḍaḥiya a (ضحى ḍaḥlan) to become visible, appear; to be struck by the sun’s rays II to sacrifice, offer up, immolate (ب s.th.) │ ضحى بنفسه to sacrifice o.s.; ضحى بالنفس والنفس to sacrifice life and property (properly: the soul and that which is precious) IV to be, become; with foll. imperf.: to begin, start, commence, or set about to (do s.th.); to come to ..., get to ..., get to the point where ..., get into a situation where ... ضحوة ḍaḥwa pl. ḍaḥawāt forenoon; morning ضحى ḍuḥan (m. and f.) forenoon │ بين عشية وضحاها (‘asīyatin wa-ḍuḥāhā) over night, from one day to the next, all of a sudden ضحية ḍaḥīya forenoon; -- (pl. ضحايا ḍaḥāyā) slaughter animal, blood sacrifice, immolation; victim │ وقع ضحيته or ذهب (ḍaḥīyatahū) to fall victim to, become a victim of s.th. or s.o. اضحى aḍḥan (coll.; n. un. اضحاة aḍḥāh) slaughter animal, blood sacrifice, immolation │ عيد الأضحى ‘īd al-a. the Feast of Immolation, or Greater Bairam, on the 10th of Zu’lhijja; يوم الأضحى yaum al-a. the Day of Immolation, i.e., the 10th of Zu’lhijja اضحية uḍḥīya pl. اضاحى aḍāhīy2 slaughter animal, blood sacrifice, immolation تضحية taḍḥiya sacrificing, immolation; (pl. -āt) sacrifice ضاح ḍāḥin: ضاح الشمس sunlit ضاحية ḍāḥiya pl. ضواح ḍawāḥin surroundings, vicinity, outskirts; suburb مضحى muḍaḥḥan place where one has breakfast 536 ضخ ḍakka u (ḍakk) to spurt, spout, squirt (هـ water) مضخة miḍakka pl. -āt squirt, spray(er); pump │ مضخة جذابة (jaḍḍāba) suction pump; مضخة الحرائق (الحريق) fire engine; مضخة رافعة suction pump ضخم ḍakuma u (ضخم ḍakāma) to be or become big, large, bulky, heavy, gross, voluminous II to inflate, blow up (هـ s.th.) V to swell, become inflated; to expand, distend ضخم ḍakm pl. ḍikām big, large, sizable, great (also of a name, of prestige); bulky, gross; heavy, voluminous, huge, vast, ample, colossal; stout, corpulent, plump, buxom; magnificent, splendid, gorgeous, luxurious, pompous │ المدفعية الضخمة (midfa‘īya) heavy artillery ضخامة ḍakāma bigness, largeness, greatness; bulkiness, grossness; heaviness; volume, voluminosity; stoutness, plumpness, corpulence, obesity; pomp, splendor تضخيم taḍkīm inflating ضخم taḍakkum inflation; swelling, expansion, dilation, distention; (monetary) inflation, also (نقدي) تضخم مالي (naqdī) │ تضخم الطحال distention of the spleen (med.) مضخم muḍakkim pl. -āt amplifier │ مضخم الصوت m. aṣ-ṣaut loud-speaker ضد III to be contrary, opposed, contrasting, antagonistic, inverse; to act, set o.s. (هـ, ه against), antagonize (ه s.o.), contravene, violate (هـ s.th.), be opposed (هـ, ه to), be contradictory (هـ to s.th.), act contrary to s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه) VI to be opposed to each other, be contradictory, contradict one another ضد ḍidd pl. اضداد aḍdād an opposite, a contrary, contrast; word with two opposite meanings; adversary, opponent; antitoxin, antidote, anti- (in compounds); ضدة ḍidda (prep.) against │ كان على الضد to do or think the opposite, take an opposite stand ضدية ḍiddiīya contrariness, oppositeness, opposition; enmity, hostility, animosity مضادة muḍādda contrast, opposite, contradiction تضاد taḍādd contrast, opposite, contradiction مضاد muḍādd opposed, opposite, contrary, counter-, contra-, anti- (in compounds); pl. مضادات antidotes │ مضادات للحبل (ḥabal) contraceptives; مضادات حشرية (ḥašarīya) insecticides; مضادات للفساد (li-l-fasād) antiseptics متضاد mutaḍādd contrary, opposite ضر ḍarra u (ḍarr) to harm, impair, prejudice, damage, hurt, injure (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), do harm, be harmful, noxious or injurious (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.) II to damage, harm, prejudice III = I; IV = │ (ب or هـ, ه); to force, compel, coerce, oblige (ه على s.o. to); to do violence (ه to s.o.), bring pressure to bear (ه on); to add a second wife to one'. household V to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss; to complain (من of, about) VII to be damaged, harmed, impaired, prejudiced, hurt, or injured; to suffer damage or loss VIII to force, compel, coerce, oblige (ه s.o., الى to); -- pass. uḍṭurra to be forced, compelled, obliged (الى to); to be in an emergency or predicament, be hard pressed; to be in need (الى of s.th.) need, want (الى s.th.) ضر ḍurr, ḍarr damage, harm, impairment, prejudice, detriment, injury, hurt; loss, disadvantage ضر ḍirr, ḍurr addition of a second wife to one’s household 537 ضرة ḍarra pl. -āt, ضرائر ḍarā’ir2 wife other than the first of a plural marriage; udder ضرر ḍarar pl. اضرار aḍrār harm, damage, detriment; loss, disadvantage │ ما الضرر what does it matter? what’s the harm of it? اخف الضررين akaff aḍ-ḍ the lesser of the two evils ضراء ḍarrā’ distress, adversity │ في السراء والضراء (sarrā’) in good and bad days, for better or for worse ضرير ḍarīr blind ضرورة ḍarūra pl. -āt necessity, stress, constraint, need; distress, plight, emergency, want, austerity; ḍarūratan necessarily │ بالضرورة necessarily; عند الضرورة in case of need, if need. be, when necessary; للضرورة القصوى (quṣwā) in case of dire necessity, if worst comes to worst; للضرورة احكام and الضرورة تبيح المحظورات (tubīḥu) necessity knows no laws ضروري ḍarūrī necessary, imperative, requisite, indispensable, inevitable; pl. ضروريات ḍarūrīyāt necessaries, necessities │ كان من الضروري to be necessary; ضروريات الحياة ḍ. al-ḥayāh necessities of life; ضروريات الأحوال exigencies, requirements of the situation مضرة maḍarra pl. -āt, مضار maḍārr2 harm, damage, detriment, loss, disadvantage على for) اضطرار iḍtirār compulsion, coercion; necessity, exigency, requirement; plight, predicament, emergency │ عند الاضطرار in case of emergency اضطرارى iḍṭirārī coercive, compulsory, inevitable, necessary, obligatory ضار ḍārr harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous مضر muḍirr harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous (ب to, for) مضطر muḍṭarr forced, compelled, obliged (الى to); poor, destitute; wanting (الى s.th.), in need (الى of s.th.) ضرب ḍaraba i (ḍarb) to boat, strike, hit (ه s.o., هـ s.th., ب with; على ب with s.th. on; على ه s.o. on); to shoot, fire (هـ, ه at s.o., at s.th.), shell, bombard (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to play (هـ, على a musical instrument); to make music; to type (on a typewriter); to sting (scorpion); to separate, part (بين people); to impose (هـ على on s.o. s.th.); ضرب عن to turn away from, leave, forsake, abandon, avoid, or shun s.o. or s.th.; -- (ḍarb, ضربان ḍarabān) to pulsate, palpitate, throb, boat (vein, heart); to ache (violently), hurt (wound, tooth); to move, stir; to rove, roam about, travel (في in, through), loiter, stroll (in streets); to cruise (ship); to migrate (bird); to incline (الى to a color), shade (الى into a color); -- (ضراب ḍirāb) to cover, mount (ها the camel mare) │ ضرب له اجلا (ajalan) to fix a date for s.o.; ضرب الأرز (aruzza) to hull rice; ضرب في الأرض (arḍ) to travel; ضرب بوية على (bōya) to paint or daub s.th.; ضرب الباب to knock on the door; ضرب الجرس (jaras) to ring the bell; ضرب حقنا (ḥaqnan) to administer a syringe, give an injection; ضرب خطا (kaṭṭan) to draw a line; ضرب أخماسا لأسداس (li-asdāsin) and ضرب اخماسه في اسداسه to brood, rack one’s brain in order to find a way out; to be at one’s wit’s end; to intrigue, scheme; to build air castles; to daydream; ضرب خيمة (kaimatan) to pitch a tent; ضرب الرقم القياسي (raqma, qiyāsīya) to break a record; ضرب السلام (salām) to give a military salute; ضرب ضريبة to impose a tax (على on s.o.); ضرب اطنابه في (aṭnābahū) to take root, prevail (at a place); ضرب اطنابه على to settle down, take up permanent residence in a place; ضرب طوبا (ṭūban) to make brick; ضرب عددا في آخر (‘adadan fī ākara) to multiply a number 538 by another; ضرب عنقه ‘unuqahū) to behead, decapitate s.o., have s.o.’s head cut off; ضرب قالبه (qāllabahū) to imitate s.th.; ضرب كفا (kaffan) to slap s.o.’s face; ضرب مثلا لـ (matalan) to apply a proverb to; ضرب له مثلا (matalan) to give s.o. an example, point out a model for s.o.; ضرب مثلا to give an example; to quote as an example (هـ لـ or ب على s.th. for); ضرب الأمثال to impart words of wisdom, point out morals; ضرب نقودا to mint money; ضرب موعدا (mau‘idan) to agree on time or place of a meeting, make an appointment; ضرب الى الحمرة (الى الصفرة) (ḥumra, ṣafra) to shade into red (into yellow); ضرب به الأرض (arḍ) to throw s.o. or s.th. to the ground; ضرب في الخيال (kayāl) to be in the clouds, be unrealistic; to want the impossible; ضرب برأسه على صدره (bi-ra’sihī ‘alā ṣadrihī) to let one’s head sink to the chest; ضرب بسهم مصيب في (bi-sahmin muṣībin) to take an active part in; ضرب بسهم ونصيب في (wa-naṣībin) to participate in, share s.th.; ضرب فيه بعرق (bi-‘irq) do.; ضرب به عرض الحائط (‘urda l-ḥ.) not to give a hoot for s.th.; to disdain, despise, reject s.th.; to throw s.th. overboard, jettison s.th.; ضرب بنظره الى (naẓarihī) to turn one’s glance to; ضرب بوجه صاحبه (bi-wajhihī ṣāḥibihī) to boomerang, fall back on the originator; ضرب على كلمة (kalima) to efface, strike, or erase, a word; ضرب عنه صفحا (ṣafḥan) to turn away s.o. or s.th.; to disregard, ignore s.o. or s.th., pay no attention to, pass over s.o. or s.th.; ضرب في حديد بريد to take futile steps; to beat the air; ضرب لنفسه سبعة ايام (sab’ata ayyamin) he decided to stay seven days; ضرب بين وبينه الأيام (ayyām) fate separated me from him, drew us apart II to mix, blend (هـ ب s.th. with); to sow dissension, cause trouble (بين among); to quilt (هـ a fabric) III to contend, vie, fight (هـ with s.o.); to speculate IV to turn away (عن from), leave, abandon, forsake, desert, avoid, shun (عن s.o., s.th.); to remain, stay, abide (في in) │ اضرب جأشا لـ (ja’šan) to be prepared for s.th., make up one’s mind to take s.th. upon o.s.; اضرب صفحا عن (ṣafḥan) to desist, abstain from; اضرب عن العمل (‘amal) to stop work, to strike; اضرب عن الطعام (ṭa‘ām) to go, on a hunger strike VI to come to blows, brawl, fight, strike one another; to be divided, differ, conflict, clash, be contradictory (opinions, and the like) VIII to clash, surge, lap (waves); to be set, or get, into a state of unrest, turmoil, excitement, commotion, tumult, agitation, be or become agitated, troubled; to be in a lively stir, move about, bustle, hustle, romp; to sway, reel, waver; to be or become disturbed, unsettled, disorganized, disarranged, disordered, confused, entangled, upset, restless, uneasy, or anxious; to tremble, shake ضرب ḍarb beating, striking, hitting, rapping; shooting, shelling, gunning, bombing, bombardment; multiplication; coining, formation; minting (of money); -- (pl. ضروب ḍurūb) kind, sort, specimen, species, variety; last foot of the second hemistich; (pl. اضراب aḍrāb) similar, like │ ضربخانة and دار الضرب (money) mint; ضرب الرمل ḍ. ar-raml geomancy; ضرب النار shooting, tiring, shelling, gunning, bombardment; وضع السلاح تحت الضرب to level a weapon, bold a weapon ready to fire; هو واضرابه he and the likes of him ضربة ḍarba (n. vic.) pl. ḍarabāt blow, knock, punch; thrust, push, jolt, shock; stroke, lash; shot; plague, affliction, trial, tribulation, punishment │ ضربة الشمس ḍ. aš-šams sunstroke, heatstroke; ضربة قاضية (qāḍiya) fatal blow, deathblow (على for); ضربة جزاء ḍ. jazā’ penalty kick (in soccer) 539 ضراب ḍirāb copulation (of a female animal) ضريب ḍarīb beaten, struck, smitten, bit; similar, like │ ضريب للشيخ فلان one of the caliber of Sheik So-and-So ضريبة ḍarība pl. ضرائب ḍarāib2 imposition, impost; levy, tax, duty; character, nature │ ضريبة الدخل ḍ. ad-dakl income tax; ضريبة كسب العمل ḍ. kasb al-‘amal wage tax; ضريبة الملاهى ḍ. al-malāhī admission tax, entertainment tax مضرب maḍrib pl. مضارب madārib2 camp site; camp; place, spot, locality; way, path; large tent, marquee │ كان مضرب المثل (الأمثال) (m. al-maṭal) to be proverbial, be exemplary, be unique, be cited as an example; مضارب ارز m. aruzz rice-hulling facilities مضرب miḍrab pl. مضارب maḍārib2 large tent, marquee, pavilion; bat, mallet; racket (tennis, etc.); whisk, beater (e.g., for eggs); swatter, flyswatter; piano مضراب miḍrāb bat, mallet, racket (ball games, tennis) مضاربة muḍāraba pl. -āt speculation (stock exchange); silent partnership (Isl. Law), limited partnership, partnership in commendam اضراب iḍrāb pl. -āt strike تضارب taḍārub opposition, contradiction, inconsistency, discrepancy, incompatibility, conflict, clash (of opinions, and the like) ضرب idṭirāb pl. -āt disturbance, disorder, disarray; confusion, muddle, perturbation; disorganization, disruption, upset, derangement; trouble, commotion, unrest, riot (also pol.); restlessness, restiveness │ اضطرابات عصبية (‘aṣabīya) nervous disorders ضوارب ḍawārib2 pl. of ضارب ḍārib besting, striking, etc. │ العروق الضوارب the arteries; طير ضوارب (ṭair) migratory birds مضروب maḍrūb appointed, agreed upon, fixed, determined (time, date, place); multiplicand (math.) │ مضروب فيه multiplier (math.) مضربة muḍarraba quilt, comforter مضارب muḍārib pl. -ūn speculator متضارب mutaḍārib conflicting, irreconcilable, incompatible, divided (opinions, and the like); contradictory, discrepant, inconsistent مضطرب muḍṭarib disturbed, disordered, disarrayed, unsettled; confused, muddled, perturbed; upset, disrupted, disorganized, deranged; uneasy, restive, agitated, excited, anxious; weak, insufficiently supported (tradition) مضطرب muḍtarab playground (fig.) ضربخان see ضرب ḍarb ضرج ḍaraja u (ḍarj) to spot, stain, befleck, smear (هـ بالدم s.th. with blood) II = I V to redden, be or become red مضرج muḍaraj: مضرج اليدين m. al-yadain with bloodstained hands; (caught) red-handed, in the act ضريح ḍarīḥ pl. ضرائح darā’iḥ2, اضرحة aḍriḥa grave, tomb; mausoleum ضرس ḍarasa i (ḍars) to bite firmly or fiercely (هـ s.th.); -- darisa a (daras) to be dull (الأسنان the teeth from acid food and drink) ضرس ḍirs pl. اضراس aḍrās, ضروس ḍurūs molar tooth │ ضرس العقل ḍ. al-‘aql wisdom tooth 540 حرب ضروس ḥarb ḍarūs fierce, murderous war تضاريس taḍārīs2: تضاريس الأرض t. al-arḍ elevations, undulations of the ground; تضاريس الوجه t. al-wajh wrinkles of the face ضرط ḍaraṭ i (ḍarṭ, ضريط ḍarīṭ, ضراط ḍurāṭ) to break wind ضرط ḍarṭ (n. un ة) wind, fart ضراط ḍurāṭ wind, fart ضرع ḍara‘a a, ḍaru‘a u (ضرعة ḍarā‘a) and ḍarā‘a a (ḍarā‘a) to be humble, submissive (الى toward s.o.), humiliate o.s., abase o.s. (الى before); to implore, beg, beseech, entreat (الى s.o.) III to be similar, be equal (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V and VIII to humiliate o.s., abase o.s. (الى before); to implore, beg, beseech, entreat (الى s.o.) ضرع ḍar‘ pl. ضروع ḍurū‘, ضراع ḍirā‘ udder, teat │ الزرع والضرع (zar‘) agriculture and stock farming ضرع ḍir‘ like, alike, similar ضراعة ḍarā‘a submissiveness, humbleness; imploring, begging, entreaty, supplication مضارعة muḍāra‘a likeness, similarity, resemblance تضرع taḍarru‘ imploring, begging, entreaty, supplication ضارع ḍāri‘ frail (of a person) مضارع muḍāri‘ like, alike, similar; (gram.) imperfect ضرغم ḍargam pl. ضراغم ḍarāgim2 lion ضرغام ḍirgām pl. ضراغمة ḍarāgima lion ضرم ḍarama a (ḍaram) to catch fire, be on fire, burn, flare, blaze; to break out, flare up (war) II to kindle, light (هـ fire) │ ضرم النار في to set s.th. on fire, set fire to s.th. IV = II; V to burn, flare, flame, be ablaze (also of emotions, of passion) VIII = I ضرام ḍirām burning, blaze, flare; fire, conflagration اضطرام iḍṭirām burning, flare, blaze; fire, conflagration مضطرم muḍṭarim burning, flaming, on fire ضرو II to set (هـ ب a dog on game); to provoke (ه s.o.) to a fight (ب with) ضرو ḍirw pl. اضر aḍrin, ضراء ḍirā’ hound, hunting dog ضراوة ḍarāwa greed, voracity ضار ḍārin voracious, ferocious, savage, rapacious; (pl. ضوار ḍawārin) beast of prey, predatory animal ضعضع ḍa‘ḍa‘a to tear down, demolish, raze, ruin, undermine, weaken (هـ s.th.) II taḍa‘ḍa‘a to decline, decay, become dilapidated, perish; to become weak or weaker, wane; to dissolve, fall apart (organization) ضعضعة ḍa‘ḍa‘a demolition, razing; sapping, undermining; debility, frailty, feebleness │ ضعضعة الكبر ḍ. al-kibar senility, dotage متضعضع mutaḍa‘ḍi‘ dilapidated, decayed; weakened, debilitated; weak, frail, feeble; submissive, humble ضعف ḍa‘ufa u (ḍu‘f) to be or become weak, weakly, feeble, frail, delicate, debilitated, impotent, languid, flabby, or slack; to become weaker, wane, decrease, diminish, abate, be attenuated; to be too weak (عن for s.th.) IV to weaken, enfeeble, debilitate (من or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) X to deem (ه s.o.) weak; to behave arrogantly (ه toward s.o.) 541 ضعف ḍ‘uf, ḍa‘f weakness, feebleness, frailty; weakening, enfeeblement, debilitation │ ضعف الإرادة weakness of will; الضعف العصبي (‘aṣabī) neurasthenia, nervous debility; ضعف التناسل ḍ. at-tanāsul sexual impotence ضعيف ḍa‘īf pl. m. ضعفاء ḍu‘afā’2, ضعاف ḍi‘āf, ضعفة ḍa‘afa, pl. f. ضعائف ḍa‘ā’if2 weak, feeble; frail, weakly, delicate, debilitated, impotent, languid, flabby, slack; deficient (as a school-report mark) │ ضعيف الإرادة weak-willed; ضعيف العقل ḍ. al-‘aql dim-witted, feeble-minded; ضعيف القلب ḍ. al-qalb weak-spirited, pusillanimous, meek, faint-hearted, despondent, cowardly; هذا الضعيف my own insignificant self, I (as an expression of modesty) اضعاف iḍ‘āf weakening, enfeeblement, debilitation; impairment مستضعف mustaḍ‘af deemed weak; weak; oppressed, miserable 2ضعف II to double, redouble (هـ s.th.); to multiply, compound (هـ s.th.) III do. (من or هـ s.th.) VI to be doubled, be compounded, be multiplied ضعف pl. ḍi‘f pl. اضعاف aḍ‘āf double, that which is twice as much; a multiple, that which is several times as much, (after numerals) -fold; fold of a garment; pl. interstice, space │ مئة ضعفه mi’atu ḍi‘fihī a hundred times as much, the hundredfold of it; ثلاثة اضعافه talātatu aḍ‘āfihī thrice as much, the threefold of it; اضعاف اضعافه a. aḍ‘āfihī many times as much, e.g. فاق هذا المبلغ مرتبه اضعاف اضعافه )mablagu murattabahū aḍ‘āfa a.) this amount was many times as much as his salary; اضعافا مضاعفة aḍ‘āfan muḍā‘afatan many times, a hundred-fold تضاعيف taḍā‘īf2 contents, text (of a piece of writing); folds; space between the lines; (as an expletive after في) في تضاعيفه within it, therein contained مضاعفة muḍā‘afa doubling, compounding, multiplying; pl. -āt complications (of a disease) تضاعف taḍā‘uf doubling, multiplying مضعف muḍa‘‘af twofold, double; multiplied, compounded, increased many times مضاعف muḍā‘af twofold, double; multiplied, compounded, increased many times; see also ḍi‘f ضعة ḍa‘a, ḍi‘a see وضع ضغث ḍagata a (ḍagt) to confuse, muddle, mix up (هـ a story) ضغث lIiM pl. اضغاث aḍgāt bunch, bouquet; mixture, muddle, jumble, maze │ اضغاث الأحلام confused dreams; زاد ضغثا على ابالة (ibāla) to make a thing worse ضغط ḍagaṭa a (ḍagṭ) to press, squeeze (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to compress (هـ air); to exert pressure (على on); to oppress, suppress (على s.o., s.th.), beer down heavily (على upon) VII to be pressed, be squeezed, be compressed ضغط ḍagṭ pressure; emphasis, stress; oppression, suppression; voltage, tension (el.) │ الضغط الجوي (jawwī) atmospheric pressure; ضغط الدم ḍ. ad-dam and الضغط الدموي (damawī) blood pressure; ضغط الهواء ḍ. al-hawā’ air pressure; تحت ضغط الرأي العام (ḍ. ar-ra’y al-‘āmm) under the pressure of public opinion ضغطة ḍagṭa (n. vic.) pressure O ضغوطية ḍugūṭīya (wind) pressure ضاغوط ḍāgūṭ nightmare O مضاغط madāgiṭ2: مضاغط هوائية (hawā’īya) compressors تضاغط taḍāguṭ compression (phys.; as opposed to تخلخل takalkul) 542 انضغاط inḍigāṭ compressibility ضاغط ḍāgiṭ: آلة ضاغطة compressor مضغوط madgūṭ: هواء مضغوط (hawā’) compressed air ضغن ḍagina a (ḍagan) to bear a grudge, harbor (secret) hatred (على against), recent (على s.o.) VI to harbor a grudge against one another ضغن ḍign pl. اضغان aḍgān rancor, spite, grudge, malice, malevolence, ill will, (secret) hatred ضغن ḍagin malicious, malevolent, rancorous, spiteful, resentful ضغينة ḍagīna pl. ضغائن ḍagā’in2 rancor, spite, grudge, malice, malevolence, ill-will, (secret) hatred ضفة ḍiffa crowd, throng, jam (of people) ضفة ḍiffa, ḍaffa pl. ضفاف ḍifāf bank, share; coast ضفف ḍafaf poverty, destitution ضفدع ḍifdi‘, ḍafda‘ pl. ضفادع ḍafādi‘2 frog │ O ضفدع بشري (bašarī) frogman (mil.) ضفر ḍafara i (ḍafr) to braid, plait (هـ hair), interweave, interlace, intertwine (هـ s.th.); to twine (هـ a rope) II = I; III to help, assist, aid (ه s.o.) VI to help one another (على to do s.th.); to be tightly interwoven, be tied up, be closely connected (مع with); to be connected (evidence) ضفر ḍafr pl. ضفور ḍufūr (saddle) girth ضفار ḍafār pl. ضفر ḍufur (saddle) girth ضفيرة ḍafīra pl. اضفار ḍafā’ir2 plait; braid, tress, pigtail; plaitwork, wicker-work; galloon, lace; strand, hank, skein; plexus (anat.) ضفا (ضفو) dafā u (ḍafw) to be abundant, copious; to flow over IV to allot generouely (على هـ s.th. to); to grant, award (على هـ s.th. to); to let s.o. or s.th. (على) have (هـ s.th.); to fill (هـ على s.th. with); to wrap, envelope (على s.th., هـ with), spread (على هـ s.th. over) ضفوة ḍafwa: ضفوة العيش ḍ. al-‘aiš an easy, comfortable life ضاف ḍāfin abundant, copious, ample; detailed, elaborate, extensive ضل ḍalla i (ضلال ḍalāl, ضلالة ḍalāla) to lose one’s way, go astray; to stray (عن or هـ from the way); to err │ ضل سعيه (sa‘yuhū) his effort was in vain II to mislead, lead astray, misguide (ه s.o.); to delude, deceive (ه s.o.) │ ضل نفسه to delude o.s. IV = II; to make (ه s.o.) lose his way (هـ); to let (هـ) s.th. get lost ضل ḍull error ضلال ḍalāl a straying from the right path or from truth; error │ Oضلال الألوان color blindness, dichromatism ضلالة ḍalāla error اضلولة uḍlūla pl. اضاليل aḍālīl2 error مضلة maḍalla occasion, or possibility, of going astray تضليل taḍlīl misleading, misguidance, delusion, deception اضلال iḍlāl misleading, misguidance, delusion, deception ضال ḍāll pl. ضوال ḍawāll straying, roaming, wandering; astray, lost; erroneous, false ضالة ḍālla goal of persistent search, object of a long-cherished wish │ ضالة منشودة do. مضلل muḍallil misleading, misguiding, deceptive, delusive, fallacious مضل muḍill misleading, misguiding, deceptive, delusive, fallacious ضلع ḍala‘a a (ḍal‘) with مع: to aide with s.o., make common cause with s.o.; -- ḍalu‘a u (ضلاعة ḍalā‘a) to be otrong, sturdy, 543 robust; -- ḍalī‘a a (ḍala‘) to be crooked, bent, curved, to curve II to crook, bend, curve (هـ s.th.) V to be jammed, crammed (من with); to be versed, skilled, proficient, knowledgeable (من in), be conversant, be thoroughly familiar or acquainted (من with), be at home (من in a field of knowledge) VIII to be versed, skilled, proficient (ب in), be thoroughly familiar or acquainted, be conversant (ب with); to assume, take over, take upon o.s. (ب s.th., a task, financial expenses, a job, and the like) X to be versed, skilled, proficient (من in), be thoroughly familiar or acquainted, be conversant (من with) ضلع ḍal‘ affection, attachment │ ضلعه معه he sympathized with him, he is on his aide ضلع ḍil‘, ḍilā‘ pl. ضلوع ḍulū‘, اضلاع aḍlā‘, اضلع aḍlu‘ rib; cutlet, chop; side (of a triangle); الأضلاع the chest, the breast │ ضلع البرميل ḍ. al-birmīl barrel stave; متساوى الأضلاع mutasāwī l-a. equilateral (geom.); كان له ضلع في الأمر he had s.th. to do with the matter, he had a hand in it, he played a role in the affair ضليع ḍalī‘ strong, sturdy; knowledgeable, experienced, skilled ضلاعة ḍalā‘a strength, sturdiness, robustness (of the body) مضلع muḍalla‘ ribbed; polygonal; (pl. -āt polygon │ صاج مضلع corrugated iron متضلع mutaḍalli‘ versed, skilled, proficient (من in), thoroughly familiar, conversant (من with); expert (من in) ضلمه (Turk. dolma) ḍolma stuffed food (e.g., eggplants stuffed with meat and rice) ضم ḍamma u (ḍamm) to bring together, join, draw together, contract (هـ s.th.); to add (up), sum up (هـ s.th.); to gather, collect, reap, harvest (هـ s.th.); to unite, bring together (هم persons); to embrace, hug (ه s.o.); to join, subjoin, annex (الى هـ s.th. to), add, attach (الى هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to), unite (الى هـ, ه s.o. , s.th. with); to combine (within o.s. different things); to close, compress (هـ the lips); to grasp, grip, grab, seize (على s.o., s.th.); to get (ه s.o.) into a predicament (said of fate); to pronounce with the vowel u (هـ a consonant; gram.) │ ضم الصفوف to close the ranks; ضمه الى صدره (ṣadrihī) to press s.o. to one’s bosom, embrace s.o.; ضم اليه زوجته (zaujatahū) he embraced his wife VI to unite, rally, join forces VII to close, draw or crowd together, be closely packed; to be joined, united, or combined (الى with), unite, join forces (الى with); to be added, be annexed (الى to); to associate, affiliate (الى with); to enter, join (الى an organization, and the like); to comprise, include, encompass, embrace, contain (على s.th.) ضم ḍamm addition, subjunction; gathering, collecting, rallying, joining, uniting, amalgamation, fusion; admission, enrollment; the vowel u (gram.) ضم ḍamma the vowel point for u; (pl. -āt) embrace, hug ضميمة ḍamīma pl. ضمائم ḍamā’im2 addition, supplement; increase, raise (of salary) تضام taḍāmm: تضاما مع together with, jointly with انضمام inḍimām annexation (الى to), joining (الى of), union, association, affiliation (الى with); entry, enrollment (الى into an organization, and the like), accession (الى to) مضموم maḍmūm closed, tight, compressed (mouth) منضم munḍamm: نظام منضم close order (mil.) O منضمة munḍamma accessory, attachment (techn.) 544 اضمحل iḍmiḥlāl to disappear, vanish, dwindle, fade away, molt away; to decrease, become less اضمحلال iḍmiḥlāl disappearance, vanishing, evanescence; fading مضمحل muḍmaḥill vanishing, evanescent, fading; damped (oscillations, waves; phys.) ضمخ ḍamaka u (ḍamk) and II to oil, anoint, rub, perfume (هـ ب, ه s.o., s.th. with) ضمد ḍamada u i (ḍamd, ضماد ḍimād) and II to dress, bandage (هـ s.th., esp. a wound) ضماد ḍimād bandaging (of a wound); bandage, band, ligature; carrying on of several love affairs (of a woman) ضمادة ḍimāda dressing (of a wound), bandage مضمد muḍammid (ir.) male nurse مضمدة muḍammida o compress; (ir.) nurse ضمر ḍamara, ḍamura u (ḍumr, ضمور ḍumūr) to be or become lean, emaciated, skinny, thin, slim, slander; to contract, shrink II to emaciate, make lean, thin, or slender (هـ s.th.) IV = II; to secrete, conceal, hide, keep secret (هـ في نفسه s.th. in one’s heart), keep (هـ s.th.) to o.s. (في نفسه); to harbor, entertain (هـ ل a feeling toward, against) │اضمر له الشر (šarra) to boar s.o. a grudge, harbor ill will against s.o. V to become lean, emaciated VII to dry up, wither, wilt, shrivel ضمر ḍumr emaciation; leanness, skinniness, thinness, slenderness, slimness ضمور ḍumūr emaciation; loanness, skinniness, thinness, slenderness, slimness; atrophy (med.) ضمار ḍimār: دين ضمار (ḍain) bad debt (i.e., a debt deemed uncollectible) ضمير ḍamīr pl. ضمائر ḍamā’ir2 heart; mind; innermost; conscience; (independent or suffixed) personal pronoun (gram.) │ تأنيث الضمير compunctions, contrition, repentance; حي الضمير ḥayy aḍ-ḍ. conscientious, scrupulous; مرتاح الضمير murtāḥ aḍ-ḍ. of peaceful mind; فاقد الضمير unscrupulous مضمار miḍmār pl. مضامير maḍāmīr2 race course, race track; arena; field of activity, field, domain اضمار iḍmār concealment (of a thought), mental reservation; ellipsis (rhet.) ضامر ḍāmir loan, skinny, thin; slander, slim, svelte مضمر muḍmar secret, hidden, covert; (independent or suffixed) personal pronoun, also اسم مضمر (ism; gram.) ضمن ḍamina a (ضمان ḍamān) to be or become responsible or liable, be guaranty, give security or guaranty, vouch (ب or هـ for), warrant, ensure, safeguard, guarantee (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.); to insure (من هـ s.th. against) │ ضمن لنفسه شيئا to be absolutely certain of s.th. II to have (هـ s.th.) insured (من against); to insert, include, enclose (هـ هـ s.th. in s.th. else) V to comprise, include, comprehend, imply, embrace, contain (هـ s.th.) VI to be jointly liable, have joint responsibility (هـ for s.th.); to be solidary, be in accord, stick together ضمن ḍimn inside, interior; ḍimna (prep.) in, within, inside of, among; ضمنا ḍimnan (adv.) inclusively, implicitly, tacitly │ مفهوم ضمنا tacitly comprised, implicit; من ضمن min ḍimni (with foll. genit.) included in, implied in, belonging to, falling under; من ضمنهم among them; مباشرة وضمنا (mubāšaratan) directly and indirectly ضمني ḍimnī included, implied; hidden, implicit, tacit 545 ضمن ḍamān responsibility, guaranty, warrant, surety, security, liability, assurance, saveguard; insurance │ ضمان جماعي (jamā‘ī) collective security; الضمان المشترك (muštarak) do.; محدود الضمان of limited liability, Ltd.; شركة الضمان širkat aḍ-ḍ. insurance company ضمين ḍamīn pl. ضمناء ḍumanā’2 responsible, answerable, liable (ب for); warrantor, bail(sman), bondsma, surety, guarantor (ب for) ضمانة ḍamāna guaranty, surety, warrant(y), collateral, security, bail اضمن aḍman2 offering better guaranty تضامن taḍāmun mutuality, reciprocity; joint liability; solidarity │ شركة التضامن širkat at-t. commercial company of joint liability ضامن ḍāmin responsible, answerable, liable; warrantor, bail(sman), bondsman, surety, guarantor مضمون maḍmūn guaranteed, ensured, warranted; insured (object); (pl. مضامين maḍāmīn) content, purport, meaning (of a letter, and the like) │ مضمون الوصول registered (letter); دين مضمون (dain) bonded, or funded, debt (fin.) مضمن muḍamman included, implied ضمن mutaḍāmin mutual, reciprocal; solidary, united in solidarity ضن ḍanna (1st pers. perf. ḍanintu) a and ḍanna (1st pers. perf. ḍanantu) i (ḍann) to keep back (ب s.th.), be sparing or stingy (ب على toward s.o. with), withhold (ب على from s.o. s.th.), (be)grudge (على s.o. ب s.th.) │ ما ضن بمشقة على (bi-mašaqqatin) to shun no effort for the sake of ضن ḍann: ضنا ب (ḍannan) in order to spare s.th., in due consideration of ضنين ḍanīn niggardly, avaricious, stingy; sparing, thrifty, economical, scanty, meager, poor, insufficient ضنك ḍanuka u (ḍank, ضناكة ḍanāka) to be straitened, cramped, confined (circumstances); to be weak, be exhausted ضنك ḍank poverty, distress, straits │ عيش ضنك (‘ail) a hard, wretched life مضانك maḍānik2 straits, hardships مضنك muḍnik weak, exhausted ضنو ḍanw, ḍinw children ضنى ḍaniya a (ḍanan) to become or be lean, emaciated, gaunt, enervated, or worn out; to pine away, be consumed (with grief) IV to emaciate, debilitate, weaken, enervate (. s.o.); to exhaust, wear out (ه s.o.); to undermine, sap (ه the health); to consume (ه s.o.; of anxiety, and the like) ضن ḍanin, lean, emaciated, gaunt, languished, wasted, worn out, enervated; exhausted; consumed with grief, careworn ضنى ḍanan weakness feebleness, debility, exhaustion, emaciation; grief مضنى muḍnan lean, emaciated, gaunt, languished, wasted, worn out, enervated; exhausted; pining away, wasting away ضهد ḍahada a (ḍah) to suppress, oppress, treat unjustly, persecute (ه s.o.) VIII = I اضطهاد iḍṭihād pl. -āt suppression, repression, oppression, maltreatment, persecution, enslavement مضطهد muṭahid oppressor, tyrant, persecutor ضهر ḍahr pl. ضهور ḍuhūr summit, top (of a mountain) ضهى III to be similar, alike, or corresponding; to resemble (ه s.o. هـ s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), correspond (ه to s.o., هـ to s.th.); to compare (على, ب هـ s.th. with; بين -- وبين two things); to imitate (ب s.o., s.th.) ضهى ḍahān O menopause, climacteric 546 ضهى ḍaīy similar, (a)like, corresponding, analogous مضاهاة muḍāhāh similarity, resemblance, likeness, correspondence, analogy; comparison (على with) مضاه muḍāh similar, (a)like, corresponding, analogous ضاء (ضوء) ḍā’a u (ḍau’) to gleam, beam, radiate, shine II to light (هـ s.th., a lamp), to illumine, illuminate (هـ s.th., e.g., a house) IV = I; to shed light, out light (على upon, over); to light, illumine, illuminate (هـ s.th.); to enlighten (هـ s.th., the mind) V = I; X to be illumined, be lit, to seek light, to seek (to obtain) enlightenment or insight (ب by, through, in, with), to let o.s. be enlightened or guided (ب by) ضوء ḍau’ pl. اضواء light; brightness, glow │ ضوء الشمس ḍ. aš-šams sunlight, sunshine; ضوء القمر ḍ. al-qamar moonlight; ضوء كاشف searchlight; ضوء النهار ḍ. an-nahār daylight; على ضوء (with foll. genit.) in the light of, under the circumstances of, as seen from ...; according to ضوئي ḍau’ī luminary, light- (in compounds) │سنة ضوئية (sana) light-year ضياء ḍiyā’ light, brightness, glow اضاءة iḍā’a lighting, illumination │ الإضاءة المقيدة (muqayyada) restricted illumination = dim-out; مصباح الإضاءة miṣbāḥ al-i. incandescent lamp مضيء muḍī’ shining, luminous, bright ضاد ḍād name of the letter ض ضار (ضور) ḍāra u (ḍaur) to harm, injure, damage, prejudice (هـ, ه ه s.o., s.th.), inflict damage (هـ, ه upon); to suffer violent hunger, starve to death V to writhe with pain; to writhe, wince, be convulsed (هـ with pain. with hunger) ضور ḍaur violent hunger ضوضاء ḍauḍā noise, din, uproar ضوضى ḍauḍan noise, din, uproar ضاع (ضوع) ḍā‘a u (ḍau’) to spread, diffuse, emanate (fragrance); to be fragrant, exhmale fragrance V = I ضامة look up alphabetically ضوى ḍawā i to resort, have recourse (الى to); -- ḍawiya a to be lean, thin, spare, slight, scrawny IV اضوى to weaken, debilitate (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.), to harm, injure, damage, prejudice (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) VII to join, follow (الى s.o.), attach o.s. (الى to s.o.), to rally, flock (الى around, تحت لوائه) around or under s.o.’s banner) ضاو ḍāwin thin, lean, spare, slight, scrawny ضار (ضير) ḍāra i (ḍair) to harm, injure, damage, prejudice (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), inflict damage (هـ, ه upon) ضير ḍair harm, damage, injury, prejudice; wrong, iniquity, offense قسمة ضيزى qisma ḍīzā unjust division ضاع (ضيع) ḍā‘a i (ḍai‘, ضياع ḍayā‘) to get lost, be lost (على for s.o.), to lose itself, disappear; to perish II and IV to ruin, let perish, thwart, frustrate, mar, destroy (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to lose. forfeit (هـ s.th.), be deprived (هـ of s.th.); to waste, squander, sped uselessly (ه s.th.); to neglect, omit (هـ s.th.); to miss, let go by (هـ s.th.), let slip (هـ s.th., e.g., an opportunity) │ ضيع حقه (ḥaqqahū) to forfeit one’s right; الصيف ضيعت اللبن aṣ-ṣaifa ḍayya‘ti l-labana (invar.) approx.: you have let the opportunity go by, you milled your chance; اضاع صوابه (ṣawābahū) to lose one’s mind; اضاع عليه فرصة (furṣa) to make s.o. miss an opportunity; اضاع الوقت (waqt) to waste time ضيع ḍai‘ loss 547 ضيعة ḍai‘a pl. ضياع ḍiyā‘ landed estate, country estate, domain; small village, hamlet ضياع ḍayā‘ loss; ruin, destruction, perdition │ ضياع الوقت ḍ. al-waqt loss of time يا ضيعانة yā ḍī‘āna what a loss! مضياع miḍyā‘ prodigal, squandering, wasteful; squanderer, wastrel, spend-thrift تضييع taḍyī‘ waste, squandering, dissipation; neglect, omission اضاعة iḍā‘a waste, squandering, dissipation; neglect, omission │ اضاعة الوقت i. al-waqt waste of time ضائع ḍā’i‘ pl. ضيع ḍuyya‘, ضياع ḍiyā‘ (getting) lost; poor, wretched, miserable مضيعة maḍī‘a ruin, destruction, perdition, lost; -- muḍī‘a, مضيعة للوقت (li-l-waqt) waste of time, loss of time مضيع muḍayyi‘ prodigal, squandering, wasteful ضاف (ضيف) ḍāfa i (ضيافة ḍiyāfa) to stop or stay as a guest II to take in as a guest, receive hospltably, entertain (ه s.o.) IV = II; to add, subjoin, annex, attach (هـ الى s.th. to); to admix (الى هـ s.th. to); to connect, bring in relation (الى هـ s.th. with); to ascribe, attribute, assign (هـ الى s.th. to s.o.) │ اضاف اسما الى اسم (isman) to annex a noun (the first member of a genitive construction) to another (the second member; gram.); اضف الى ذلك ان (aḍif) what’s more ..., moreover..., furthermore …, VII to be added, be annexed, be subjoined, be attached (الى to) X to invite s.o, (ه) to be one’s guest ضيف ḍaif pl. ضيوف ḍuyūf, اضياف aḍyāf, ضيفان ḍīfān guest; visitor ضيافة ḍiyāfa hospltable reception, entertainment as guest, accommodation; hospltality │ انت في ضيافتي you are my guest مضياف miḍyāf hospltable; hospltable host مضافة muḍāfa hostel, guesthouse, inn مضيفة mayafa guest room; guesthouse اضافة iḍāfa addition, apposition; subjunction, annexation, appending, attachment, augmentation, supplementation; assignment, allocation; ascription, attribution (الى to); genitive construction (gram.) │ اضافة الى اجل (ajal) limitation (of a legal transaction; Isl. Law); بالاضافة الى in comparison with, in relation to; with respect to, regarding ...; with regard to, in consideration of; in addition to, beside; بالاضافة الى ذلك moreover, furthermore, besides اضافي iḍāfī additional, supplementary, auxiliary, contributory, extra; secondary, subsidiary, tributary, accessory, incidental, side-, by- (in compounds); relative (philos.) اضافية iḍāfīya relativity (philos.) مضيف muḍīf host مضيفة muḍīfa hostess; air hostess, stewardess مضاف muḍāf added, subjoined, adjoined, apposed; construct state (gram.) │ المضاف اليه the second, or governed, noun of a genitive construction (gram.); مضافا الى ذلك moreover, furthermore, besides ضيق (ضاق) ḍāqa i (ḍaiq) to be or become narrow, straitened, cramped, confined; to become too narrow, too confined (ب for); to be anguished, uneasy, depressed, dejected (ب because of, by, at, about); to become or be tired, weary (ب of s.o., of s.th.) │ ضاقت به الأرض (arḍu) to be at a loss, be at one’s wit’s end; ضاق به الحياة (ḥayātu) life depressed him, 548 he had a bad time, he was bad off; ضاقت به السبل (subulu) to be at a loss, be at the end of one’s tether, be at one’s wit’s end; ضاق به ذرعا ب (dar‘an) not to be up to s.th.. be unable to do or accomplish s.th.; not to be able to stand or bear s.th., be fed up with, be tired of, feel uneasy about, be oppressed by; ضاق عنه ذرعا do.; ضاق صدره (ṣadruhū) to be annoyed, angry; ضاقت يده عن (yaduhū) to be incapable of; to be too poor to … II to make narrow or narrower, narrow (down), straiten, cramp, tighten, confine, constrain, restrain, restrict, contract (هـ s.th.); to pull tight (هـ s.th., e.g., a dress); to harass, oppress, beset, besiege, beleaguer (على s.o.); to keep (على s.o.) short (في in s.th.) │ ضيق الحصار to tighten the blockade; ضيق على نفسه to restrain o.s., take restrictions upon o.s. III to vex, annoy, anger (ه s.o.); to harass, oppress, beset (ه s.o.); to trouble, bother, inconvenience, disturb, hinder, hamper, impede, affect gravely (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), bear down heavily (هـ, ه upon); to cause trouble (ه to s.o.) VI to be or become narrow, to narrow; to become annoyed, become irritated; to be angry (من at, about) ضيق ḍīq narrowness; tightness, closeness; confinement, restriction, limitation, constraint; shortage, scarcity; oppression, anguish; dejectedness, depression, distress; lack, want, paucity, poverty; care, worry, anxiety; anger, annoyance, irritation, exasperation; weariness, ennui │ ضيق ذات اليد ḍ. dāt al-yad poverty, destitution; ضيق المقام ḍ. al-maqām crampedness lack of space; ضيق النطاق do.; small range, limited extent, narrow scope; ضيق اليد ḍ. al-yad poverty, destitution ضيق ḍayyiq narrow; tight; cramped; short, scarce; confined, limited, restricted │ ضيق الخلق ḍ. al-kalq illiberal, ungenerous; impatient, annoyed; ضيق الصدر ḍ. aṣ-ṣadr vexed, annoyed (ب over, at, by), angry (ب at, with); upset, depressed, downcast, dejected; ضيق العقل ḍ. al-‘aql narrow-minded, hidebound, dull-witted; ضيق النطاق small-range; of narrow scope, limited in extent; confined, limited, restricted ضيقة ḍaiqa, ḍīqa straitened circumstances, poverty; anguish اضيق aḍyaq2 narrower, tighter مضيق maḍīq pl. مضايق maḍāyiq2, مضائق strait(s); defile, (mountain) pass; narrow(s), stricture تضييق taḍyīq narrowing, tightening; restriction, limitation; oppression │ تضييق الحصار tightening of the blockade; تضييق الخناق (tightening of the rope =) strangling, suppression مضايقة muḍāyaqa pl. -āt affliction, distress, grievance, embarrassment; obstruction, impediment. disturbance, harassment, molestation; depressing state; anger, annoyance, vexation, irritation; inconvenience, difficulty, trouble, nuisance ضائقة ḍā’iqa pl. ضوائق ḍawā’iq2 predicament, straits, difficulty; critical situation, crisis │ ضائقة العيش ḍ. al-‘aiš straitened circumstances; ضائقة مالية (mālīya) financial straits مضايق muḍāyiq troublesome, irksome, wearisome, disturbing, annoying; nuisance (person) متضايق mutaḍāyiq annoyed, vexed, irritated, exasperated, hungry; hard pressed 1ضام (ضيم) ḍāma i (ḍaim) to wrong, harm (ه s.o.), inflict damage (ه upon s.o.); to treat unjustly (ه s.o.) X = I ضيم ḍaim pl. ضيوم ḍuyūm wrong, inequity, injustice; harm, damage, detriment, injury ضامة look up alphabetically ط ط abbreviation of قيراط qīrāṭ طاء ṭā’ name of the letter ط طابة ṭāba pl. -āt ball طابور ṭābūr pl. طوابير ṭawābīr2 battalion; (eg.) line, file, single file (of soldiers, of persons walking one behind the other); queue │ الطابور الخامس the fifth column طابية ṭābiya pl. طواب ṭawābin fortress, fort; round fortress tower; (eg.) rook, castle (chess) طاجن ṭājin pl. طواجن ṭawājin2 frying pan; (eg.) shallow earthen pot طار, طارة see طور طارمة pl. -āt kiosk, booth, cabin, stall طازة ṭāza fresh, tender, new طازج ṭāza fresh, new 1طاس and طاسة see طوس 2طاؤوس ṭā’ūs and طاووس ṭāwūs pl. طواويس ṭawāwīs2 peacock طأطأ ṭa’ṭa’a to incline, bend, tilt, bow (رأسه ra’sahū one’s head; also used without رأسه) مطأطئ muṭa’ṭi’ with bowed head مطأطأ muṭaṭa’: مطأطأ الرأس m. ar-ra’s with bowed head 1طاق ṭāq pl. -āt, طيقان ṭīqān arch (arch.); (pl. -āt) layer, stratum 2طاقة ṭāqa pl. -āt window 3طاقية ṭāqīya pl. □ طواقي ṭawāqī white cotton skullcap (often worn under the tarboosh: in Eg. = عرقية); fatigue cap (of the Eg. Territorial Army) طأمن see طمأن طاولة (It. tavola) ṭāwula table │ لعبة الطاولة la‘bat aṭ-ṭāwila backgammon, tricktrack; تنس الطاولة table tennis طب ṭabba u i (ṭabb, ṭibb, tubb) to treat medically (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), give medical treatment (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to seek to remedy, tackle (ل s.th.) II to treat medically (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), give medical treatment (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.) V to receive, or undergo, medical treatment, submit to medical treatment; to practice medicine, engage in the medical field X to seek medical advice (ه from s.o.), consult (ه a doctor) طب ṭibb medical treatment: medicine, medical science │ طب الأسنان ṭ. al-asnān dentistry, dental science; الطب البيطري (baiṭarī) veterinary science; الطب الشرعي (šar‘ī) forensic medicine; الطب النفساني (nafsānī) psychiatry; علم الطب ‘ilm aṭ-ṭ. medical science, medicine; كلية الطب kullīyat aṭ-ṭ. medical school, medical college, (chiefly G. B.:) faculty of medicine طبي ṭibbī medical, pertaining to the medical profession or science │ لائق طبيا (ṭibbīya) physically fit (e.g., for military service) طبة ṭabba pl. -āt (eg.) cushion, pad; plug, stopper, stopple; bung طبيب ṭabib pl. اطباء2, اطبة aṭibba physician, doctor │ طبيب بيطري (baiṭarī) veterinarian; طبيب خاص (kāṣṣ) physician in ordinary, private physician (e.g., of a king); طبيب ساحر medicine man, shaman; طبيب الأسنان dental surgeon, dentist; طبيب شرعي (šar‘ī) medical examiner (jur.); طبيب الأمراض الجلدية (jildīya) dermatologist 550 طبيبة ṭabība female doctor, doctress طبابة ṭibāba medical treatment; medical profession تطبيب taṭbīb healing art, medical practice, medical profession متطبب mutaṭabbib quack, quacksalver طبخ ṭabaka a (ṭabk) to cook (هـ s.th.) VII to be or get cooked طبخ ṭabk cooking, cookery; cooked food; O celluloid طبخة ṭabka (n. un.) (article of cooked) food, meal, dish, course طباخ ṭabbāk cook طبيخ ṭabīk cooked food, fare طباخة ṭibāka culinary art, cookery, cuisine مطبخ maṭbak pl. مطابخ maṭābik2 kitchen; cookshop, eating house, luncheonette مطبخ miṭbak pl. مطابخ maṭābik2 any cooking apparatus (also, e.g., a hot plate), cooking stove, kitchen range, portable range 1طبر ṭabar hatchet, ax, battle-ax طبردار ṭabardār sapper, pioneer (mil.) 2 طابور look up alphabetically 3طبرية ṭabarīya2 Tiberias (city in Palestine, on W shore of Sea of Galilee) طبشورة ṭabšūra (syr.) chalk طباشير ṭabāšīr2 chalk طباشيري ṭabāšīrī chalky, cretaceous, chalk- (in compounds) طبطب ṭabṭaba to gurgle, purl (water); to pat, stroke, caress (على s.o.) طبطابة ṭabṭāba bat, mallet, racket (for ball games) طبع ṭaba‘a a (ṭab‘) to provide with an imprint, impress or impression (هـ or على s.th.); to impress with a stamp, seal or signet (هـ or على s.th.), leave or set one’s stamp, seal, mark, or impress (على or هـ, ه on s.o. on s.th.); to stamp, imprint, impress (على ه s.th. on); to mint, coin (هـ money); to print (هـ s.th.); pass. ṭubi‘a to have a natural aptitude or disposition, have a propensity, be disposed by nature (على for) │ طبعه بطابعه (bi-ṭābi‘ihī) to place, set, or leave one’s stamp, mark, or impress on s.o. or s.th., impart one’s own character to s.o. or s.th.; طبع عليه (ṭubi‘a) to be innate, inherent in s.o., be native, natural to s.o. II to tame, domesticate, break in, train (هـ an animal) V تطبع بطباعه (bi-ṭibā‘ihī) to take on, assume, or receive s.o.’s peculiar character, bear s.o.’s stamp or impress VII to be stamped, be printed, be imprinted, be impressed; to leave an imprint or impression (في on); to be disposed by nature (على for) طبع ṭab‘ printing (of a book), print; (pl. طباع ṭibā‘) impress, impression, stamp, hallmark, peculiarity, characteristic, nature, character, temper, (natural) disposition │ طبع الحجر al-ḥajar lithography; طبع الحروف typography; تحت الطبع in (the) press, at press (typ.); مسودة الطبع muswaddat and musawwadat aṭ-ṭ. proof sheet, galley proof (typ.); اعادة الطبع i‘ādat aṭ-ṭ. reprinting reprint; طبعا ṭab‘an or بالطبع by nature, by natural disposition; naturally! of course! certainly! to be sure! سيئ الطبع sayyi’ aṭ-ṭ. ill-disposed, ill-natured, evil by nature; شاذ الطبع (الطباع) šadd aṭ-ṭ. eccentric, extravagant طبعة ṭab‘a pl. -āt printing, print; edition, issue, impression طباع ṭabbā‘ printer طباعة ṭibā‘a art of printing │ آلة الطباعة printing press طباعي ṭibā‘ī typographic(al) 551 طبيعة ṭabī‘a pl. طبائع ṭabā’i‘2 nature; natural disposition, constitution; peculiarity, individuality, character; regular, normal manner; physics; natural science │ بطبيعة الحال by the very nature of the case, as is (was) only natural, ipso facto, naturally, as a matter of course; عالم الطبيعة physicist; natural scientist; علم الطبيعة ‘ilm aṭ-ṭ. physics; natural science; فلسفة ما وراء (بعد) الطبيعة (falsafatu) metaphysics; فوق الطبيعة supernatural; طبائع الأشياء the nature of things, state of affairs طبيعي ṭabī‘ī nature’s, of nature, nature- (in compounds), natural; inborn, innate, inherent, native; normal, ordinary, usual, regular; physical; physicist; natural scientist; naturalist │ عالم طبيعي physicist; natural scientist; الطبيعيات physics; natural science مطبع maṭba‘ print shop, printing office, printing house, press مطبعة maṭba‘a pl. مطابع maṭābi‘2 print shop, printing office, printing house, press │ حرية المطابع ḥurrīyat al-m. freedom of the press مطبعي maṭba‘ī printing, printer’s (in compounds), typographic(al) │ خطأ مطبعي (kaṭa’) and غلطة مطبعية (galṭa) typographical error, misprint, erratum مطبعجي (eg.) majba‘gī printer مطبعة miṭba‘a pl. مطابع maṭābi‘2 printing machine, printing press طابع ṭābi‘ printer; -- ṭāba‘ impress, stamp, mark, character; (pl. طوابع ṭawābi‘2) seal, signet; stamp; imprint, print, impress, impression; (postage, etc.) stamp; tablet, pill │ طابع البريد and طابع بريدي postage stamp; طابع تذكاري (tadkārī) commemorative stamp; طابع الأصابع fingerprint; صاحب الطابع keeper of the seal; طبعه بطابعه to place, set, or leave, one’s stamp, mark, or impress on s.o. or s.th., impart one’s own character to s.o. or s.th. مطبوع maṭbū‘ printed, imprinted; stereotyped; pl. -āt printed material, prints; printed matter │ مطبوع بطابعه bearing the stamp, mark or impress of s.o. or s.th., being characterized by; مطبوع على do., being by its very nature ..., having the innate property of...; مطبوع دوري (daurī) a periodical; قانون المطبوعات press law 1طبق II to cover, cover up (هـ s.th.); to make coincident or congruent, cause to coincide, superpose (بين two figures; geom.); to fold (هـ s.th., also, e.g., the hands); (eg.) to shoe (هـ a hors.); to apply (على هـ s.th. to); to be common, universal, widespread; to spread (also هـ throughout s.th.), pervade (هـ s.th.); pass. ṭubbiga to be applied, apply, be applicable be effective be valid │ طبقت شهرته تلآفاق (šuhratuhū) he (it) enjoyed, or achieved, world-wide fame; طبق صيته الخافقين (ṣītuhū, kāfiqain) do., his (its) fame spread throughout the world III to bring to coincidence, make coincident or congruent, cause to coincide (بين -- وبين s.th. with), correlate, compare, contrast (بين -- وبين s.th. with); to adapt, adjust, tally, trim into shape (هـ s.th.); to suit, fit, match (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), go, tally (هـ, ه with), adapt o.s., adjust o.s. (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to correspond (هـ to s.th.), concur, agree, conform, be in keeping (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.), fit (هـ into s.th.) IV to close, shut (هـ s.th., e.g., the eyes, mouth, etc.); to cover, cover up (هـ, على s.th., also هـ with one’s hand على s.th.); to surround, encircle, encompass (على s.o.); to be agreed, agree, come to an agreement (على on, about) │ اطبق على يدي (yadī) he pressed my hand V to get or be covered or closed VII = V; to be applicable, apply (على to), fit, suit (على s.o., s.th.), hold good (على for), be true (على of); to 552 be in conformity, be consistent, be compatible, be in keeping, conform, agree (على with), correspond (على to s.th.) طبق ṭibqa (prep.) according to, corresponding to, in accordance with, in conformity with │ طبقا لـ (ṭibqan) do.; صورة طبق الأصل (ṣūra, aṣl) true copy; exact replica طبق ṭabaq pl. اطباق aṭbāq lid, cover, plate; dish, shallow bowl; (round) tray, salver; ash tray; (pl. اطباق, also طباق ṭibāq) layer, tier; stratum (of the air); pl. طباق (with foll. genit.) superposed masses, layered formations, piles, large quantities of ... │ اطباق طائرة flying saucers يد طبقة yad ṭabiqa closed hand طبقة ṭabaqa pl. -āt layer; stratum (of earth, air, society, etc.); floor, story (of a building); class, category; generation │ O الطبقة الطخرورية (ṭukrūrīya) stratosphere; الطبقات النجسة (najisa) the impure castes, the pariahs; الطبقة المتوسطة (mutawassiṭa) the middle class(es); حرب الطبقات ḥarb aṭ-ṭ. class struggle; علم طبقات الأرض ‘ilm ṭ. al-arḍ geology; معدود في الطبقات الثالثة regarded as third-rate طابق ṭābaq, ṭābiq pl. طوابق ṭawābiq2 large bricks; floor, story (of a building) │ الطابق الأرضي (arḍī) ground floor طاباق ṭābāq pl. طوابيق ṭawābīq2 large bricks طباق ṭibāq (with foll. genit. or suffix) that which is in agreement, in keeping, or in conformity with ..., corresponding, analogous (to s.th.), in accordance (with), conformable (to), consistent (with), compatible (with); antithesis, juxtaposition of contrasting ideas (rhet.) طبيق ṭabīq (with foll. genit. or suffix) sth. in agreement, in keeping, or in conformity with ..., corresponding, analogous (to s.th.), in accordance (with), consistent (with), compatible (with) تطبيق taṭbīq adaptation, accommodation, adjustment; application تطبيقي taṭbīqī applied; practical, serving practical ends │ علوم تطبيقية applied sciences مطابقة muṭābaqa agreement, conformity, congruity, correspondence تطابق taṭābuq congruence (geom.) مطابق muṭābiq corresponding, congruous, conformable, in agreement or conformity (with) │ مطابق للحقيقة true, truthful, veracious, agreeing with the facts, true to nature, lifelike مطبق muṭbiq entire, complete, utter, absolute, total; -- mutbaq pressed; coated, incrusted (بالذهب with gold); subterranean dungeon, oubliette, underground chamber │ الحروف المطبقة (muṭbaqa) (phon.) the sounds ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ 2طباق ṭabāq, ṭubāq (eg.) tobacco طبل ṭabala u (ṭabl) to beat a drum; to drum II = I; to beat the drum (ل for s.o., i.e., to campaign, make propaganda for s.o.) طبل ṭabl drumming, drumbeat; (pl. طبول ṭubūl, اطبال aṭbāl) drum; bass drum (of the Western orchestra) طبلة ṭabla drum │ طبلة الأذن ṭ. al-udun eardrum, tympanic membrane طبلة ṭabla pl. -āt, طبل ṭubal (eg.) look, padlock طبلي ṭablī drum-shaped طبال ṭabbāl pl. -ūn, drummer مطبل muṭabbal moist, damp (ground) 2 طبلة ṭabla pl. -āt table طبلة ṭablīya pl. -āt, □ طبالي ṭabālī a low, round table; turntable; tray, wooden salver 1 طبن ṭabina a to be bright, intelligent طبن ṭabin bright, intelligent 553 2طابونة ṭābūna (طبونة ṭābūna) pl. -āt a small, jar-shaped oven, sunk in the ground, open on top, used for baking bread; bakery; (pal., eg.) (baker’s) oven 3طبن ṭabbān pl. -āt (wheel) tire طبنجة ṭabanja pl. -āt pistol طابية ṭābiya pl. طواب look up alphabetically طاجن ṭājin pl. طواجن ṭawājin2 frying pan; (eg.) shallow earthen pot طحطح ṭaḥṭaḥā to break, shatter, smash (هـ s.th.) طحل (ṭuḥl) sediment, dregs, less طحال (ṭiḥāl pl. -āt, طحل ṭuḥul spleen, milt طحالي ṭiḥālī splenic طحال ṭuḥal inflammation of the spleen, splenitis مطحول maṭḥūl having a diseased spleen, splenetic طحلب ṭuḥlub (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. طحالب ṭaḥālib2 water moss طحن ṭaḥana a (ṭaḥn) to grind, mill, bray, pulverize (هـ, s.th., esp. grain); to crush, ruin, destroy (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to wear out, wear down (ه s.o.), exact as heavy toll (ه of s.o.; age, yean) VI to quarrel, wrangle, be antagonistic, be in conflict (with one another), to conflict طحن ṭiḥn flour, meal طحين ṭaḥīn flour, meal طحيني ṭaḥīnī mealy, farinaceous طحينية ṭaḥīnīya (eg.) a sweet made of sesame-seed, meal and sugar طحينة ṭaḥīna (eg., syr.) a thick sauce made of sesame oil, and served with salads, vegetables, etc. طحان ṭaḥḥān miller طاحون ṭāḥūn and طاحونة ṭāhūna pl. طواحن ṭawāḥīn2 mill, grinder │ طاحونة الهواء ṭ. al-hawā’ windmill مطحنة miṭḥana pl. مطاحن maṭāḥin2 mill, grinder مطحنة maṭḥana pl. مطحنة maṭḥana2 mill; flour mill طاحن ṭāḥin molar tooth, grinder طاحنة ṭāḥina pl. طواحن ṭawāḥin2 molar tooth, grinder O الطبقة الطحرورية aṭ-ṭabaqa aṭ-ṭukrūrīya the stratosphere طر ṭarra u (ṭarr, طرور ṭurūr) to sharpen, hone, whet (هـ s.th.); to grow; to sprout, come out (mustache, hair) طرا ṭurran altogether, all without exception, one and all طرة ṭurra pl. طرر ṭurar forelock; knotted cloth or kerchief طرار ṭarrār pl. طرارة ṭarrara (magr.) tambourine player; rogue, scoundrel طرأ ṭara’a a (ṭar’, طروء ṭurū’) to descend, break in, come (على upon), overtake, befall (على s.o.), happen unexpectedly (على to s.o.); to occur (على or ل to s.o., of an idea) │ ماذا طرأ عليه what’s got into him all of a sudden? what’s the matter with him all of a sudden? طرأت عليه فكرة (fikratun) an idea occurred to him, he had an idea; لم يطرأ على الحالة تبدل يذكر (tabaddulun yudkaru) (no change worth mentioning came over the situation, i.e.) the situation remained substantially unchanged IV to praiae, laud, extol (ه s.o.) طريء ṭarī’ fresh, new طارئ ṭāri’ foreign, extraneous, extrinsic, unusual; accidental, incidental, casual, unforeseen, unexpected, contingent; a new factor or development intervening suddenly, a contingent; 554 unexpected visitor; sudden stirring, sudden impulses (من e.g., of joy) طارئة ṭāri’a pl. طوارئ ṭawāri’ unforeseen event, unexpected case, a contingent; new factor or development; incident, accident │ حالة الطوارئ state of emergency طرآني ṭur’ānī of unknown origin, wild طرابلس ṭarābulus2: طرابلس الشام Tripoli (in Lebanon); طرابلس الغرب ṭ. al-garb Tripoli (in Libya) طرب ṭriba a (ṭarab) to be moved (with joy or grief); to be delighted, be overjoyed, be transported with joy II to delight, fill with delight, enrapture, please, gratify (ه s.o.); to sing, vocalize, chant IV to delight, fill with delight, enrapture, please, gratify (ه s.o.); to make music; to sing, vocalize, chant: to play music (ه for s.o.), sing (ه to s.o.) طرب ṭarab pl. اطراب aṭrāb joy, pleasure, delight, rapture; amusement, entertainment (with music and the like); music │ آلة الطرب musical instrument طرب ṭarib pl. طراب ṭarib moved (with joy or grief), touched, affected; delighted, enraptured, transported, pleased, charmed طروب ṭarūb gay, merry, lively اطرب aṭrab2 more delightful; making better music, being a batter musician; more melodious اطراب iṭrāb delight, delectation, diversion مطرب muṭrib delightful, ravishing, charming, amusing, entertaining; melodious; musician; singer, vocalist, chansonnier مطربة muṭriba singer, songstress, vocalist, chanteuse طربيزة ṭarābēza (eg.) table طرابلس look up alphabetically طربوش ṭarbūš pl. طرابيش ṭarābīš tarboosh, fez طرابيشي ṭarābīšī tarboooh merchant مطربش muṭarbaš wearing a tarboosh, tarbooshed متطربش mitaṭarbiš wearing a tarboosh, tarbooshed; hence, in Eg., a member of the white-collar class, of the educated middle class طرح ṭaraḥa a (ṭarḥ) to throw, cast, fling, toss (على ب or هـ s.th. onto or upon); to throw, toss, or fling away, throw off, discard, dump (ب or هـ s.th.); to remove, drive away, expel, reject, disown, repudiate (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.): to throw or put (على هـ a garment on or over s.o.); to present, submit (ه على s.th. to s.o.); to teach (ه على a tune to s.o.); to cede, surrender, yield (هـ ل s.th. to s.o.); to miscarry, have a miscarriage; to deduct, subtract, discount (هـ من s.th. from) │ طرحه في المناقصة العامة (munāqaṣa, ‘āmma) to invite tenders, or bide, publicly for s.th. (e.g., the government for some project); طرح عليه سؤالا (suālan) to put a question to s.o.; طرح مسألة على بساط البحث (mas’alatan, b. il-baḥt) to broach or raise a question, present a problem for consideration II to cause a miscarriage (ها to a woman); طرح هـ اطراحا (iṭṭirāḥan) to throw s.th. far away, fling s.th. off or away III to exchange (ه هـ with s.o. s.th.) │ طارحه الكلام (kalām) to converse with s.o., have a talk with s.o.; طارحه الحديث to chat with s.o., have a conversation with s.o.; طارحه الأسئلة (as’ila) to exchange questions with s.o. V to drop, fall, or tumble to the ground VI to exchange with one another (هـ e.g., thoughts) VII to be flung, be tossed, be thrown, be rejected, be expelled, be disowned, be repudiated; to throw o.s. down, prostrate 555 o.s. (e.g., على الأرض on the ground); to be thrown down, be dropped VIII to throw far away, fling off or away (هـ s.th.); to discard, throw away (هـ s.th.) طرح ṭarḥ expulsion, rejection, repulsion, banishment, repudiation; miscarriage, abortion; subtraction, deduction, discount │ طرح البحر ṭ. al-baḥr (eg.) alleviation, alluvial deposits طرح ṭarḥ miscarried foetus طرحة ṭarḥa pl. طرح ṭuraḥ veil (sometimes embroidered) worn by Arab women as a headcloth; headcloth, head veil طريح ṭarīḥ pl. طرحى ṭarḥā thrown down, cast down, dumped; thrown to the ground, felled, prostrate; expelled, banished, rejected, disowned, repudiated │ طريح الفراش bedridden, confined to bed طريحة ṭarīḥa assignment, task │ شغل بالطريحة (šugl) job work, piecework (eg.) طراحة ṭarrāḥa pl. طراريح ṭarārīḥ2 mattress; hassock, ottoman اطروحة uṭrūḥa dissertation, thesis (Syr.) مطرح maṭraḥ pl. مطارح maṭāriḥ2 place where s.th. is thrown or at which s.th. is discarded, a dump; place, spot, location, locality; seat (in an auditorium) اطراح iṭrāḥ rejection, repudiation مطروح maṭrūḥ thrown down, out down, damped, thrown off, discarded; lying on the ground, prostrate; subtrahend (math.) │ المطروح منه minuend (math.) منطرح munṭariḥ thrown down, out down, dumped, thrown off, discarded; expelled, banished, rejected, disowned, repudiated طرخون ṭarkūn tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus; bot.) طرد ṭarada u (ṭard) to drive away, chase away, push away, shove away, reject, repel, banish, exile, dismiss, drive out, expel, evict (هـ من, ه s.o., s.th. from); to chase, hunt, hound (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.) │ طرده من منصبه (manṣibihī) to relieve s.o. of his office, dismiss s.o. II = I; III to assault, attack (هـ, ه s.o.), launch an attack (هـ, ه on); to stalk (هـ an animal, game); to pursue, follow (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.), run after s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), give chase (هـ, ه to) VIII to drive away as booty (هـ animals); to be consecutive, be continuous, form an uninterrupted sequence, succeed one another continuously; to sow uninterruptedly, carry water perennially (river); to progress or get on at a rapid pace, make good headway (undertaking) X to proceed (in one’s speech), go on to say, continue (هـ s.th., e.g., one’s speech); to change, pass on (in speech) (من – ل from -- to); to digress (in speaking), make an excursus │ استطرد من ذلك الى قوله (qaulihī) thereupon he proceeded to speak about ..., then he broached the subject of ..., after that he went on to say that ... طرد ṭard driving away, chasing away, repulsion, expulsion, eviction, dismissal, banishment, expatriation; pursuit, chase, hunt; swarm (of bees); (pl. طرد ṭurūd) parcel, package │ بحث مسألة طردا وعكسا (mas’alata ṭardan wa-‘aksan) to study a problem from all sides, in all its aspects طرد ṭardī parcel-, package- (in compounds), like a parcel or package طردة ṭarda (n. vic.) a driving away, chasing away, repulsion, expulsion, eviction, banishment طريد ṭarīd expelled, evicted, ousted, outcast, outlawed, banished, exiled, expatriate(d); fugitive, fleeing, on the 556 run; expellee; outcast, outlaw; الطريدان aṭ-ṭarīdān night and day طريدة ṭarīda pl. طرائد ṭarā’id2 game animal, game beast; game طراد ṭarrād cruiser (warship); (eg.) dike, embankment, dam, levee (esp. of the Nile) طرادة ṭarrāda cruiser (warship) طراد ṯirād pursuit, chase مطارد muṭārada repulsion, expulsion, banishment; pursuit, chase; hunt │ طائرة المطاردة fighter plane, pursuit plane, interceptor اطراد iṭṭirād uninterrupted or regular sequence, continuity استطراد istiṭrād pl. -āt digression, divagation; excursus مطارد muṭārid pursuer; hunter │ طائرة مطاردة fighter plane, pursuit plane, interceptor مطرد muṭṭarid incessant, uninterrupted, continuous, continual, unvarying, steady, constant; general │ قاعدة مطردة general rule; مطرد النسق m. an-nasaq uniform (adj.); مطرد النغم m. an-nagm monotonous (song) طرز II to embroider (هـ s.th.); to embellish (هـ a story); to garnish (هـ ب s.th., e.g., a dish with) طرز ṭarz pl. طروز ṭurūz type, model, make, brand, sort, kind; fashion, style طرزي ṭarzī fashion- (in compounds) طراز ṭirāz pl. طرز ṭuruz, اطرزة aṭriza type, model, class, make, brand, sort, kind, variety, species; fashion, style; architectural style; embroidery │ من الطراز القديم old-fashioned, outmoded; قديم الطراز do.; مسلح بأقدم الطراز musallaḥ bi-aḥdat ṭ. equipped with the latest arms; من الطراز الأول (awwal) first-class, first-rate تطريز taṭrīz embroidering, embroidery طرس ṭirs pl. اطرس aṭrās, طروس ṭurūs sheet (of paper); paper طرش ṭariša a (ṭaraš) to be or become deaf; -- ṭaraša u to vomit, throw up, disgorge II to deafen (ه s.o.) طرش ṭarš whitewashing طرش ṭarš pl. طروش ṭurūš (syr.) hard (of cattle), flock (of sheep) طرش ṭaraš deafness طرشة ṭrša deafness اطرش aṭraiš2, f. طرشاء ṭaršā’2, pl. طرش ṭurš deaf اطرش اسك (ašakk2) stone-deaf مطرش muṭarriš vomitive; emetic 2طرشي ṭuršī mixed pickles طرطر ṭarṭara to brag, boast, swagger, show off طرطور ṭurṭūr pl. طراطير ṭarāṭīr2 high, conical cap (of dervisheo, clowns, etc.) طرطور ṭarṯūr and طراطور ṭarāṭūr (eg., syr.) a sort of mayonnaise (made of ṭaḥīna, parsley, lemon, oil, milk, garlic and nuts) طرطش ṭarṯaša to splash, bespatter, splatter (ه s.o.); to roughcast (هـ a building, a wall) طرطوفة ṭarṭūfa end, tip, point; Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.; bot.); truffle طرطير ṭarṭīr tartar, wine stone طرف ṭarafa, (ṭarf) to blink, twinkle, wink, squint (also بعينيه bi-‘ainaihi); -- ṭarufa u (طرفة ṭarāfa) to be newly acquired, be a recent acquisition IV to feature or tell s.th. new or novel, say s.th. new or original, introduce a novel angle or idea; to present (ه s.o. ب with s.th. new or novel), give (ه to s.o. ب s.th. new or novel) V to be on the extreme 557 side, hold an extreme viewpoint or position, go to extremes, be radical, have radical views طرف ṭarf eye; glance, look │ ما اشار بطرف (ašāra) he didn’t bat an eye; من طرف خفي (kafīy) secretly, furtively, discreetly; كارتداد الطرف ka-rtidādi ṭ-ṭ. in the twinkling of an eye, instantly طرف ṭaraf pl. اطراف aṭrāf utmost part, outermost point, extremity, end, tip, point, edge, fringe, limit, border; side; region, area, section; طرف من part of, a bit of, some; party (as, to a dispute, of a contract, etc.); ṭarafa (prep.) with, at, on the part or side of; pl. اطراف limbs, extremities; (with foll. genit.) sections of, parts of │ طرفي النهار tarafayi n-nahār in the morning and in the evening, mornings and evenings; كانوا على طرفي النقيض (ṭarafai naqīḍ) they were at variance, they carried on a feud; كان واياه على طرفي نقيض (wa-iyyāhu) they held diametrically opposed views or positions; اطراف البدن a. al-badan the extremities of the bod, the limbs; اطراف الأصابع fingertips; على اطراف قدميه (a. qadamaihi) on tiptoe; اطراف المدينة a. al-madīna the outskirts of the city; الأطراف المتعاقدة (muta‘āqida) the contracting parties; بطرف with, at, on the part or side of; من طرف on the part of; من طرف الى طرف from one end to the other; احزاب طرف اليمين the right-wing parties; جاذي اطراف الحديث jādaba aṭrāfa l-ḥ. to talk, converse, have a conversation; جمع البراعة من اطرافها (barā‘ata) to be a highly efficient man, be highly qualified; جمع اطراف الشيء to give a survey or outline of s.th., summarize, sum up s.th.; قص عليه طرفا (اطرافا) من حياته to tell s.o. an episode (episodes) of one’s life طرفة ṭarfa: بطرفة عين bi-ṭ. ‘ainin and في طرفة عين in the twinkling of an eye, instantly; ما -- طرفة عين (ṭarfata) not one moment طرفة ṭurfa pl. طرف ṭuraf novelty, rarity, curiosity, curio, rare object, choice item; exquisite present; masterpiece, chef-d’oeuvre; hit, high light, pièce de résistance طرفاء ṭarfā’2 (coll.; n. un. ة) tamarisk (bot.) طريف ṭarīf curious, strange, odd; novel, exquisite, singular, rare, uncommon طريفة ṭarīfa pl. طريفة tarīfa rare, exquisite thing; uncommon object or piece (e.g., of art); pl. طرائف curiosities, oddities, uncommon qualities طرافة ṭarāfa novelty, uncommonness, peculiarity, oddness, strangeness, curiosity, originality مطرف miṭraf, muṭraf shawl تطرف taṭarruf excess, excessiveness, immoderation, extravagance, extremism, extreme standpoint or position, radical attitude, radicalism طارف ṭārif newly acquired متطرف mutaṭarrif utmost, outmost, farthest outward, located at the outermost point; extreme, extremistic; radical; an extremist, a radical │ جهة متطرفة (jiha) outlying district, outskirt(s) طرق taraqa u (ṭarq) to knock, rap, bang (هـ at, on, esp. at a door); to hammer, strike with a hammer, forge (هـ s.th. esp. metal); to come over s.o. (هـ), befall (ب s.o.; of a feeling); to come (ه, هـ to, upon; also of events); to reach (هـ s.th.), get to s.th. (هـ), get as far as s.th. (هـ); to come by night │ طرق اذنه (udunahū) to strike s.o.’s ear, reach s.o.’s ear; طرق بباله (bi-bālihī) to occur to s.o., come to s.o.’s mind; طرق في ذهنه (dihnihī) do.; طرق سمعه (sam‘ahū) and طرق مسامعه to reach s.o.’s ear, come to s.o.’s knowledge or attention; طرق طريقا to tread, travel, follow, take, or use a road; طرق موضوعا to treat of a subject, discuss a 558 topic; to broach a subject, touch on a theme II to hammer, strike with a hammer, forge, extend (هـ s.th., esp. metal) IV to bow one's head in silence │ اطرق رأسه (ra’sahū) or برأسه to bow one’s head V to seek to gain access (الى to); to penetrate (الى s.th. or into s.th.) to get (الى to), reach (الى s.th.), arrive (الى at); (in a speech, and the like) to touch (الى on a subject), go into s.th. (الى), treat of s.th. (الى) │ لا يتطرق اليه شك (šakkun) not open to doubt, admitting no doubt طرقة ṭarqa (n. vic.) pl. ṭaraqāt knock, rap(ping), bang(ing) (e.g., at a door); blow; one time (= مرة), طرقتين, ṭarqatain twice طرقة ṭurqa way, road; passage, passageway, alleyway, corridor طريق ṭarīq m. and f., pl. طرق ṭuruq, طرقات ṭuruqāt way; road, highway; trail, track, path; method │ طريق الجو ṭ. al-jaww air route; طريق البحر ṭ. al-baḥr sea route; طريق رئيسي (ra’īsī) main road; طريق عام (‘āmm) public road, highway, thoroughfare; طريق عمومية (‘umūmīya) do.; عن طريق by way of, via; by means of, through; عن طريق الجو (ṭ. il-jaww) by air; من طريق by means of, through; عابر الطريق wanderer, wayfarer; قاطع الطريق pl. قطاع الطريق quṭṭā‘ aṭ-ṭ. highwayman, wayfarer, brigand; قاطع الطريق to commit highway robbery; كان في طريقه to have sense, be sensible or normal طريقة ṭarīqa pl. طرائق ṭarā’iq2, طرق ṭuruq manner, mode, means; way, method, procedure; system; creed, faith, religion; (pl. -āt, طرق ṭuruq) religious brotherhood, dervish order │ طريقة الاستعمال directions for use طرقي ṭuruqī pl. -ūn adherent of a religious brotherhood مطرق miṭraq and مطرقة miṭraqa pl. مطارق maṭāriq2 hammer مطراق miṭrāq versatile, many-sided, of varied skills or talents اطراقة iṭrāqa (n. vic.) a bowing of the head استطراق istiṭrāq transit permission, free passage or entry طارق ṭāriq pl. طراق ṭurrāq knocking, rapping, banging, striking, beating; nocturnal visitor طارقة ṭāriqa pl. طوارق ṭawāriq2 misfortune, disaster, calamity مطروق maṭrūq much-frequented, muchtraveled, well-trodden (road, trail, path) │ موضوع مطروق a much-discussed, frequently treated subject مطرق muṭriq and مطرق الرأس with bowed head طرقع ṭarqa‘a (eg.) to crack (intr., also trans.: ب or هـ s.th., e.g., a whip); to crack, crunch (هـ s.th.) طارمة ṭārima pl. -āt kiosk, booth, cabin, stall طرمبة ṭurumba pl. -āt pump طرو) and طرو (طرى ṭaruwa u, طري ṭariya a (طراوة ṭarāwa) to be or become fresh, succulent, moist, tender, soft, mild II to make fresh, succulent, moist, tender, soft, mild (هـ s.th.); to moisten, wet (هـ s.th.); to perfume, scent (هـ s.th.) IV to praise (highly), extol, laud (ه s.o.), lavish praise (ه on s.o.) طري ṭarīy fresh, succulent, new; moist; tender, soft, mild طراوة ṭarāwa freshness, succulence, moistness; tenderness, softness, mildness │ طراوة الخلق ṭ. al-kulq gentleness; softness of character اطرية iṭriya vermicelli اطراء iṭrā’ (high) commendation, praise, laudation, extolment 559 طروادة ṭirwāda2 (from Fr. Troade) Troy طازج ṭāzaj look up alphabetically طزلق (Turk. tozluk) ṭuzluq pl. طزالق ṭazāliq2 gaiter(s), legging(s) طازة ṭāza look up alphabetically طزينة (It. dozzina) pl. طزازن ṭazāzin2 dozen طست ṭast, ṭist pl. طسوت ṭusūt basin; washbasin, washbowl طشت ṭašt, ṭišt pl. طشوت ṭušūt basin; washbasin, washbowl طشقند ṭašqand Tashkent (capital of Uzbek S.S.R.) طصلق ṭaṣlaqa (eg.) to do inaccurately, perform sloppily, bungle, botch, scamp (هـ a job, work) طصلقة ṭaṣlaqa inaccurate, sloppy, or slipsbod work طعم ṭa‘ima a (ṭa‘m) to eat (هـ s.th.); to taste (هـ s.th.); to relish, enjoy, savor (A s.th.) II to graft, engraft (هـ s.th.); to inoculate, vaccinate (ب ه s.o. with); to inlay (ب هـ s.th. with, e.g., wood with ivory) IV to feed, give to eat (هـ ه s.o. s.th.), nourish (هـ ه s.o. with), serve food or drink (هـ) to s.o. (ه) │ اطعمه من جوع (jū‘) to appease s.o.’s hunger V to taste (هـ s.th.) X = V; to ask for food طعم ṭa‘m pl. طعوم ṭu‘ūm taste, flavor, savor; pleasing flavor, relish طعمية ṭa‘mīya (eg.) patty made of beans, and seasoned with onion, garlic and parsley طعم ṭu‘m graft, cion; bait, lure, decoy; (pl. طعوم ṭu‘ūm) vaccine طعم ṭa‘im tasty, savory, delicious طعمة ṭu‘ma pl. طعم ṭu‘am food; bait; quarry, catch, bag │ اصبح طعمة النيران aṣbaḥa ṭu‘mata n-nīrān to be destroyed by fire; طعمة لمدافع الحرب (li-madāfi‘i l-ḥarb) cannon fodder طعام ṭa‘ām pl. اطعمة aṭ‘ima, food, nourishment, nutriment, fare, diet; meal, repast │ اضرب عن الطعام (aḍraba) to go on a hunger strike مطعم maṭ‘am pl. مطاعم maṭā‘im2 eating house, restaurant; dining room; mess, messhall (on a ship); food │ مطعم الشعب m. aš-ša‘b and مطعم شعبي soup kitchen تطعيم taṭ‘īm inoculation, vaccination; inlay work │ تطعيم القرنية t. al-qarnīya transplantation of the cornea (med.) اطعام iṭ‘ām feeding مطعوم maṭ‘ūm tasted; already known طعن ṭa‘ana u a (ṭa‘n) to thrust, pierce, transfix (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with); to stab (ه s.o.); to defame, discredit, hurt (with words; على or في s.o., s.th.), speak evil (على or في of); to contest, challenge, impeach (في حكم a judgment), appeal (في حكم against a judgment); to refute. disprove (في s.th.); to penetrate, enter (في s.th. or into s.th.) │ طعن في السن (sinn) to be advanced in years, be old; طعن في القول (qaul) to refute a (theological) doctrine VI to thrust each other; to attack each other, battle one another طعن ṭa‘n piercing, transfixion; slandering, calumniation, defamation; appeal (في against; jur.), challenge, contestation, impeachment (في of; jur.); pl. طعون ṭu‘ūn calumnies, defamations; attacks طعنة ṭa‘na (n. vic.) pl. ṭa‘anāt stab, thrust; attack; calumny, defamation, vilification طاعون ṭā‘ūn pl. طواعين ṭawā‘īn2 plague, pestilence │ الطاعون الدملي (dummalī) bubonic plague; الطاعون البقري (baqarī) and طاعون الماشية ṭ. al-māšiya rinderpest, cattle plague, steppe murrain 560 مطاعن maṭā‘in2 (pl.) invectives, abuses (في against s.o.) طاعن ṭā‘in and طاعن في السن (sinn) aged, old, advanced in years │ رسالة طاعنة lampoon مطعون maṭ‘ūn plague-infected, plague-stricken 1طغار an Iraqi weight equaling 2000 kg, in Basra 1537 kg 2طغراء ṭugrā’ pl. -āt tughra, calligraphically intricate signature of the Ottoman Sultan, interwoven with his father’s name and his own honorific, customarily used on written decrees, state documents and coins طغرى ṭugrā = طغراء ṭugrā’2 طغام ṭagām common people, populace; lowly, insignificant طغمة ṭugma, ṭagma pl. -āt band, troop, group (طغو and طغي) طغا ṭagā u and طغى ṭagā a (ṭagy) and ṭagiya a (طغى ṭagan, طغيان ṭugyān) to exceed proper bounds, overstep the bounds, be excessive; to be rough, tumultuous, rage (sea); to overflow, leave its banks (river); to flood, overflow, inundate, deluge (على s.th.); to overcome, seize, grip, befall (على s.o.); to be tyrannical or cruel (على against s.o.), tyrannize, oppress, terrorize (على s.o.), ride roughshod (على over s.o.); -- طغى ṭagā a to predominate, prevail, preponderate (على in, at), dominate, outweigh, outbalance (على s.th.), be preponderant (على over, in comparison with s.th.) طغوان ṭugwān flood, inundation, deluge طغيان ṭugyān flood, inundation, deluge; tyranny, oppression, suppression, repression, terrorization طاغ ṭāgin pl. طغاة ṭugāh tyrant, oppressor, despot طاغ ṭāgiya tyrant, oppressor, despot; bully, brute, gorilla طاغوت ṭāgūt an idol, a false god; seducer, tempter (to error) طف II to make deficient or scanty (هـ s.th.); to be niggardly, stingy (على toward s.o.), stint (على s.o.) طفيف ṭafīf deficient; small, little, slight, trivial, trifling, insignificant, inconsiderable تطفيف taṭfīf stinting, scrimping, niggardliness, stinginess, parsimony طفئ ṭafi’a a (طفوء ṭufū’) to go out, die down, be extinguished (fire, light); to be out, have gone out (fire, lamp) IV to put out, extinguish, smother, stifle (هـ a fire), turn off, switch off (هـ light); to quench (هـ fire, thirst), slake (هـ thirst, also lime) │ اطفأ جذوة يومه واحرق فحمة ليله في العمل (jadwata yaumihi wa-aḥraqa faḥmata lailihi fī l-‘amal) to work day and night VII = طفئ ṭafi’a □ طفاية ṭaffāya fire-extinguishing device مطفأة miṭfa’a pl. مطافئ maṭāfi’ firefighting equipment, fire extinguisher, fire engine │ رجال المطافئ the fire department, the firemen اطفاء iṭfā’ putting out, quenching, extinguishing, extinction, fire fighting │ جهاز اطفاء الحريق jahāz i. al-ḥarīq firefighting equipment رجال الإطفاء the fire department, the firemen; عمليات الإطفاء ‘amalīyāt al-i. fire-fighting operations اطفائي iṭfā’ī fireman اطفائية iṭfā’īya fire department مطفأ muṭfa’ extinguished, gone out, out; mat, dull, flat, lusterless 561 طفح ṭafaḥa a (ṭafḥ, طفوح ṭufūḥ) to flow over, run over, overflow (ب with, also, e.g., the heart with generosity, etc.); to cause to overflow (ب e.g., the milk) II to fill to overflowing, fill to the brim (هـ a vessel); to overfill (هـ s.th.) IV = II طفح ṭafḥ superabundance, repletion; skin eruption, rash, exanthema (med.) طفحة ṭafḥa skin eruption, rash, exanthema (med.) طفحي ṭafḥī eruptive, exanthematic (med.) طفوح ṭufūḥ superabundance, repletion طفاحة ṭufāḥa skimmings, foam, froth طفحان ṭafḥān2, f. طفحى ṭafḥā flowing over, running over, brimful, replete, overfull, filled to overflowing مطفحة miṭfaḥa skimmer, skimming ladle طفح ṭāfiḥ flowing over, running over, brimful, replete, overfull, filled to overflowing طفر ṭafara i (ṭafr) to jump, leap, bounce │ طفرت جوانحها approx.: her bosom heaved violently (with joyous agitation) طفرة ṭafra jump, leap, bounce, bound; impulsive motion, impetuosity; upswing, rise, upturn, successful step; ṭafratan in one leap طفران ṭafrān pauper, have-not 2□ طفر ṭafar (=ثفر) crupper (of the saddle) طفش ṭafaša i (ṭafš) to run away, flee, escape (eg.) طفق ṭafiqa a (ṭafaq) with foll. imperf.: to begin, set out to do s.th.; to do s.th. suddenly على II to intrude, obtrude, impose o.s. (على upon); to sponge (على on s.o., على مائدته at s.o.’s table), live at other people’s expense V = II; to arrive uninvited or at an inconvenient time, disturb, intrude; to be obtrusive طفل ṭafl tender, soft; potter’s clay, argil طفل ṭifl pl. اطفال aṭfāl infant, baby, child طفلة ṭifla little girl طفلي ṭiflī child (adj.), baby (adj.), children’s, of or pertaining to childhood or infancy; infantile, childlike, childish │ الطب الطفلي (ṭibb) pediatrics طفل ṭafal infancy, babyhood, early childhood; childhood, childhood stage طفل ṭafla potter’s clay, argil طفال ṭufāl potter’s clay; argil; clay, loam طفالة ṭafāla infancy, babyhood, early childhood; childhood, childhood stage; initial stage, beginnings, dawn, early period طفولة tufūla infancy, babyhood, early childhood; childhood, childhood stage; children طفولية ṭufūlīya infancy, babyhood, early childhood; childhood, childhood stage طفولي ṭufūlī child (adj.), baby (adj.), children’s, of or pertaining to childhood or infancy; infantile, childlike, childish طفيلي ṭufailī uninvited guest, intruder, obtruder, sponger, hanger-on, parasite, sycophant; pl. طفيليات parasites (med., biol.) │ علم الطفيليات ‘ilm aṭ. parasitology متطفل mutaṭaffil parasitic(al); parasite, sponger, uninvited guest طفا (طفو) ṭafā u (طفو ṭafw, ṭufūw) to float, drift; to emerge, rise to the surface │ طفا به الى السطح (saṭḥ) to bring s.th. to the surface 562 طفاءة ṭufā’a anything drifting or floating, driftage, floatage, flotsam; halo (around the sun or moon) طاف ṭāfin superficial طافية ṭāfiya floating iceberg □ طفاية ṭaffāya see طفئ طق ṭaqqa u (ṭaqq) to crack, pop; to clack, smack, flap; to burst, explode طقس II to introduce into one of the orders of the ministry (Chr.) V to perform a rite, follow a ritual طقس ṭaqs weather; climate; -- (pl. طقوس ṭuqūs) rite, ritual; religious custom; order of the ministry, clerical rank (Chr.) طقسي ṭaqsī liturgical; liturgist (Chr.); الطقسيات aṭ-ṭaqsīyāt the liturgical books (Chr.) طقطق ṭaqṭaqa to crack, snap, rattle, clatter, chug, pop, crash; to crackle, (de)crepitate, rustle طقطوقة ṭaqṭūqa crash, bang; clap, thud, crack, pop; (pl. طقاطيق ṭaqāṭīq) ditty, gay, popular song طقم II to harness, bridle (هـ a horse) طقم ṭaqm pl. طقوم ṭuqūm, طقومة ṭuqūma, اطقم aṭqum a number of complementary objects or things; series; suit (of clothes); set (of tools, and the like); harness (of a horse); service (e.g., of china, etc.) │ طقم الأسنان denture, set of teeth طاقم tāqim = ṭaqm; crew (of a ship) │ طاقم الأسنان denture, set of teeth طل ṭalla u (ṭall) to bespray, besprinkle, bedrizzle, bedew (هـ s.th., esp. the sky -- the earth); -- ṭalla u to emerge, rise, loom up, come into view, appear, show IV to look down (على upon), tower (على above), command a view of s.th. (على), overlook, survey (على s.th.); to command, dominate, overtop (على s.th., e.g., the surrounding area); (of a room, window, etc.) to open (على upon, to, toward), give (على on), face (على toward); to look out, peek out, peep out (من of s.th.); to appear, show طل ṭall pl. اطلال ṭilāl dew; fine rain, drizzle طلل ṭalal pl. اطلال aṭlāl, طلول ṭulūl, used chiefly in the pl.: remains, ruins (of houses); remains, or traces, of an abandoned encampment مطلول maṭlūl: دم مطلول (dam) unavenged blood طلب ṭalaba u (ṭalab, مطلب maṭlab) to look, search (هـ, ه for s.o., for s.th.); to set out (هـ for a place). get on one’s way (هـ to), go to see (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to request (هـ s.th.), apply (هـ for); to seek, try to obtain, claim (من هـ s.th. from), ask, beg (هـ من s.o. for); to demand, exact, require (هـ الى of s.o. s.th.); to want, wish (من هـ s.th. from; الى s.o. ان to do s.th.); to call (الى upon s.o.), appeal (الى to s.o.), invite, request, entreat, beseech (الى s.o.); to order, demand (هـ من s.th. from), call (هـ for s.th., من from), call in (هـ s.th., من from); to be after s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to study III to demand back, reclaim (ب or هـ ه from s.o. s.th.), call for the return or restitution of s.th. (ب or هـ), demand, claim (ب or هـ ه from s.o. s.th.); to demand, claim (ب s.th.) V to require, necessitate, make necessary or requisite (هـ s.th.) VII pass. of I طلب ṭalab search, quest, pursuit; -- (pl. -āt) demand, claim, call (for), invitation (to), solicitation, wish, desire, request, entreaty j application, petition; order, commission; demand (com.); study │ تحت طلبه at s.o.’s disposal; عند الطلب and لدى الطلب on demand, by request, if desired, on application; O لحين الطلب li-ḥīn ṭ-ṭalab at sight (com.); العرض والطلب (‘arḍ) supply and demand; طلب العلم 563 ṭ. al-‘ilm quest of knowledge, craving for knowledge, studiousness; طلب عدم الثقة ṭ. ‘adam at-tiqa motion of “no confidence” (parl.) طلبة ṭalba litany, prayer (Chr.) طلبة ṭaliba, ṭilba desire, wish, request, demand; application طلبية ṭalabīya pl. -āt order, commission (com.) طلاب ṭallāb exacting, persistently claiming or demanding مطلب maṭlab search, quest, pursuit; -- (pl. .,.Jll.. m<الىdlib') demand, oall (for); request, wish; claim; problem, issue; pl. مطالب (claims of the government =) taxes مطالبة muṭālaba demand; cell, appeal (with genit. or ب for); claim (with genit. or ب to) طالب ṭālib pl. طلاب ṭullāb, طلبة ṭalaba seeker, pursuer; claimer, claimant; applicant, petitioner; candidate; student, scholar, also طالب العلم ṭ. al-‘ilm; pupil; a naval rank, approx.: midshipman (Eg. 1939) │ طالب ممتاز (mumtāz) a naval rank, approx.: ensign (Eg. 1939); طلاب الحاجات petitioners; طالب الزواج ṭ. az-zawāj suitor طالبي ṭālibī student’s, student- (in compounds), of or pertaining to studies or students مطلوب maṭlūb wanted (in classified ads); due, owed (money); unknown (of a quantity; math.); (pl. مطالب maṭālib2) wish, desire; pl. طلب liabilities, debts; pl. مطاليب claims مطالب muṭālib claimer, claimant; -- muṭālab one of whom s.th. or s.o. (ب) is demanded, one accountable (ب for), held answerable (ب for) متطلبات mutaṭallabāt requirements طلح ṭalaḥa u (طلاح ṭalāḥ) to be or become bad, evil, wioked, vicioUi. depraved طلح ṭalḥ (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. طلوح ṭulūḥ a variety of accacia (Acacia gummifera); banana tree; banana طلحية ṭalḥīya pl. طلاحى ṭalāḥīy sheet of paper طليحة ṭalīḥa (syr.) ream of paper طالح ṭāliḥ bed, evil, wicked, vicious, depraved, villainous 1 طلس ṭalasa i (ṭals) to efface, obliterate, blot out (هـ s.th., esp. writing) طلس ṭals effacement, obliteration طلس ṭils effaced, obliterated, blotted out (inscription); illegible 2 اطلس aṭlas2 satin; (pl. اطالس aṭālis 2) atlas, volume of geographical maps 1 طلسانةṭalasāna (eg.) coping (arch.) 2طيلسان ṭailasān pl. طيالسة ṭayālisa look up alphabetically طلسم ṭilasm, ṭilasm pl. -āt, طلاسم ṭalāsim2 talisman, a seal, or the like, inscribed with mysterious words or characters; charm, magical combination of words; pl. طلاسم cryptic characters طلع ṭala‘a u (طلوع ṭulū‘, مطلع maṭla‘) to rise, ascend, come up (esp. of celestial bodies); to come into view, appear, show, become visible; to erupt (tooth), come up, sprout, break forth (plant); to go out, get out, come out, emerge (من from); to come suddenly (على upon s.o. or s.th.), overtake (على s.o., s.th.); طلع عليه ب to take or bring to s.o. s.th.; -- ṭala‘a a u (طلوع ṭulū‘) and ṭali‘a a to mount, ascend, climb, scale (هـ s.th.); to get (هـ on top of s.th., aboard s.th., into an automobile, on a train, etc.), board (هـ a train, etc.) III to read, peruse (هـ s.th.); to study (هـ s.th.); to look (هـ at s.th.), 564 inspect, view (هـ s.th.); to acquaint (هـ s.o. ب with), make clear, elucidate, explain, expound, disclose (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), give an insight (ب ه to s.o. into), let s.o. (ه) in on s.th. (ب); to shine (هـ on s.th.; of the sun) IV to erupt (tooth), come up, sprout, break forth (plant); to acquaint (على ه s.o. with); to inform (ه s.o. من or على of or about), apprise, notify (عن or على ه s.o. of), let s.o. (ه) know (على s.th. or about s.th.), tell (على ه s.o. about); to demonstrate, point out, disclose, reveal, show (على ه to s.o. s.th.); to give an insight (على ه to s.o. into), let s.o. (ه) in on s.th. (على) V to have an eye on s.th. (الى), wait, look out (الى for); to watch (الى for); to strive, be out (الى for), be bent (الى on); to look (الى at s.o.), regard (الى s.o.); to look attentively or closely, gaze, stare (ب or في at) VIII to look; to see, behold, view (على s.th.); to study, come to know (على s.th.), become acquainted (على with), become aware or cognizant (على of), obtain information (على about), be informed (على of); to inspect, examine (على s.th.), look into s.th. (على); to know (على s.th. or of s.th.), be aware, be cognizant (على of); to be (well) informed (على about), have (inside) information (على of), be (thoroughly) acquainted (على with), be privy (على to), be in on s.th. (على); to find out, discover, detect (على s.th.) X to seek to discover, explore, scout, reconnoiter (هـ s.th.); to inquire (هـ about s.th.); to arouse curiosity (ه in s.o.) │ استطلعه رأيه (ra’yahū) to consult s.o.) ask s.o.’s advice or opinion; استطلع خبره (kabarahū) to seek information about s.o. or s.th. طلع ṭal‘ (also coll.) spadix or inflorescence of the palm tree; pollen طلعة ṭal‘a look(s), appearance, aspect, outward appearance, guise طلعة ṭula‘a inquisitive, nosy, curious طلاع ṭallā‘ striving, aspiring │ طلاع الثنايا والأنجد (tanāyā, anjud) efficient, energetic, vigorous; طلاع الى التعرف (ta‘arruf) curious, eager for news طلوع ṭulū‘ rising, going up, ascending, ascension; rise (esp. of celestial bodies); appearance; climbing, ascent (of a mountain) طليعة ṭalī‘a pl. مطالع maṭāli‘ front row, foremost rank, vanguard, avant-garde; pl. harbingers, precursors, presages, portents, first indications, symptoms; beginnings │ في الطليعة in front, at the head, in the lead مطلع maṭla‘ pl. مطالع maṭāli‘ rise, time of rising (of celestial bodies); point of ascent; starting point, point, of departure; break (e.g., of day), dawn (e.g., of an era); onset, outset, start, beginning; introduction, preface, proem; opening verses (of a poem); prelude; lookout; ladder, steps, stairs مطالعة muṭāla‘a reading, perusal, study; (pl. -āt) (official) announcement │ قاعة المطالعة reading room, study hall تطلع taṭallu‘ striving, aspiration, endeavor, aim; inquisitiveness, curiosity اطلاع iṭṭilā‘ pl. -āt study, examination, inspection; perusal; information, intelligence, knowledge; notice, cognizance; acquaintance, conversance, familiarity استطلاع istiṭlā‘ study, research, investigation, probing; scouting, reconnoitering, reconnaissance; exploration; suspense (in anticipation of s.th.) │ حب الاستطلاع ḥubb al-ist. inquisitiveness, curiosity; حبا في الاستطلاع (ḥubban) out of curiosity; طائرة الاستطلاع reconnaissance plane استطلاعي istiṭlā‘ī research-, study- (in compounds), explorational, exploratory, fact-finding; scout-, reconnaissance- (in compounds) 565 طالع ṭāli‘ pl. طوالع ṭawāli‘2 rising, ascending (esp. a celestial body); star of destiny; ascendant, nativity │ حسن الطالع ḥusn aṭ-ṭ. good fortune, lucky star, good luck; لحسن طالعي luckily for me, fortunately; سيء الطالع sayyi’ aṭ-ṭ. ill-starred, ill-fated, unfortunate, unlucky; hapless person; ساء طالعه (ṭāli‘uhū) he fell on evil days, he met with ill fortune طالعة ṭāli‘a out-set, beginning, start مطالع muṭāli‘ reader متطلع mutaṭalli‘ curious, eager, waiting (الى for) مطلع muṭṭali‘ viewer, observer; informed (على about, of), acquainted, familiar (على with), cognizant (على of), privy (على to) طلق țaluqa u (طلاقة ṭalāqa) to he cheerful, jovial, happy (face, countenance); -- ṭalaqāt u, ṭaluqat u (طلاق ṭalāq) to be divorced, get a. divorce (said of a woman); -- pass ṭuliqat (طلق ṭalq) to be in labor II to set loose, release, set free, let go (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to leave, forsake (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to repudiate, divorce (زوجته zaujatahū one’s wife); to grant a divorce decree (على against a woman; said of the judge) │ طلقت نفسها (nafsahā) she dissolved her marriage, got a divorce; طلقت عليه (ṭulliqat) she was granted a divorce from him (by judicial decree) IV to undo, loose, disengage (هـ s.th.); to free, set free (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., also chem.), release, set at liberty, let go, let off, set loose (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to send out, dispatch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to discharge (هـ a firearm), fire (هـ s.th., على at), shoot (على at); to utter, emit (هـ a sound); to let burst forth (هـ laughter); to repudiate, divorce (زوجته zaujatahu one’s wife); to generalize (هـ s.th.); to apply (هـ s.th., e.g., an expression, a designation, على to) │ اطلق عليه اسم ... (isma) to name or call s.th. ..., designate s.th. as ...; يطلق على (yuṭlaqu) it has (absolute) validity for ..., it applies to ...; اطلق الحبل على الغارب (ḥabla) to give free rein, impose no restraints, let things take their course; اطلق حربا من عقالها (ḥarban) to unleash a war; اطلق الدواء بطنه (dawā’u baṭnahū) the medicine loosened his bowels; اطلق الرصاص على (raṣāṣa) to fire, shoot at; اطلق رجليه الى الريح (rijlaihi, rīḥ) to run away head over heels, to beat it; اطلق ساقيه للريح (sāqaihī) to run away head over heels, dash off like the wind, to bolt; اطلق الارادة to give a free hand (ل to s.o. في in s.th. or to do s.th.); اطلق سبيله to release s.o., set s.o. free, let s.o. go; اطلق السبيل لعبرته (li-‘abratihī) to let one’s tears flow freely; اطلق سراحه (sarāḥahū) to set s.o. at liberty, free s.o., release s.o. (from jail or custody); اطلق العنان له to give free rein to s.o. or s.th., give vent to s.th.; اطلق لحيته (liḥyatahū) to let one’s beard grow; اطلق لسانه فيه اطلاقا شنيعا to indulge in defamatory remarks about s.o., backbite s.o.; اطلق السنتهم بـ (alsinatahum) to incite s.o., e.g., a crowd, the mob (to boisterous demonstrations, emotional outbursts, and the like); اطلق النفس على سجيتها (nafsa, sajīyatihā) he gave free rein to his instincts; اطلق النار على to open fire on, fire or shoot at; اطلق النار فى to set fire to, set s.th. on fire; اطلق يده ب (yadahū) to be openhanded with, bestow s.th. lavishly; اطلق يده في (ل) to give s.o. a free hand (in, to do s.th.), give s.o. unlimited authority for; اطلقوا ايديهم في البلاد (aidiyahum) they did as they pleased with the country, they dealt high, handedly with the country V to brighten-beam, be radiant (with joy) │ تطلق وجهها بابتسامة (wajhuhū bi-btisāma) her face broke into a radiant smile VII to be free, be loose, be set free (also chem.); to be emitted, emanate; to race along, sweep along, dash along; to hurry, rush (الى to); to be hurled off, be flung away; 566 to be discharged, be fired (firearm); to explode, go off; to burst forth, burst out, ring out (shouts, voices); to take off, start off, decamp, depart (من from); to start rolling, move off, pull out (train, vehicle); to go on, proceed on one’s way, to go away, leave; to go by, pass, elapse, (hours, years); to brighten, beam (face); with ب: to utter s.th. (tongue); with foll. imperf.: to set out to do s.th., begin or start with s.th. │ انطلق يجري (yajrī) he set out in a hurry; انطلق مسرعا (musri‘an) he went away quickly, rushed away, dashed off; انطلق لسانه (lisānuhū) to utter words against; انطلق وجهه (wajhuhū) his face brightened, became cheerful X استطلق بطنه (baṭnuhu) he had a bowel movement طلق ṭalq talc (min.); labor pains, travail; free, open, unconfined, unrestrained, unimpeded, uninhibited; free (من from), rid (من of) │ طلق المحيا ṭalq (ṭilq, ṭulq) al-muḥayyā with a happy, cheerful face, bright-faced; طلق الوجه ṭalq (ṭilq, ṭulq) al-wajh do.; طلق اللسان eloquent; في الهواء الطلق (hawā’) outdoors, in the open, under the open sky; طلق اليدين ṭ. al-yadain openhanded, liberal, generous طلق ṭilq permissible, admissible طلق ṭalaq pl. اطلاق aṭlāq run, race, foot race; (pl. -āt, اطلاق aṭlāq) shot (with a firearm) │ سريع الطلق rapid-fire (rifle, gun) لسان طلق lisān ṭaliq a facile, fluent tongue طلقة ṭalqa pl. ṭalaqāt divorce │ طلقة بالثلاثة (talāta) definite divorce طلقة ṭalaqa pl. -āt shot │ طلقة نارية do طلاق ṭalāq divorce, talak │ طلاق بالثلاثة (talāta) definite divorce; طلاق رجعي (raj‘ī) revocable (not definite) divorce; كتاب الطلاق bill of divorce; حلف بالطلاق to swear by all that’s holy طليق ṭalīq pl. طلقاء ṭulaqā’2 freed, released, set free, free; freedman; الطلقاء name of those Meccans who remained heathen until the surrender of Mecca طلاقة ṭalāqa ease, relaxedness; unrestraint; cheerfulness │ طلاقة اللسان fluency, eloquence; طلاقة الوجه ṭ. al-wajh cheerfulness of the face, gaiety طليقة ṭalīqa repudiated or divorced woman, divorcee طلوقة ṭalūqa pl. طلائق ṭalā’iq2 stallion اطلاق iṭlāq freeing, liberation; setting loose, releasing, release; dispatch(ing); application (على to); generalization; اطلاقا iṭlāqan absolutely │ على الإطلاق absolutely, unrestrictedly, without exception, in any respect, under any circumstances; اطلاق الرصاص على (i. ar-raṣāṣ) the firing at s.th., the shooting of s.o.; اطلاق السراح i. as-sarāḥ release (of s.o.); اطلاق النار (النيران) opening of fire, shelling, gunning, cannonade انطلاق intilāq outburst, outbreak, eruption, explosion, release (e.g., of forces, of energies); unrestraint, liberty │ نقطة الانطلاق nuqṭat al-inṭ. starting point, point of departure طالق tāliq (of a woman) repudiated, divorced │ هي طالق ثلاثا (talātan) she is irrevocably divorced مطلق muṭlaq free; unlimited, unrestricted, absolute; general; مطلقا muṭlaqan absolutely, unrestrictedly, without exception, in any respect, under any circumstances │ الدول ذات الحكم المطلق (duwal dāt al-ḥukm) the authoritarian states; مطلق السراح m. as-sarāḥ free, at large, at liberty متطلق mutaṭalliq cheerful, jovial, happy (face) مطلمة miṭlama rolling pin طلمبة ṭulumba pl. -āt pump 567 طلمس ṭalmasa to frown, scowl, glower, lower (طلو andطلو) طلى ṭalā i (ṭaly) to paint, daub (ب هـ s.th. with); to coat, overlay, plate (ب هـ s.th. with) │ طل هـ بالذهب (dahab) to gild s.th.; طلى هـ بالكهرباء (kahrabā’) to galvanize, electroplate s.th.; طلى هـ بالميناه (mīnā’) to enamel s.th. VII لم تنطل عليه هذه الحيلة (ḥīla) he wouldn’t be deceived by this ruse, this trick couldn’t fool him طلاء ṭilā’ coating, overlaying, plating; coat, covering (e.g., of sugar); (coat of) paint; make-up, face paint │ الطلاء بالكهرباء (kahrabā’) galvanization, electroplating طلى ṭalīy pleasant, becoming, nice, pretty طلاوة ṭalāwa beauty, gracefulness, grace, elegance الطليان aṭ-ṭulyān the Italians طليطلة ṭulaiṭila2 Toledo (town in Spain) طم ṭamma u (ṭamm, طموم ṭumūm) to overflow, flood, inundate, deluge, engulf (هـ s.th.) VII pass. of I طم ṭamm large quantity, huge amount; sea │ الطم والرم (rimm) tremendous riches طامة ṭāmma pl. -āt (overwhelming) calamity, disaster طماطة ṭumāṭa tomato طماطم ṭamāṭim2 (coll.; n. un. ة) tomatoes طمأن ṭam’ana and طأمن ṭa’mana to calm, quiet, pacify, appease, assuage, soothe (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), set s.o.’s mind at rest; to fill s.o. (ه) with confidence (الى in), reassure (الى ه s.o. of or with regard to) II تطأمن taṭa’mana = طمن VI; IV اطمأن iṭma’anna to remain quietly (في in a place); to come to rest; to be or become still, quiet, calm, tranquil, at ease, composed, or reassured, feel assured, confident, or secure; to be sure, be certain (من or الى of s.th.); to have confidence, to trust (الى in), rely, depend (الى on, upon); to make sure (على of s.th.) reassure o.s. (على of or with regard to); to find reassurance (الى in), derive confidence (الى from) طمأنينة ṭuma’nīna calm, repose, serenity, peace, peacefulness, tranquility; reassurance, peace of mind, composure, calmness, equanimity; trust, confidence اطمئنان iṭmi’nān calm, repose, serenity, peace, peacefulness, tranquility; reassurance, peace of mind, composure, calmness, equanimity; trust, confidence مطمئن muṭma’inn (of land) low, low-lying; calm, quiet, at ease, composed, (re)assured, tranquil, serene, peaceable, peaceful, safe, secure; sure, certain; trusting, confident, of good hope طمث ṭamata u and ṭamita a (ṭamt) to menstruate; -- ṭamata u i (ṭamt) to deflower (ها a girl) طمث ṭamt menstruation; menses, menstrual discharge طمح ṭamaḥa a (طموح ṭumūḥ) to turn, be directed (الى to. toward; of the eye, of glances); to aspire (الى to, after), be bent (الى on), strive, crave, long, yearn (الى for), covet (الى s.th.); to take away, remove (ب s.th.) طموح ṭumūḥ striving, endeavor, aspiration, desire, craving, coveting, longing, yearning; ambition; high aspirations, loftiness of purpose طموح ṭamūḥ high-aiming, high-aspiring, ambitious; craving, covetous, desirous, avid, eager طماح ṭammāḥ high-aiming, high-aspiring, ambitious; craving, covetous, desirous, avid, eager مطمح maṭmaḥ pl. مطامح maṭāmiḥ object of one’s longing or striving, (aspired) goal, aim, ambition, burning desire 568 طامح ṭāmiḥ high-aiming, high-aspiring; longing, yearning, craving, covetous, avid, eager 1 طمر ṭamara u i (ṭamr) to bury, inter, cover with earth (هـ s.th., esp. a corpse); ṭamara i to cover up (هـ a thing), fill up (هـ a well) طمر ṭimr pl. اطمار aṭmār old, tattered garment, fags, tatters طمر ṭimirr fiery steed, race horse مطمر miṭmar plumb line مطمور maṭmūr subterranean, underground │ O علم المطمورات ‘ilm al-maṭmūrāt paleontology مطمورة maṭmūra pl. مطامير maṭāmīr2 subterranean storehouse for grain, underground granary, mattamore 2طمر II (eg.) to curry(comb), rub down (هـ a horse) طمر ṭumār (eg.) currycomb 3طومار ṭūmār pl. طوامر ṭawāmir2 look up alphabetically طمس ṭamasa u i (ṭams, طموس ṭumūs) to be effaced, be obliterated, be erased, be wiped out, be blotted out, be destroyed, be eradicated; to lose animation, become lusterless (eye, glance); -- ṭamasa i (ṭams) to efface, obliterate, erase, expunge, blot out, wipe out, destroy, eradicate (على or هـ s.th.) VII to be effaced, be obliterated, be wiped out, be blotted out, become extinct طمس ṭams effacement, obliteration انطماس inṭimās incomprehencibleness, abstruseness طامس ṭāmis extinct, dead; blurred, indistinct; incomprehensible, abstruse, recondite, obscure طماطة ṭumāṭa tomato طماطم ṭamāṭim2 (coll.; n. un. ة) tomatoes طمطماني ṭumṭumānī barbarous, barbaric, uneducated (esp. speech, pronunciation) طمع ṭami‘a a (ṭama‘) to covet, desire (ب or في s.th.), wish, crave, strive (ب or في for), aspire (ب or في to, after); to expect (ب s.th., من from); to hope (في for); to be ambitious; -- ṭamu‘a u (طماعة ṭamā‘a) to be covetous, avid, greedy, avaricious II to make (ه s.o.) desirous (في of), fill (ه s.o.) with greed (في for); to allure, tempt, entice (ه s.o.); to give (ه s.o.) hope (في of), hold out hopes (ه to s.o., في of s.th.), embolden (ه s.o.), encourage (في ه s.o. to do s.th.) IV = II طمع ṭama‘ pl. اطماع aṭmā‘ greed, greediness, avidity, covetousness; ambitious desire, ambition; object of desire طماع ṭammā‘ avid, greedy, covetous, desirous; avaricious, grasping طماعية ṭamā‘īya avidity, greed; cupidity, avarice مطمع maṭma‘ pl. مطامع maṭāmi‘ coveted object; covetousness, craving, desire; hope, expectation; pl. ambitious designs, ambitions, schemes, aspirations, desires مطمعة maṭma‘a lure, enticement, temptation مطماع miṭmā‘ filled with greed; obsessed by ambition, overambitious طمن II to quiet, calm, appease, pacify, allay, assuage, soothe (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); see also طأمن ṭa’'mana under طمأن VI to be low; to become low, sink, subside; to calm down, be or become quiet, calm, still, to abate; to be bent over, to stoop طمان ṭamān calm, quiet, repose, peace, peacefulness, serenity, tranquility; reassurance, ease, calmness, peace of mind, composure, equanimity; trust, confidence 569 تطمين taṭmīn appeasement, mollification, calming, assuaging, soothing متطامن mutaṭāmin low (طمو and طمي) طما ṭamā u (طمو ṭumūw), طمى ṭamā i (ṭamy) to flow over طمي ṭamy (eg., syr.) alluvial mud, silt, alluvium 1طن ṭunn pl. اطنان aṭnān ton │ طن مسجل (musajjal) register ton 2 طن ṭanna i (طنين ṭanīn) to ring, sound, peal, jingle, tinkle (bell); to hum, buzz, drone (insect); to ring (ears) II = I طنين ṭanīn ring(ing), peal, jingle, tinkle, tinkling (of a bell); buzz(ing), hum(ming), drone (of an insect); ringing (of the ears) طنان ṭannān ringing, sounding, pealing, jingling, tinkling; resounding, reverberating, echoing; humming, buzzing, droning; whistle, buzzer (of a kettle); famous, renowned, celebrated طنب II to remain, abide, stay to live, settle down (ب in, at a place) IV to be excessive (في in), overdo, exaggerate (في s.th.); to brag طنب ṭunub pl. اطناب aṭnāb tent rope; sinew, tendon │ شد اطنابه (šadda) to stay, sojourn, reside; ضرب اطنابه على to settle down, take up permanent residence in a place; ضرب اطنابه في to take root, prevail (at a place) اطناب iṭnāb exaggeration; fussiness, circumstantiality, prolixity, lengthiness, verbosity طنبور ṭunbūr pl. طنابير ṭanābīr2 a long-necked, stringed instrument resembling the mandolin; a device used to raise water for irrigation, Archimedean screw; drum, cylinder (techn.) طنبوري ṭunbūrī player of the طنبور طنبوشة ṭanbūša pl. -āt paddle box (of a paddle steamer) طنجة ṭanja2 Tangier طنجي ṭanjī from Tangier; native of Tangier, Tangerine طنجرة ṭanjara pl. طناجر ṭanājir2 (copper) casserole, saucepan, skillet طنطا ṭanṭā Tanta (city in N Egypt) طنطن ṭanṭana to ring, sound, peal, jingle, tinkle (bell); to hum, buzz, drone (insect); to clang, boom, roar, rumble; to blare out (ب s.th.) طنطنة ṭanṭana ring(ing), peal, jingle, tinkle, tinkling (of a bell); hum(ming), buzz(ing), drone (of an insect); clangor, boom, roar طنف ṭunuf (ṭanaf, ṭunf) pl. طنوف ṭunūf, اطناف aṭnāf top, summit, peak (of a mountain); ledge, molding, eaves طنفسة ṭinfisa, ṭanfasa, ṭunfusa pl. طنافس ṭanāfis2 velvet-like carpet, mockado carpet طه a group of letters opening the 20th sura; Tāhā a Muslim masculine proper name طهر ṭahara, ṭahura u (ṭuhr, طهارة ṭahāra) to be clean, pure; -- ṭaharat, ṭahurat (of a woman) to be clean (as opposed to menstruating) II to clean, cleanse, deterge, expurgate, purge, purify, chasten (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to disinfect, sterilize (هـ s.th.); to dredge (هـ e.g., a canal); to circumcise (ه s.o.) III to circumcise (ه s.o.) V to clean o.s., cleanse o.s., perform an ablution طهر ṭuhr cleanness, purity; chastity طهور ṭahūr circumcision; cleansing, purging, detergent; clean, pure طهارة ṭahāra cleanness, cleanliness, purity; cultic purity (Isl. Law); chastity; holiness, sanctity, saintliness; 570 circumcision │ طهارة الذيل ṭ. ad-dail innocence; probity, uprightness, integrity, honesty مطهر maṭhar purgatory (Chr.) مطهرة maṭhara pl. مطاهر maṭāhir2 wash-room, lavatory, toilet طهر taṭhīr cleaning, cleansing, purging, expurgation, purification; disinfection; purgation, use of aperients; dredging; circumcision تطهيري taṭhīrī cleaning, cleansing, detergent طاهر ṭāhir pl. اطهار aṭhār clean, pure; chaste, modest, virtuous │ طاهر الذمة ṭ. ad-dimma upright, righteous, honest; طاهر الذيل ṭ. ad-dail innocent, pure, unblemished, blameless, upright, righteous, honest مطهر muṭahhir pl. -āt a detergent (esp. anticeptic); an anticeptic, a disinfectant مطهر muṭahhar pure, immaculate طهران ṭihrān2 Teheran (capital of Iran) طهق V to despise, detect, abhor, loathe (من s.th.) مطهم muṭahham of perfect beauty (esp. as an epithet of noble horses) طهو) and طهي) طها ṭahā u and يطهى yaṭhā (طهو ṭahw, طهي ṭuhīy, ṭahy, طهاية ṭahāya) to cook (هـ s.th.); to stew (هـ s.th.); to braise (هـ s.th.); to broil, fry (هـ s.th.); to bake (هـ s.th.) طهى ṭuhan cooked dish, cooked meal طهاية ṭihāya cook’s trade مطهى maṭhan kitchen طاه ṭāhin pl. طهاة ṭuhāh cook طواشي ṭawāšī pl. طواشية ṭawāšiya eunuch طواية ṭawwāya frying pan 1طابة ṭāba look up alphabetically 2طوب II to beatify (ه s.o.; Chr.) طوبى ṭūbā blessedness, beatitude; Beatitude (title of honor of a patriarch; Chr.) تطويب taṭwīb beatification (Chr.) 3طوب ṭub (coll.; n. un. ة) brick(s) │ طوب احمر (aḥmar) baked brick(s); طوب مفرغ (mufarrag) hollow tile(s), air brick(s); طوب ني (nayy) unburned, sun-dried briek(s) طواب ṭawwāb brick burner, brick-maker, tile-maker طوبجي ṭōbjī, (eg.) ṭobgī pl. -īya artillerist, artilleryman طوبجية ṭōbjīya artillery طوبه ṭūba the fifth month of the Coptic calendar طاح (طوح) ṭāḥa u (ṭauḥ) to perish, die; to loss one’s way, go astray, stray, wander about; to fall; to throw, cast, fling, hurl, toss, carry away, sweep away (ب s.o., s.th.) II to cause to or let perish (ه or ب s.o.); to endanger, expose to peril (ه or ب s.o.); to throwaway, toss away, hurl away (ب s.th.); to throw, cast, hurl, toss, fling (الى ب s.o. into); to carry away, transport (الى ب s.o. to, into); to move, induce, tempt (ه s.o., الى to s.th., to do s.th.) │ طرحت به الطوائح fate dealt him severe blows IV to drop, discard (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), shed (هـ s.th.); to let s.th. (ب) be swept away; to carry away, tear away, rip away (ب s.th.); to chop off (هـ s.th., esp. the head) V to fall, drop, be thrown, be tossed; to stray, wander about; to sway, reel, stagger طوائح ṭawā’iḥ2 adversities, blows of fate مطوحة muṭawwiḥa pl. -āt adventure طود VII to rise in the air, soar up طود ṭaud pl. اطواد aṭwād (high, towering) mountain 571 منطاد munṭād pl. مناطيد manāṭīd2 balloon, blimp; zeppelin, dirigible │ منطاد مقيد (muqayyad) captive balloon, kite balloon; O منطاد هوائي ثابت (hawā’ī) barrage balloon 1 طورII to develop, further, advance, promote (هـ s.th.) V to develop, evolve; to change; to race (motor) طور ṭaur pl. اطوار aṭwār one time (= Fr. fois; state, condition; limit, bound; stage, degree; phase (also phys., esp. el.) │ طورا بعد طور time and again, again and again; طورا -- طورا or حينا -- طورا sometimes -- sometimes, at times – at times; خرج عن طوره to lose one’s self-control, become upset; اخرجه عن طوره (akrajahū) to upset, discompose, disconcert s.o.; غريب الأطوار of odd behavior, eccentric طور ṭūr pl. اطوار aṭwār mountain │ طور سيناء ṭ. sīnā’ and طور سينا ṭ. sīnā Mount Sinai طوري ṭūrī wild طوار ṭawār sidewalk طوراني ṭūrānī wild; Turanian تطور taṭawwur pl. -āt development; evolution; pl. -āt stages of development, evolutionary phases, developments │ قابل التطور developable, capable of development or evolution تطوري taṭawwurī evolutional, evolutionary │ نظرية تطورية (naẓarīya) theory of evolution, evolutionism 2طار ṭār (= اطار iṭār), طارة ṭāra hoop, ring; tire; frame; wheel; tambourine 3اطار iṭār see اطر 4طورية ṭūrīya look up alphabetically طوربيد ṭurbīd pl. -āt, طرابيد ṭarābīd2 torpedo طورية ṭūrīya (eg.) pl. □ طواري ṭawārī hoe, mattock طوزلق (Turk. tozluk) gaiter(s), legging(s) طوس II to adorn, decorate, deck out (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) طاس ṭās pl. -āt round, shallow drinking cup made of metal, drinking vessel; finger bowl طاس ṭāsa pl. -āt round, shallow drinking cup made of metal, drinking vessel │ طاسة التحمير frying pan; O طاسة التصادم ṭ. at-taṣādum buffer (railroad) طاووس ṭāwūs pl. طواويس ṭawāwīs2 peacock مطوس muṭawwas ornate, ostentatiously made-up طوش II to castrate, emasculate (ه s.o.) طواشي ṭawāšī pl. طواشية ṭawāšiya eunuch طاع (طوع) ṭā‘a u (ṭau‘) to obey (ل or ه s.o.), be obedient (ل or ه to s.o.) II to render obedient, bring into subjection, subdue, subject, subjugate (ه s.o.) │ طوعت له نفسه (nafsuhū) (lit.: his soul permitted him, made it easy or feasible for him, i.e.) he allowed himself to do s.th. (هـ), he had no qualms about doing s.th. (هـ), he did not hesitate to do s.th. (هـ) III to comply with or accede to s.o.’s (هـ) wishes (على or في in, with regard to), yield, submit, be obedient (ه to s.o., على or في in), obey (ه s.o., على or في in); to be at s.o.’s (ه) command (of a faculty, skill, etc.); to consent, assent (في to s.th.) IV to obey, follow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be obedient, submit, yield (هـ ه to s.o., to s.th.), comply (هـ, ه with s.o.’s wishes, with s.th.), accede (هـ, ه to s.o.’s wishes, to s.th.) V to do voluntarily (ل or ب or هـ s.th.), volunteer (ل or ب or هـ for, in, to do s.th.); to enlist, volunteer (mil.) │ تطوع خيرا (kairan) to perform a good deed voluntarily VII to obey, follow (ل s.o., s.th.), be obedient, submit, yield, accede (ل to), comply (ل with) X to be able (هـ to do s.th.), be in a 572 position to do, to get, to carry out, or to take upon o.s. (هـ s.th.), be capable (هـ of s.th., ان of doing s.th.) طوع ṭau‘ obedience; voluntariness, spontaneity (in connection with a legally relevant action, esp. a delict; Isl. Law); (for m. and f.) obedient, compliant, submissive; طوعا ṭau‘an voluntarily, of one’s own free will, of one’s own accord │ طوعا او كرها (karhan) willingly or unwillingly, willy-nilly, whether I (you, etc.) will it or not; طوع العنان tractable, docile, amenable; طوع يده ṭau‘a yadihī under s.o.’s thumb, at s.o.’s beck and call; هو طوع ايدينا (ṭau‘a aidīnā) he is at our beck and call, he is in our power; طوع امرك/ṭau‘a amrika at your disposal طوعيا ṭau‘īyan voluntarily, of one’s own free will, of one’s own accord طيع (ṭayyi‘) obedient, compliant, submissive طاعة ṭā‘a obedience, compliance, submissiveness; (pl. -āt) pious deed (Isl. Law) │ بيت الطاعة bait aṭ-ṭ. the husband’s house to which a woman, in case of unlawful desertion, must return (Isl. Law); السمع والطاعة as-sam‘ū wa-ṭ-ṭā‘atu I hear and obey! at your service! Very well! سمعا وطاعة sam‘an wa-ṭā‘atan do. طواعية ṭawā‘īya obedience │ عن طواعية voluntarily, of one’s own free will, of one’s own accord مطواع miṭwā‘ obedient, compliant تطويع taṭwī‘ diploma of the Great Mosque of Tunis اطاعة iṭā‘a obedience تطوع taṭawwu‘ voluntariness; volunteering; voluntary service (في in a branch of the armed forces); service as an unsalaried trainee, voluntary traineeship استطاعة istiṭā‘a ability, capability, faculty; possibility طائع ṭā’i‘ obedient, compliant, submissive │ طائعا او كارها willingly or unwillingly, whether I (you, etc.) will it or not مطوع muṭawwa‘ pl. -ūn holder of the diploma issued by the Great Mosque of Tunis; -- muṭṭawwi‘ volunteer (also mil.); unsalaried trainee مطاوع muṭāwi‘ obedient, compliant, submissive; yielding, pliable, pliant; المطاوع the reflexive, frequently = the passive (gram.) │ حديد مطاوع mild steel مطيع muṭī‘ obedient, compliant متطوع mutaṭawwi‘ pl. ة volunteer (also mil.); unsalaried trainee مستطاع mustaṭā‘ possible, feasible │ قدر المستطاع qadra l-m. as far as possible, as far as it is feasible; بقدر (على قدر) المستطاع do. طاف (طوف) ṭāfa u (ṭauf, طواف ṭawāf, طوفان ṭawafān) to go about, walk about, ride about, travel about, move about, rove about, wander about, run around (هـ in s.th.), tour (هـ s.th.); to go, walk, ride, run (حول, ب around s.th.), circumambulate (حول, ب s.th.); to make the rounds, walk around (على among people); to circle, circuit, compass (حول, ب s.th.); to roam, rove, range (ب s.th.); to show around, guide (ب s.o.); to familiarize o.s., acquaint o.s. (y with); to become acquainted (ب with s.o., with s.th.), come to know (ب s.o., s.th.); - (ṭauf) to appear to s.o. (ب) in his sleep; to come (على upon s.o.), afflict (على s.o.); to overflow, leave its banks (river); to swim, float, drift II to go about, walk about, stroll about, ride about, travel about (في in), tour (في s.th.); to go or walk around s.th. (ب), circle, circumambulate (ب s.th.); to show around, guide (ب or ه s.o.); to let (ب s.th.) roam (هـ s.th.), let (ب s.th.) make the rounds 573 (ب in), let one’s eyes (ب) wander; to perform the circumambulation of the Kaaba (ṭawāf) IV to surround, encompass, encircle, circumscribe (ب s.th.) V to move about, rove, roam, wander, walk about طوف ṭauf round, circuit, beat; low wall, enclosure; (pl. اطواف aṭwāf) patrol; raft made of inflated waterskins tied together طواف ṭawāf round, circuit, beat; round trip, round-trip excursion; roundtrip flight; circumambulation of the Kaaba (as part of the Islamic pilgrimage ceremonies) طواف ṭawwāf ambulant, itinerant, migrant, roving, wandering; going the rounds, making the circuit, walking the beat; (pl. ة) mounted rural mail carrier (Eg.) │ محطة الطوافة maḥaṭṭat aṭ-ṭ. (Eg.) circuit stations which have the mail delivered by mounted rural mail carriers طوافة ṭawwāfa pl. -āt patrol boat, coastal patrol vessel (employed by the Egyptian Coast Guard) طوفان ṭūfān flood, inundation, deluge مطاف maṭāf riding about, traveling, touring; round trip │ آل (انتهى) به المطاف الى to end with, wind up with, arrive eventually at; خاتمة المطاف the end of the matter, the final issue, the upshot of it تطواف taṭwāf traveling, touring, wandering, itineration, roving life طائف ṭā’if ambulant, itinerant, migrant, roving, wandering; one going the rounds or making the circuit or walking the beat; one performing the ṭawāf │ طاف به طائف he had a sudden impulse or urge; طاف عليه طائف من القدر القاسي (qadar) tragedy befell him, he met with a harsh fate الطائف aṭ-ṭā’if Taif (town in S Hejaz) طائفة ṭā’ifa pl. طوائف ṭawā’if2 part, portion; number; troop, band, group; swarm, drove, bevy, covey; people; class; sect, denomination; confession, communion; party, faction; religious minority │ O الطائفة الاحساسية (iḥsāsīya) the impressionists; ملوك الطوائف princelings, petty kings طائفي ṭā’ifī factional, sectarian, denominational, confessionalism طائفية ṭā’ifīya sectarianism, denominationalism; confessionalism مطوف muṭawwif pl. -ūn pilgrims’ guide in Mecca طاق (طوق) ṭāqa u (ṭauq) to be able, be in a position (هـ to do s.th.), be capable (هـ of, of doing s.th.); to be able to bear or stand (هـ s.th.), bear, stand, sustain, endure (هـ s.th.) II to put a collar or necklace (طوقا ṭauqan) around s.o.’s neck; to hoop (هـ s.th., e.g., a barrel); to surround, clasp, enwrap, ring, encompass (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with), encircle (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), form or throw a circle or cordon (هـ, ه around s.o., around s.th.), enclose (هـ s.th.); to play (هـ about, e.g., a smile about the lips), flit (هـ across s.th.) │ طوقه بذراعيه (bi-dirā‘aihī) to take s.o. in one’s arms, embrace, hug, clasp s.o.; طوق عنقه ب (‘unuqahū) to present s.o. with, bestow upon s.o. s.th. IV = I (على, هـ s.th., to do s.th., of s.th. or of doing s.th.); to master (هـ a method) │ لم يطق صبرا lam yuṭiq ṣabran be could not stand or bear it, he could not control himself; شيء لا يطاق (yuṭāqu) s.th. unbearable, s.th. intolerable طوق ṭauq ability, faculty, power, strength, potency, capability, aptitude, capacity; endurance; (pl. اطواق aṭwāq) necklace; neckband, ruff, collar; hoop, circle │ طوق للنجاة (najāh) life 574 buoy; اخرجه الحزن عن طوقه (akrajahū l-ḥuznu) grief drove him out of his mind طوقي ṭauqī collar-like, loop-shaped, ring-shaped, annular طاق ṭāq pl. –āt, طيقان ṭīqān arch (arch.); (pl. -āt) stratum, layer طاقة ṭāqa pl. -āt window طاقة ṭāqa pl. -āt ability, faculty, capability, aptitude, capacity, power, strength, potency; energy (phys., etc.); capacity (of a technical apparatus); bunch, bouquet (of flowers) │ في الطاقة (with foll. maṣdar) it is possible to ...; قدر الطاقة qadra ṭ-ṭ. as far as possible, in the best way possible; على قدر طاقته according to his capability; طاقة مدخرة (muddakara) accumulated energy; potential (phys.); الطاقة الذرية (darrīya) atomic energy, atomic power; طاقة انتاجية (intājīya) productive power, productional capacity, output capacity طاقية look up alphabetically تطويق taṭwīq pl. -āt encirclement, encompassment, enclosure, surrounding, ringing اطاقة iṭāqa ability, faculty, aptitude, power, capability, capacity مطوق muṭawwaq ringdove مطاق muṭāq bearable, endurable, tolerable طوكيو tōkiyō Tokyo 1طال (طول) ṭāla u (ṭūl) to be or become long; to last long; to lengthen, grow longer, extend, be protracted, become drawn out; to surpass, excel (على or ه s.o.) │ طال به الزمن حتى (zamanu) it took a long time before he ...; يطول بي هذا this will (would) take me too long; طال الزمن او قصر (zamanu, qaṣura) sooner or later, before long II to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, prolong, extend, protract (هـ s.th.); to be very elaborate, very detailed, very exhaustive, longwinded, prolix; to grant a delay or respite (ل to s.o.) │ طول باله عليه (bālahū) to be patient with III to keep putting off (في ه s.o. in or with s.th.); to vie for power, greatness or stature, contend, compete (ه with s.o.), rival, emulate (ه s.o.) IV to make long or longer, lengthen, elongate, stretch out, extend, prolong, protract, draw out (هـ or من s.th.); to take too long, find no end │ اطال عليه to keep s.o. waiting a long time; اطال لسانه (lisānahū) to speak in a forward manner, be pert, saucy, insolent in speech; اطال النظر (naẓara) he kept staring at him; اطال الوقوف he stayed a long time VI to become long, be lengthened, be extended, be prolonged; to stretch up, stretch o.s.; to stretch (الى for), crane one'. neck (الى at); to attack (على s.o.); to become insolent, get fresh (على with s.o.); to be insolent enough, have the cheek (ل to do s.th.); to dare do s.th. (ب), presume (ب s.th.), pretend (ب to s.th.); to arrogate to o.s. (الى a rank) │ تطاول برأسه (bi-ra’sihī) to bear one’s head high (with pride) X to be or become long; to be or become overbearing, presumptuous, display an arrogant behavior (على toward) طالما ṭālamā and لطالما la-ṭālamā how often! often, frequently (with foll. verbal clause) │ طالما ان (anna) while, as, the more so as طول ṭaul might, power │ صاحب الحول والطول (ṣ. al-ḥaul) the Almighty طول ṭūl pl. اطوال aṭwāl length; size, height, tallness │ طول الاناة ṭ. al-anāh long-suffering, longanimity, forbearance, patience; طول النظر ṭ. an-naẓar farsightedness, hyperopia; خط الطول kaṭṭ aṭ-ṭ. geographical longitude, degree of 575 longitude, meridian; بالطول and طولا lengthwise, longitudinally; طول ṭūla (prep.) during, throughout, … long, e.g., طول هذه المدة (mudda) during this period, during all this time, طول النهار (nahār) all day (long); طول ما as long as; على طول (with foll. genit.) along, along, side of; على طول (eg.) straight ahead; straightway, directly; at last, finally, after all; في طول البلاد وعرضها (wa-‘arḍihā) throughout the country, all over the country; انا في طولك (eg.) have mercy on me! طولي ṭūlī of length, linear, longitudinal │خط طولي (kaṭṭ) geographical longitude, degree of longitude, meridian طول ṭuwwal a long-legged waterfowl طوال ṭawwāla, ṭiwala (prep.) during, throughout; along, alongside of طويل ṭawīl pl. طوال ṭiwāl long; large, big, tall; high; الطويل name of a poetical meter; طويلا ṭawīlan long (adv.), a long time │ طويل الأجل ṭ. al-ajal longterm, long-dated; طويل الأناة ṭ. al-anāh long-suffering forbearing, patient; طويل الباع mighty, powerful; capable, efficient; generous, liberal, openhanded; طويل الروح ṭ. ar-rūḥ long-suffering, forbearing, patient; طويل القامة tall; طويل اللسان insolent, impertinent, pert, saucy طوال ṭuwāl long طوالة ṭuwāla pl. -āt stable طيلة ṭīlata (prep.) during, throughout, … long طولاني ṭaulānī measured lengthwise, longitudinal اطول aṭwal2, f. طولى longer, larger, bigger, taller; extremely tall, very long تطويل taṭwīl lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness اطالة iṭāla lengthening, elongation, stretching, extension, prolongation, protraction; elaborateness, exhaustiveness, prolixity, long-windedness استطالة istiṭāla overbearing attitude, haughtiness, presumptuousness, arrogance طائل ṭā’il long; huge, immense, ample, enormous (of funds); use, avail; might, power, force │ طائل الصولة ṭ. aṣ-ṣaula mighty, powerful, forceful; دون طائل and لا طائل تحته (فيه) (ṭā’ila) of no use, of no avail, useless, unavailing, futile; ما فاز بطائل to accomplish nothing, be unsuccessful, fail طائلة ṭā’ila might, power, force; vengeance, revenge, retribution, retaliation │ وقع تحت طائلة القانون to be subject to punishment by law; تحت طائلة الموت (ṭ. il-maut) under penalty of death مطول muṭawwal elaborate, detailed, exhaustive, circumstantial متطاول mutatāwil long-extended, long-stretched, long-protacted, prolonged, lengthy مستطيل mustaṭīl long, oblong, elongate(d), long-stretched; protracted, prolonged, long drawn out; a rectangle, an oblong; a saucy, presumptuous person 3طاولة look up alphabetically طولكرم Tulkarm (town in NW Jordan) طومار ṭūmār pl. طوامير ṭawāmīr2 roll, scroll نهر الطونة nahr aṭ-ṭūna the Danube river طونولاطة (It. tonnellata) ṭōnolāṭa ton طوى ṭawā i (طي ṭayy) to fold, fold up, fold in, fold over, fold under, roll up (هـ s.th.); to shut, close (هـ a book); to keep secret, secrete, conceal, hide (هـ s.th.); to harbor, hold, contain (هـ s.th.); to swallow up, envelop, wrap up. Enwrap 576 (ه s.o.; of the dark of night); to settle finally, bury (ه the past), have done with s.th. in the past (هـ); to cross, traverse (هـ s.th., esp. a country); to cover quickly (هـ the way, the distance, الى to); to spend, pass (هـ a period of time) ; to possess o.s. take possession (هـ of), appropriate (هـ s.th.); pass. طوى على ṭuwiya ‘alā (= to be folded around or over, i.e.) to bear (within itself), harbor, contain, involve s.th. │ طوى الأرض طيا (l-arḍa ṭayyan) to rush through a country; .l.~ .s). (biodlaAu) to be finished, be done, come to an end, finish; طوى البساط بما فيه to settle an affair once and for all, wind up an affair; طوى جوانحه على (jawāniḥahū) to harbor s.th., conceal s.th. in one’s heart; طوى كشحه (كشحا) على (kašḥahū, kašḥan) and طوى صدره على (ṣadrahū) to harbor or look (a secret) in one’s bosom, keep s.th. secret, secrete, conceal, hide s.th.; طوى صفحته (ṣafḥatahū) to have done with s.th., be through with s.th., give up, abandon s.th.; طوى الطريق الى to hurry or rush to; طوى الماضى طي السجل للكاتب (l-māḍiya ṭayya s-sijilli) to break with the past, let bygones be bygones; -- طوي ṭawiya a (طوى ṭawan) to be hungry, suffer hunger, starve IV = ṭawiya V to coil (snake) VII to be folded, be folded up, in, over, or under, be rolled up, be turned (over) (page, leaf), be shut (book, etc.); to go by, pass, elapse (time); to disappear, vanish; to be covered (distance); to be bidden, be concealed (تحت under), be enveloped, be wrapped (تحت in); to contain, comprise, encompass, comprehend, embrace, involve, include (على s.th.); to harbor, nurse, bear (هـ feelings, esp. hatred, love) │ انطوى على نفسه to withdraw within o.s., be self-centered, be introverted طي ṭayy concealment, biding; (pl. اطواء aṭwā’) fold, pleat │ طيه ṭayyahū and طي هذا (ṭayya) herein enclosed, herewith (in a letter); في طي الغيب (ṭ. il-gaib) secretly, covertly; تحت (في) طي الكتمان (ṭ. il-kitmān) under the seal of secrecy; في اطواء (with foll. genit.) in طية ṭayya pl. -āt fold, pleat │ حمل بين طياته involve, comprise, contain طية ṭīya intention, design │ مضى (ذهب) لطيته he went to his destination; he left in order to do what he had in mind; he went his way طوى ṭawan hunger; mat │ على الطوى on an empty stomach, without having eaten طوية ṭawīya pl. طوايا ṭawāyā fold, pleat; innermost thoughts, real conviction, true mind; intention, design; conscience │ سليم الطوية guileless artless; في طوايا (with foll. genit.) inside, within, in, amid طواية ṭawāya pl. -āt frying pan مطوى maṭwan pl. مطاو maṭāwin pocket knife, penknife; pl. folds, pleats │ في مطاوى (with foll. genit.) inside, within, in, amid; في مطاويه inwardly, at heart, in his bosom مطواة miṭwah pocket knife, penknife انطواء inṭiwā’ introversion (psych.) │ الانطواء على النفس (nafs) do. انطوائي inṭiwā’ī introverted (psych.) طاو ṭāwin starved │ طاو البطن ṭ. l-baṭn starved, lean, emaciated مطوي maṭwīy folded up, infolded, rolled up, etc.; مطوي على bearing (within itself), harboring, containing, involving s.th. │ مطوى الضلوع على harboring s.th. in one’s bosom منطو munṭawin: منطو على نفسه self-absorbed, low-spirited, depressed 1طاب (طيب) ṭāba i (ṭīb, طيبة ṭība) to be good, pleasant, agreeable; to be or become 577 delightful, delicious; to please (ل s.o.), be to s.o.’s (ل) liking; to be or become ripe, to ripen; to regain health, recover, recuperate, convalesce │ طابت ليلتكم (lailatukum) may your night be pleasant! good night! طابت نفسه (nafsuhū) he was gay, cheerful, cheery, in good spirits, he felt happy; طاب نفسا عن (nafsanl) to give up s.th. gladly, renounce s.th. willingly; طابت نفسه اليه (nafsuhū) he had a liking for it, it was to his taste II to make (هـ s.th.) good, pleasant, agreeable, delightful, delicious, or sweet, to sweeten (هـ s.th.); to scent, perfume (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to spice, season (هـ food), mull (هـ wine); to sanitate, improve (هـ air, drinking water); to heal, cure (ه s.o.); to massage (ه s.o.) │ طيب خاطره to mollify, soothe, placate, conciliate s.o., set s.o.’s mind at rest; طيب الله ثراه (tarāhu) may God make his earth light (a eulogy added after mentioning the name of a pious deceased) III to joke, jest, banter, make fun (ه with s.o.) IV to make (هـ s.th.) good, pleasant, agreeable, delightful, delicious, or sweet, to sweeten (هـ s.th.) V to perfume o.s. X استطاب and استطيب istaṭyaba to find or deem (هـ s.th.) good, pleasant, agreeable, delightful, delicious, sweet; to like (هـ s.th.), be fond (هـ of) طيب ṭīb goodness; (pl. طيوب ṭuyūb) scent, perfume │ طيب العرق ṭ. al-‘irq noble birth, noble descent; جوز الطيب jauz aṭ-ṭ. nutmeg طيب ṭayyib good; pleasant, agreeable; delicious; gay; well-disposed, friendly, kindly; well, in good health │ طيب الخلق ṭ. al-kulq good-natured, genial; طيب الريحة sweet-smelling, fragrant, sweet-scented; طيب العرق ṭ. a1-‘irq highborn, of noble descent; طيب النفس ṭ. an-nafs gay, cheerful, cheery, in high spirits طيبات ṭayyibāt nice, pleasant things; gustatory delights, pleasures of the table طيبة ṭība goodness; good nature, geniality │ عن طيبة خاطر gladly, most willingly, with pleasure طوبى ṭūbā blessedness, beatitude; Beatitude (title of honor of a patriarch; Chr.) طياب ṭayāb, ṭiyāb (eg.) north wind طياب ṭayyāb pl. -ūn masseur اطيب aṭyab2 better; -- pl. اطايب aṭāyib2 the best parts (of s.th.); pleasures, comforts, amenities; delicacies, dainties مطايب maṭāyib2 comforts, amenities (e.g., of life) مطايبة muṯāyaba pl. -āt banter, joke, jest, teasing remark طائب ṭā’ib unobjectionable (ل for; Isl. Law) مطيب muṭayyab bouquet, bunch (of flowers) 2طيبة ṭība2 Thebes طاح (طيح) ṭaḥa i (ṭaiḥ) to perish, die II to lose (هـ s.th.) طار (طير) ṭāra i (طيران ṭayarān) to fly; to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (الى to); to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; طار ب to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) │ طار بخياله (bi-kayālihī) to let one’s imagination wander to; طار له صيت في الناس (ṣīt) his fame spread among people, he became well-known; طار طائره (ṭā’iruhū) to become angry, blow one’s top; طار عقله (‘aqluhū) to lose one’s mind, go crazy; طار فؤاده (روحه) شعاعا (fu’āduhū, rūḥuhū ša‘ā‘an) his mind became confused, he became all mixed up; طار فرحا (faraḥan) to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed; طار بلبه (bi-lubbihī) to drive s.o. out of his mind; طار بصوابه (bi-ṣawābihī) to make s.o. unconscious II to make or let fly (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), to fly, send up (هـ s.th., e.g., a balloon, a kite); to pass on 578 promptly, dispatch posthaste, forward without delay, rush, shoot (الى هـ s.th. to, esp. a report, a message); to knock out (هـ s.th., e.g., an eye, a tooth) │ طير رأسه (ra’sahū) to chop off s.o.’s head, behead s.o. IV to make or let fly (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), to fly (هـ s.th.): to blow away (هـ s.th.; of the wind); to make (هـ s.th.) disappear at once, dispel (هـ s.th.) V to see an evil omen (من or ب in) VI to be scattered, be dispersed, scatter, disperse, spread, diffuse; to be exuded, rise (fragrance); to fly apart, fly about, fly in all directions (esp. sparks); to vanish, disappear, be dispelled X to make fly, cause to fly (هـ s.th.); to knock (هـ s.th.) out of s.o.’s hand; to alarm or upset seriously (ه s.o.), agitate, excite (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); = VI; pass. استطير ustuṭīra to be terrified │ استطير عقله (‘aqluhū) to go out of one’s mind (with astonishment or fright) طير ṭair (coll. and n. un.) pl. طيور ṭuyūr, اطيار aṭyār birds, bird; augury, omen; طيور poultry; fowl │ طيور جارحة predatory birds, birds of prey; علم الطيور ‘ilm aṭ-ṭuyūr ornithology; كأن على رؤوسهم الطير (ka’anna, ṭaira) motionless or silent with awe طيرة ṭaira commotion, agitation (of anger, wrath); flight; female bird طيرة ṭīra, ṭiyāra evil omen, portent, foreboding طيار ṭayyār flying; evanescent, fleeting; volatile (liquid); floating, wafting, hovering; (pl. -ūn) flyer, aviator, pilot │ زيوت طيارة volatile oils; طيار اول (awwal) a military rank, approx.: first lieutenant of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); طيار ثان (ṭānin) approx.: second lieutenant of the Air Force (Eg. 1939) طيارة ṭayyāra pl. -āt aviatrix, woman pilot; airplane, aircraft, kite (toy) │ طيارة رياضية (riyāḍīya) sport plane; طيارة قذافة (qaddāfa) bomber; طيارة مائية seaplane طيران ṭayarān flying, flight; aviation, aeronautics │ طيران بهلواني (bahlawānī) stunt flying; طيران شراعي (širā‘ī) glider flying, gliding; خطوط الطيران airlines; سلاح الطيران air force; وزير الطيران minister of aviation مطار maṭār pl. -āt airfield, airport │ O مطار عائم aircraft carrier مطارة maṭāra airfield, airport مطير maṭīr airfield, airport تطير taṭayyur pessimism طائر ṭā’ir flying; flyer, aviator, pilot; (pl. -āt, طير ṭair) bird; omen, presage │ سكون الطائر graveness, sedateness; على الطائر الميمون (maimūn) good luck │ Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey); طار طائره (ṭā’iruhū) to become angry, blow one’s top طائرة ṭā’ira pl. -āt airplane, aircraft │ على متن الطائرة (maṭni ṭ-ṭ.) aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling); طائرة بحرية (baḥrīya) seaplane; O طائرة دورية (daurīya) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane; طائرة شراعية (širā‘īya) sailplane, glider; طائرة المطاردة ṭ. al-muṭārada fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor; طائرة عمودية (‘amūdīya) helicopter; طائرة القتال light bomber, combat plane; طائرة المقاتلة ṭ. al-muqāṭala do.; O طائرة الانقضاض or طائرة انقضاضية dive bomber; طائرة مائية seaplane; طائرة نفاثة (naffāṭa) jet plane; طائرة النقل ṭ. an-naql transport (plane); O حاملات الطائرات and O ناقلات الطائرات aircraft carrier متطير mutaṭayyir pessimist مستطير mustaṭīr imminent, impending, threatening (of disaster); scattered, dispersed; spread out, spread all over, scattered about; widespread; pessimist طاش (طيش) ṭāša i (ṭaiš, طيشان ṭayašān) to be inconstant, changeable, fickle, lightheaded, thoughtless, heedless, frivolous, reckless, undecided, confused, helpless, 579 aimless, desultory; to miss the mark (of an arrow, also عن الغرض); to stray (عن from the target), miss (عن a spot, e.g., said of the hand) │ طاش سهمه (sahmuhū) to be on the wrong track, bark up the wrong tree, be unsuccessful, fail; طاش صوابه (ṣawābuhū) to lose one’s head طيش ṯaiš inconsistency, fickleness; recklessness, heedlessness, rashness; thoughtlessness; lightheadedness, levity, frivolity طياشان ṭayašān inconstancy, fickleness; recklessness, heedlessness, rashness; thoughtlessness; lightheadedness, levity, frivolity طياشة ṭiyāša inconstancy, fickleness; recklessness, heedlessness, rashness; thoughtless; lightheadedness, levity, frivolity طائش ṭā’iš inconstant, changeable, fickle; lightheaded, frivolous; thoughtless, heedless, reckless; undecided, confused, perplexed, helpless; aimless, desultory, purposeless طاف (طيف) ṭāfa i (ṭaif) to appear to s.o. (ب) in his sleep (of a specter) طيف ṭaif pl. اطياف aṭyāf, طيوف ṭuyūf fantacy, phantasm; vision, apparition; phantom, specter, ghost; spectrum (phys.) طيفي ṭaifī spectral, spectroscopic مطياف miṭyāf spectroscope │ مطياف مصور (muṣawwir) spectrograph طيلة see طول طيلسان ṭailasān pl. طيالسة ṭayālisa a shawl-like garment worn over head and shoulders طين II to daub or coat with clay (هـ s.th.) طين ṭīn pl. اطيان aṭyān clay, potter’s clay, argil; soil; basis, foundation │ الطين الخزفي (kazafī) kaolin, porcelain clay; زاد الطين بلة zāda ṭ-ṭīna ballatan to make things worse, aggravate or complicate the situation طينة ṭīna clay, potter’s clay, argil; stuff, material, substance (of which s.th. is made); kind, specific character, disposition, constitution, nature طيان ṭayyān mortar carrier, hod carrier ظ ظاء ẓā’ name of the letter ظ ظئر ẓi’r wet nurse ظبي ẓaby pl. ظباء ẓibā’ gazelle (Gazella dorcas) ظبية ẓabya pl. ẓabayāt female gazelle ظر ẓirr sharp-edged stone, flint ظربان ẓaribān, ẓirbān pl. ظرابين ẓarābīn2, ظرابي ẓarābīy polecat, fitchew ظرف ẓarufa u (ẓarf, ظرافة ẓarāfa) to be charming, chic, nice, elegant, neat; to be witty, full of esprit II to adorn, embellish, polish (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), impart charm (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to put (هـ s.th.) into an envelope, cover or wrap, to envelop, wrap up, cover (هـ s.th.) V to affect charm or elegance, display affectedness; to show o.s. elegant, witty, full of esprit VI = V; I to deem or find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) elegant, charming, adroit, witty, etc. ظرف ẓarf elegance, gracefulness, grace, charm; cleverness, resourcefulness; 580 wittiness, esprit; -- (pl. ظروف ẓurūf) vessel, receptacle, container; covering, wrap, cover; (letter) envelope; capsule, case; (gram.) adverb denoting place or time; pl. ظروف circumstances, conditions │ بظرف or في ظرف within, in a (given) period of; ظروف مخففة (mukaffifa) and ظروف التخفيف extenuating circumstances; ظروف مشددة (mušaddida) aggravating circumstances; بحسب الظروف bi-ḥasabi aẓ-ẓ. according to circumstances, depending on the circumstances ظرفي ẓarfī adverbial │ بينة ظرفية (bayyina) or دليل ظرفي dalīl circumstantial evidence ظريف ẓarīf pl. ظرفاء ẓurafā’2, f. ظرائف ẓarā’if elegant, graceful, charming; full of esprit, witty, nice, fine ظرافة ẓarāfa elegance, gracefulness, grace, charm; esprit, wittiness تظريف taẓrīf wittiness, brilliant and witty manner تظرف taẓarruf gracefulness, grace, elegance, charm, wittiness, esprit مظروف maẓrūf pl. مظاريف maẓārīf2 envelope متظرف mutaẓarrif elegant, dandy, fop مستظرف mustaẓraf elegant │ اصناف مستظرفة luxury articles, fancy goods ظعن ẓa‘ana a (ẓa‘n) to move away, leave, depart ظعن ẓa‘n departure, start, journey, trek (esp. of a caravan) ظعينة ẓa‘īna pl. ظعن ẓu‘un, اظعان aẓ‘ān camel-borne sedan chair for women; a woman in such a sedan ظاعن ẓā‘in ephemeral, transient, transitory ظفر ẓafira a (ẓafar) to be successful, succeed, be victorious, be triumphant; to gain a victory (على or ب over), conquer, vanquish, defeat, overcome, surmount, overwhelm (على or ب s.o., s.th.), get the better (على or ب of s.o., of s.th.); to seize (على or ب s.o., s.th.), take posession (على or ب of s.o., of s.th.); to get, obtain, attain, achieve, gain, win (على or ب s.th.) II to grant victory (على or ب ه to s.o. over), make (ه s.o.) triumph, render (ه s.o.) victorious (على or ب over) IV = II; VI to ally, enter into an alliance or confederacy, join forces (على against) ظفر ẓufur, ẓufr, ẓifr pl. اظفار aẓfār, اظافر aẓāfir2, اظافير aẓāfīr2 nail, fingernail; toenail; claw, talon │ من (منذ) نعومة اظفاره from (the days of) his earliest youth, since his earliest youth or adolescence; ناعم الظفر youthful, of tender age ظفر ẓafar victory, triumph ظفر ẓafir victorious, successful, triumphant; (pl. ظفران) young man, youth (ḥij.) اظفور uẓfūr pl. اظافير aẓāfīr2 nail, fingernail, toenail; claw, talon ظافر ẓāfir victorious, triumphant; successful; victor, conqueror مظفر muẓaffar victorious, successful, triumphant ظل ẓalla (1st pers. perf. ẓaliltu) a (ẓall. ظلول ẓulūl) to be; to become, turn into, grow into; (with foll. imperf., participle or على:) to continue to do s.th., go on doing s.th., persevere in doing s.th., stick to s.th., remain, persist in, e.g., ظل يسكن البيت (yaskunu l-baita) he continued to live in the house; ظل صامتا he remained silent, persisted in his silence; ظل على موقف (mauqif) to persist in a standpoint or attitude II to shade, overshadow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), cast a shadow (هـ, ه over s.o., over s.th.); to screen, shelter, protect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to preserve, guard, maintain, keep up 581 (هـ s.th.) IV = II; V to be shaded (ب by), sit in the shadow (ب of) X = V; to protect o.s. from the sun (ب by or through s.th.), hide in the shadow (ب of s.th.), seek the shadow (ب of s.th.); to place s.o. under the protection or patronage of s.o. (ب), seek shelter or refuge with s.o. (ب), be under the patronage or protection of s.o. (ب) ظل ẓill pl. ظلال ẓilāl, ظلول ẓulūl, اظلال aẓlāl shadow, shade, umbra; shelter, protection, patronage; shading, hub; slightest indication, semblance, trace, glimpse (of s.th.); tangent (geom.) │ في ظل (with foll. genit.) under the protection or patronage of, under the auspices of; under the sovereignty of; تحت ظل under the protection or patronage of, under the auspices of; ثقيل الظل insufferable, repugnant (of a person); خفيف الظل likable, nice (of a person); استثقل ظله (istatqala) to dislike s.o., find s.o. in sufferable, unbearable, a bore; تقلص (قلص) ظله taqallaṣa ẓilluhū his prestige or authority faded, diminished; it decreased, diminished, dwindled away, waned ظلة ẓulla pl. ظلل ẓulal awning. marquee, canopy, sheltering hut or tent, shelter; shack, shanty; kiosk, stall; beach chair ظليل ẓalīl shady, shaded, umbrageous مظلة miẓalla, maẓalla pl. -āt, مظال umbrella, parasol, sunshade; lamp shade; awning; O veranda, porch │ عيد المظلة ‘īd al-m. Feast of Tabernacles, Sukkoth (Jud.); مظلة واقية (wāqiya) parachute; مظلة هابطة do.; جندي المظلة jundī al-m. pl. جنود المظلات (المظلة) paratrooper مظلى miẓallī pl. -ūn paratrooper; pl. paratroops, airborne troops مظلل muẓallil shady, shadowy, umbrageous, shading, causing shadow مظل muẓill shady, shadowy, umbrageous, shading, causing shadow ظلع ẓala‘a a (ẓal‘) to limp, walk with a limp, walk lamely ظلع ẓali‘ lame ظلف ẓilf pl. ظلوف ẓulūf, اظلاف cloven hoof ظلم ẓalama i (ẓalm, ẓulm) to do wrong or evil; to wrong, treat unjustly, ill-treat, oppress, beset, harm, suppress, tyrannize (ه s.o.), commit outrage (ه upon s.o.); to act the tyrant, act tyrannically (ه toward or against s.o.); -- ẓalima a and IV to be or grow dark, dusky, gloomy, murky, tenebrous, darken, darkle V to complain (من of, about) VII and VIII اظلم iẓẓalama to suffer injustice, be wronged ظلم ẓulm wrong; iniquity; injustice, inequity, unfairness; oppression, repression, suppression, tyranny; ظلما ẓulman unjustly, wrongfully ظلمة ẓulma pl. -āt, ẓulumāt, ẓulamāt, ظلم ẓulam darkness, duskiness, gloom, murkiness │ بحر الظلمات baḥr aẓ-ẓ. the Atlantic Ocean ظلماء ẓalmā’2 darkness │ ليلة ظلماء (laila) pitch-dark night ظلام ẓalām darkness, duskiness, gloom, murkiness ظلام ẓalām evildoer, villain, malefactor, rogue, scoundrel, tyrant, oppressor ظليم ẓalīm pl. ظلمان ẓilmān male ostrich ظلامة ẓulāma pl. -āt misdeed, wrong, iniquity, injustice, outrage ظلامة aẓlam2 darker, duskier, gloomier, murkier; a viler, more infamous, more heinous villain مظلمة maẓlima pl. مظالم maẓālim2 misdeed, wrong, iniquity. act of injustice, outrage اظلام iẓlām darkness, gloom 582 ظالم ẓālim pl. -ūn, ظلام ẓullām, ظلمة ẓalama unjust, unfair, iniquitous, tyrannical, oppressing; tyrant, oppressor; offender, transgressor, sinner مظلوم maẓlūm wronged, ill-treated, unjustly treated, tyrannized مظلم muẓlim dark, dusky, gloomy, tenebrous, murky ظمئ ẓami’a a (ظمأ ẓama’, ظماء ẓamā’, ظماءة ẓamā’a) to thirst, be thirsty II to make (ه s.o.) thirst ظمء ẓim’, ظمأ and ظماء ẓamā’ thirst ظمآن ẓam’ān, f. ظمأى ẓam’ā thirsty ظامئ ẓāmi’ thirsty ظن ẓanna (1st pers. perf. ẓanantu) u (ẓann) to think, believe, assume, presume, suppose (هـ s.th.); to bold, think, deem, consider (هـ or ه ه s.o. to be s.o. or s.th.; هـ هـ s.th. to be s.th.); to suspect (ب or ه s.o.) │ ظنه يفعل to think s.o. capable of doing s.th., believe of s.o. that he would do s.th.; لا اظن احدا ينكر (aḥadan yunkiru) I don’t think that anyone can deny; لا اظنك تخالفني (tukālifunī) I don’t believe that you can contradict me; ظن فيه القدرة على (qudrata) he considered him capable of ...; ظن به الظنون (ẓunūna) to think ill of s.o., have a low opinion of s.o.; ظن به الغباء (gabā’a) to suspect s.o. of stupidity IV to suspect (ه s.o.) V to surmise, form conjectures ظن ẓann pl. ظنون ẓunūn opinion, idea, assumption, view, belief, supposition; doubt, uncertainty │ حسن الظن ḥusn aẓ-ẓ. good opinion; سوء الظن sū’ aẓ-ẓ. low opinion, distrust; في اغلب الظن or في اكثر الظن most probably, most likely; اكثر الظن ان it is very likely that ...; ظنا منه ان (ẓannan) since he believed that ...; ما ظنك ب (ẓannuka) what is one to think of ...; حسن ظنه ب (ḥasuna ẓannuhū) to have a good opinion of s.o., think well of s.o.; احسن الظن ب (aḥsana ẓ-ẓanna) do.; ساء به ظنا to have a low opinion of s.o., think ill of s.o.; اساء الظن ب (asā’a) do. ظني ẓannī resting on mere assumption, presumptive, supposed, hypothetical ظنة ẓinna pl. ظنن ẓinan suspicion, misgiving ظنين ẓanīn suspicious, suspect(ed); unreliable, untrustworthy (على with regard to); a suspect ظنون ẓanūn suspicious, distrustful مظنة maẓinna pl. مظان maẓānn2 time or place where one expects s.th.; (with foll. genit. or suffix) place where s.th. or s.o. is presumably to be found, its most likely location, the most likely place for it (or him) to be; suspicion, misgiving │ التمسته في مظانه I looked for him where I expected to find him, where he presumably was; في غير مظانه in places where he couldn’t possibly be مظنون maẓnūn supposed, presumed, assumed; suspicious, suspect(ed) ظنبوب ẓanbūb pl. ظنابيب ẓanābīb2 shinbone ظهر ẓahara a (ظهور ẓuhūr) to be or become visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, clear, apparent, evident, obvious (ل to s.o.), come to light, appear, manifest itself, come into view, show, emerge, crop up; to appear, seem (ل to s.o.); to break out (disease); to come out; to appear, be published (book, periodical); to arise, result (من from); to ascend, climb, mount (هـ s.th.); to gain the upperhand, to triumph (على over), get the better (على of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (على s.o.); to get (على s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (على of), come to know (على s.th.), become acquainted (على with); to know (على s.th.); to learn, 583 receive information (على about); to be cognizant (على of); to learn (على s.th.) II to endorse (هـ a bill of exchange) III to help, assist, aid, support (ه s.o.) IV to make visible, make apparent, show, demonstrate, present, produce, bring to light, expose, disclose, divulge, reveal, manifest, announce, proclaim, make known, expound, set forth (هـ s.th.); to develop (هـ film; phot.); to grant victory (على ه to s.o. over), render victorious (على ه s.o. over); to acquaint (على ه s.o. with s.th.), initiate (على ه s.o. into s.th.), give knowledge or information (على ه to s.o. about), inform, enlighten (على ه s.o. about), explain (على ه to s.o. s.th.); to let (ه s.o.) in on s.th. (على), make (ه s.o.) realize (على s.th.); to show, reveal (على ه to s.o. s.th.); to articulate fully VI to manifest, display, show outwardly, exhibit, parade (ب s.th.); to feign, affect, pretend, simulate, (ب s.th.), act as if, make out as if (ب); to demonstrate, make a public demonstration; to help one another, make common cause (على against) X to show, demonstrate, expose (هـ s.th.); to memorize, learn by heart (هـ s.th.); to know by heart (هـ s.th.); to seek help, assistance, or support (ب with), appeal for help, for assistance (ب to س.o.); to overcome, surmount, conquer, vanquish (على s.o., s.th.), have or gain the upperhand (على over), get the better (على of) ظهر ẓahr cast iron │ ظهر الحديد and حديد الظهر see زهر ظهر ẓahr pl. ظهور ẓuhūr, اظهر aẓhur back; rear, rear part, rear aide, reverse; flyleaf; deck (of a steamer); upper part, top, surface; ظهورات ẓuhūrāt (as a genit.; eg.) pro tempore, provisional, temporary │ سلسلة الظهر silsilat aẓ-ẓ. spine, vertebral column; ظهرا لبطن ẓahran li-baṭnin upside down, topsy-turvy; ظهرا على عقب (‘aqib) from the ground up, radically, entirely, completely; بظهر الغيب bi-ẓ. il-gaib behind s.o.’s back, insidiously, treacherously; secretly, stealthily, clandestinely; بين اظهرهم in their midst, among them; من بين اظهرنا from our midst, from among us; على ظهر on (e.g., on the ground, on the water. etc.), على ظهر الباخرة on board the steamer; عن ظهر القلب (ẓ. al-qalb), عن ظهر قلب (ẓ. qalbin) or عن ظهر الغيب (ẓ. il-gaib) by heart; مستخدم ظهورات (mustakdam) temporary employee ظهر ẓuhr pl. اظهار aẓhār noon, midday; (f.) midday prayer (Isl. Law) │ بعد الظهر in the afternoon, p.m.; قبل الظهر in the forenoon, a.m. ظهري ẓihrī: نبذه (طرحه) ظهريا to pay no attention to s.th., not to care about s.th. disregard s.th. ظهير ẓahīr helper, assistant, aid, supporter; partisan, backer; back (in soccer); (mor.) decree, edict, ordinance ظهور ẓuḥūr appearance; visibility, conspicuousness; pomp, splendor, show, ostentation, window-dressing │ حب الظهور ḥubb aẓ-ẓ. ostentatiousness, love of pomp; عيد الظهور ‘īd aẓ-ẓ. Epiphany (Chr.) الظهران aẓ-ẓahrān Dhahran (town in extensive oil region of E Saudi Arabia) بين ظهرانيهم baina ẓahrānaihim in their midst, among them ظهارة ẓahāra outside, right side (of a garment); blanket (e.g., of a mule) ظهيرة ẓahīra noon, midday, midday heat اظهر aẓhar2 more distinct, more manifest, clearer مظهر maẓhar pl. مظاهر maẓāhir2 (external) appearance, external make-up, guise; outward bearing, comportment, conduct, behavior; exterior, look(s), sight, view; semblance, aspect; bearer or object of a phenomenon, object in which s.th. 584 manifests itself; phenomenon; symptom (med.); pl. manifestations, expressions │ مظاهر الحياة m. al-ḥayāh manifestations of life (biol.); في المظهر externally, in outward appearance, outwardly تظهير taẓhīr endorsement, transfer by endorsement (of a bill of exchange; com.) ظهار ẓihār pre-Islamic form of divorce, consisting in the words of repudiation: you are to me like my mother’s back (انت علي كظهر امي anti 'alayya ka-ẓahri ummī) مظاهرة muẓāhara assistance, support, backing; (pl. -āt) (public) demonstration, rally اظهار iẓhār presentation, exposition, demonstration, exhibition, disclosure, exposure, revelation, announcement, declaration, manifestation, display; developing (phot.) تظاهر taẓāhur dissimulation, feigning, pretending, pretension; hypocrisy, dissemblance; (pl. -āt) (public) demonstration, rally ظاهر ẓāhir (of God) mastering, knowing (على s.th.); visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, obvious, conspicuous, clear, patent, evident, apparent; external, exterior, outward; seeming, presumed, ostensible, alleged; outside, exterior, surface; outskirts, periphery (of a city); (gram.) substantive; (pl. ظواهر ẓawāhir2) external sense, literal meaning (specif., of Koran and Prophetic Tradition); ظاهرا ẓāhiran externally, outwardly; seemingly, presumedly, ostensibly, allegedly │ ظاهر اللفظ ẓ. al-lafẓ the literal meaning of an expression; الظاهر ان it seems, it appears that ...; حسب الظاهر ḥasaba ẓ-ẓ. in outward appearance, externally, outwardly; في الظاهر apparently, obviously, evidently; في الظاهر and في ظاهر الأمر (ẓ. il-amr) seen outwardly, externally; outwardly; من الظاهر from outside ظاهري ẓāhirī outer, outside, external, exterior, outward; superficial; Zahiritic, interpreting the Koran according to its literal meaning ظاهرة ẓāhira pl. ظواهر ẓawāhir2 phenomenon, outward sign or token, external symptom or indication │ ظواهر الحياة ẓ. al-ḥayāh biological phenomena (biol.); علم الظواهر الجوية ‘ilm aẓ-ẓ. al-gawwīya meteorology; ستر الظواهر (ẓawāhira) to keep up appearances متظاهر mutaẓāhir pl. -ūn demonstrator ظاء ẓā’ name of the letter ظ ع عب ‘abba u (‘abb) to drink in large draughts, gulp down (هـ s.th.); to pour down, toss down (ه a drink); to lap up, drink avidly (هـ s.th.) عب ‘ubb, ‘ibb breast pocket عباب ‘ubāb f. torrents, floods; waves, billows يعبوب ya‘būb torrential river عبأ ‘aba’a a with negation; ما عبأ ب not to care about, not to give a hoot for, pay no attention to, attach no importance to, not to insist on │ لا يعبأ به (yu‘ba’u) unimportant, insignificant; غير عابئ indifferent, unconcerned II to prepare, arrange (هـ s.th.); to array, set up (هـ s.th.); to mobilize, call up (جيشا jaišan an army); to fill, pack (ب هـ s.th. with); 585 to load, charge (ب هـ s.th. with); to draw off, decant (في هـ s.th. into), bottle (هـ s.th.) عبء ‘ib’ pl. اعباء a‘bā’ load, burden (على on), encumbrance (على to) │ عبء الإثبات ‘i. al-itbāt burden of proof (jur.); نهض or قام الأعباء كلها to take all burdens upon o.s., carry all burdens عباء ‘abā’ pl. اعبئة a‘bi’a aba, cloak-like, woolen wrap (occasionally striped) عباءة ‘abā’a pl. -āt aba, a cloak-like, woolen wrap (occasionally striped) تعبئة ta‘bi’a mobilization; drafting, conscription; filling, drawing off, bottling عابئ ‘ābi’ see under verb I عبث ‘abita a (‘abat) to fool around, indulge in horseplay, commit a folly; to play, joke, jest (ب with); to toy, play a frivolous game (ب with), mock (ب s.o., s.th.); to play (absent-mindedly), fidget, fuas, dawdle, fiddle (ب with s.th., e.g., while talking); to handle, manipulate (ب s.th.), tinker (ب with); to abuse (ب s.th.); to commit an offense (ب against), violate (ب s.th.), infringe, encroach (ب upon); to impair, injure (ب s.th.) III to amuse o.s., make fun, play around, banter, dally (ه with s.o.), tease (ه s.o.), play a trick, prank or joke (ه on s.o.) عبث ‘abat (frivolous) play; pastime, amusement; joke, jest; mockery; عبثا ‘abatan in vain, futilely, to no avail, Uselessly, fruitlessly │ من العبث ان it is foolish and useless to ...; ولكن عبثا استطاع ان يجيبه (iataṭā‘a, yujībahū) but he couldn’t give him an answer عبث mu‘ābata pl.-āt teasing, joke or prank played on s.o.; funmaking, jesting, banter, raillery عابث ‘ābit joking, jocular; mocking, scornful; frivolous; wanton, wicked, outrageous; offender, transgressor, evildoer, sinner 1عبد ‘abada u (عبادة ‘ibada, عبودة ‘ubūda, عبودية ‘ubādīya) to serve, worship (ه a god), adore, venerate (ه s.o., a god or human being), idolize, deify (ه s.o.) II to enslave, enthrall, subjugate, subject (ه s.o.); to improve, develop, make serviceable, make passable for traffic (هـ a road) V to devote o.s. to the service of God X to enslave, enthrall, subjugate (ه s.o.) عبد ‘abd pl. عبيد ‘abād, عبدان ‘ubdān, ‘ibdān slave, serf; bondsman, servant; -- (pl. عباد ‘ibad) servant (of God), human being, man; العباد humanity, mankind │ العبد لله = I (form of modesty); العبد الضعيف do. عبد اللاوي, عبدلاوي ‘abdallāwī (eg.) a variety of melon عبدة ‘abda pl. -āt woman slave, slave girl, bondwoman عباد ‘abbād: عباد الشمس and عبادة الشمس ‘a. aš-šams sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) عبادة ‘ibāda worship, adoration, veneration; devotional service, divine service (Chr.); pl. -āt acts of devotion, religious observances (Isl. Law) عبودة ‘ubūda humble veneration, homage, adoration, worship; slavery, serf-dom; servitude, bondage عبودية ‘ubūdīya humble veneration, homage, adoration, worship; slavery, serfdom; servitude, bondage معبد ma‘bad pl. معابد ma‘ābid2 place of worship; house of God, temple تعبيد ta‘bīd enslavement, enthrallment, subjugation, subjection; paving, pavement │ تعبيد الطرق t. aṭ-ṭuruq road construction 586 تعبد ta‘abbud piety, devoutness, devotion, worship; hagiolatry, worship or cult of saints (Chr.) استعباد isti‘bād enslavement, enthrallment, subjugation عابد ‘ābid pl. -ūn, عباد ‘ibād, عبدة ‘abada worshiper, adorer, معبود ma‘būd worshiped, adored; deity, godhead; idol معبودة ma‘būda ladylove, adored woman معبد ma‘bad passable, smooth, improved (road) متعبد muta‘abbid pious, devout; pious worshiper (Chr.) عبدان ‘abadān2 Abadan (island and town in W Iran, oil center) عبر ‘abara u (‘abr, عبور ‘ubūr) to cross, traverse (هـ s.th.); to ford (هـ s.th.), wade (هـ through s.th.); to swim (هـ s.th. or across s.th.); to pass (هـ over s.th.); to ferry (هـ a river, and the like); عبر به هـ to carry s.o. across or over s.th.; to pass, elapse (time), fade, dwindle; to pass away, die, depart; -- ‘abira (‘abar) to shed tears II to interpret (هـ a dream); to state clearly, declare, assert, utter, express, voice (عن s.th.), give expression (عن to a feeling); to designate (عن ب s.th. with or by); to determine the weight of a coin (هـ), weigh (هـ a coin) VIII to be taught a lesson, be warned; to learn a lesson, take warning, to learn, take an example (ب from); to consider, weigh, take into account or consideration (هـ s.th.), allow, make allowances (هـ for s.th.); to acknowledge a quality (هـ) in s.o. (ل); to deem, regard, take (هـ هـ, ه s.o. s.th. as), look (هـ هـ, ه at s.th. as); to esteem, honor, revere, value, respect, hold in esteem (ه s.o.), have regard (ه for s.o.) │ to shed tears, weep عبر ‘abr crossing, traversing, transit; passage; fording; ‘abra (prep.) across, over; beyond, on the other side of عبور ‘ubūr crossing, traversing, transit; passage; fording عبير ‘abīr fragrance, scent, perfume, aroma; bouquet (of wine) عبري ‘ibrī Hebrew, Hebraic; (pl. -ūn) a Hebrew; العبري or العبرية Hebrew, the Hebrew language عبرة’abra pl. ’abarāt, عبر ‘ibar tear عبرة ‘ibra pl. عبر ‘ibar admonition, monition, warning; (warning or deterring) example, lesson, advice, rule, precept (to be followed); consideration befitting s.th.; that which has to be considered, be taken into consideration or account, that which is of consequence, of importance, s.th. decisive or consequential │ موطن العبرة mauṭin al-‘i. the salient point, the crucial point; لا عبرة به (‘ibrata) it deserves no attention, it is of no consequence; في or العبرة ب the crucial factor(s) is (are) ..., decisive is (are) ...; لا عبرة لمن (li-man) it is of no consequence if s.o. … عبارة ‘ibāra pl. -āt explanation, interpretation; mode of expression, diction; word; sentence, clause, phrase, idiom, expression │ بعبارة اخرى (ukrā) in other words, expressed otherwise; عبارة فعبارة ‘ibāratan fa-‘ibāratan sentence by sentence, word by word; عبارة عن consisting in; tantamount to, equivalent to, meaning ... عبراني ‘ibrānī Hebrew, Hebraic; a Hebrew; العبراني or العبرانية Hebrew, the Hebrew language معبر ma‘bar pl. معابر ma‘ābir2 crossing point, crossing, traverse, passage(way); ford; pass, pass road, defile; O lobby معبر mi‘bar pl. معابر ma‘ābir2 medium for crossing, ferry, ferryboat; bridge 587 تعبير ta‘bīr interpretation (of a dream); assertion, declaration, expression, utterance (عن of a feeling); (pl. -āt) expression (in general, also artistic); (pl. – تعابير ta‘ābīr2) (linguistic) expression, phrase, term │ بتعبير آخر (ākar) in other words, expressed otherwise تعبيري ta‘bīrī expressional, expressive, emotive اعتبار i‘tibār respect, regard, deference, esteem; (pl. -āt) consideration, regard; reflection, contemplation; approach, outlook, point of view, view │ اعتبارا ل (ب) (itibāran) with respect to, with regard to, in consideration of, considering .... in view of (s.th.); اعتبارا من from, as of, beginning ..., starting with ..., effective from ... (with foll. indication of time); باعتبار الشيء with respect to, with regard to, in consideration of, considering in view of (s.th.); باعتبار ان bi-‘tibāri an considering (the fact) that ..., with regard to the fact that ..., in view of the fact that ...; provided that ..., with the proviso that ...; باعتباره as, in terms of, in the opacity of, e.g., وزير الخارجية باعتباره اقدم الوزراء (aqdama l-wuzarā’i) the Foreign Minister in his capacity of senior-ranking minister; بهذا الاعتبار from this standpoint, from this viewpoint; على اعتبار ان considering (the fact) that ..., with regard to the fact that ..., in view of the fact that ...; on the assumption that ...; على هذا الاعتبار from this standpoint, from this viewpoint; في كل اعتبار in every respect; اعتبارا او حقيقة (ḥaqīqatan) from a subjective point of view or in reality اعتباري i‘tibārī based on a subjective approach or outlook; relative │ شخصية اعتبارية (šakṣīya) legal person (jur.) عابر ‘ābir passing; crossing, traversing, etc. (see I); fleeting (smile); transient, transitory, ephemeral; bygone, past, elapsed (time); (pl. -ūn) passerby │ O صاروخ عابر القارات intercontinental ballistic missile, ICBM معبر mu‘abbir interpreter (عن of feelings); expressive, significant │ رقص معبر (raqṣ) interpretative dancing □ عبرود (ḥiعلى) musket, gun عبس ‘abasa i (‘abs, عبوس ‘ubs) to frown, knit one’s brows; to glower, lower, scowl, look sternly │ عبس في وجهه to give s.o. an angry look, scowl at s.o. II = I عبوس ‘abūs frowning, scowling; gloomy, dismal, melancholy; stern, austere; ominous عبوس ‘ubūs gloominess, gloom, dreariness; sternness, austerity, severity, gravity عبوسة ‘ubūsa frown, scowl; glower, gloomy look, a gloomy, morose, sullen or stern mien عباسي ‘abbāsī Abbaside; (pl. -ūn) an Abbaside عابس ‘ābis frowning, scowling; gloomy, morose, sullen; austere, stern, severe عبيط ‘abīṭ pl. عبطاء ‘ubaṭā’2 stupid, imbecile, idiotic, silly, foolish اعتباطا i‘tibāṭan at random, haphazardly, arbitrarily عبق ‘abiqa a (‘abaq) to cling (ب to), linger (ب on, of ascent); to be fragrant, exhale fragrance; to be filled, be redolent (ب with a scent, etc.) عبق ‘abiq fragrant, redolent, exhaling fragrance عبقة ‘abqa pressure (on the chest), feeling of suffocation عابق ‘ābiq fragrant, redolent, exhaling fragrance 588 عبقر ‘abqar legendary place inhabited by jinn; fairyland, wonderland عبقري ‘abqarī multicolored, colorful carpet; ingenious, genial; (pl. -ūn, عباقرة ‘abāqira) ingenious person, genius عبقرية ‘abqarīya ingenuity, genius عبك ‘abak camlet (woolen fabric) عبل 'abl pl. عبال ‘ibāl plump, well rounded, chubby, fat (e.g., arms) عبال ‘abāl (coll.; n. un. ة) a variety of wild rose, eglantine اعبل a‘bal granite عبو II = عبأ II; to fill, pack (ب هـ s.th. with); to load, charge (ب هـ s.th. with) عبوة ‘ubūwa pl. -āt package, pack (of an article, of a commodity); container with its contents عباية ‘abāya = عباءة ‘abā’a q.v. عتب ‘ataba i u (‘atb, معتب ma‘tab) to blame, censure, reprove, scold (على s.o.); -- عتب بابه ‘ataba bābahū to cross the threshold of s.o. II to hesitate, be slow, be tardy III to blame, censure, reprove, scold (على ه s.o. for) عتب ‘atb censure, blame, rebuke, reproof, reprimand عتبة ‘ataba pl. عتب ‘atab, اعتاب a‘tāb doorstep, threshold; (door) lintel, also العتبة العليا (‘ulyā); step, stair │ الأعتاب السنية (sanīya) (formerly:) His Highness the Bey (Tun.); رفعه لأعتاب الملك rafa‘ahū li-a. l-malik to present s.th. (e.g., a gift) most obediently to the king عتاب ‘itāb censure, blame, rebuke, reproof, reprimand معاتبة mu‘ātaba censure, blame, rebuke, reproof, reprimand عتد ‘atuda u (عتاد ‘atād) to be ready, be prepared IV to prepare, ready, make ready (هـ s.th.) عتاد ‘atād pl. اعتد a’tud, اعتدة a‘tida equipment; (war) material, matériel, ammunition │ عتاد حربي (ḥarbī) war material, materiel, ammunition عتيد ‘atīd ready, prepared; future, forthcoming; venerable; solemn □ معتر mu‘attar (< معثر) slovenly, floppy; stupid; unfortunate عتق ‘atuqa u (عتاقة ‘atāqa) and ‘ataqa i (‘atq, ‘itq) to grow old, age; to mature, mellow (wine); -- ‘ataqa i to be emancipated, be free (slave) IV to free, set free, release, emancipate, manumit (ه s.o., esp. a slave) VII to free o.s., rid o.s. (من of) عتق ‘itq age, vintage (esp. of wine); liberty (as opposed to slavery); emancipation, freeing, manumission (of a slave) عتيق ‘atīq old, ancient, antique; matured, mellowed, aged (wine); of ancient tradition, long-standing; antiquated, outmoded, obsolete; free, emancipated (slave); noble │ عتيق الطراز old-fashioned عتاقة ‘atāqa age, vintage (esp. of wine) اعتاق i‘tāq freeing, liberation, manumission (of a slave) عاتق ‘ātiq pl. عواتق ‘awātiq2 shoulder │ اخذه على عاتقه (akadahū) to take s.th. upon o.s., take over, assume s.th; القى المسؤولية على عاتقه (alqā l-mas’ūliyata) to place the responsibility on s.o.; وقع على عاتق فلان to be at s.o.’s expense, fall to s.o. معتق mu‘attaq mellowed, matured (wine); old, ancient معتق mu‘tiq emancipator, liberator, manumitter (of slaves) عتك ‘ataka i to attack عاتك ‘atik clear, pure, limpid (esp. wine) 589 عتل ‘atala u i (‘atl) to carry (هـ s.th.) عتال ‘attāl porter, carrier عتلة ‘atala pl. عتل ‘atal crowbar عتالة ‘itāla porter’s or carrier’s trade; porterage عتم ‘atama i (‘atm) to hesitate II to darken, obscure, cloud, black out (هـ s.th.); to hesitate (esp. with neg.) │ لا يعتم ان, ما عتم ان, لم يعتم ان it does not (did not) take long until …, before long ..., presently IV to hesitate, waver عتم (coll.; n. un. ة) wild olive tree عتمة ‘atma dark, gloom, darkness عتمة ‘atama first third of the night عتامة ‘atāma opacity, opaqueness; (pl. -āt) darkness تعتيم ta‘tīm darkening, obscuring, clouding معتم mu‘tim dark عته pass. ‘utiha (‘uth, ‘atah, عتاهة ‘atāha) to be or become• idiotic, imbecile, dimwitted, feeble-minded, demented, insane, mad, crazy عته ‘uth, ‘atah idiocy, imbecility dimwittedness, feeble-mindedness عتاهة ‘atāha idiocy, imbecility, dimwittedness, feeble-mindedness معتوه ma‘tūh pl. معاتيه ma‘ātīh2 idiotic, insane, mad, crazy; idiot, lunatic, imbecile, demented person, insane person (عتو and عتي) عتا ‘atā u (عتو ‘utūw, عتي ‘utīy, ‘itīy) to be insolent, refractory, recalcitrant, unruly; to be violent, fierce, strong, wild, furious, raging (e.g., storms) V do. عتو ‘utūw presumption, haughtiness, insolence, impertinence, arrogance; recalcitrance, unruliness, wildness, ferocity عتي ‘utīy presumption, haughtiness insolence, impertinence, arrogUC8; recalcitrance, unruliness, wildness, ferocity │ بلغ من العمر عتيا (‘umr) to attain great age; to be far advanced in years عتي ‘atīy pl. اعتاء a‘tā’ haughty, impertinent, insolent; recalcitrant, refractory, unruly, intractable, wild عات ‘ātin pl. عتاة ‘utāh presumptuous, impudent, impertinent, insolent, arrogant; violent, fierce, strong, wild, furious, raging (storm) عث ‘utt (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. عثث ‘utat moth worm, moth larva; moth معثوث ma‘tūt moth-ridden, fall of moths, moth-eaten عثر ‘atara u i (‘atr, عثير ‘atīr, عثار ‘itār) to stumble, trip; عثر به to trip s.o., make s.o. stumble, make s.o. fall, fell s.o., topple s.o.; -- ‘atara u (عثور ‘utūr) to come (ب or على scroll), hit, light, strike, stumble (ب or على upon), find, discover, detect (ب or على s.o. s.th.) II to cause (ه s.o.) to stumble, trip (ه s.o.), make (ه s.o.) fall, topple (ه s.o.) IV = II; to acquaint (على ه s.o. with s.th.); to lead (على ه s.o. to s.th.) V to stumble, trip; to stutter, stammer, speak brokenly │ تعثر بأذيال الخيبة (bi-adyāl l-kaiba) to fail, meet with failure عثرة ‘atra pl. ‘atarāt stumbling, tripping; false step, slip, fall │ حجر عثرة ḥajar ‘a. stumbling block; وقف عثرة في سبيله (‘atratan) to be a stumbling block for s.o., obstruct s.o.’s way عثور ‘atūr discovery, detection (على of) عثير ‘ityar dust, fine sand عاثور ‘ātūr pl. عواثير ‘awātīr2 pitfall; difficulty متعثر muta‘attir stumbling, tripping; speaking (a foreign language) brokenly; broken (of a foreign language) عثماني ‘utmānī Ottoman; (adj. and n.) 590 عثنون ‘utnūn pl. عثانين ‘atānīn2 beard عثو) and عثي) عثا ‘atā u (عثو ‘utūw), عثى ‘atā a i (‘utīy, ‘itīy) to act wickedly, do harm, cause mischief عج ‘ajja i (‘ajj, عجيج ‘ajīj) to cry, yell, roar; to cry out for help (الى to); to rage, roar; to thunder, resound (ب with); to swarm, teem (ب with) II to raise, swirl up (الغبار al-gubāra the dust; of the wind) عج ‘ajj crying, yelling; clamor, roar عجة ‘ujja omelet عجيج ‘ajīj crying, yelling; clamor, roar عجاج ‘ajāj (swirling) dust; smoke عجاجة ‘ajāja pl. -āt cloud of dust; billow of smoke عجاج ‘ajjāj crying, yelling, clamoring, roaring, boisterous, vociferous; raging (esp. sea) عجب ‘ajiba a (‘ajab) to wonder, marvel, be astonished, be amazed (ب or ل at, over) II to strike with wonder or astonishment, amaze, astonish, surprise (ه s.o.) IV = II; to please, delight (ه s.o.), appeal (ه to s.o.); -- pass. IV u‘jiba to admire (ب s.o., s.th.), have a high opinion (ب of); to be proud (ب of), be vain (ب about), glory (ب in) │ اعجب بنفسه (u‘jiba) to be conceited, be vain V to wonder, marvel, be astonished, be amazed (من at, over) X = V عجب ‘ujb pride (ب of, in), vanity (ب in), conceit عجب ‘ajab astonishment, amazement; (pl. اعجاب a‘jāb) wonder, marvel; عجبا ‘ajaban how strange! how odd! How astonishing! how remarkable! يا للعجب yā la-l-‘ajab oh, how wonderful! لا عجب (‘ajaba) no wonder! امر عجب amrun ‘ajabun a wonderful, marvelous thing; عجب عجاب (ujāb) most prodigious happening, wonder of wonders عجاب ‘ujāb wonderful, wondrous, marvelous, astonishing, amazing; see ‘ajab عجيب ‘ajīb wonderful, wondrous, marvelous, admirable; astonishing, amazing, remarkable, strange, odd عجيبة ‘ajība pl. عجائب ‘ajā’ib wondrous thing, unheard of thing, prodigy, marvel, miracle, wonder; pl. remarkable things, curiosities, oddities │ من عجائب الأمر ان the remarkable thing about the matter is that ... اعجب a’jab2 more wonderful, more marvelous; more astonishing, more remarkable اعجوبة u‘jūba pl. اعاجيب a‘ājīb2 wondrous thing; unheard-of thing, prodigy, marvel, miracle, wonder تعجيب ta‘jīb arousing of admiration (من for s.th.), boosting (من of s.th.), publicity (من for s.th.) اعجاب i‘jāb admiration (ب for); pleasure, satisfaction, delight (ب in); acclaim; pride; self-complacency, conceit تعجب ta‘ajjub astonishment, amazement استعجاب isti‘jāb astonishment, amazement معجب mu‘jib causing admiration, admirable معجب mu‘jab admirer (ب of s.o., of s.th.); proud (ب of), vain (ب about) │ معجب بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) conceited, vain متعجب muta‘ajjib amazed, astonished عجر ‘ajar outgrowth, protuberance, excrescence, projection عجر ‘ajr (eg.) green, unripe عجرة ‘ujra pl. عجر ‘ujar knot, knob, hump, protuberance, excrescence │ عجره وبجره ‘ujaruhū wa-bujaruhū his (its) obvious 591 and hidden shortcomings, all his (its) faults عجور ‘aggūr (coll.; n. un. ة) a variety of green melon, (eg.) عجرف II ta‘ajrafa to be presumptuous, arrogant, haughty عجرفة ‘ajrafa presumption, arrogance, haughtiness عجز ‘ajaza i (‘ajz) and ‘ajiza a to be weak, lock strength, be incapable (عن of), be unable (عن to do s.th.); -- ‘ajaza u (عجوز ‘ujūz) and ‘ajuza u to age, grow old (woman) │ ما عجز ان (‘ajaza, ‘ajiza) not to fail to ... II to weaken, debilitate, disable, incapacitate, hamstring, cripple, paralyze (ه s.o.) IV to weaken, debilitate, disable, incapacitate, hamstring, cripple, paralyze (. s.o.); to be impossible (ه for s.o.); to speak in an inimitable, or wonderful, manner │ اعجزه عن الدب والمشي (dabb, mašy) to paralyze s.o.’s every move; اعجزه عن الفهم (fahm) to make comprehension impossible for s.o. X to deem (ه s.o.) incapable (عن of) عجز ‘ajz weakness, incapacity, disability, failure, impotence (عن for, to do s.th.); deficit عجز 'ajuz, ‘ajz pl. اعجاز a‘jāz backside, rump, posteriors │ اعجاز النخل a. an-nakl stumps of palm trees; رد العجز على الصدرعجز (ṣadr) to bring the rear to the fore, i.e., to reverse conditions, make up for a deficiency عجوز ‘ujūz old age عجوز ‘ajūz pl. عجائز ‘ajā’iz2, عجز ‘ujuz old woman; old man; old, advanced in years عجيزة ‘ajīza posteriors, buttocks (of a woman) اعجز i‘jāz inimitability, wondrous nature (of the Koran) عاجز ‘ājiz pl. عواجز ‘awājiz2 weak, feeble, powerless, impotent; incapable (عن of), unable (عن to do s.th.); -- (pl. عجزة ‘ajaza) physically weak; physically disabled; decrepit │ اسعاف العجزة is‘āf al-‘a. care for the aged معجز mu‘jiz miracle (esp. one performed by a prophet) معجزة mu‘jiza pl. -āt miracle (esp. one performed by a prophet) عجعج ‘aj‘aja to bellow, bawl, roar عجعجة ‘aj‘aja clamor, roar, bellowing اعجف a‘jaf 2, f. عجفاء ‘ajfā’2 pl. عجاف ‘ijāf slender, slim, svelte; lean, emaciated عجل ‘ajila a (‘ajal, عجلة ‘ajala) to hurry, hasten, speed, rush, be in a hurry; to rush, hasten, hurry, come quickly (الى to) II to hurry, hasten, speed, rush, be in a hurry; to bring about quickly, hasten on (ب s.th.), bring or take quickly (ل ب s.th. to); to hurry, rush, urge, impel, drive (ه s.o.), expedite, speed up, accelerate (ه s.th.); to pay in advance; to pay spot cash (هـ ل to s.o. for) III to hurry in order to catch up (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.), rush, hurry (هـ, ه after s.o., after s.th.); to catch up (ه with s.o.), overtake (ه s.o.; esp. death), descend swiftly (هـ, ه upon); to anticipate, forestall (ب ه s.o. in or with) IV to hurry, rush, urge, impel, drive (ه s.o.) │ اعجله الوقت عن (waqtu) the time was too short for him to ... V to hurry, hasten, speed, rush, be in a hurry; to seek to get ahead in a hurry; to hurry, rush, urge (الى ه s.o. to); to anticipate, forestall (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to be ahead (هـ of s.th.), precede (هـ e.g., events); to receive at once, without delay (هـ a sum), receive spot cash │ تعجله الجواب (jawāba) to demand a quick reply from s.o. X to hurry, hasten, rush, speed, be in a hurry; to wish to expedite (هـ s.th.); to 592 hurry, rush, urge, impel, drive (ه s.o.), expedite, speed up, accelerate (هـ s.th.) عجل ‘ijl pl. عجول ‘ujūl, عجلة ‘ijala calf │ عجل البحر ‘i. al-baḥr sea calf, seal عجل ‘ajal hurry, haste │ على عجل in a hurry, hurriedly, speedily, quickly, fast, rapidly عجل ‘ajil quick, fast, swift, speedy, rapid عجلة ‘ajala hurry, haste; precipitance, precipitation عجلة ‘ajala pl. -āt wheel; bicycle │ O عجلة سيارة (sayyāra) motorcycle; عجلة القيادة steering wheel; O عجلة نارية (nārīya) motorcycle عجيل ‘ajīl pl. عجال ‘ijāl quick, fast, swift, speedy, rapid عجول ‘ajūl pl. عجل ‘ujul quick, fast, swift, speedy, rapid; hasty, precipitate, rash عجالة ‘ujāla work quickly thrown together, hastily prepared work, rush job; O sketch (lit.); quickly compiled report عجلان ‘ajlān2, f. عجلى ‘ajlā, pl. عجالى ‘ajālā, عجال ‘ijāl quick, fast, swift, speedy, hurried, rapid, hasty, cursory اعجل a‘jal2, f. عجلى ‘ujlā, pl. عجل ‘ujl quicker, faster; hastier; more cursory تعجيل ta‘jīl speeding-up, expediting, acceleration استعجال isti‘jāl hurry, haste; precipitance, precipitation │ على وجه الاستعجال (wajhi l-ist.) expeditiously, speedily استعجالي isti‘jālī speedy, expeditious; temporary, provisional عاجل ‘ājil pertaining to this world, worldly; temporal; immediate; عاجلا ‘ājilan soon, presently, before long; at once, immediately, instantly │ حكم عاجل (ḥukm) summary judgment (jur.); عاجلا او آجلا sooner or later; في العاجل والآجل now and in the future; في عاجله او آجله sooner or later; في القريب العاجل in the immediate future عاجلة ‘ājila fast train, express train; العاجلة life in this world, temporal existence معجل mu‘ajjal urgent, pressing; premature │ معجل الرسم m. ar-rasm prepaid, postpaid (mail item); حكم بالنفاذ المعجل (ḥukm, nafād) summary judgment, sentence by summary proceedings (jur.) دفع معجل dafa‘a mu‘ajjalan to pay in advance متعجل muta‘ajjil hasty, rash, precipitate مستعجل musta‘jil hurried, in a hurry مستعجل musta‘jal expeditious, speedy; urgent, pressing; precipitate, premature │ قاضي الأمور المستعجلة magistrate of summary justice عجم ‘ajama u (‘ajm) to try, test, put to the test (ه s.o.) │ عجم عوده (‘ūdahū) to try, test s.o., put s.o. to the test IV to provide (هـ a letter) with a diacritical point (with diacritical points) VII to be obscure, incomprehensible, unintelligible (على to s.o.; language) X to become un-Arabic عجم ‘ajam (coll.) barbarians, non-Arabs; Persians; العجم or بلاد العجم Persia عجم ‘ajam (coll.; n. un. ة) stone, kernel, pit, pip, seed (of fruit) عجمي ‘ajamī pl. اعجام a‘jām barbarian, non-Arab; Persian (adj. and n.) عجمة ‘ajma barbarism, incorrectness (in speaking Arabic) عجماء ‘ajmā’2 pl. عجموات ‘ajmawāt (dumb) beast اعجم a‘jam2, f. عجماء ‘ajmā’2, pl. اعاجم a‘ājim2 speaking incorrect Arabic; dumb, speechless; barbarian, non-Arab, foreigner, alien; a Persian 593 اعجمي a‘jamī non-Arabic; non-Arab, foreigner, alien; a Persian معجم mu‘jam incomprehensible, unintelligible, obscure (language, speech); dotted, provided with a diacritical point (letter); (pl. معاجم ma‘ājim2) dictionary, lexicon │ حروف المعجم the letters of the alphabet عجن ‘ajana i u (‘ajn) to knead (هـ s.th.); to soak (هـ s.th.) │ لت وعجن في مسألة (latta, mas’ala) to bring up a problem time and again, harp on a question عجان ‘ijān perineum (anat.) عجان ‘ajjān, f. ة dough kneader عجين ‘ajīn dough, batter, paste; pastes (such as noodles, vermicelli, spaghetti, etc.) عجينة ‘ajīna a piece of dough; dough; soft mass, soggy mixture; pl. عجائن ‘ajā’in2 plastics عجيني ‘ajīnī doughy, doughlike, pasty, paste-like معجن mi‘jan pl. معاجن ma‘ājin2 kneading trough; kneading machine معجون ma‘jūn pl. معاجين ma‘ājīn2 paste, cream (cosmet.); putty; electuary; majoon (confection made of hemp leaves, henbane, datura seeds, poppy seeds, honey and ghee, producing effects similar to those of hashish and opium) │ معجون الأسنان tooth paste معجنات mu‘ajjanāt (pot) pies, pasties عجوة ‘ajwa pressed dates │ اقراص عجوة a pastry made of rich dough with almonds and date paste (syr.) عد ‘adda u (‘add) to count, number, reckon (هـ s.th., من .s.o. among); to enumerate (هـ s.th.); to compute, calculate (هـ s.th.); to regard (هـ هـ, ه s.o., s.th. as), look (هـ هـ, ه at s.o., at s.th. as), consider, think, deem (هـ هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to be s.th.); pass. ‘udda to be considered, go (هـ as s.th.), pass (هـ for s.th.); to amount (ب to) │ عد الأنفاس عليه (to count s.o.’s breathing =) to watch closely over s.o., keep a sharp eye on s.o., watch s.o.’s every move; عد هـ على to put down, or charge, s.th. to s.o.’s disadvantage; لا يعد (yu‘addu) numberless, countless, innumerable II to count off, enumerate (هـ s.th.); to make numerous, multiply, compound (هـ s.th.) │ عدد الميت (mayyita) to enumerate the merits of a dead person, eulogize s.o. IV to prepare (ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. for); to ready, make ready, get ready (ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. for); to prepare, finish, fit, fix up, adapt, adjust, dress, arrange, dispose, set up, make (ل ه s.th. for), draw up, draft, work out (هـ e.g.. a report); to prepare (هـ one’s lesson) │ اعد عدته ل (‘uddatahū) to make one’s preparations for, prepare o.s. for V to be or become numerous, be manifold, be multifarious, be multiple; to multiply, increase in number, proliferate, be compounded VIII to regard (هـ هـ, ه s.o., s.th. as), look (هـ هـ, ه at s.o., at s.th. as), consider, think, deem (هـ هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to be s.th.); to reckon (ب with), rely (ب upon); to put down (هـ, ب s.th., ل to s.o.’s credit, على to s.o.’s disadvantage); to hold (ب على against s.o. s.th.), take exception (ب على to s.o. because of s.th.); to provide o.s., equip o.s. (ب with); (of a woman) to observe the iddat, or legally prescribed period of waiting, before contracting a new marriage X to get ready, ready o.s.; to stand prepared, keep in readiness, stand by; to prepare o.s.; to be ready, willing, prepared (ل for, to do s.th.) عد ‘add counting, count; enumeration, listing; computation, calculation عدة ‘udda readiness, preparedness; -- (pl. عدد ‘udad) equipment, outfit; implement, instrument, tool; gadget, device, appliance, contrivance; rigging, 594 tackle, sails; harness (of a horse) │ أخذ (اعد) عدته ل (a‘adda) to make one’s preparations for, prepare o.s. for; s.th. أخذ عدة الشيء to make preparations for s.th.; عدة الساعة clockwork, watchwork عدة ‘idda number; (attributively:) several, numerous, many, e.g., رجال عدة (‘iddatun) many men, عدة مرات ‘iddata marrātin several times; iddat, legally prescribed period of waiting during which a woman may not remarry after being widowed or divorced (Isl. Law) عدد ‘adad pl. اعداد a‘dād number, numeral; figure, digit, cipher; quantity; number, issue (of a newspaper) │ عدد خاص (kāṣṣ) special number, special issue (e.g., of a periodical) عددي ‘adadī numerical, numeral, relative to a number or numbers عديد ‘adīd (with foll. genit.) counted among or with; numerous; number; large quantity; equal) │ عدد عديد (‘adad) enormous quantity, great multitude; هذا عديد ذاك this equals that عداد’adād pl. -āt counter, meter (for electricity, gas, etc.) معداد mi‘dād pl. معاديد ma’ādīd2 abacus تعداد ta‘dād counting, count; enumeration, listing; computation, calculation │ تعداد الأنفس t. al-anfus census عداد ‘idād number, quantity │ لا عداد له (‘idāda) innumerable, countless; في عداد among, e.g., هو في عدادهم he is counted among them, he is one of them اعداد i‘dād preparation, readying, arranging, setting up, making, drawing up, drafting اعدادي i‘dadī preparatory │ شهادة اعدادية (šahāda) certificate granted after completing four years of secondary school (eg.) تعدد ta‘addud variety, diversity, multiplicity, plurality, great number, multitude │ تعدد الآلهة polytheism; تعدد الزوجات t. az-zajāt polygamy اعتداد i‘tidād confidence, reliance, trust (ب in) │ الاعتداد بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) self-confidence, self-reliance استعداد isti‘dād readiness, willingness, preparedness; (pl. -āt) inclination, tendency, disposition, propensity; predisposition (ل for a disease), susceptibility (ل to a disease); pl. conveniences, amenities, comfort │ كان على استعداد ل to be prepared, be set for ...; to be ready, willing, inclined, in a position to ... استعدادي isti‘dādī preparatory معدود ma‘dūd countable, numerable, calculable; limited in number, little, few, a few, some معددة mu‘addida (hired) female mourner معد mu‘add destined, intended (ل for); ready, prepared (ل forو to do s.th.), willing (ل to do s.th.) معدات mu‘addāt equipment, material, materiel, gear; appliances, devices, implements, gadgets) معدات حربية (عسكرية) (ḥarbīya, ‘askarīya) war material; معدات الحريق m. al-ḥarīq fire-fighting equipment متعدد muta‘addid manifold, multiple, plural, numerous, varied, variegated, various, diverse, different; multi-, many-, poly- (in compounds) متعدد الخلايا m. al-kalāya multicellular (biol.); متعدد النواحي m. an-nawāḥī multifarious, variegated, varied, manifold مستعد musta‘idd prepared, ready (ل for); inclined, in a position (ل to, to do s.th.); predisposed (ل for), susceptible (ل to, esp. to a disease) عدس ‘adas (coil.; n. un. ة) lentil(s) عدسة ‘adasa pl. -āt lens; magnifying glass; object lens, objective عدسي ‘adasī lenticular 595 عدل ‘adala i (‘adl, عدالة ‘adāla) to act justly, equitably, with fairness │ عدل بينهم to treat everyone with indiscriminate justice, not to discriminate between them; -- ‘adala i to be equal (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), be equivalent (هـ to s.th.), be on a par (هـ, ه with), be the equal (ه of s.o.), equal, match (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), counterbalance, outweigh (هـ s.th.); to make equal, equalize, level (ب ه s.o. with another), place (ه s.o.) on the same level or footing (ب with another); -- ‘adala i (عدول ‘udūl) to deviate, swerve, deflect, turn away (الى عن from -- toward); to digress, depart, refrain, desist, abstain, avert o.s., turn away (عن from), leave off, relinquish. abandon, renounce, disclaim, give up, forego, waive, drop (عن s.th.) │ عدل به عن to make s.o. desist, abstain or turn away from; عدل ببصره الى (bi-baṣarihī) to let one’s eyes stray to or toward; -- ‘adula u (عدالة ‘adāla) to be just, fair, equitable II to straighten, make or put straight, set in order, array (هـ s.th.); to balance, right, rectify, put in order, straighten out, fix, settle, adjust (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) just; to adapt (هـ s.th.); to change, alter, commute, amend, modify, improve (هـ s.th.); to modulate (هـ current, waves; el.) III to be equal (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), be equivalent (هـ to s.th.), be on a par (هـ, ه with), be the equal (ه of s.o.), equal, match (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), counterbalance, outweigh (هـ s.th.); to equate, treat as equal (بين -- وبين two persons or things) IV to straighten, make or put straight (هـ s.th.) V to he changed, be altered, be commuted, be modified, undergo modification, change or alteration VI to be in a state of equilibrium, be balanced; to be equal, be on a par; to offset one another, strike a balance VIII to straighten (up), tense; to draw o.s. up, sit straight, sit up; to be straight, even, balanced; to be moderate, be temperate عدل ‘adl straightness, straightforwardness; justice, impartiality; fairness, equitableness, probity, honesty, uprightness; equitable composition, just compromise; -- (pl. عدول ‘udūl) just, equitable, fair, upright, honest; person of good reputation, person with an honorable record (Isl. Law); juristic adjunct assigned to a cadi (Magr.); عدلا ‘adlan equitably, fairly, justly │ وزير العدل minister of justice عدلي ‘adlī forensic, legal, judicial, juridical, juristic عدل ‘idl equal, tantamount, corresponding; -- (pl. اعدال a‘dāl, عدول ‘udūl) either of the two balanced halves of a load carried by a beast of burden; sack, bag عديل ‘adīl equal, like, tantamount, corresponding; (with foll. genit.) equal (to s.o.), on a par (with s.o.); (eg.; pl. عدائل ‘adā’il) brother-in-law (husband of one’s sister) عدول ‘udūl refraining, abstention, desistance (عن from), forgoing, renunciation, resignation, abandonment, relinquishment (عن of s.th.) عدالة ‘adāla justice, fairness, impartiality; probity, integrity, honesty, equitableness; decency, proper conduct; honorable record (Isl. Law) عدلية ‘adlīya justice, administration of justice, jurisprudence │ وزير العدلية minister of justice اعدل a‘dal2 more regular, more uniform; more balanced; juster, fairer, more equitable; more upright, more honest, more righteous تعديل ta‘dīl straightening, straightening out, settling, setting right; -- (pl. -āt) change, alteration, commutation, 596 amendment, modification; settlement, adjustment, regulation; improvement; reshuffle (of the cabinet); modulation (el.) │ تعديل وزاري (wizārī) cabinet reshuffle معادلة mu‘ādala assimilation, approximation, adjustment, equalization, leveling, balancing, equilibration; balance, equilibrium; equality; equivalence; evenness, proportion, proportionateness, proportionality; equation (math.) تعادل ta‘ādul balance, equilibrium; equality; equivalence; evenness, proportion, proportionateness, proportionality; draw, tie (in sports) │ تعادل الأصوات tie vote, equal number of votes اعتدال i‘tidāl straightness, erectness, tenseness; evenness, symmetry, proportion (e.g., of stature, of growth); moderateness, moderation, temperance, temperateness; equinox │ سمت الاعتدال simt al-i. equinoctial colure (astron.) اعتدالي i‘tidālī equinoctial عادل ‘ādil just, fair, equitable; upright, honest, straightforward, righteous معدل mu‘addal average; average amount or sum │ معدل السرعة m. as-sur‘a average speed; بمعدل as an average, on the average معادل mu‘ādil equal, of equal status, having equal rights متعادل muta‘āadil balanced, neutral معتدل mu‘tadil straight, even, proportionate, symmetrical, harmonious; moderate, temperate; mild, clement (weather) │ المنطقة المعتدلة (minṭaqa) the Temperate Zone عدم ‘adima a (‘udm, ‘adam) to be deprived, be devoid, be in want, be deficient (هـ of s.th.); to lack, not to have (هـ s.th:); to lose, miss (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); -- pass. ‘udima to be lacking, be missing, be absent, be nonexistent; to be loot, be gone, have disappeared; to disappear, vanish IV to cause (ه s.o.) to miss or lack (هـ s.th.); to deprive (هـ ه s.o. of s.th.); to destroy, annihilate, wipe out (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to execute (ه s.o.); to be or become poor, be reduced to poverty, become impoverished VII = pass. I عدم ‘adam non-being, nonexistence; nothing, nothingness, nihility; lack, want, absence; loss, privation; (with foll. genit.) non-, un-, in-, dis-; (pl. اعدام a‘dām) nonentity, nullity, banality, trifle │ عدم الاهتمام inattention, indifference; عدم الاختصاص noncompetency; عدم الوجود non-being, nonexistence عدمي ‘adamī nihilist عدمية ‘adamīya non-being, nonexistence; nihilism عديم ‘adīm not having, lacking, wanting; deprived (of); devoid (of), without, -less, in-, un- (with foll. genit.) │ عديم الحياة ‘a. al-ḥayāh inanimate, lifeless; عديم النظير unequaled, incomparable, unique اعدام i‘dām destruction, annihilation; execution │ الحكم بالإعدام (ḥukm) death sentence اعدامية i‘dāmīya headcloth without ‘iqāl (as a sign of mourning) انعدام in‘idām absence, lack, nonexistence عادم ‘ādim pl. عوادم ‘awādim2 nonexistent, lost; unrestorable, irreclaimable; waste- (in compounds); pl. waste, refuse, scraps │ المياه العادمة sewage, sullage, waste water; عوادم الأقطان cotton waste; انبوبة العوادم unbūbat al-‘a. exhaust pipe (automobile) معدوم ma‘dūm nonexistent, wanting, lacking, absent; missing; lost; gone, vanished معدوم mu‘dim poor, destitute; impoverished 597 عدن ‘adn Eden, Paradise; ‘adan2 Aden (city in southern Arabia) معدن ma‘din pl. معادن ma‘ādin2 mine; lode; metal; mineral; treasure-trove, bonanza (fig.); (place of) origin, source │ علم المعادن ‘ilm al-m. mineralogy; امتحن معدنه to probe into s.o.’s very nature معدن ma‘dan (eg.; syr, ma‘din) very good! bravo! well done! معدني ma‘dinī metallic, mineral; المعدنيات mineralogy │ ماء معدني mineral water تعدين ta‘dīn mining of metals and minerals; mining, mining industry معدن mu‘addin miner عدنان ‘adnān2 legendary ancestor of the North Arabs عدا (عدو) ‘adā u (‘adw) to run, speed, gallop, dash, race; to pass (هـ, ه or عن s.o., s.th.), go past s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه or عن); to give up, abandon, leave (هـ, ه or عن s.o., s.th.); to pass over, bypass, omit (ه s. o.), not to bother (ب ه s.o. with), exempt, except (ب ب s.o. from); to cross, overstep, exceed, transcend (هـ s.th.), go beyond s.th. (هـ); to exceed the proper bounds; to infect (الى s.o.); -- u (عدو ‘adw, ‘udūw, عداء ‘adā’, عدوان ‘udwān, ‘idwān) to engage in aggressive, hostile action, commit an aggression, a hostile act (على against); to act unjustly (على toward), wrong (على s.o.); to assail, assault, attack, raid (على s.o., s.th.); -- u (عدو ‘adw) to handicap, hamper, impede, obstruct (عن ه s.o. in); to prevent, hinder (عن ه s.o. from) │ عدا طوره (ṭaurahū) to transcend one’s bounds or limits; لا يعدو ان يفعله not to rail to do s.th.; to do s.th. inevitably; لا يعدو ان يكون ... it is no more than , it is only or merely ... II to cause to cross, overstep, exceed or transcend; to ferry (ه s.o., over a river); (gram.) to make transitive (هـ a verb); to give up, abandon, leave (هـ, ه or عن s.o., s.th.); to cross (هـ s.th., e.g., a river) III to treat as an enemy (ه s.o.), show enmity (ه toward s.o.), be at war, feud (ه with s.o.); to fall out (ه with s.o.), contract the enmity (ه of s.o.); to act hostility (ه toward s.o.); to counteract, disobey (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), act in opposition (هـ, ه to), contravene, infringe (هـ s.th.) IV to infect (ه s.o., من with a disease) V to cross, overstep (هـ s.th.); to traverse (هـ s.th.); to exceed, transcend, surpass (هـ s.th.). go beyond s.th. (هـ); to go beyond s.th. (هـ) and turn one’s attention to s.th. else (الى), not to be limited to s.th. (هـ) but also to comprise (الى s.th. else), extend beyond s.th. (هـ) to s.th. else (الى); to overtake, pass, outstrip, outdistance, leave behind (هـ s.th.); to overcome, surmount (هـ s.th., e.g., a crisis); to pass on, shift, spread (الى to); to transgress, infract, violate, break (هـ s.th., e.g., laws); to engage in brutal, hostile action, commit aggression, a hostile act (على against); to act unjustly (على toward s.o.); to assail, assault, attack, raid (على s.o., s.th.); to infringe, encroach, make inroads (على upon) │ تعدى عليه بالضرب (ḍarb) to come to blow, with s.o., lay hands upon s.o. VI to harbor mutual enmity, be hostile to one another, be enemies VII to be infected (ب with a disease), catch an infection (من by, from) VIII to cross, overstep (هـ s.th.); to exceed, transcend, surpass (هـ s.th.), go beyond s.th. (هـ); to act outrageously, brutally, unlawfully (على against); to commit excesses (على against); to engage in aggressive, brutal, hostile action (على against), commit an aggression, a hostile act (على against); to act unjustly (على toward); to violate (على a woman); to assail, assault, attack, raid (على s.o., s.th.), infringe, encroach, make inroads (على upon), make an attempt on s.o.’s (على) Iif. X to appeal for assistance (ه 598 to s.o. على against); to stir up, rouse, incite (على ه s.o. against) عدا ‘adā, ما عدا or فيما عدا fī-mā ‘adā (with foll. acc. or genit.) except, save, with the exception of, excepting ...; فيما عدا ذلك besides عدو ‘adw running, run, race (also in sports) عدوة ‘udwa side, slope (of a volley), bank, embankment (of a river), shore عدو ‘aduw pl. اعداء a‘dā’, عدى ‘idan, ‘udan, عداة ‘udāh, اعاد a‘ādin, f. عدوة ‘adūwa enemy │ عدو لدود (لديد، الد) (ladūd, aladd) foe, archenemy عدوة ‘adūwa fem. of عدو ‘adūw عدى ‘adīy acting hostilely, aggressive عداء ‘adā’ enmity, hostility, antagonism, animosity; aggression عدائي ‘adā’ī hostile, inimical, antagonistic, aggressive عداء ‘adā’ runner, racer اعدى a‘dā: اعدى الأعداء a. l-a‘dā’ the worst of enemies عدوى ‘adwd infection, contagion; -- ‘udwā hostile action عداوة ‘adāwa pl. -āt enmity, hostility, antagonism, animosity عدواء ‘udawā’2 hindrance, handicap, impediment; inconvenience, nuisance, discomfiture │ ذو عدواء rough, rugged, uneven; adverse, discomfiting, inconvenient; bad, poor (mount) عدوان ‘udwān, ‘idwān enmity, hostility, hostile action, aggression عدواني ‘udwānī: سياسة عدوانية policy of aggression معدى ma‘dan escape, way out, avoidance │ لا معدى منه (ma‘dā) inevitable, unavoidable, inescapable معدية ma‘diya pl. معاد ma‘ādin ferry, ferryboat تعدية ta‘diya ferrying, ferry service; conversion into the transitive form (gram.) تعد ta‘addin crossing, overstepping, exceeding, transcending; overtaking, passing (e.g., of an automobile); -- (pl. تعديات ta‘addiyāt) infraction, violation, breach (e.g., of laws), transgression, encroachment, inroad (على on), infringement of the law; offense against law, tort, delict (Isl. Law); attack, assault; aggression اعتداء i‘tidā’ pl. -āt attack, assault, raid, inroad (على on), attempt (على on s.o.’s life), criminal attack (على on); outrage (على upon); aggression (على against; esp. pol.) معاهدة (اتفاق) عدم الاعتداء mu‘āhadat (ittifāq) ‘adam al-i‘t. pact of nonaggression عاد ‘ādin pl. عواد ‘awādin aggressive, attacking, assailing, raiding; (pl. عداة ‘udāh) enemy │ عواد الوحوش beasts of prey, predatory animals عادية ‘ādiya pl. -āt, عواد ‘awādin wrong, offense, misdeed, outrage; adversity, misfortune, reverse; obstacle, impediment, obstruction; pi. vicissitudes │ عدت عليهم عواد (‘adal) fate dealt them heavy blows, they fell on evil days معاد mu‘ādin hostile, inimical, antagonistic معد mu‘din contagious, infectious │ امراض معدية contagious diseases متعد muta‘addin transitive (gram.); aggressor, assailant معتد mu‘tadin pl. -ūn assailant, assassin; aggressor (pol.) عذب ‘aduba u (عذوبة ‘udūba) to be sweet, pleasant, agreeable; -- ‘adaba i to 599 hinder, handicap, impede, obstruct (ه s.o.) II to afflict, pain, torment, try, agonize, torture, rack (ه s.o.); to punish, chastise, castigate (ه s.o.) V to be punished, suffer punishment; to feel pain, suffer; to torment s.o., be in agony, be harassed X to find (هـ s.th.) sweet, pleasant, or agreeable; to think (هـ s.th.) beautiful, nice عذب ‘adb pl. عذاب ‘idāb sweet; pleasant, agreeable │ مياه عذب fresh water; عذب الحديث entertaining, amusing, companionable, personable عذاب ‘adāb pl. -āt, اعذبة a‘diba pain, torment, suffering, agony, torture; punishment, chastisement, castigation عذوبة ‘udūba sweetness اعذب a‘dab2 sweeter, more pleasant, more agreeable تعذيب ta‘dīb affliction, tormenting, agonizing, torture, torturing; punishment, chastisement, castigation عذر ‘adara i (‘udr, عذر ma‘dira) to excuse, absolve from guilt (ه s.o.), forgive (عن or في ه s.o. s.th.) │ لم يعذرني he wouldn’t let me give any excuses, he wouldn’t take no for an answer, he kept insisting; -- ‘adara i (‘adr) to circumcise (ه s.o.) IV = I; to have an excuse │ اعذر من انذر (man a‘dara) he who warns is excused V to be difficult, impossible, impracticable, unfeasible (على for) VIII to excuse o.s. apologize (من ل or الى to s.o. for s.th.); to give or advance (ب s.th.) as an excuse (عن or من for), plead s.th. (ب) in defense of (عن or من) X to wish to be excused; to make an apology, excuse o.s., apologize عذر ‘udr pl. اعذار a‘dār excuse │ ابو عذر abū ‘u. (with foll. genit.) responsible for, answerable for; هو ابو عذر هذا التطور (taṭawwur) he is the originator of this development عذرة ‘udra virginity, virginhood; name of an Arab tribe │ ابو عذرة = ابو عذر see above عذري ‘udrī belonging to the tribe of ‘udra (see above) الهوى العذري (hawā) platonic love عذار ‘idār pl. عذر ‘udur cheek; fluff, first growth of heard (on the cheeks); cheekpiece (of a horse’s harness) │ خلع عذاره to throw off all restraint, drop all pretenses of shame; خالع العذار unrestrained, wanton, uninhibited عذراء ‘adrā’2 pl. عذارى ‘adārā virgin; العذراء Virgo (astron.); the Virgin Mary (Chr.) │ فتاة عذراء (fatāh) maiden, virgin معذرة ma‘dira pl. معاذر ma‘ādir2 excuse, forgiveness, pardon معذار mi‘dār pl. معاذير ma’ādīr2 excuse, plea تعذر ta‘addur difficulty, impossibility, impracticability, unfeasibility اعتذار i‘tidār apology, excuse, plea معذور ma‘dūr excused, justified, warranted; excusable متعذر muta‘addir difficult, impossible, impracticable, unfeasible عذق ‘idq pl. اعذاق a‘dāq bunch, cluster (of dates, of grapes) عذل ‘adala u (‘adl) to blame, censure, reprove, rebuke, reproach (ه s.o.) II = I عذل ‘adl blame, censure, reproof, reproach عذول ‘adūl stem censurer, rebuker, severe critic عاذل ‘ādil pl. عذال ‘uddāl, f. عاذلة ‘ādila pl. عواذل ‘awādil2 censurer, reprover, critic (عذو and عذى) عذا ‘adā u and عذى ‘adiya a to be healthy (country, city; due to its climate, air, etc.) 600 عر ‘arra u to be a shame, be a disgrace (هـ, ه for s.o., for s.th.); to bring shame or disgrace (هـ, ه upon s.o., upon s.th.), disgrace, dishonor (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) عرة ‘urra scabies, mange; dung; a disgraceful, shameful thing عرر ‘arar scabies, mange معرة ma‘arra shame, disgrace, ignominy; stain, blemish, stigma معتر mu‘tarr miserable, wretched; scoundrel, rogue عرب II to Arabicize, make Arabic (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.): to translate into Arabic (هـ s.th.); to express, voice, state clearly, declare (عن s.th.); to give earnest money, give a handsel, make a down payment IV to Arabicize, make Arabic (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), give an Arabic form (هـ to s.th.); to make plain or clear, state clearly, declare (عن or هـ s.th.), express (unmistakably), utter, voice, proclaim, make known, manifest, give to understand (عن s.th., esp. a sentiment), give expression (عن to s.th., esp. to a sentiment); (gram.) to use desinential inflection, pronounce the i‘rāb V to assimilate o.s. to the Arab, become an Arab, adopt the custom, of the Arabs X = V عرب ‘arab (coll.) pl. عروب ‘urūb, اعرب a‘rub, عربان ‘urbān, اعراب a‘rāb Arabs; true Arabs, Arabs of the desert, Bedouins عربي ‘arabī Arab, Arabic, Arabian; truly Arabic; an Arab; العربية the ‘Arabīya, the language of the ancient Arabs; classical, or literary, Arabic عربة ‘araba a swift river; (pl. -āt) carriage, vehicle, wagon, cart; (railroad) car, coach; araba, coach │ عربة الأجرة ‘a. al-ujra cab, hack, hackney; عربة الأكل ‘a. al-akl dining car, diner; عربة رش ‘a. rašš water wagon, sprinkling wagon; عربة ركوب cab, hack, hackney; عربة الشحن ‘a. aš-šaḥn wagon, lorry; freight car; عربة مطعم (maṭ‘am) dining car, diner; عربة الأطفال baby carriage; عربة النقل ‘a. an-naql wagon, lorry, van; freight car; عربة النوم ‘a. an-naum sleeping car, sleeper; عربة يد ‘a. yad handcart, pushcart; wheelbarrow عربية ‘arabīya pl. -āt carriage, vehicle; araba, coach; see عربي عربجي ‘arbajī pl. -īya coachman, cabman عربخانة ‘arbakāna car shed, coach house عراب ‘arrāb godfather, sponsor عرابة arrāba godmother, sponsor اعرابي a‘rābī pl. اعراب a‘rāb an Arab of the desert, a Bedouin عروبة ‘urūba Arabism, Arabdom, the Arab idea, the Arab character تعريب ta‘rīb Arabicizing, Arabization; translation into Arabic; incorporation (of loanwords) into Arabic اعراب i‘rāb manifestation, declaration, proclamation, pronouncement, utterance; expression (عن of a sentiment); desinential inflection (gram.) معرب mu‘arrib translator into Arabic معرب mu‘arrab Arabicized; translated into Arabic معرب mu‘rab desinentially inflective (gram.) مستعرب musta‘rib Arabist عربد ‘arbada to be quarrelsome, be contentious, pick quarrels; to be noisy, boisterous, riotous, raise a din عربد ‘arbada quarrelsomeness, contentiousness; noise, din, uproar, riot عربيد ‘irbīd quarrelsome, contentious; noisy, boisterous, riotous معربد mu‘arbid quarrelsome, contentious; noisy, boisterous, riotous عربس ‘arbasa to upset, disturb, confuse (ه s.o.) 601 عربن ‘arbana to give earnest money, give a handsel, make a down payment (ه to s.o.) عربون ‘urbūn, ‘arabūn pl. عرابين ‘arābīn2 handsel, earnest money, down payment; pledge, pawn, gage عرج ‘araja u (عروج ‘urūj) to ascend, mount, rise; -- ‘arija a (‘araj) to be lame, walk lamely, limp, hobble II to turn (على to, toward); to stop, halt, stop over (على in, at); to turn (عن off s.th.), swerve (عن from); to lame, cripple, paralyze (ه s.o.); to zigzag, make zigzag (هـ s.th.) IV to lame, cripple, paralyze (ه s.o.) V to zigzag, follow a zigzag course VII to incline, lean, bend, curve; to be or become crooked, curved, bent, sinuous, winding عرج ‘araj lameness اعرج a‘raj2, f. عرجاء ‘arjā’2, pl. عرج ‘urj, عرجان ‘urjān lame, limping; -- jack (in a deck of cards) معرج ma‘raj pl. معارج ma‘ārij2 place of ascent; (route of) ascent معرج mi‘raj pl. معارج ma‘ārij2 ladder, stairs معراج mi‘rāj; pl. معاريج ma‘ārīj2 ladder, stairs; المعراج the midnight journey to the seven heavens (made by Mohammed on the 27th of Rajab, from Jerusalem) │ ليلة المعراج lailat al-m. the night of Mohammed’s ascension to the seven heavens تعاريج ta‘ārīj2 (pl.) curves, curvatures, bends, turns, twists, windings, sinuosities; wavy lines, serpentines تعرج ta‘arruj zigzag (course) متعرج muta‘arrij winding, twisting, tortuous, sinuous; zigzag منعرج mun‘arij crooked, curved, bent, winding, twisting, tortuous, sinuous منعرج mun‘araj pl. -āt bend, turn, curve, twist, angle (of roads, etc.) عرزال ‘irzāl hut or shack of the rural warden (usually in a tree or on top of a roof) عرس II (nejd.) to marry (ب ه s.o. to) IV to arrange a wedding feast عرس ‘urs, ‘urus pl. اعراس a‘rās, عرسات ‘urusāt marriage; wedding, wedding feast عرس ‘irs pl. اعراس a‘rās husband; wife │ ابن عرس ibn ‘irs pl. بنات عرس banāt ‘irs weasel (zool.) عرسة ‘irsa weasel عروس ‘arūs pl. عرس ‘urus bridegroom; f. (pl. عرائس ‘arā’is) bride; doll; العروسان al-‘arūsān bride and groom, the newlyweds │ عرائس النيل ‘a. an-nīl lotus عروسة ‘arūsa pl. عرائس ‘arā’is2 bride; doll, baby doll │ عروسة البرقع ‘a. al-burqu‘ metal tubes ornamenting the veil of Muslim women عريس ‘arīs bridegroom عريس ‘irrīs lair of a lion, lion’s den عرش ‘araša i u to erect a trellis (هـ for grapevines), train on a trellis or espalier, to trellis, to espalier (هـ vines) II to roof over (هـ s.th.) عرش ‘arš pl. عروش ‘urūš, اعراش a‘rāš throne; tribe (magr.) عريش ‘arīš pl. عرش ‘uruš, عرائش ‘arā’iš2 arbor, bower; hut made of twigs; booth, shack, shanty; trellis (for grapevines); shaft, carriage pole العريش El Arish (town in N Egypt, on Mediterranean) تعريشة ta‘rīša pl. تعاريش ta‘ārīš2 trellis, lattice-work; arbor, bower عرص ‘araṣa a (‘araṣ) to be lively, gay, merry عرص ‘arṣa pl. ‘araṣāt, اعراص a‘rāṣ vacant lot; courtyard, court of a house معرص mu‘arraṣ pimp, procurer; cuckold 602 1عرض ‘aruḍa u to be or become wide, broad, to widen, broaden; -- ‘araḍa i (‘arḍ) to become visible, appear (ل to s.o.); to get in s.o.’s (ل) way; to happen (ل to s.o.), befall (ل s.o.); to occur (ل to s.o.), come to s.o.’s (ل) mind; to turn (ل to s.o., to s.th.); to take care (ل of), concern o.s. (ل with), turn one’s attention, put one’s mind, apply o.s., attend (ل to), go in (ل for), go into s.th. (ل), enter, embark (ل upon), take up, treat (ل s.th.), deal (ل with); to show, demonstrate, present, set forth, display, exhibit, lay open, submit, turn in (على هـ s.th. to s.o.), lay, put (على هـ s.th. before s.o.); to show (هـ e.g., a film), stage (هـ e.g., a play); to offer, suggest, propose (على هـ s.th. to s.o.); to subject (على هـ s.th. to a critical examination, and the like); to inspect (هـ s.th.); to review (هـ troops), pass in review (هـ s.th., also before one’s mental eye); pass. ‘uriḍa to be or go mad, insane │ عرض له عارض an obstacle arose in his path; عرض له خاطر a thought occurred to him, he had an idea II to make wide or broad, widen, broaden, extend (هـ s.th.); to expose (ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to s.th., esp. to risk: ل هـ s.th. to the sun); to intimate, insinuate (ل or ب s.th.), allude (ل or ب to), hint (ل or ب at) │ عرضه للنور to hold s.th. against the light III to offer resistance (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), resist (هـ, s.o., s.th.), work against s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to contradict, oppose (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), raise objections, protest, remonstrate (هـ, ه against s.o., against s.th.); to be against s.o. or s.th. (هـ, .); to avoid, shun (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to compare (ب هـ s.th. with) IV to turn away, avert o.s. (ب from), avoid, shun (عن s.o., s.th.), shirk (عن s.th.), give up, abandon, relinquish, discard, renounce, disclaim (عن s.th.); not to mention (عن s.th.): اعرض عن ... الى to turn away from s.th. and to s.th. else V to resist, oppose (ل s.o., s.th.), stand up (ل against), raise objections, object (ل to); to face (ل s.th., e.g., a problem); to interfere (ل with), meddle (ل in); to put one’s mind, turn one’s attention (ل to), go into s.th. (ل, e.g., a topic): to undertake (ل s.th.), embark (ل upon s.th.); to expose o.s., be exposed, be subjected (ل to s.th.); to run the risk (ل of), risk (ل doing or being s.th.); to dare, venture, risk (ل s.th.) VI to oppose one another; to be contradictory, conflict, be incompatible (مع with) VIII to betake o.s., go, present o.s. (ه to s.o.); to raise an objection, make objections, object (على to). veto (على s.th.), remonstrate, protest (على against); to resist, oppose (على s.o., s.th.); to stand up (ل or هـ, ه against s.o., against s.th.), stand in, or obstruct, the way of s.o. or s.th. (ل or هـ, ه); to hinder impede, obstruct (ل s.o.); to happen (ه to s.o.), befall (ه s.o.) │ اعترض سبيله to block s.o.’s way X to ask to be shown (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to pass in review (هـ s.th., esp. in one’s imagination, before one’s mental eye), call up, conjure up, call to one’s mind, picture to o.s., visualize (هـ s.th.); to weigh, consider, examine (هـs.th.); to inspect, review (هـ troops); to expound, set forth (هـ s.th.); to proceed ruthlessly; to massacre without much ado (هم the enemy) عرض ‘arḍ pl. عروض ‘urūḍ breadth; width; presentation, demonstration, staging, show(ing), performance; display, exposition, exhibition; submission, filing (e.g., of an application); proposition, proposal, offer, tender; parade; review (mil.); merchandise, goods │ بالعرض across, crosswise, in breadth; العرض والطلب (ṭalab) supply and demand; عرض الأزياء ‘a. al-azyā’ fashion show; عرض حال ‘a. ḥāl or عرضحال pl. عرضحالات ‘arḍuḥālāt application, petition, memorial; خط (درجة) العرض kaṭṭ (darajat) al-‘a. degree 603 of latitude; شباك العرض šubbāk al-‘a. show window; يوم العرض yaum al-‘a. the Day of Judgment, Doomsday عرضي ‘arḍī cross- (in compounds), transverse, horizontal │ خط عرضي (kaṭṭ) latitudinal degree, geographical latitude عرض ‘urḍ pl. اعراض a‘rāḍ honor, good repute; dignity │ انا في عرضك I rely on your generosity, have mercy upon me! عرض ‘urḍ side; middle │ في عرض البحر (‘u. il-baḥr) at sea, on the high seas; القى (ضرب) به عرض الحائط to undervalue, scorn, disdain, despise, reject s.th.; to ruin, thwart, foil s.th.; to throw s.th. overboard, jettison s.th.; نظر اليه عن عرض (‘an ‘urdin) he looked askance at him, he gave him a slanting glance (contemptuously); في عرض الناس amid the crowd of people; هو من عرض الناس he belongs to the common people عرضاني ‘arḍānī transversal, transverse, latitudinal; measured crosswise عرض ‘araḍ pl. اعراض a‘rāḍ accident (philos.); contingent, nonessential characteristic; s.th. nonessential, a contingent, s.th. accidental: symptom, manifestation of disease; عرضا ‘araḍan, بالعرض incidentally, by chance عرضي ‘araḍī accidental (philos.), non-essential, unessential; incidental, accidental, contingent, fortuitous, casual; عرضيات ‘arādīyāt unessential incidents, unessentials; accidentals │ خطيئة عرضية venial sin (Chr.) عرضة ‘urḍa target; (object of) intention, intent, design; object (ل of): exposed, subject(ed), liable (ل to s.th.); (with foll. genit.) suitable for, fitting for, appropriate for عروض ‘arūḍ prosody; (pl. اعاريض a‘ārīḍ2) last foot of the first hemistich │ علم العروض ‘ilm al-‘a. metrics, prosody عروضي ‘arūḍī prosodic(al), metrical عريض ‘arīḍ pl. عراض ‘irāḍ broad, wide; extensive, vast عريضة ‘arīḍa pl. عرائض ‘arā’iḍ2 petition, application, memorial معرض ma‘riḍ pl. معارض ma‘āriḍ2 place where s.th. is exhibited or displayed; showroom, stage; exposition, exhibition; show; fair (com.); (with foll. genit.) time, occasion for s.th. │ في معرض (with foll. genit.) in the form of ..., in ... manner; on the occasion of, at the occurrence or appearance of; لسنا الآن في معرض ... (lasnā) with foll. verbal noun: this is not the place for us to ...; لسنا في معرض الكلام عن let us not speak of ... now, this is not the place to speak of ...; معرض الأزياء m. al-azyā’ fashion show; معرض الصحف m. aṣ-ṣuḥuf press review معرض mi‘raḍ wedding gown معراض mi‘rāḍ: قال في معراض كلامه (m. kalāmihī) to mention casually, say among other things تعريض ta‘rīḍ intimation, allusion, hint, indication معارضة mu‘āraḍa opposition (esp. pol.); resistance, contradiction, remonstrance, objection, exception, protect; O resistance (el.) اعراض i‘rāḍ shunning, avoidance, evasion; reluctance │ في اعراض reluctantly تعارض ta‘āruḍ conflict, clash, antagonism, contradiction, contrariety اعتراض i‘tirāḍ pl. -āt resistance, opposition, objection, exception, counterargument, counterassertion, counterblast, riposte, rebuttal, rejoinder, expostulation, remonstrance, protest; (right of) veto (Isl. Law) │ حق الاعتراض ḥaqq al-i‘t. (right of) veto (pol.) استعراض isti‘rāḍ examination, survey; parade, review; revue, musical show 604 استعراضي isti‘rāḍī revue-, show- (in compounds), revue-like │ فرقة استعراضية (firqa) Show troupe; revue troupe; فلم استعراضي film musical عارض ‘āriḍ pl. -ūn exhibitor (e.g., at a fair); demonstrator; -- (pl. عوارض ‘awāriḍ) obstacle, impediment, obstruction; temporary disturbance, anomalous condition (physically); attack, fit, spell; s.th. accidental, s.th. nonessential, an accidcnt; side of the face; -- العارضان the cheeks │ خفيف العارضين k. al-‘āriḍain having a sparse beard; في عارض الطريق in the middle of the road عارضة āriḍa pl. -āt woman demonstrator, woman exhibitor; -- (pl. عوارض ‘awāriḍ2) side of the face; doorpost, jamb; crossbeam, transom; joist, girder; purlin; O anode (el.) │ قوة العارضة qūwat al-‘ā. eloquence; عارضة الأزياء mannequin عارضي ‘āridī accidental, casual, occasional معروض ma‘rūd pl. معاريض ma‘ārīḍ2 exposition, report; memorial, petition, application; -- pl. -āt propositions, proposals, offers, tenders; exhibits, exhibited articles معارض mu‘āriḍ adversary, opponent, antagonist, opposer; contradicter معترض mu‘tariḍ running or lying across, transversal, transverse; adversary, opponent, antagonist, opposer; contradicter; resistance (el.) │ جملة معترضة (jumla) parenthetical clause, parenthesis 2عرضي ‘urḍī (from Turk. ordu) military encampment, army camp عرف ‘arafa i (معرفة ma‘rifa, عرفان ‘irfān) to know (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to recognize, perceive (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to be cognizant, be aware (هـ of s.th.), be acquainted (هـ with s.th.), to discover, experience, find out (هـ s.th.); to recognize, acknowledge (ب s.th., هـ s.th. as being right; هـ هـ s.th. as); to concede, acknowledge (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.), allow (ل هـ for s.th. in s.o.); to approve (هـ of); to distinguish, differentiate (من هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); pass. ‘urifa to be known (ب as, by the name of) │ عرف حق المعرفة (ḥaqqa l-m.) to know for sure, be sure (of), be positive (about); عرفت له الجميل she was grateful to him, she appreciated his service, she gratefully acknowledged his service II to announce (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), inform, advise, apprise (هـ ه s.o. of), acquaint (هـ ه s.o. with s.th.); to introduce (الى or ب ه s.o. to s.o. else), have (ه s.o.) meet (الى or ب s.o. else), present (ب ه s.o. to s.o. else); to define (هـ s.th.); to determine, specify, characterize, explain (هـ s.th.); (gram.) to make definite (هـ a noun); (Chr.) to confess (ه a penitent), hear the confession (ه of s.o.) V to become acquainted (ب or الى also على with s.o.), meet (ب or الى s.o.), make the acquaintance of s.o. (ب or الى); to make o.s. known, disclose one’s identity, reveal o.s. (الى to s.o.); to acquaint o.s., familiarize o.s. (ل. or الى with), get to know (على or الى s.th.); to sound, explore (هـ s.th.); to trace, discover, uncover (هـ s.th.); (gram.) to be or become definite (noun) VI to become acquainted with one another, become mutually acquainted, get to know each other; to become acquainted (ب with); to come to know (هـ s.th.), learn (هـ about) VIII to confess, admit, acknowledge, own, avow (هـ s.th.); to recognize (ب s.o., s.th.), grant recognition (ب to s.o., to s.th.); to concede, acknowledge (ل ب s.th. to s.o.); to make a confession, to confess (Chr.) │ اعترف بالجميل to be grateful X to discern, recognize (هـ s.th.) عرف ‘arf fragrance, perfume, scent, aroma 605 عرف ‘urf beneficence, kindness; custom, usage, practice, convention, tradition, habit; legal practice; custom, customary law (jur.); (pl. اعراف a‘rāf) crest, comb (or a rooster), mane (of a horse) │ في عرفه as was his wont, according to his habit; in his opinion; العرف السياسي (siyāsī) protocol عرفي ‘urfī traditional, conventional, usual, common, customary, habitual; pertaining to secular legal practice (as opposed to šar‘ī); private, unofficial (as opposed to rasmī) │ الحكم العرفي (ḥukm) martial law; الأحكام العرفية do.; محكمة عرفية (maḥkama) court-martial عرف ‘arīf pl. عرفاء ‘urafā’2 knowing (ب s.th.), cognizant, aware (ب of s.th.); expert, authority, specialist; teaching assistant, monitor (an older pupil assisting the teacher of a Koran school); sergeant (Ir.); corporal (U.A.R); رئيس العرفاء a military rank, approx.: master sergeant (Ir., Syr.); نائب عريف approx.: corporal (Ir.); (pl. عرفان ‘irfān) teacher, esp. a teacher and precentor of congregational singing (Copt.-Chr.) عراف ‘arrāf diviner, fortuneteller عرافة ‘arrāfa pl. -āt (woman) fortuneteller عرافة ‘irāfa fortuneteller’s trade; fortunetelling, divination عرفات ‘arafāt Arafat, name of a mountain and adjacent plain, located four hours’ distance east of Mecca, where the Mecca pilgrims spend the 9th day of Zu’lhijja عرفان ‘irfān cognition, knowledge, perception; recognition, acknowledgment │ عرفان الجميل gratitude, thankfulness; عرفان الفضل ‘i. al-faḍl do. اعرف a‘raf2 knowing better (ب s.th.), more cognizant. more knowledgeable (ب of), better acquainted. more conversant (ب with), more expert, more versed (ب in); a better connoisseur (ب of); (f. عرفاء ‘arfā’2) having a crest or mane, crested, maned معرفة ma‘rifa pl. معارف ma‘ārif2 knowledge, learning, lore, information. Skill, know-how; cognition, intellection, perception, experience, realization; gnosis; acquaintance, cognizance, conversance, versedness; an acquainted person, an acquaintance, a friend; (gram.) definite noun; pl. المعارف cultural affairs, education │ بمعرفة by, through (after the passive); مع المعرفة knowingly, deliberately (jur.); وزير المعارف العمومية (‘umāmīya) minister of education; لم يكن معرفة في قومه (qaumihī) he was unknown among his people معارف ma‘ārif2 face, countenance, features تعريف ta‘rīf pl. -āt, تعاريف ta‘ārīf2 announcement, notification, communication, information; instruction, direction; (social) introduction; definition, determination, identification, specification, characterization; a rendering definite (gram.) │ اداة التعريف adāt at-t. (gram.) the definite article; بطاقة التعريف identity card تعريفة ta‘rīfa notification, information, apprising; -- (pl. -āt, تعاريف ta‘ārīf2) tariff; price list تعرف ta‘arruf acquaintance (ب or الى with); exploration, study; cognition, knowledge, perception, realization اعتراف i‘tirāf recognition, acceptance; acknowledgment, avowal, admission, confession; (Chr.) confession │ اعترافا ب in recognition of; الاعتراف بالجميل (bi-l-jamīl) gratitude, thankfulness; ابو الاعتراف father-confessor, confessor (Chr.); سر الاعتراف sirr al-i‘t. sacrament of penance (Chr.); معلم الاعتراف mu‘allim 606 al-i‘t. father-confessor, confessor (Chr.); من الاعتراف ان it must be admitted that ..., admittedly ... عارف ‘ārif acquainted, conversant, familiar (ب with); connoisseur, expert; master (tun.) عارفة ‘ārifa (syr.) sage, wise man (of a village or tribe) معروف ma‘rūf known, well-known; universally accepted, generally recognized; conventional; that which is good, beneficial, or fitting, good, benefit; fairness, equity, equitableness; kindness, friendliness, amicability; beneficence; favor rendered, courtesy, mark of friendship; active voice (gram.) │ بالمعروف or بمعروف in (all) fairness; with appropriate courtesy, in a friendly manner, amicably; ناكر المعروف ungrateful; المعروف ان it is (well-) known that ..., as is well-known ..., it is commonly held that ..., it is generally understood that ... متعارف muta‘āraf or متعارف عليه common, usual, customary; commonplace, trivial, trite, hackneyed, banal معترف mu‘taraf confessor (in the hierarchy of saints; Chr.) معترف به mu‘taraf bihī recognized, accepted, admitted, granted, approved-of, licensed, authorized هـ ‘ariqa a (‘araq) to sweat, perspire II to make or let (ه s.o.) sweat, promote perspiration; to add water (هـ to a drink), dilute (هـ a drink); to take root, strike roots; to be deeply rooted; to vein, marble (هـ s.th.) IV to take root, strike roots V = IV عرق ‘irq pl. عروق ‘urūq root; stem (of a plant, of a leaf); vein (bot., anat.); hereditary disposition; race, stock, descent │ عرق الذهب ‘i. ad-dahab ipecac, ipecacuanha (bot.); عرق سوس ‘i. sūs licorice root; عرق النسا ‘i. an-nasā sciatica (med.); طيب العرق ṭīb al-‘i. noble descent; طيب العرق ṭayyib al-‘i. of noble descent, high born; العرق دساس (dassās) blood will tell, what ill bred in the bone will come out in the flesh; ضرب فيه بعرق to have a share in s.th., participate in s.th. عرق ‘araq sweat, perspiration; arrack, a strong colorless liquor made of raisins, milky white when diluted with water (esp. syr.; = eg. zabīb) │ عرق القربة ‘a. al-qirba pains, toil, exertion; عرق زحلاوي (zaḥlāwī) a well-known brand of arrack made in Zahlé (Lebanon) عرقة ‘araqa transom between two layers of stone or brick عرقية ‘araqīya (eg.) white cotton skullcap often worn under the tarboosh) عراقة ‘arāaqa deep-rootedness; ancient ancestral line, old family │ عراقة في النسب (nasab) noble descent عراقية ‘arrāqīya (eg.) white cotton skullcap (often worn under the tarboosh) عريق ‘arīq deep-rooted │ عريق في القدم (qidam) ancient; centuried, centuries-old; من عائلة عريقة from an old, respectable family; عريق النسب ‘a. an-nasab of noble descent, highborn العراق al-‘irāq Iraq; العراقان al-‘irāqān Basra and Kufa عراق ‘irāqī Iraqi, Iraqian; (pl. -ūn) an Iraqi اعرق a’raq2 more deep-rooted معروق ma‘rūq gaunt, emaciated, lean (face, hand, etc.) معرق mu‘arriq sudorific, promoting perspiration معرق mu‘arraq veined; mu‘riq firmly rooted │ معرق في القدم (mu‘riq, qidam) very old, ancient, centuried, centuries-old 607 عرقب ‘arqaba to hamstring (هـ an animal) عرقوب ‘urqūb pl. عراقيب ‘arāqīb2 Achilles’ tendon; hamstring; ‘urqūb name of a famed liar │ اكذب من عرقوب a greater liar than ‘Urqūb عرقوبي ‘urqūbī false, deceitful (promise) عرقل ‘arqala to render difficult, complicate, handicap, hinder, hamper, encumber, impede, obstruct, delay (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), throw obstacle, in the way of s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); (tun.) to seize, confiscate, impound (هـ s.th.) II ta‘arqala to be aggravated, rendered difficult, be or become complicated, be hindered, hampered, encumbered, impeded, obstructed, handicapped, delayed عرقلة ‘arqala impeding, hindering, encumbering; -- (pl. عراقيل ‘arāqīl2) encumbrance, impediment, hindrance; obstacle, difficulty, handicap عرك ‘araka u (‘ark) to rub (هـ s.th.); to turn, adjust (هـ the knobs of a radio, and the like) ; to play havoc (هـ with), damage severely (هـ s.th.); -- ‘arika a to be strong in battle, be a tough fighter III to fight, struggle, contend (ه with s.o.) VI to engage in a fight, fight one another VIII = VI عرك ‘ark experience (gained through suffering) عركة ‘arka fight, struggle, battle, combat عريكة ‘arīka disposition, frame of mind, temper, nature معركة ma‘raka, ma‘ruka pl. معارك ‘arik2 battlefield; battle عراك ‘irāk struggle, fight, strife, battle, combat معاركة mu’āraka struggle, fight, strife, battle, combat عرك mu’tarak fighting ground, battle ground عرم II to heap up, pile up, stack (هـ s.th.) VIII to be vicious; to be stubborn, obstinate, headstrong عرم ‘arim vicious; strong, violent, vehement, powerful, terrific; dam, dike │ جيش عرم (jaiš) numerous, huge army عرام ‘urām viciousness (of character); violence, vehemence │ سيل عرام (sail) huge quantity, tremendous flood عرمة ‘urma pl. عرم ‘uram heap, pile, bulk, mass, large amount, multitude عرمة ‘arama pl. عرم ‘aram heap, pile, bulk, mass, huge amount, multitude عارم ‘ārim vicious; tempestuous, violent, vehement, strong; tremendous, enormous, huge عرمرم ‘aramram strong, violent, vehement │ جيش عرمرم (jaiš) a numerous, huge army عرين ‘arīn pl. عرن ‘urun thicket; lair of a lion, lion’s den عرينة ‘arīna pl. عرائن ‘arā’in2 lair of a wild animal عرنين ‘irnīn pl. عرانين ‘arānīn2 upper part of the nose, bridge of the nose عرناس ’irnās pl. عرانيس ‘arānīs2 distaff │ عرناس ذرة ‘i. dura corncob (syr.) عرا (عرو) ‘arā u (‘arw) and VIII to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict (ه s.o.), come, descend (ه upon s.o.), happen (ه to s.o.); to take possession (ه of s.o.) عروة ‘urwa pl. عرى ‘uran buttonhole; loop, noose, coil; ear, handle (of a jug, and the like); tie, bond, e.g., عرى الصداقة ‘u. aṣ-ṣadāqa bonds of friendship; support, prop, stay │ العروة الوثقى (wutqā) the firm, reliable grip or hold, the firm tie عري ‘ariya a (‘ury, عرية ‘urya) to be naked, nude; to be free, be bare (عن of) │ عري عن (من) ثيابه to take off one’s clothes, strip (naked), undress, have no clothes 608 on; عرى عن كل اساس (asās) to be completely unfounded, be without any foundation II to disrobe, unclothe, undress (ه s.o.); to bare, denude, lay bare, uncover (ه s.th.); to strip (من ثيابه ه s.o. of hill clothes); to deprive, divest, strip (ه من s.o. of s.th.) عري ‘ūry nakedness, nudity; unsaddled (horse) عرية ‘urya nakedness, nudity عراء ‘arā’ nakedness, nudity; bareness; open space, open country │ في العراء in the open air, under the open sky, outside, outdoors; مسرح في العراء (masraḥ) open-air theater عريان ‘uryān pl. عرايا ‘arāyā naked, nude, undressed, bare │ عريان ملط (malṭ)`stark-naked (eg.) O عريانية ‘uryānīya nudism المعاري al-ma‘ārī the uncovered parts of the body (hands, feet, face) عار ‘ārin pl. عراة ‘urāh naked, nude, undressed, bare; free, devoid, destitute, bare, deprived, stripped, denuded (من or عن of s.th.); blank, bare (e.g., a room), stark (e.g., a narrative) │ عاري الأقدام barefoot(ed), unshod عز ‘azza i (‘izz, عزة ‘izza عزازة ‘azāza) to be or become strong, powerful, respected; to be or become rare, scarce, be scarcely to be found; to be or become dear, cherished, precious (على to s.o.); عز عليه ان he is sorry that ...; to be hard, difficult (على for s.o.); to hurt, pain (على s.o.), be painful (على for s.o.), be hard (على on s.o.) II to make strong. strengthen, reinforce, fortify, corroborate, confirm, solidify, invigorate, harden, advance, support (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to consolidate (هـ s.th,); to honor (ه s.o.); to raise in esteem, elevate, exalt (ه s.o.); to make dear, endear (ه s.o.) │ عزز جانبه to strengthen, reinforce, fortify, solidify, consolidate s.th., make s.th. strong, powerful, mighty IV to make strong, strengthen, fortify, reinforce, invigorate, harden, steel (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to love (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to honor (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to esteem, value, prize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make dear, endear (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to be or become strong, powerful, mighty, forceful, strengthened, fortified, reinforced, invigorated, hardened, solidified, consolidated; to be proud, boast (ب of), pride o.s., glory, exult (ب in) VIII to feel strong or powerful (ب due to, because of); to be proud, boast (ب of), pride o.s., glory, exult (ب in); to arrogate to o.s. (ب s.th.) X to overwhelm, overcome (على s.o.); to become powerful, mighty, respected, honored, be exalted; to make or hold dear, value highly, esteem (ه s.o.) عز might, power, standing, weight; strength, force; honor. glory, high rank, fame, celebrity, renown │ عزها Her Highness (title); في عز شبابه (šabābihī) in the prime of his youth عزة ‘izza might, power, standing, weight; strength. force; honor, glory, high rank, fame, celebrity. renown; pride │ عزة الجانب power, might; العزة القومية (qaumīya) national pride; عزة النفس ‘i. an-nafs sense of honor, self-respect, self-esteem; صاحب العزة title of a bey عزيز ‘azīz pl. اعزاء a‘izzā’2, اعزة a‘izza mighty, powerful, respected, distinguished, notable; strong; noble, esteemed, venerable, august; honorable; rare, scarce, scarcely to be found; difficult, hard (على for); precious, costly, valuable; dear, beloved (على to), cherished, valued (على by); friend; ruler, overlord │ عزيزي my dear! (esp. as a salutation in letters); عزيز الجانب mighty, powerful, strong 609 اعز a‘azz2 mightier, more powerful; stronger; dearer, more beloved; العزى al-‘uzzā a goddess of the pagan Arabs معزة ma‘azza esteem, regard, affection, love تعزيز ta‘zīz pl. -āt strengthening, consolidation, support, backing اعزاز i‘zāz strengthening, fortification, reinforcement, consolidation; love, affection, esteem, regard اعتزاز i‘tizāz pride (ب in) معتز mu‘tazz proud; mighty, powerful عزب ‘azaba i u (عزوب ‘uzūb) to be far, be distant (عن from); to slip, escape (عن s.o.’s mind) │ عزب عن الأذهان to be forgotten, sink into oblivion; -- ‘azaba u (عزبة ‘uzba, عزوبة ‘uzūba) to be single, unmarried عزب ‘azab pl. عزاب ‘uzzāb, اعزاب a‘zāb celibate, single, unmarried; bachelor عزبة ‘izba pl. عزب ‘izab (eg.) country estate, farm; rural settlement عزبة ‘uzba celibacy; bachelorhood عزوبة ‘uzūba celibacy; bachelorhood اعزب a‘zab2 celibate, single, unmarried; bachelor معزب mu‘azzab sheik, emir (Nejd) عزر ‘azara i (‘azr) to censure, rebuke, reprove, reprimand (ه s.o.); to refuse to have anything to do with s.o.; -- ‘azara i to curb, restrain, subdue (ه s.o.’s pride, and the like) II to censure, rebuke, reprove. reprimand (ه s.o.); to refuse to have anything to do with s.o. عزر’azr censure, blame, rebuke, reproof, reprimand تعزير ta‘zīr censure, blame, rebuke, reproof, reprimand; chastisement, castigation اعتزار i‘tizār self-discipline عزرائيل ‘izrā’īl2 Azrael, the angel of death عزف ‘azala i (‘af) to play (على on a musical instrument, هـ tunes); to play (ل to or for s.o.), make music (ل for s.o.); -- i u (‘azf, عزوف ‘uzūf) to turn away (عن from s.th.), become averse (عن to s.th.), avoid, shun (عن s.th.), abstain, refrain (ان from doing s.th.) عزوف ‘azūf disinclined, averse (عن to s.th.) معزف mi‘zaf pl. معازف ma‘āzif2 stringed instrument; O piano عازف ‘āzif player, (musical) performer معزوفة ma‘zūfa pl. -āt piece of music, performance, recital (on an instrument) عزق ‘azaqa i (‘azq) to hoe, dig up, break up, loosen (الأرض al-arḍa the soil) معزقة mi‘zaqa pl. معازق ma‘āziq2 hoe, mattock عزل ‘azala i (‘azl) to remove, set aside, isolate, separate, segregate, detach, cut off (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to depose (ه s.o.), release, dismiss, discharge (ه s.o. عن منصبه ‘an manṣibihī of his office) IV اعزل منصبه (manṣibahū) to give up one’s position, resign VII to be or become isolated, cut off, separated, segregated, detached (عن from) VIII to keep away, stand aloof, leave, withdraw; to retire, seclude o.s., segregate, secede, detach o.s., dissociate o.s., separate o.s., isolate o.s. (عن or هـ, ه from s.o., from s.th.), part (عن or هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.); to be or get deposed │ اعتزل الخدمة (kidmata), اعتزل العمل (‘amala) to retire from service, from work, go into retirement عزل ‘azl removal, dissociation, detachment, setting aside, isolation (also, e.g., in case of contagious disease), cutting-off, segregation, separation; deposition, discharge, dismissal │ حائط عزل الحرق (ḥarq) 610 fire wall; غير قابل للعزل irremovable, appointed for life tenure (judge) عزل ‘azal unarmedness, defenselessness عزل ‘uzul unarmed, defenseless عزلة ‘uzla retirement, seclusion, retreat, privacy; segregation, reparation, detachedness; insulation, insularity, isolatedness; isolation; solitude │ في عزلة عن secluded, segregated, cut off, detached, separated, insulated, isolated from عزلة ‘izla pl. عزل ‘izal subdistrict of a nāḥiya (Yemen) عزال ‘izāl (eg.) furniture, household effects, movable goods, luggage اعزل a‘zal2, f. عزلاء ‘azlā’2, pl. عزل ‘uzl unarmed, defenseless │ السماك الأعزل star α in the constellation Virgo, Spica Virginia (astron.) معزل ma‘zil pl. معازل ma‘āzil2 place of retirement, house of retreat; seclusion, segregation, isolation; isolation ward (in a hospital) │ بمعزل عن separated, detached, apart, secluded, segregated, isolated from انعزال in‘izāl detachedness, seclusion, segregation, insularity, insulation; isolation انعتزالية in‘izālīya isolationism اعتزال i‘tizāl retirement, seclusion, retreat, privacy │ اعتزال الخدمة i‘tizāl al-kidma retirement from service O عازل ‘āzil insulator (el.) O عازلة ‘āzila pl. -āt, ‘awāzil2 insulator, nonconductor (el.) معزول ma‘zūl far, distant, remote (عن from); isolated, insulated منعزل mun‘azil isolated, single, solitary, sporadic المعتزلة al-mu‘tazila name of a theological school which introduced speculative dogmatism into Islam معتزل mu‘tazal pl. -āt (place of) solitude, (place of) retirement عزم ‘azama i (‘azm, عزيمة ‘azīma) to decide, resolve (على on s.th.); to make up one’s mind, determine, be determined, be resolved (على to do s.th.), be bent (على on s.th.); to adjure (على s.o.); to invite (ه s.o. ان or على to or to do s.th.) II to enchant, spellbind (على s.o., s.th., by magic rites) VIII to decide, resolve (على or هـ on s.th.), make up one’s mind, determine, be determined, be resolved (على or هـ to do s.th.), be bent (على or هـ on s.th.) عزم ‘azm determination, firm will, firm intention, decision, resolution; energy عزمة ‘azma decision, resolution; strict order (ب to do s.th.) عزوم ‘azūm determined, resolved, resolute عزومة ‘azūma invitation; banquet عزيمة ‘azīma determination, firm will, firm intention; (pl. عزائم ‘azā’im2) resolution (على to do s.th.), decision; incantation; spell عازم ‘āzim determined, resolved (على to do s.th.) معتزم mu‘tazim determined, resolved (على to do s.th.) (عزو and عزي) عزا ‘azā u (‘azw) and عزى ‘azā i (‘azy) to trace (back) (ل or الى هـ s.th. to an origin), ascribe, attribute, impute, owe (ل or الى A s.th. to s.o., to s.th.); to charge, incriminate (ل or الى هـ with s.th. s.o. or s.th.), blame (الى هـ for s.th. s.o. or s.th.), lay the blame (الى هـ for s.th. on s.o., on s.th.); -- عزي ‘aziya a (عزاء ‘azā’) and عزا ‘azā u (عزاء ‘aza’) to take patience, console o.s. II to persuade (ه s.o.) to bear with equanimity (في or عن s.th., the death of s.o. or the loss of s.th.), comfort, console (عن ه s.o. over), 611 give comfort, express one’s sympathy, offer one’s condolences (ه to s.o.) V to take patience; to console o.s. (عن for) VII to console o.s. (ب with), find solace (ب in) VIII to trace (back) one’s descent (الى to) عزو ‘azw tracing back, ascription, attribution; imputation, accusation عزوة ‘izwa: حسن العزوة ḥasan al-‘i. of good ancestry, of good stock عزاء ‘azā’ composure, equanimity; comfort, consolation, solace; ceremony of mourning تعزية ta‘ziya pl. تعاز ta‘āzin consolation, solace, comfort; condolence │ رفع تعزيته to express one’s sympathy, offer one’s condolences; قدم التعازي (qaddama) do. معز mu‘azzin comforter, consoler, condoler عس ‘assa u (‘ass) to make the rounds by night, patrol by night عسعس patrol (as a body of men) عسس ‘asas guard │ العسة المصونة (maṣūna) (formerly:) the bodyguard of the Bey of Tunisia عسيب ‘asīb tail bone (of the horse); (pl. عسب ‘usub) a palm branch stripped of its leaves يعسوب ya‘sūb pl. يعاسيب ya‘āsīb2 male bee, drone; notable, chief, leader عوسج ‘ausaj boxthorn (Lycium europaeum L. and Lycium arabicum Schwf.; bot.) عسجد ‘asjad gold عسجدي ‘asjadī golden معسجد mu‘asjad gilded عسر ‘asura u (‘usr, ‘usur) and ‘asira a (‘asar) to be difficult, hard, trying, adverse (على for s.o.); -- ‘asara i u (‘asr) to press, urge (على ه s.o. to); to force, compel, coerce (على ه s.o. to) II to make difficult or hard (هـ s.th.); to act hostilely (على toward s.o.); to oppress, distress (على s.o.), bear down hard (على on s.o.) III to treat (ه s.o.) roughly or harshly IV to be in distress, be in a fix, in a predicament; to become impoverished, be reduced to poverty, be up against it, be in financial straits, live in straitened circumstances V to be difficult, hard, trying, adverse (على for s.o.) VI = V; X = V; to find (هـ s.th.) difficult, hard, trying, or adverse عسر ‘usr difficulty, trying or distressful situation, predicament, plight, fix, pinch, press, straits, straightened circumstances, distress, poverty, destitution عسر ‘asir hard, difficult; trying, distressing, adverse عسر ‘usra = عسر ‘usr عسير ‘asīr difficult, hard, harsh, rough; Asir (mountainous district in SW Arabia, between Hejaz and Yemen) اعسر a‘sar2 left-handed; harder, more difficult معسرة ma‘sara = عسر ‘usr اعسار i‘sār poverty; financial straits, insolvency تعسر ta‘assur difficulty معسور ma‘sūr (living) in straitened circumstances معسر mu‘sir (living) in straitened circumstances; poor, impoverished متعسر muta‘assir hard, difficult, trying, distressing, adverse عسعس ‘as‘asa to darken, grow dark عسف ‘asafa i (‘asf) to act recklessly or thoughtlessly (في in s.th.), do (في s.th.) rashly; to treat unjustly, oppress, tyrannize (ه s.o.) II to overburden, 612 overtask, overtax (ه s.o.) IV = II; V to do (هـ s.th.) at random, haphazardly, dispose arbitrarily (في of); to deviate, stray (عن from) VIII to do (هـ s.th.) at random, haphazardly; to deviate, stray (عن from); to go astray; to force, compel, coerce (ب ه s.o. to) عسف ‘asūf injustice, oppression, tyranny عسوف ‘asūf oppressor, despot, tyrant عساف ‘assāf oppressor, despot, tyrant تعسف ta‘assuf arbitrariness; an arbitrary, liberal, inaccurate manner of using the language; aberration; deviation تعسفي ta‘assufī arbitrary; despotic, tyrannical اعتساف i‘tisāf straying, aberration, deviation; coercion, compulsion, force عسقلان ‘asqalān2 Ashkelon (seaport in SW Palestine) عسكر ‘askar pl. عساكر ‘asākir2 army, host, troops │ عساكر ضابطية (ḍābiṭīya) constabulary, police troops عسكري ‘askarī military, army- (in compounds); pl. العسكريون the military; -- pl. عساكر ‘asākir2) soldier; private (mil.); policeman; pl. enlisted men, ranks عسكرية ‘askarīya military service; militarism; soldiership, soldiery, soldierliness معسكر mu‘askar pl. -āt military encampment, army camp; camp │ معسكر الاعتقال concentration camp عسل II to prepare or mix with honey (هـ s.th.); to sweeten, make sweet or pleasant (هـ s.th.) عسل ‘asal pl. اعسال a‘sāl, عسول ‘usūl honey │ عسل سكر ‘a. sukkar molasses, treacle; عسل اسود do.; شهر العسل šahr al-‘a. honeymoon عسلي ‘asalī honey-colored, amber, brownish عسال ‘assāl gatherer of honey; beekeeper, apiculturist عسالة ‘asāla beehive عيسلان ‘aisalān hyacinth (bot.) معسلة ma‘sala beehive تعسيلة ta‘sīla (eg.) nap, doze معسول ma‘sūl: prepared with honey; honeyed, honeysweet معسل mu‘assal: دخان معسل (dukān) a mild-tasting tobacco, due to its preparation with molasses, glycerine, fragrant oils or essences عسلج ‘usluj pl. عسالج ‘asālij2 tender sprig, small twig, shoot عسلوج ‘uslūj pl. عساليج ‘asālīj2 tender sprig, small twig, shoot 1عسى ‘asā with foll. ان an and subjunctive: it might be, it could be that ..., possibly ..., maybe ..., perhaps ... │ ما عسى ان يكون what might be ...?! ماذا عسى ان يكون what should I do! ما عسى ينفع هذا (yanfa‘u) of what use could this possibly be! ماذا عساه يقول what could he possibly say? عسي ‘asīy appropriate, proper, fitting (with personal construction) │ هو عسى ب, هم عسيون ب (ان) it befits him (them) to ... or that he (they) it is proper for him (for them) to or that he (they) … 2عاس ‘āsin dry, withered, wilted عش II to build a nest, to nest; to take root, become established, settle in VIII to build a nest, to nest عش ‘ušš pl. عشاش ‘išāš, اعشاش a‘šāš, عششة ‘išaša nest عش ‘ušša, ‘išša pl. عشش ‘ušaš, ‘išaš hut, shanty, shack, hovel; arbor, bower 613 عشب ‘ašiba a, ‘ašuba u to be grassy, grass-covered (ground) II do. عشب ‘ušb (coll.: n. un. ة) pl. اعشاب a‘šāb (green) grass, herbage, plants; pasture عشبة ‘ušba plant, herb عشبي ‘ušbī herbaceous, herbal, vegetable, vegetal, plant- (in compounds) │ مجموعة عشبية herbarium عشب ‘ašib grassy, abundant in grass عشابة ‘ašāba luxuriant vegetation معشب mu‘šib grassy, abundant in grass عشتروت ‘aštarūt2 Astarte عشر ‘ašara u to collect the tithe (ه from s.o., هـ of s.th.) II = I; to divide into tenths III to be on intimate terms, associate (closely) (هwith s.o.) VI to be on intimate terms, associate with one another, live together عشر ‘ušr pl. اعشار a‘šār, عشور ‘ušūr one tenth, tenth part; tithe │ عشر معشار ‘u. mi‘sār one hundredth عشري ‘arī decimal (adj.) اعشاري a‘šārī decimal (adj.) عشرة ‘išra (intimate) association, intimacy, companionship, relations, (social) intercourse, company; conjugal community, community of husband and wife عشرة ‘ašara (f. عشر ‘ašar) ten: العشر the first ten days of Muharram ثلاثة عشر talātata ‘ašara (f. ثلاث عشرة talāta ‘ašrata) thirteen عشرات ‘ašarāt some tens, tens (of); decades; (with foll. genit.) dozens of ..., scores of ... عشار ‘išār (eg.) with young, pregnant (animal) عشار ‘aššār collector of the tithe عشير ‘ašīr pl. عشراء ‘ušarā’ companion, fellow, associate, friend, comrade عشيرة ‘ašīra pl. عشائر ‘ašā’ir2 clan, kinsfolk, closest relatives; tribe; pl. العشائر (syr.) the Bedouins │ حرس العشائر ḥaras al-‘a. Bedouin police (responsible for surveillance of the nomads) عشائري ‘ašā’irī (syr.) Bedouin (adj.) │ العرف العشائري (‘urf) the customary law of the Bedouins عاشوراء ‘āšūrā’2, عشوراء ‘ašārā’2, يوم عاشوراء yaum ‘ā., ليلة عاشوراء lailat ‘ā. Ashura, name of a voluntary fast day on the tenth day of Moharram; day of mourning sacred to the Shiites, the anniversary of Husain’s martyrdom at Kerbela (10th of Muharram A. H. 60) عشرون ‘išrūn twenty معشر ma‘šar pl. معاشر ma‘āšir2 assemblage, community, company, society, group, troop; kinsfolk │ يا معشر الشباب yā ma‘šara š-šabāb oh ye young men! معشار mi‘šāar one tenth, tenth part معاشرة mu‘āšara (intimate) association, intimacy, social relations, social intercourse; company, society, companionship; community, jointness معاشر mu‘āšir companion, fellow, associate, friend, comrade عشق ‘ašiqa a (‘išq) to love passionately (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be passionately in love (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.) II to fit tightly together, interjoin closely, dovetail (هـ s.th.); to couple, connect (هـ s.th.: techn.) V to court, woo (ها a woman), make love (ها to a woman) عشق išq love, ardor of love, passion عشيق ‘ašīq lover, sweetheart (m.) عشيقة ‘ašīqa beloved, sweetheart (f.) عشيق ‘iššīq lover 614 تعشيق ta‘šīq tight interjunction, dovetailing; coupling (techn.) عاشق ‘āšiq pl. عشاق ‘uššāq lover; fancier, fan, -phile (in compounds); -- (pl. عواشق ‘awāšiq2) knucklebone; (game of) knucklebones معشوق ma‘šūq lover, sweetheart (m.) معشوقة ma‘šūqa beloved, sweetheart (f.) (عشو and عشى) عشا ‘ašā u (‘ašw), and عشو ‘ašiya a (عشا ‘ašan) to be dim-sighted; to be night-blind II to make dim-sighted, make night-blind (ه s.o.); to give a dinner (ه for s.o.) IV to make dim-sighted (ه s.o., ه the eyes) V to have dinner (or supper), to dine, to sup عشا ‘ašan dim-sightedness; nightblindness, nyctalopia عشى ‘ašīy evening عشاء ‘asa’ pl. اعشية a‘šiya dinner, supper │ اعشاء السري (sirrī) the Lord’s supper, the Eucharist (Chr.) عشاء ‘išā’ evening; (f.) evening prayer (Isl. Law) عشوة ‘ašwa darkness, dark, gloom; dinner, supper عشاوة ‘ašāwa dim-sightedness; night-blindness, nyctalopia عشية ‘ašīya pl. -āt, عشايا ‘ašāyā (late) evening │ عشية امس ‘ašīyata amsi last night, yesterday in the evening; بين عشية وضحاها (ḍuḥāhā) from one day to the other, overnight, all of a sudden عشواء ‘ašwā’2 darkness, dark, gloom; also see اعشى a‘šā اعشى a‘šā, f. عشواء ‘ašwā’ dim-sighted; night-blind, nyctalopic; blind, aimless, haphazard, desultory, senseless │ يخبط خبط عشواء yakbiṭu kabṭa ‘ašwā’ he acts blindly, thoughtlessly, at random, haphazardly عص aṣṣa a (‘aṣṣ, عصص ‘aṣaṣ) to be or become hard, harden عصص ‘uṣaṣ, ‘uṣuṣ coccyx عصب ‘aṣaba i (‘aṣb) to wind, fold, tie, bind, wrap (هـ على s.th. around or about s.th.); to bind up, bandage (هـ s.th.); to fold (هـ s.th.); to wrap (هـ the head) with a brow band, sash, or turban │ عصب الريق فاه (rīqu fāhu) the saliva dried in hill mouth, clogged his mouth II to wind around, fold around, tie around, wrap around (هـ s.th.); to bind up, bandage (هـ s.th.); to wrap (هـ the head) with a brow band, sash, or turban V to wind the turban round one’s head, put on the turban; to apply a bandage, bandage o.s.; to take sides, to side (مع, ل with; على against); to cling obdurately or fanatically (ل to); to be fanatic, bigoted, be a fanatic, a zealot; to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; to plot, conspire, collude, connive (على against) VIII to form a league, clique, group, team, gang, or coalition, gang up, team up; to go on strike, to strike عصب ‘aṣab pl. اعصاب a‘ṣāb nerve; sinew عصبي ‘aṣabī sinewy, nerved, nervy; nervous, neural, nerve-, neuro-, neur- (in compounds); nervous, high-strung │ عصبي المزاج nervous, high-strung; الجهاز العصبي (jahāz) the nervous system; حالة عصبية nervousness, nervosity; ~I الضعف العصبي (ḍu‘f) neurasthenia عصبية ‘aṣabīya nervousness, nervosity; -- (pl. -āt) zealous partisanship, bigotry, fanaticism; party spirit, team spirit, esprit de corps; tribal solidarity, racialism, clannishness, tribalism, national consciousness, nationalism عصبة ‘aṣba pl. عصب ‘uṣab (eg.) a black headcloth with red or yellow border 615 عصبة pl. -āt and ‘uṣba pl. عصب ‘uṣab union, league, federation, association; group, troop, band, gang, clique; ‘aṣaba paternal relations, relationship, agnates │ عصبة الأمم ‘uṣbat al-umam the League of Nations عصيب ‘aṣib hot, crucial, critical (time, stage) عصاب iṣāb band, ligature, dressing, bandage عصابة ‘iṣāba pl. عصائب ‘aṣā’ib2 band, ligature, dressing, bondage; headcloth, headband, fillet; brow band, frontlet; -- (pl. -āt) union, league, federation, association; group, troop, band, gang │ عصابات الخطف ‘i. al-kaṭf bands of robbers; حرب العصابات ḥarb al-‘i. guerilla war(fare) تعصب ta‘aṣṣub fanaticism, ardent zeal, bigotry, fanatical enthusiasm; party spirit, partisanship; clannishness, racialism, race consciousness, tribalism اعتصاب i‘tiṣāb pl. -āt strike معصب muta‘aṣṣib fanatically enthusiastic (ل for); enthusiast, fanatic, bigot, zealot عصيدة ‘aṣīda a thick paste made of flour and clarified butter عصر ‘ṣara i (‘aṣr) to press (out), squeeze (out) (هـ s.th., e.g., grapes, olives, etc.); to wring (هـ s.th., esp. wet clothes); to compress (هـ s.th.) III to be a contemporary (ه of s.o.); to be contemporaneous, coeval, or concomitant (هـ with) V to be pressed (out), be squeezed (out) VII = V VIII to press (out), squeeze (out) (هـ s.th., e.g., grapes, olives, etc.) │ اعتصر جبينه (jabīnahū) to knit one’s brows (pensively) عصر ‘aṣr (act of) pressing (out), squeezing (out); (act of) wringing (out); (pl. اعصر a‘ṣur, عصور ‘uṣūr, اعصار a‘ṣār) age, era, time; period; epoch; afternoon; (f.) afternoon prayer (Isl. Law) │ العصر الحجري (ḥajarī) the Stone Age; العصر الحاضر the present (time), our time; في كل عصر ومصر (wa-maṣrin) always and everywhere, at any time and any place عصرى ‘aṣrī modern, recent, present, actual, contemporary; (pl. -ūn) a contemporary عصرية ‘aṣrīya modernism عصير ‘asīr that which is pressed or squeezed out, (squeezed-out) juice, extract (also fig.); the best, the pick, the prime of s.th. عصيرة ‘aṣīra (squeezed-out) juice عصار ‘uṣār juice, sap عصارة ‘uṣāra pl. -āt juice, sap (also physiol.) عصارة ‘aṣṣāra pl. -āt press, squeezer; oil press; cane press (also عصارة القصب ‘a. al-qaṣab); wringer عصاري يوم ‘aṣāriya yaumin one afternoon اعصار i‘ṣār pl. اعاصير a‘āṣīr2 whirlwind, tornado, cyclone, hurricane │ O ضد الإعصار ḍidd al-i. anticyclone معصرة mi‘ṣara pl. معاصر ma‘āṣir2 press, squeezer; oil press; cane press معصري ma‘ṣarī (tun.) a brand of lamp oil معاصر mu‘āṣir contemporary, contemporaneous; a contemporary عصعص ‘uṣ‘uṣ, ‘aṣ‘aṣ pl. عصاعص ‘aṣā‘iṣ coccyx عصف ‘aṣafa i (‘aṣf, عصوف ‘uṣūf) to storm, rage, blow violently (wind); عصف به to blow s.th. away, carry s.th. away (wind); to shake s.o. thoroughly, through and through عصف ‘aṣf storming, blowing; stalk and leaves of grain 616 عصف ‘aṣfa (n. vic.) gust of wind, blast عصافة ‘uṣafa chaff; straw عاصف ‘āṣif blowing violently │ ريح عاصف (rīḥ) or ريح عاصفة violent wind, gale عصف ‘āṣifa pl. عواصف ‘awāṣif violent wind, gale, tempest, storm, hurricane 1 عصفر ‘uṣfur safflower (Carthamus tinctorius; bot.); the red dyestuff prepared from its flower heads معصفر mu‘aṣfar dyed with ‘uṣfur 2عصفور ‘ufūr pl. عصافير ‘aṣāfīr2 sparrow; any small bird │ عصفور الجنة ‘u. al-janna swallow; عصفور دوري (dūrī) house sparrow; عصفور مغن (mugannin) warbler; عصفور كناري (kanārī) canary; ضرب (اصاب) عصفورين بحجر (واحد) (aṣāba, ‘uṣfūrraini bi-ḥajarin) to kill two birds with one stone; عصفور في اليد خير من الف على الشجرة (kairun min alfin, šajara) a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush (proverb) عصفورة ‘uṣfūra female sparrow; dowel, pin, peg عصفورية ‘uṣfūrīya (syr.) insane asylum, madhouse عصل ‘aṣala u (‘aṣl) to bend, twist, warp (هـ s.th.); -- ‘aṣila a (‘aṣl) to be twisted; to warp (wood) عصم ‘aṣama i (‘aṣam) to hold back, restrain, curb, check, prevent, hinder (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to preserve, guard, safeguard, protect, defend (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to immunize, render immune (ه s.o., med.) VIII to cling, keep, adhere (ب to); to seek shelter or refuge (ب with, in), take refuge, resort (ب to) ; to keep up, maintain, guard, preserve (ب s.th., e.g., بالصمت bi-ṣ-ṣamt silence, برباط الجأش bi-r. il-ja’š equanimity) X = VIII; to resist (a temptation) عصمة ‘iṣma hindering, hindrance, prevention, obviation; preservation, guarding, safeguarding; defense; protection; chastity, purity, modesty, virtuousness; impeccance, sinlessness, infallibility │ صاحبة العصمة title of ladies of high social standing; عصمة النكاح the bond of marriage; في عصمة فلان under s.o.’s custody, protection, or power; married to s.o.; جعلت عصمتها في يدها ja‘alat ‘iṣmatahā fī yadihā she made herself independent; she became or remained independent; فك عصمتها من زوجها fakka ‘iṣmatahā min zaujihā to revoke the husband’s matrimonial authority over his wife (jur.) عصام ‘iṣām pl. اعصمة a‘ṣima, عصم ‘uṣum, عصام ‘iṣām strap, thong عصامي ‘iṣāmī noble, eminent, distinguished (due to one’s own merits, as opposed to عظامي ‘iẓāmī); self-made; (pl. -ūn) self-made man عصامية ‘iṣāmīya self-made success اعصم a‘ṣam2, f. عصماء ‘aṣmā’2, pl. عصم ‘uṣm having a white foot (animal); excellent, valuable, precious │ اندر من الغراب الأعصم (gurāb) rarer than a white-footed crow (proverbially of s.th. rare) معصم mi‘ṣam pl. معاصم ma‘āṣim2 wrist O معصم ma‘ṣam pl. معاصم ma‘āṣim2 traffic island, safety isle اعتصام i‘tiṣām clinging, adherence (ب to), maintenance, preservation, guarding, safeguarding عاصم ‘āṣim protector, guardian عاصمة ‘āṣima pl. عواصم ‘awāṣim2 capital city, metropolis معصوم ma‘ṣūm inviolable, sacrosanct, protected by the laws of vendetta (Isl. Law); infallible, sinless, impeccant, impeccable │ معصوم من الزلل (zalal) infallible عصا (عصو) ‘aṣan (f.) pl. عصى ‘uṣīy, ‘iṣīy, اعص a‘ṣin staff, rod; wand; stick; 617 walking stick, cane; scepter, mace; (field marshal’s) baton │ عصا المارشالية ‘a. l-māršālīya field marshal’s baton; لعب العصا la‘b al-‘a. (eg. = تخطيب) singlestick fencing (a popular game, esp. in rural areas); شق العصا (šaqqa) to dissent, secede from the community; شق عصا الطاعة to rebel, revolt, renounce allegiance; شق عصا القوم (‘aṣā l-qaum) to sow dissension among the people; انشقت عصاهم (inšaqqat) they fell out (with one another), broke with one another عصاة ‘aṣāh staff, rod; wand; stick □ عصاية ‘aṣāya staff, rod; wand; stick; walking stick, cane عصية ‘uṣayya little stick, little rod; O bacillus عصى ‘aṣā i (‘aṣīy, معصية ma‘ṣiya, عصيان ‘iṣyān) to disobey, resist, oppose, defy (هـ ه s.o. in s.th.), refuse, or renounce, one’s obedience (هـ, ه to s.o. in s.th.), rebel, revolt (ه against s.o.) III = I; V to be or become difficult, intricate, or involved (affair) VI to be difficult, hard, inaccessible, or impossible (على for s.o.); to refuse (عن to do s.th.) VIII = V X to resist, oppose, withstand, defy (على s.o., s.th.), revolt, rebel (على against s.o.); to be recalcitrant, insubordinate, rebellious; to be difficult, hard (على for s.o.); to be malignant, insidious, incurable (disease); to elude, escape, defy (عن s.th.), be beyond s.th. (عن); (of an instrument, machine, etc.) to fail, break down (على on s.o.), refuse to work (على for s.o.), fail to operate عصى ‘aṣīy pl. -ūn, اعصياء a‘ṣiyā’2 rebel; intractable, refractory, recalcitrant │ عصي النطق ‘aṣīy an-nuṭq unable to speak, incapable of speech عصيان ‘iṣyān disobedience, insubordination, refractoriness; insurrection, revolt, rebellion, sedition معصية ma‘ṣiya disobedience, insubordination, refractoriness; insurrection, sedition, revolt, rebellion; (pl. معاص ma‘āṣin) sin استعصاء isti‘ṣā’ refractoriness, recalcitrance, obstinacy; impenetrability, unfathomableness; difficulty; malignancy, virulence, insidiousness; mechanical failure, breakdown, malfunction; jam, misfire (of a firearm) عاص ‘āṣin pl. عصاة ‘uṣāh disobedient, insubordinate, rebellious, mutinous, riotous, seditious, subversive; rebel, insurgent; sinning, sinful متعص muta‘āṣṣin difficult, intricate, implicated, involved, delicate; incurable, irremediable مستعص musta‘ṣin difficult, intricate, implicated, involved, delicate; incurable, irremediable عض ‘aḍḍa (1st pers. perf. ‘aḍiḍtu) a (‘aḍḍ, عضيض ‘aḍīḍ) to grab with the teeth, bite (ب or على or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to bite into s.th. (هـ); to hold on, cling, cleave (ب to); to torment (ه s.o., e.g., hunger) │ عضه الزمان (zamānu) or عضه الدهر بنابه ‘aḍḍahū d-dahru bi-nābihī time, or fate, gave him a raw deal, heaped trials and tribulations upon him, he suffered reverses II to bite fiercely or frequently (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) عض ‘iḍḍ small prickly shrubs, brambles عضة ‘aḍḍa a bite عضاض ‘aḍāḍ (given to) biting, snappish, mordacious عضوض ‘aḍūḍ (given to) biting, snappish, mordacious عضب ‘aḍb sharp, caustic, acid (tongue) عضد ‘aḍada u (‘aḍd) to help, aid, assist, support, back (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), stand up (ه for s.o.), advocate (هـ s.th.) II and 618 III = I; VI to help, assist, or support one another, give mutual help, assistance, or support; to work hand in hand, cooperate عضد ‘aḍud help, aid, assistance, support, backing; helper, aide, assistant, supporter, backer عضد ‘aḍud (m. and f.) pl. اعضاد a‘ḍād upper arm; strength, power, vigor, force │ شد عضده (‘aḍudahū) to aid, assist s.o., stand by s.o.; هو عضده المتين he is an indispensable aid to him تعضيد ta‘ḍīd help, aid, assistance, support, backing معاضدة mu‘āḍada help, aid, assistance, support, backing تعاضد ta‘āḍud mutual aid, mutual assistance, cooperation تعاضدي ta‘āḍudī cooperative (adj.) معضد mu‘aḍḍid helper, aide, assistant, supporter, backer عضل ‘aḍila a (‘aḍal) to be or become muscular; -- ‘aḍala IV (‘aḍl) to prevent (ها a woman) from marrying IV to be or become difficult, problematic, puzzling, enigmatic, or mysterious (ب or ه for s.o.) │ اعضل الداء الأطباء (aṭibbā’) the disease defied all medical skill, gave the physicians a headache, posed a puzzling problem for the doctors V تعضل الداء الأطباء = اعضل الداء الأطباء عضل ‘aḍil muscular, brawny عضلة ‘aḍala pl. -āt, عضل ‘aḍal muscle │ عضلة باسطة extensor; عضلة قابضة flexor عضلي ‘aḍalī muscle-, musculo-, muscul- (in compounds), muscular عضال ‘uḍāl inveterate, chronic, incurable (disease) معضل mu‘ḍil difficult, problematic, puzzling, enigmatic, mysterious معضلة mu‘ḍila pl. -āt, معاضل ma‘āḍil2 difficulty, problem, dilemma, puzzle, enigma عضاه ‘iḍāh fair-sized thorny shrubs عضو ‘uḍw pl. اعضاء a‘ḍā’ member, limb, organ (of the body); member (of an organization) │ عضو اصلي (aṣlī) regular member; عضو التأنيث pistil (bot.); عضو احتياطي (iḥtiyāṭī) substitute member, alternate member; عضو التذكير stamen (bot.); عضو فخري (fakrī) honorary member; اعضاء التناسل a. at-tanāsul and الأعضاء الدقيقة the sexual organs, the genitals; الدوا الأعضاء (duwal) the member states; علم وظائف الأعضاء ‘ilm w. al-a. physiology عضوات ‘aḍawāt female members عضوي ‘uḍwī organic; لاعضوي or غير عضوي inorganic │ كتلة عضوية (kutla) organism عضوية ‘uḍwīya pl. -āt membership; organism عطب ‘aṭiba a (‘aṭab) to perish, be destroyed, be ruined II to ruin, destroy, wreck, damage, injure, impair, mar, spoil (هـ s.th.); to spice, mull (هـ s.th.); to brew, mix (هـ a drink) IV to ruin, destroy, wreck, damage, injure, impair, mar, spoil (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to be damaged VIII = I عطب ‘aṭab perdition; wreck (e.g., of ships); destruction, ruin; damage, injury تعطيب ta‘ṭīb damaging, ruin(ing), wreck, destruction تعطب ta‘attub a suffering of damage, impairment, ruin عطر II to perfume, scent (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to perfume o.s. عطر ‘iṭr pl. عطور ‘uṭūr, عطورات ‘uṭūrāt perfume, scent; essence │ عطر الورد ‘i. al-ward attar of roses, rose oil 619 عطر ‘aṭir sweet-smelling, fragrant, aromatic │ سمعة عطرة (sum‘a) brilliant or excellent reputation عطري ‘iṭrī sweet-smelling, fragrant, aromatic عطرية ‘iṭrīya pl. -āt aromatic, perfume, scent عطار ‘aṭṭār perfumer, perfume vendor; druggist عطارة ‘iṭāra drug business; perfumeries; drugs عطار ‘aṭṭār sweet-smelling, fragrant, aromatic │ اثنى عليه عاطر الثناء atnā ‘alaihi ‘āṭira t-tanā’ to extol s.o. to the skies معطر mu‘aṭṭar perfumed, scented عطارد ‘uṭārid2 (the planet) Mercury عطس ‘aṭasa i u (‘aṭs, عطاس ‘uṭās) to sneeze II to cause (ه s.o.) to sneeze عطسة ‘aṭsa (n. vic.) a sneeze عطس ‘uṭṭāš sneezing, sneezes عاطوس ‘āṭūs snuff (tobacco) معطس ma‘ṭiš pl. معاطس ma‘āṭis2 nose عطش ‘aṭiša a (‘atāš) to be thirsty, to thirst; to long, languish, thirst (الى for) II to make thirsty, cause to thirst (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV = II; V to thirst, languish, long, yearn (الى for) عطش ‘aṭaš thirst عاطش ‘āṭiš thirsty; dry, parched (soil) عطشان ‘aṭšān2, f. عطشى ‘aṭšā pl. عطاش ‘iṭāš thirsty; covetous, desirous (الى of), languishing, yearning, craving (الى for) عاطش ‘āṭiš thirsty; covetous, desirous (الى of), languishing, yearning, craving (الى for) متعطش muta‘aṭṭiš thirsty; covetous, desirous (الى of), languishing, yearning, craving (الى for) عطشجي ‘aṭašjī pl. عطشجيات ‘aṭašjīya stoker, fireman عطعط ‘aṭ‘aṭa to clamor, yell; to be uproarious, very noisy عطف ‘at`tafa i (‘at`tf) to bend, incline, bow (هـ s.th.); to incline, lean (الى toward, to); to be favorably disposed (على toward s.o.), be attached (على to s.o.), harbor affection (على for), be fond (على of s.o.), have or feel compassion, sympathize (على with s.o.), feel (على for s.o.); to turn away (عن from); عطف به to incline, dispose s.o. (على toward), awaken affection or sympathy (على for) or interest (على in s.th.); عطف به على to make s.o. appreciate s.th., bring s.th. close to s.o.’s heart; عطف به عن to dissuade, alienate s.o. from II to fold, double, fold up (هـ s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) favorably disposed; to soften s.o.’s (ه) heart, move s.o.; to awaken affection, sympathy, tenderness (ه in s.o., على for); to fill with affection, love, etc. (ه s.o., هـ s.o.’s heart, على or نحو for) V to be favorably disposed (على toward s.o.), be attached (على to s.o.), be fond (على of s.o.), have or feel compassion, sympathize (على with s.o.), feel (على for s.o.); to deign (ب to do s.th.) │ تعطف بالعطاف to put on a coat, wrap o.s. in a coat or cloak VI to harbor mutual affection, be attached to one another VII to be bent, inclined, crooked, or curved; to bend, curve; to bow, make a bow; to turn off (الى toward, to), turn, swing (الى into a road, etc.); to be favorably disposed (الى, على toward), be attached (الى, على to), be fond (الى, على of), have or feel compassion, sympathize (الى, على with), feel (الى, على for s.o.); to turn away, turn around VIII اعتطف بالعطاف = تعطف بالعطاف X to ask for, or seek, s.o.’s (ه) compassion or sympathy; to entreat, beseech, implore (ه s.o.); to affect winning or conciliatory manners, display affection; to seek to conciliate, propitiate, or 620 win over (خاطره kāṭirahū or ه s.o.); to seek to be friends (ه with s.o.); to try to attract or win (هـ s.th.) عطف ‘aṭf bond(ing), inclination, curving, curvature; corner; sympathy (على with), affection, attachment, liking (على for) │ اداة (حرف) العطف adāt (ḥarf) al-‘a. conjunction (gram.); عطف البيان ‘a. al-bayān explicative apposition (gram.) عطف ‘iṭf pl. اعطاف a‘ṭāf side (of the body) │ لين الأعطاف layyin al-a. tractable, docile, pliant; ترنحت الأعطاف (tarannaḥat) they were carried away, became ecstatic; ضم بين أعطافه to combine, encompass, comprise s.th. عطفة ‘aṭfa turn, turning, twist, curve, bend; (pl. -āt, عطف ‘uṭaf) blind alley, dead and (eg.) عطاف ‘iṭāf pl. عطف ‘uṭuf, اعطفة a‘ṭifa coat, cloak عطوف ‘aṭūf compassionate, sympathetic, affectionate, loving, tender, kind عطوفة ‘uṭūfa affection, attachment, benevolence, good will; (as an honorific title before the name = صاحب العطوفة His Grace معطف mi‘ṭaf pl. معاطف ma‘āṭif2 coat, overcoat; smock, frock │ معطف مشمع (mušamma‘) (impregnated) raincoat; معطف فرو m. farw fur coat انعطاف in‘iṭāf inclination, bind(ing), curving, curvature; sympathy, compassion; liking, attachment, affection استعطاف isti‘ṭāf imploring, entreaty, earnest supplication; tender affection; conciliatory attitude عاطف ‘āṭif compassionate, sympathetic, affectionate, loving, tender, kind │ حرف عاطف (ḥarf) conjunction (gram.) عاطفة ‘āṭifa pl. عواطف ‘awāṭif2 amorous affection; affectionate benevolence, solicitude, sympathy, compassion, affection, attachment, liking, kind(li)ness; feeling, sentiment عاطفي ‘āṭifī sentimental; emotional; emotive, feeling; tender, affectionate, loving عاطفية ‘āṭifīya sentimentality; emotionalism, emotionality منعطف mun‘aṭaf pl. -āt (road) turn, curve; turn, turning, winding, tortuosity, twist, bend; lane, alley, narrow street عطف musta‘ṭaf imploring, beseeching, supplicatory; tender, affectionate عطل ‘aṭala a (‘aṭal) to he destitute, he devoid (من of s.th.), lack (من s.th.); to be idle, not to work, rest; to he without work, he unemployed II to leave without care, to neglect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to leave without work, leave idle (هـ ه s.o. s.th.); to hinder, hamper, impede, obstruct (هـ s.th.); to interrupt, suspend, defer, discontinue, stop (هـ s.th., esp. some activity); to ban temporarily, suspend (هـ s.th., esp. publication of a newspaper); to damage (gravely), destroy, ruin, wreck, paralyze, neutralize, put out of service or commission, lay up; put out of action, make inoperative (هـ s.th.); to stop, shut off (هـ s.th., e.g., a motor); to shut down, keep closed (هـ s.th., e.g., an office) V to remain without work or employment; to he or become unemployed (also تعطل عن العمل); to be or become idle, inactive; to be hindered, hampered, impeded, obstructed, delayed, suspended, deferred, or interrupted; to stop, stall (motor, machine); to fail (apparatus); to he (gravely) damaged. be or be put out of action or commission; to be shut down, be or remain closed; to he no longer valid, be ineffective (statutes) عطل ‘uṭl destitute, devoid (من of s.th.); impairedness, defectiveness, (gravely) damaged state; damage, loss 621 عطل ‘aṭal unemployment عطلة ‘uṭla unemployment, also عطلة عن الشغل (šugl); leisure, holidays, vacation(s), recess; (pl. -āt, عطل ‘uṭal) holiday, off day, free day │ عطلة رسمية (rasmīya) official, or legal, holiday; ايام العطلات الرسمية (ayyām al-‘u.) official, or legal, holidays; عطلة الأسبوع ‘u. al-usbū‘ weekend; عطلة قضائية (qaḍā’īya) court recess (jur.); عطلة نهاية الأسبوع ‘u. nihāyat al-usbū‘ weekend عطالة ‘aṭāla unemployment تعطيل ta‘ṭīl hindering, obstruction, hampering; discontinuance, interruption, deferment, suspension (of some activity); temporary ban, suspension (of a newspaper); impairment, damaging, destruction, ruining, wrecking, injury; paralyzation, neutralization, stoppage (e.g., of traffic); stopping, shutting-off (of a motor); shutdown, closure (of an office); a theological concept denying God all attributes (as opposed to tašbīš; theol.) │ تعطيل حركة المرور t. ḥarakat al-murūr traffic congestion تعطل ta‘aṭṭul unemployment; inactivity, idleness; (mechanical) failure, breakdown; standstill │ تعطل عن العمل (‘amal) unemployment عاطل ‘āṭil destitute, devoid (من of s.th.); inactive. idle, out of work, jobless, unemployed; an unemployed person; useless │ عضو عاطل (‘uḍw) functionless organ (biol.) عواطل ‘awāṭil2 vacations, holidays معطل mu‘aṭṭil one who denies God all attributes (theol.) معطل mu‘ṭṭal inactive, idle, out of work, jobless, unemployed; inoperative, out of action, service, or commission, shut-down; stopped, shut-off (motor); closed (office) عطن ‘aṭan i u (‘aṭn) to soak (الجلد al-jilda the skin or hide so as to remove the hair, in tanning); to macerate (الكتان al-kattāna the flax); -- ‘aṭina a (‘aṭan) to rot, decay, putrefy (skin, hide, in tanning) II = I ‘aṭana عطن ‘aṭan resting place of camels near a waterhole │ ضيق العطن ḍayyiq al-‘a. narrow-minded, parochial; رحب العطن raḥb al-‘a. broad-minded عطن ‘aṭin putrid, rotten, stinking عطين ‘aṭīn putrid, rotten, stinking عطان ‘iṭān tanbark عطو III to give (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) IV to give (هـ ل or ه to s.o. s.th.); to present, hand over, offer (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to grant, award, accord (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to present (هـ ه s.o. with s.th.), bestow (هـ ه upon s.o. s.th.); pass. u‘ṭiya to get, obtain, receive (هـ s.th.) │ اعطى دروسا to give lessons; اعطى اقواله (aqwālahū) to give evidence, give one’s testimony (jur.); اعطى له الكلمة (kalimata) to allow s.o. to speak; اعطاه بيده (bi-yadihī) to surrender or submit to s.o. V to ask for charity, ask for alms (ه s.o.); to beg VI to take (هـ s.th.); to swallow, take (هـ a medicine); to take over, assume, undertake, take upon o.s. (هـ a task); to occupy o.s., be occupied or buoy (هـ with s.th.), be engaged (هـ in s.th.), pursue, practice (هـ an activity) X = V عطا ‘aṭan gift, present عطاء ‘aṭā’ pl. a‘tiys gift, present; (pl. -āt) offer, tender │ قدم عطاء (qaddama) to make an offer or tender عطية ‘aṭīya pl. عطايا ‘aṭāyā gift, present معاطاة mu‘āṭāh exercise, practice, pursuit (of an activity) اعطاء i‘ṭā’ donation; presentation, grant(ing), award(ing) تعاط ta‘āṭin pursuit, practice (of an activity) 622 استعطاء isti‘ṭā’ begging, mendicity معط mu‘ṭin giver, donor معطى mu‘ṭan given; (pl. -āt) given quantity (math.) مستعط musta‘ṭin beggar عظل III عاظل الكلام (kalāma) to be repetitious in one’s speech, use tautologisms, repeat o.s. in speaking عظم ‘aẓuma u (‘iẓam, عظامة ‘aẓāma) to be or become great, big, large, grand, grandiose, magnificent, imposing, powerful, or mighty; to be huge, vast, enormous, tremendous, immense, stupendous; to be hard, distressing, painful, agonizing, or oppressive (على for s.o.) II to make, or cause to become, great(er), big(ger), large(r), (more) grandiose, (more) imposing, (more) magnificent, mighty or mightier, (more) powerful (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.), enhance the greatness, grandeur, magnificence, power, or might (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.); to enlarge, enhance, magnify (هـ s.th.); to aggrandize, glorify, extol, exalt (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV = II; to attach great importance (هـ to s.th.); to regard (هـ s.th.) as huge, vast, tremendous, enormous, immense, or stupendous; to find (هـ s.th.) hard, distressing, or oppressive V to be proud (ب of s.th.); to boast (ب of), vaunt, flaunt (ب s.th.); to he arrogant, presumptuous, haughty VI to be proud, arrogant, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious; to be great, grand, grandiose, imposing, huge, prodigious; to equal in weight, significance or importance (هـ s.th.); to be weighty, grave, serious, portentous (ه for s.o.) │ لا يتعاظمه شأن العدو (ša’nu l-‘adūw) the enemy’s importance does not unduly impress him X to be proud, arrogant, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious; to regard as great, significant, or important (هـ s.th.) عظم ‘aẓm pl. اعظم a‘ẓum, عظام ‘iẓām bone │ عظم الساق shinbone; مسحوق العظام bone meal; لين العظام līn al-‘i. softening of the bones, osteomalacia عظمي ‘aẓmī bone-, osteo- (in compounds) osseous, bony عظم ‘iẓam, ‘uẓm greatness, magnitude, grandeur, power, might; significance, importance عظمة ‘aẓma piece of bone; bone عظمة ‘aẓama majesty; pride, arrogance, haughtiness; exaltedness, sublimity, augustness │ صاحب العظمة His Majesty; His Highness; عظمة السلطان ‘a. as-sulṭān His Highness, the Sultan عظموت ‘aẓamūt greatness, magnitude, grandeur, power, might عظيم ‘aẓīm pl. عظماء ‘uẓamā’2, عظام ‘iẓām, عظائم ‘aẓā’im2 great, big, large; strong, powerful, mighty; significant, important; grand, grandiose, imposing, stately, magnificent; lofty, exalted, august, sublime, splendid, gorgeous, glorious, superb; huge, vast, prodigious, enormous, tremendous, immense, stupendous; hard, distressing, gruesome, trying, oppressive │ فرصة عظيمة (furṣa) golden opportunity; عظائم الأمور great or terrible things; العظماء والكبراء (kubarā’) the great of the world عظيمة ‘aẓīma pl. عظائم ‘aẓā’im2 a prodigious, terrible thing; great misfortune, calamity, disaster عظامي ‘iẓāmī of noble descent, highborn, aristocratic, noble, blue-blooded, of or pertaining to nobility; aristocrat, nobleman اعظم a‘ẓam2, f. عظمى ‘uẓmā, pl. اعاظم a‘āẓim2 greater, bigger; mare significant, more important; greatest, major, supreme; most significant, paramount │ اعاظم رجال مصر a. r. miṣr the most outstanding men 623 of Cairo; جريمة عظمى capital crime; الحرب العظمى (ḥarb) World War I; السواد الأعظم (sawād) the great mass, the great majority, the major portion (of the people); الصدر الأعظم (ṣadr) (formerly:) title of the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Ott.-Turk.: ṣadr-i a‘ẓam) تعظيم ta‘ẓīm aggrandizement, glorification, exaltation; military salute معظم mu‘aẓẓam glorified, exalted, revered, venerated; sublime, august (esp. of rulers); splendid, gorgeous, glorious, magnificent, resplendent; bony; ossified معظم mu‘aẓzam most of (them), the majority, major part or portion (of), main part; maximum │ في معظمه mostly, for the moot part, largely متعاظم muta‘āẓim proud, arrogant, presumptuous, haughty, supercilious عظة ‘iẓa see وعظ عف ‘affa i (عفة ‘iffa, عفاف ‘afāf) to refrain, abstain (عن from s.th. forbidden or indecent); to be abstinent, continent, virtuous, chaste, modest, decent, pure V = I; to shrink (عن from), be shy (عن of), be ashamed عف ‘aff chute, modest, virtuous, pure; decent; honest, upright, righteous عفة ‘iffa abstinence, continence, virtuousness, virtue, chastity, decency; purity; modesty; integrity, probity, honesty, uprightness, righteousness عفاف ‘afāf = عفة ‘iffa عفيف ‘afīf pl. اعفاء a‘fā’2, اعفة a‘iffa chaste, modest, virtuous, pure; decent; honest, upright, righteous اعف a‘aff2 chaster, more virtuous; more decent, of greater integrity تعفف ta‘affuf abstinence, continence, chastity, modesty; restraint متعفف muta‘affif chute, modest, virtuous, pure; decent; honest, upright righteous عفر ‘afara i (‘afr) to cover with dust, to soil, begrime (also بالتراب bi-t-turāb; هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II = I; to dust, sprinkle with dust or powder (هـ s.th.); to glean عفر ‘afar pl. اعفار a‘far dust عفر ‘ufār (eg.) duet O عفارة ‘afāra pl. -āt spray, atomizer اعفر a‘far2, f. عفراء ‘afrā’2 dust-colored, earth-colored يعفور ya‘fūr pl. يعافير ya‘āfīr2 earthcolored gazelle تعفير ta‘fīr (act of) dusting, sprinkling with dust or powder عفرت II ta‘frata to behave like a demon or devil عفريت ‘ifrīt pl. ‘afārīt2 malicious, mischievous; sly, cunning, crafty, wily; afreet, demon, imp, devil; (eg.) naughty child │ ولد عفريت (walad) mischievous child, good-for-nothing, ne’er-do-well (eg.) عفريتة ‘afrīta (lifting) jack (eg.) عفرتة ‘afrata devilry; dirty trick عفارم ‘afārim (eg.) bravo! well done! عفش’afaša i (‘afš) to gather, collect, heap up, amass (هـ s.th.) عفش ‘afš refuse, rubbish, trash, junk; luggage, baggage; household effects, furniture عفاشة ‘afāša: عفاشة من الناس worthless people عفص ‘afṣ, galls, gallnuts, oak apples عفص ‘afṣ sharp, pungent, acrid, astringent and bitter (of taste) عفوصة ‘ufūṣa sharpness, pungency, acridity, astringence (of taste) 624 عفن ‘afina a (‘afan, عفونة ‘ufūna) to rot, decay, putrefy, spoil; to be rotten, decayed, putrid spoiled; to be or become moldy, musty, mildewy, decomposed V = I عفن ‘afan rottenness, putridity, decay, spoiledness عفن ‘afin rotten, putrid, decayed, decomposed, spoiled, moldy, musty, mildewy; septic │ الحمى العفنة (ḥummā) putrid fever عفونة ‘ufūna rottenness, putridity, decay, spoiledness تعفن ta‘affun rottenness, putridity, decay, spoiledness معفن mu‘affan rotten, putrid, decayed, decomposed, spoiled, moldy, musty mildewy; septic متعفن muta‘affin rotten, putrid, decayed, decomposed, spoiled, moldy, musty, mildewy; septic عفا (عفو) ‘afā u (‘afw, عفاء ‘afā) to be or become effaced, obliterated, wiped out, eliminated; -- ‘afā u (‘afw) to efface, obliterate, wipe out, eliminate (عن or هـ s.th.); to forgive (عن s.o.); to excuse, free, relieve, exempt (عن ل s.o. from s.th.); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from) II to efface, obliterate, wipe out, eliminate (على or هـ s.th.) III and IV to restore to health, heal, cure (ه s.o.); to guard (عن or من ه s.o. against), protect, save (عن or من ه s.o. from); to free, release, relieve, exempt, except (هـ, ه s.o., s.th. عن or من from), excuse, dispense (عن or من ه s.o. from s.th.) IV to dismiss, discharge, fire, depose (ه s.o.) VI to recuperate, recover, regain health VIII to call on s.o. (ه) in order to obtain s.th. X to ask s.o.’s (ه) pardon, ask for a reprieve (ه s.o.); to request (ه of s.o.) exemption (من from s.th.); to tender one’s resignation (من from an office); to resign (من from an office) عفو ‘afw effacement, obliteration, elimination; pardon, forgiveness; waiver of punishment (Isl. Law); amnesty (عن for); boon, kindness, favor; surplus; عفوا ‘afwan I beg your pardon! excuse me! (in reply to “thank you”) you’re welcome! don’t mention it!; of one’s own accord, by o.s., spontaneously; casually; without design, in passing, incidentally I (شامل) عفو عام (‘āmm) amnesty (عن for); حق العفو عن العقوبة (ḥaqq al-‘a., ‘uqūba) right of granting pardon (jur.); عفو الخاطر ‘afwa l-kāṭir spontaneously, unhesitatingly, casually عفو ‘afw pl. عفاء ‘afā’ young donkey عفوي ‘afwī spontaneous عفي ‘afīy (eg.) strong, vigorous, husky, robust عفاء ‘afā’ effacement, obliteration, extinction, ruin, fall; dust │ ادركه العفاء adrakahū l-‘afā’u to fall into disuse, pass out of use; عليه العفاء it’s all over with him, he is done for معافاة muāfāh exemption, excuse, dispensation اعفاء i‘fā’ exemption (from a fee, and the like), excuse, dispensation; remission (of punishment); discharge, dismissal (from an office) استعفاء isti‘fā’ request for pardon; excuse, apology; resignation (من from an office) عاف ‘āfin effaced, obliterated, wiped out, eliminated عافية ‘āfiya (good) health, well-being; vigor, vitality معافى mu‘āfan exempt(ed), free, excused, dispensed (من from); healthy عق ‘aqqa u (‘aqq) to cleave, split, rip, rend (هـ s.th.); -- ‘aqqa u (عقوق ‘uqūq) to be disobedient, disrespectful, undutiful, 625 refractory, recalcitrant (اباه abāhu or والده wālidahū toward his father, of a child) عق ‘aqq disobedient, disrespectful, undutiful, refractory, recalcitrant (child) عقيق ‘aqīq (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. عقائق ‘aqā’iq2 carnelian; (pl. اعقة a‘iqqa) canyon, gorge, ravine عقيقي ‘aqīqī carnelian-red عقوق ‘uqūq disobedience, unruliness, refractoriness, recalcitrance (of a child) اعق a‘aqq2 more irreverent, more disrespectful, naughtier │ ما اعقك (a‘aqqaka) how irreverent you are! عاق ‘āqq disobedient, disrespectful, undutiful, refractory, recalcitrant (child) عقب ‘aqaba u (‘aqb) to follow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th. or after s.o., after s.th.), succeed (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to come after, ensue; to continue II to follow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th. or after s.o., after s.th.), succeed (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to pursue, follow, trail (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to expose, compromise, show up (على s.o.); to revise, correct, rectify, amend; to review critically, criticize (على s.th.), comment (على on s.th.) │ عقب آثاره to tread in s.o.’s footsteps III to alternate, take turns (ه with s.o.); to punish (على or ب ه s.o. for) IV to follow (هـ ه s.o., s.th. or after s.o., after s.th.), succeed (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to come after, ensue; to have for son (ه s.o.), be the father (ه of a son); to have as offspring, have sired (ه s.o.); to revert from evil to good, mend one’s ways, reform; to end well, succeed, V to pursue, follow, trail (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VI to be successive or consecutive, succeed one another, follow one after the other; to dart one by one (على upon), launch successive attacks, act successively, embark successively (على upon) عقب ‘aqib, ‘aqb pl. اعقاب a‘qāb heal; last part of s.th., end; that which follows subsequently or ensues, subsequence (with foll. genit.); grandson; offspring, progeny; ‘aqiba (prep.) immediately after, subsequent to │ جاء عقبه (‘aqibahū) or جاء بعقبه, جاء في عقبه he came closely after him; على عقب ‘alā ‘aqibi immediately after ...; رجع (عاد) على عقبيه (‘aqibaihi) pl. رجعوا (عادوا) على اعقابهم to retrace one’s steps, turn back; رده على عقبيه (raddahū) pl. ردهم على اعقابهم to drive s.o. back to where he came from; ارتد على عقبيه (irtadda) pl. ارتدوا على اعقابهم to withdraw, retreat; رأسا على عقب (ra’san) head over heels, topsy-turvy, upside down; from the ground up, radically; ظهرا على عقب (ẓahran) do.; في اعقاب الشهر (a. iš-šahr) at the end of the month; اعقاب الصلوات a. aṣ-ṣalawāt (supererogatory) prayers performed after the prescribed salat; في اعقاب الليلة at daybreak, immediately after night was over عقب ‘uqb pl. اعقاب a‘qāb end, outcome, upshot; issue, effect, result, consequence; rest, remnant, remainder; (cigarette, etc.) end, butt, stub (of a pencil, of a candle, of a check, etc.); counterfoil عقب ‘aqaba pl. عقاب ‘iqāb steep road or track, steep incline; pass, mountain road; العقبة or قلعة العقبة qal‘at al-‘a. هـqaba (seaport in SW Jordan): (pl. -āt, عقاب ‘iqāb) obstacle; difficulty │ وقف عقبة دون (‘aqabatan) to stand in the way of s.th., obstruct s.th. عقيب ‘aqīb one who, or that which, succeeds or is subsequent; following, subsequent │ عقيب ذلك (‘aqība) thereafter, afterwards, subsequently عقاب ‘uqāb (usually f.) pl. اعقب a‘qub, عقبان ‘iqbān eagle; العقاب هـquila (astron.) عقابي ‘uqābī eagle, (in compounds), aquiline عقيب ‘uqayyib a small eagle, Eaglet 626 عقوبة ‘uqūba pl. -āt punishment, penalty; pl. punitive measures, sanctions │ عقوبات اقتصادية (iqtiṣādīya) economic sanctions; قانون العقوبات penal code عقوبي ‘uqūbī penal, punitive عقبى ‘uqbā end, outcome, upshot; issue, effect, result, consequence يعقوب ya‘qūb2 Jacob, James; ya‘qūb (pl. يعاقيب ya‘āqīb2) male mountain quail (zool.) │ لحاجة في نفس يعقوب li-hājatin fī nafsi y. for some unknown reason, from secret motives يعقوبي ya‘qūbī pl. يعاقبة ya‘āqiba a Jacobite, an adherent of Jacob Baradai; Jacobite (adj.; Chr.) تعقيب ta‘qīb pl. -āt pursuit, chase; investigation; comment(ing); appeal (of a sentence, jur.) │ دائرة التعقيب court of review, appellate court (Tun.) معاقبة mu‘āqaba infliction of punishment, punishment; pl. معاقبات sanctions (pol.) عقاب ‘iqāb infliction of punishment, punishment; penalty عقابي ‘iqābī penal, punitive تعقب ta‘aqqub pl. -āt pursuit, chase; investigation تعاقب ta‘āqub succession │ على تعاقب العصور in the course of centuries عاقب ‘āqib: على العاقب successively عاقبة aqiba pl. عواقب ‘awāqib2 end, outcome, upshot; issue, effect, result, consequence │ سليم العاقبة benign (disease) معاقب mu‘āqib alternate; punisher متعاقب muta‘āqib successive, consecutive, uninterrupted, continuous عقد ‘aqada i (‘aqd) to knit, knot, tie (هـ s.th.) to fasten with a knot (هـ s.th.); to put together, join, fold, lock (هـ one’s hands, and the like); to contract (هـ the brows, and the like); to fix (هـ one’s eyes, ب on); to arch, vault (هـ a structure); to hold, convene, convoke, summon, call (هـ s.th., e.g., a session, a meeting); to conclude (هـ a contract), effect (هـ a transaction, a sale); to contract (هـ a loan) │ عقد املا على ‘aqada amalan) to pin, or set, one’s hope(s) on ...; عقد جبهته (jabhatahū) to knit, or wrinkle, one’s brows, frown; عقد محادثة (muḥādatatan) to strike up a conversation; عقد خطبتها على (‘uqida kiṭbatuhā) she became engaged to; عقد الخنصر (الخناصر) على (kinṣir, kanāṣir) to give s.th. top-rating because of its excellence, put s.th. above everything else; عقد زواجا (zawājan) to contract a marriage; عقد العزم (العزيمة) على (‘azma) to make up one’s mind to do s.th., be (firmly) determined to do s.th.; عقد لسانه to silence s.o.; عقد لواء الشيء to found, start, originate, launch, produce, kindle, provoke s.th.; السفينة المعقود لها لواء القيادة (liwā’u l-q.) the flagship; البارحة المعقود لواؤها للاميرال (liwā’uhā li-l-amīrāl) the admiral’s flagship; عقد ناصيته (nāṣiyatahū) = عقد جبهته; عقد نطاقا (niṭāqan) to form a cordon (حوله around s.o.); عقد النية على (nīyata) to resolve, make up one’s mind to do s.th., decide on s.th.; عقد له لواء المجد (النصر) ‘uqida lahū liwā’u l-majd (n-naṣr) approx.: he was awarded the laurel of fame (of victory); عقد على المرأة (‘alā l-mar’a) to marry a woman II to knit (tightly), knot, tie (هـ s.th.); to pile up, mass together (هـ e.g., clouds), cluster (هـ e.g., vapors, steam); to complicate, make difficult, intricate, or tangled هـ (s.th.) II and IV to congeal, coagulate, clot, thicken, inspissate (هـ s.th., esp. by boiling) V to be knit (together), knotted, tied with knots; to be or become intricate or complicated; to congeal, coagulate, clot, thicken; to gather (of clouds, 627 etc.) │ تعقد لسانه (lisānuhū) to express o.s. with difficulty, speak laboringly; to be unable to speak, be tongue-tied VI to be interknit, interknotted, interjoined, interlinked; to make a contract; to reach agreement, come to mutual agreement (على on, about) VII to be knit (together), knotted, tied with knots, entangled; to contract, become contracted (e.g., brows); to be inhibited (tongue); to congeal, coagulate, clot, thicken; to be concluded (contract), be effected (sale); to convene, assemble, meet (a committee, a conference, and the like) │ الاجماع منعقد على ان (ijmā‘) there is general conviction that ...; لم ينعقد له زهر ولا ثمر (zahr, tamar) to remain without blossom and fruit, be without any effect and consequence VIII to believe (firmly) (s.th., ب in) عقد ‘aqd knitting, knotting, tying; joining, junction, looking; holding, summoning, convocation (of a session, of a meeting); conclusion (of a contract, of a sale); contraction (of a loan, and the like); -- (pl. عقود ‘uqūd) contract, agreement, arrangement; legal act, legal transaction; document, deed; vault, arah; group of ten, half-score; decade, decennium │ عقد الفي (alfī) millennium; عقد الزواج ‘a. az-zawāj contraction of marriage, marriage; marriage certificate; عقد القران contraction of marriage, marriage; عقد الملكية ‘a. al-milkīya title deed; انفرط عقدهم (infaraṭa) they broke up, they went their own ways عقد ‘iqd pl. عقود ‘uqūd chaplet, necklace │ واسطة العقد center, focus, highlight, chief attraction, pièce de résistance عقدة ‘uqda pl. عقد ‘uqad knot (also = nautical mile); inch; joint (anat.); splice; knot, knur, knob, swelling, nodule, node, protuberance, excrescence, outgrowth; compact, covenant, contract; problem, difficulty; puzzle, riddle; complex (psychol.) عقاد ‘aqqād a producer and seller of cords, braiding and tassels, maker of trimmings عقادة ‘iqāda manufacture of trimmings, braiding, etc. عقيد ‘aqīd pl. عقداء ‘uqadā’2 contracting party, contractant, contractor; a military rank, approx.: lieutenant colonel (Ir.); colonel (mil., U.A.R.) عقيدة ‘aqīda pl. عقائد ‘aqā’id2 article of faith, tenet, doctrine; dogma; creed, faith, belief; conviction; O ideology │ عقيدة خرافية (kurāfīya) superstition; في عقيدتي according to my conviction, as I believe عقائدي ‘aqā’idī O ideological اعقدa‘qad2 (elative) knottier, more knotted; more complicated, more difficult; -- a‘qad2, f. عقداء ‘aqdā’ knotty, knotted, guarded │ عصا عقداء (‘aṣan) knotty stick, brier cane معقد ma‘qid pl. معاقد ma‘āqid2 piece where s.th. is knotted or tied in a knot or knots; point where s.th. joins or meets, a junction, a juncture, a joint, a seam │ معقد the object on which s.o. pins his hopes; لا يأخذ الكرى بمعقد جفنه (karā bi-m. jafnihī) no slumber closed his lids تعقيد ta‘qīd complication, entanglement, involvement; complicatedness, intricacy; complexity, tangledness; pl. -āt intricate, complicated problems تعقد ta‘aqqud complicatedness, complexity, intricacy انعقاد in‘iqād meeting, convening, session (of a committee, and the like) │ دور الانعقاد daur al-in. session, term (parl.) اعتقاد i‘tiqād (firm) belief, faith, trust, confidence, conviction; -- (pl. -āt) (religious) creed, faith; article of faith; principle of faith, tenet; doctrine; dogma 628 اعتقاد i‘tiqād dogmatic; (pl. -ūn) dogmatist │ المعهد الاعتقادي (madhab) dogmatism عاقد ‘āqid legally competent to contract (Isl. Law) معقود ma‘qūd knit, knotted, etc., see عقد (of milk) curdled │ معقود اللسان tongue-tied, incapable of speech │ كان الأعمال معقودا ان (amalu) it was hoped that … معقد mu‘aqqad knotted, knotty, gnarl.d; complicated, intricate, entangled, snarled, involved, difficult معاقد mu‘āqad contracting party, contractant, contractor متعاقد muta‘āqid: متعاقدان the two contracting parties معتقد mu‘taqad believed; المعتقد ان it is believed that ..., it is held that …; -- (pl. -āt) article of faith, principle of faith, tenet; doctrine; dogma; creed, faith; conviction, belief, view, opinion عقر ‘aqara i (‘aqr) to wound (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); -- ‘aqura u and ‘aqara i (‘uqr, ‘aqr, عقارة ‘aqāra) to be barren, sterile; to be childless III to be addicted, be given (هـ to s.th., e.g., to drinking) IV to stun, stupefy (ه s.o.) عقر ‘uqr, ‘aqr barrenness, sterility; middle, center │ في عقر الدار within the house itself (not outside the house); في عقر داره in his own house; في عقر ديارهم within the country; in their own country, on their own ground عقر ‘uqr indemnity for illicit sexual intercourse with a woman slave (Isl. Law); childless man عقار ‘aqār pl. -āt immovable property, immovables, real property, real estate, realty; piece of real estate, landed property عقار ‘uqār residue عقاري ‘aqārī of or pertaining to immovable property, immovables, landed property, or real estate; consisting in immovable property, immovables, landed property, or real estate; landed │ بنك عقاري real-estate bank, land-mortgage bank; رهن عقاري (rahn) mortgage on landed property, landed security; القسم العقاري (qism) real-estate administration (Tun.); ملك عقاري (milk) landed property عقور ‘aqūr mordacious, rapacious, voracious (animal) عقار ‘aqqār pl. عقاقير ‘aqāqīr2 drug; medicament, remedy عقارة ‘aqāra barrenness, sterility عقيرة ‘aqīra voice عاقر ‘āqir (f.) barren, sterile (woman) عقرب ‘aqrab pl. عقارب ‘aqārib2 scorpion; sting, prick; hand (of a watch or clock); look, curl; العقرب Scorpio (astron.) معقرب mu‘aqrab crooked, curved, curled عقص ‘aqaṣa i (‘aqṣ) to braid, plait (هـ the hair) عقيصة ‘aqīṣa pl. عقائص ‘aqā’iṣ2, عقاص ‘iqāṣ braid, plait (of hair), lock عقعق ‘aq‘aq pl. عقاعق ‘aqā‘iq2 magpie (zol.) عقف ‘aqafa i (‘aqf) to crook, hook, bend sharply (هـ s.th.) II = I عقفة ‘uqfa pl. -āt loop, ring, eyelet (to hold a button, the cords of the ‘iqāl, and the like) اعقف a‘qaf2, f. عقفاء ‘aqfā’2 crooked, bent, hooked O معقف ma‘qif square bracket معقوف ma‘qūf crooked, bent, hooked; bent at the ends, handlebar-shaped (mustache); dual معقوفان square brackets (typ.) │ الصليب المعقوف the swastika منعقف mun‘aqif square bracket │ بين منعقفين in square brackets 629 عقل ‘aqala i (‘aql) to hobble with the ‘iqāl (عقال q.v.; البعير al-ba‘īra the camel); to intern, confine, detain, arrest, put under arrest (ه s.o.); to throw (ه s.o.) in wrestling; to pay blood money or wergild (ه ل for the slain to s.o.); to be endowed with (the faculty of) reason, be reasonable, have intelligence; to be in one’s senses, be conscious; to realize, comprehend, understand (هـ s.th.) │ عقل لسانه (lisānahū) to tongue-tie s.o., make s.o. speechless II to make (ه s.o.) reasonable or sensible, bring (ه s.o.) to reason V to be or become reasonable, sensible, rational, intelligent, judicious, prudent, wise; to comprehend, grasp (ه s.th.) VIII to arrest, put under arrest, apprehend, detain (ه s.o.); to intern (ه s.o.); to seize, impound (هـ s.th.) عقل ‘aql blood money, bloodwite, wergild; (pl. عقول ‘uqūl) sense, sentience, reason, understanding, comprehension, discernment, insight, rationality, mind, intellect, intelligence │ مختل العقل muktall al-‘a. mentally deranged, demented, insane, mad; سليم (صحيح) العقل sane; O العقل الباطن (or اللاشعوري, or غير الواعي) (lā-šu‘ūrī, gairu l-wā‘ī) the unconscious, the subliminal; O العقل الشعوري (or الواعي, or الظاهر) (šu‘ūrī) the subconscious, the coconscious; O العقل المميز (mumayyiz) the conscious; O عقل الكتروني electronic computer عقلي ‘aqlī reasonable, rational; ratiocinative; mental; intellectual; (pl. -ūn) rationalist; an intellectual; العقليات al-‘aqlīyāt the mental world │ المذهب العقلي (madhab) rationalism; الأمرض العقلية mental diseases عقلية ‘aqlīya mentality, mental attitude عقلة ‘uqla pl. عقل ‘uqal knot, knob, node (e.g., of a reed, cane, etc.); joint, articulation; knuckle; layer (hort.); trapeze عقال ‘iqāl pl. عقل ‘uqul cord used for hobbling the feet of a camel; a headband made of camel’s hair, holding the kūfīya in place │ اطلق حربا من عقالها (aṭlaqa ḥarban) to unleash or start a war عقول ‘aqūl understanding, reasonable, sensible, discerning, intelligent; costive medicine; (and عاقول ‘āqūl) a low spiny shrub of the steppes of North Africa and Western Asia (camel’s-thorn, Alhagi maurorom; Alhagi manniferom Desv.; bot.) عقيلة ‘aqīla pl. عقائل ‘aqā’il2 the best, the pick; wife, spouse │ السيدة عقيلته (sayyida) his wife; عقائل الصفات ‘a. aṣ-ṣifāt the very best qualities اعقل a‘qal2 brighter, smarter, more intelligent معقل ma‘qil pl. معاقل ma‘āqil2 refuge, sanctuary; stronghold, fortress, fort; O pillbox, bunker, dugout (mil.); fortified position معقل ma‘qula pl. معاقل ma‘āqil2 blood money, wergild تعقل ta‘aqqul understanding, discernment, prudence, judiciousness, wisdom │ بتعقل sensibly, intelligently اعتقال i‘tiqāl pl. -āt arrest, detention, internment; cramp, spasm │ معسكر الاعتقال mu‘askar al-i‘t. concentration camp عاقل ‘āqil pl. -ūn, عقلاء ‘uqalā’2, عقال ‘uqqāl understanding, reasonable, sensible, rational, discerning, intelligent, prudent, judicious, wile; in full possession of one’s mental faculties, compos mentis, sane in mind عاقلة ‘āqila a clan committed by unwritten law of the Bedouins to pay the bloodwite for each of its members معقول ma‘qūl reasonable, sensible, intelligible, comprehensible, understandable, plausible, logical; rational; apprehensive faculty, comprehension, intellect, discernment, judiciousness, judgment; common sense │ معقول unintelligible, 630 incomprehensible, nonsensical, incongruous, preposterous, absurd معقولية ma‘qūlīya, comprehensibility, intelligibility; logicality, rationality, or reasonable character, logicality, rationality, reasonableness معتقل mu‘taqal pl. -āt concentration camp; prison camp; internment camp, detention camp عقم ‘aqama u and ‘aquma u (‘aqm; ‘uqm) to be barren, sterile (womb, woman); -- aqama i (‘aqm) to render barren (هـ the womb) II to render sterile or barren, sterilize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to degerminate (ه s.th.); to pasteurize (ه s.th.); to disinfect (ه s.th.) V to be rendered barren, be sterilized عقم ‘aqm, ‘uqm, ‘aqam barrenness, sterility عقمة ‘uqma barrenness, sterility عقيم ‘aqīm pl. عقم ‘uqum, عقام ‘iqām barren; sterile; useless, unavailing, futile, fruitless, ineffectual, ineffective, unproductive (e.g., work, attempt) تعقيم ta‘qīm sterilization, degermination, pasteurization; disinfection O معقم mu‘aqqim disinfector, disinfecting apparatus معقم mu‘aqqam sterilized, pasteurized, disinfected, degerminated عك ‘akka i (‘akk) to be sultry, muggy (day) عك ‘akk sultry, muggy, sweltering عكة ‘akka2, عكاء ‘akkā’2 and عكا ‘akkkā Acre (seaport in Palestine) عكيك ‘akīk sultry, muggy, sweltering (day) عكر ‘akira a (‘akar) to be or become turbid, muddy, roily II to render turbid, to roil, to muddy (هـ or على s.th.); to disturb, trouble (هـ or على s.th.) │ عكر الصفو (ṣafwa) to destroy the untroubled state, disturb the order; عكر صفوه (ṣafwahū) and عكر عليه الصفو (ṣafwa) to kill s.o.’s good spirits, spoil s.o.’s good humor V to become turbid, become muddy; to deteriorate, be aggravated, become worse (situation) عكر ‘amr turbidity, muddiness; sediment, dregs, lees عكر ‘akir turbid, muddy, roily; troubled, disturbed عكارة ‘akāra, ‘ikāra (eg.) sediment, dregs, lees تعكير ta‘kīr (act of) rendering turbid, roiling, muddying; disturbance, troubling, derangement معكر mu‘akkar turbid, sedimentous, roiled, muddy; disturbed, troubled عكز V to lean (على on a staff) عكاز ‘ukkāz, عكازة ‘ukkāza pl. -āt, عكاكيز ‘akākīz2 staff, stick; crutch عكس ‘akasa i (‘aks) to reverse, invert (هـ s.th.); to reflect, throw back, cast back, mirror (هـ s.th.) III to counteract, oppose, contradict (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), thwart (هـ s.th.); to disturb, trouble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to molest, vex, tease, harass (ه s.o.) VI to be reversed, be inverted; to be thrown back, be cast back, be reflected, be mirrored VII to be reversed, be inverted; to turn back (على against); to redound (على to, on); to be thrown back, be cast back (على or عن by), be reflected, be mirrored (على or عن by, in) عكس ‘aks reversal, reversion, inversion; reflection; opposite, contract, contrary, reverse │ عكس ذلك ‘aksa d. and على عكس ذلك in contrast with that, contrary to that; كان على العكس من to be in contrast to, be in opposition to; بالعكس on the contrary, conversely; والعكس بالعكس and vice versa; بحث المسألة طردا وعكسا 631 (mas’alata ṭardan) he studied the problem from all sides or in all its aspects عكسي ‘aksī contrary, opposite, contrasting, antithetical, adverse عكيس ‘akīs layer, shoot, cion (hort.) معاكسة mu‘ākasa pl. as disturbance; molestation, pestering, harassment; struggle, fight, battle │ معاكسة الحالة الجوية (jawwīya) inclemency of the weather انعكاسي in‘ikāsī reflection; (pl. -āt) reflex انعكاسي in‘ikāsī reflectional, reflexive, reflex (adj.) │ حركة انعكاسية (ḥaraka) reflex action, reflex (physiol.) عاكس ‘ākis screen, lamp shade; reflector عاكسة ‘ākisa reflector; eye shade; lamp shade معاكس mu‘ākis counter-, contra-, anti- هجمة معاكسة (hajma) counterattack متعاكس muta‘ākis contrasting, opposite, opposed, conflicting منعكس mun‘akis reflected │ صورة منعكسة (ṣūra) mirror image, reflected image, reflection, reflex; افعال منعكسة reflex actions عكاشة ‘akāša awkwardness, clumsiness عكاشة ‘ukāša, ‘ukāša spider; spider web, cobweb عكف ‘akafa u i (عكف ‘ukuf) to adhere, cling, stick, keep (على to); to give o.s. over, apply o.s., devote o.s., be addicted (على to s.th.), indulge (على in s.th.), be obsessed (على by), be bent, be intent (على on s.th.); to be busily engaged (على in), busy o.s. (على with); to remain uninterruptedly (في in); to seclude o.s., isolate o.s. (في in, at a place), withdraw, retire (في into, to a place); -- ‘akafa u i (‘akf) to hold back, restrain, keep (ه عن s.o. from) II to hold back, restrain, keep (عن ه s.o. from) V to remain uninterruptedly (هـ in); to seclude o.s., isolate o.s. (في in, at a place; عن from), withdraw, retire (في into, to a place; عن from); to live in seclusion. in retirement (عن from) VIII = V; to devote o.s., apply o.s. assiduously (الى to s.th.), busy o.s. (الى with) عاكف pl. -ūn, عكوف ‘ukūf, عكف ‘ukkaf given, addicted (على to s.th.); obsessed (على by), bent, intent (على on); busily engaged (على in), busy (على with) عكم ‘akama i (‘akm) to bundle up, pack, tie in a cloth, and the like (هـ s.th.) 1عل ‘alu see علو 2عل ‘alla, لعل la-‘alla (particle; with accusative noun immediately following) perhaps, maybe │ من يدري لعل (man yadrī) who knows if … 3عل ‘alla i and pass. ‘ulla to be or fall ill II to occupy, busy, keep busy, entertain, distract (ب ه s.o. with); to justify, motivate, explain (ب ه s.th. with) │ علل نفسه (النفس) ب to indulge in the hope that …, entertain or cherish the hope of or that …, be given to the illusion that ...; علل نفسه بآمال to indulge in hopes; to entertain vain hopes; علل الآمال ب to cherish the hope of ...; علله بالوعود to put s.o. off with promises V to occupy o.s., busy o.s., amuse o.s., distract o.s., divert o.s. (ب with); to make an excuse, offer a pretext; to offer or use as an excuse, offer a pretext (ب s.th.); to use as an expedient, as a makeshift (ب s.th.) │ تعلل بعلة (bi-‘illatin) to make a pretext, plead s.th. as an excuse VIII to be or fall ill; to be weak, defective; to make an excuse, offer a pretext; to adduce, give, offer (ب a reason or excuse, على for s.th.); to pretend, purport, allege, feign, dissimulate, offer as a pretext or excuse (ب s.th.) 632 علة ‘illa pl. -āt, علل ‘ilal illness, sickness, disease, malady; deficiency, defect, weakness; weakness, defectiveness (of a letter or word; gram.); metrical variation or irregularity (prosody); -- (pl. علل ‘ilal) cause, reason, occasion; excuse, pretense, pretext, plea │ حروف العلة the weak letters (ا, ي, و; gram.); على علاته in spite of his weaknesses, such as he is; العلة والمعلول cause and effect; علة العلل في the principal cause of ..., the deeper reason underlying ... علة ‘alla pl. -āt concubine │ بنو العلات banū l-‘a. sons of a man by different mothers عليل ‘alīl pl. اعلاء a‘illa’ sick, ill, ailing; sick person, patient; soft, gentle, mild, pleasant علية ‘illīya causality علية ‘ilya, ‘ullīya and عليون ‘illīyūn see علو علالة ‘ulāla comfort, consolation; remainder, remnant, rest تعليل ta‘līl pl. -āt entertainment, diversion, distraction; argumentation, justification, motivation, explanation تعلة ta‘illa pl. -āt pretext, pretense, excuse; makeshift, expedient, substitute, surrogate اعتلال i‘tilāl illness, sickness, disease, malady; weakness, defectiveness معلول ma‘lūl ill, sick, ailing; effect │ العلة والمعلول (‘illa) cause and effect; اتخذ المعلول علة ittakada l-ma‘lūla ‘illatan to mistake cause and effect معل mu‘all ill, sick, ailing معتل mu‘tall ill, sick, ailing; weak (letter; gram.); defective (word; gram.) علب II to can, tin, preserve in cans (هـ s.th.) علبة ‘ulba pl. علب ‘ulab, علاب ‘ilāb box, case; can, tin; etui علج III to treat (ه s.o., a patient; هـ a disease, also a subject); to occupy o.s., concern o.s., have to do, deal (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.), attend, turn (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to cultivate (هـ s.th., e.g., a literary genre); to take up (هـ s.th.), go in (هـ for s.th.), apply o.s. (هـ to s.th.); to take upon o.s. (هـ s.th.), undergo (هـ s.th.); to work (هـ s.th. or on s.th.), process, treat, manipulate, handle (هـ s.th.); to endeavor, take pains, try hard (ان or هـ to do s.th.); to palpate, paw, finger, touch (ه s.o.), fumble around (ه on s.o.); to influence (ه s.o.), work (ه upon s.o. by arguments or persuasions), prevail (ه on s.o.) │ عالج الرمق الأخير (ramaqa) to be on the verge of death, be dying; عالجه بطعنة (bi-ṭa‘natin) to land a stab on s.o., stab s.o. VI to be under medical treatment, receive or undergo medical treatment VIII to wrestle, struggle, fight (with one another); to be in violent commotion or agitation, heave, surge, tremble علج ‘ilj pl. علوج ‘ulūj infidel; uncouth fellow, lout معالجة mu‘ālaja treatment (of a patient, also of a subject); nursing (of a patient); cultivation (of an art); manipulation, handling, processing, treatment (of a material, etc.) علاج ‘ilāj medical treatment; remedy; cure, therapy تعالج ta‘āluj curative, therapeutic علف ta‘āluj medical treatment (which one undergoes) علف ‘alafa i (‘alf) to feed, fodder (هـ livestock) علف ‘alaf pl. اعلاف a‘lāf, علاف ‘ilāf, علوفة ‘ulūfa fodder, forage, provender علاف ‘allaf pl. ة seller of provender علوفة ‘alūfa pl. علائف ‘alā’if2 stall-fed animal; -- (pl. علف ‘uluf) fodder, forage, provender 633 معلف mi‘laf pl. معالف ma‘ālif2 manger, trough معلوف ma‘laf stall-fed, fattened (animal) علق ‘aliqa a (‘alaq) to hang, be suspended, dangle; to stick, cling, cleave, adhere (ب to); to catch (ب on, في in), get caught or stuck (ب on, في in); to be attached, affixed, subjoined (ب to s.th.); -- (علوق ‘ulūq, علاقة ‘alāqa) to keep (ب to s.o.), he attached, be devoted (ب to s.o.), be fond (ب of s.o.); (with foll. imperf.) to begin, commence to ..., start doing s.th.; -- ‘aliqat (علوق ‘ulūq) to become pregnant, conceive (woman) II to hang, suspend (على or ب ه s.th. on), attach, hitch, fasten, affix, tie (هـ s.th. على or ب to); to leave undecided, keep pending, keep in abeyance (هـ s.th.); to make dependent or conditional (هـ s.th. ب or على on); to comment (على on s.th.); annotate, gloss, furnish with notes or a commentary (على s.th.), remark, state (على with regard to); to make notes (هـ of s.th.), jot down (هـ s.th.) │ علق الآمال على to set one’s hopes on; علق اهمية (خطورة) على (ahammīyatan) to attach importance to s.th. IV to hang, suspend (ب هـ s.th. on), attach, hitch, fasten, affix, tie (ب هـ s.th. to); to apply leeches V to hang, be suspended, dangle (ب from); to cling, cleave, adhere (ب to); to keep, stick, hang on (ب to); to be attached, be devoted (ب to), be fond (ب of s.o.); to depend, be dependent or conditional (على or ب on); to refer, pertain, belong, be related (ب to), be connected, have to do (ب with), concern (ب s.th.) │ تعلق بحبه (bi-ḥubbihī) to be fond of s.o., be affectionately attached to s.o.; فيما تعلق ب with regard to, as to, regarding, concerning علق ‘ilq, ‘alq pl. اعلاق a‘lāq precious thing, object of value علق ‘alaq (con.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt medicinal leech; leech; (coagulated) blood, blood clot علقة ‘alqa (eg.) beating; bastinado; a thrashing, spanking عليق ‘alīq pl. علائق ‘alā’iq2 fodder, forage, provender علق 'ullaiq twining and creeping plants or shrubs (of various kinds); the lesser bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis; bot.; common English blackberry, bramble (Rubus fruticosus; bot.); blackberry; raspberry عليقة ‘ullaiqa: عليقة موسى ‘u. mūsā the Burning Bush علاق ‘allāq cost hanger علاقة ‘alāqa attachment, devotion, affection, bond; (pl. -āt, علائق ‘alā’iq2) relation, affiliation, association, contact, bond, connection (ب with) │ العلاقات العامة public relations; ذو علاقة ب connected with, related to; السلطات ذات العلاقة (sulṭāt) the competent authorities; قطع العلاقات (العلائق) qaṭ‘ al-‘a. severance of relations; توتر العلاقات (العلائق) tawattur al-‘a. tenseness of relations, tension in the relations علاقة ‘ilāqa pl. علائق ‘alā’iq2 a strap, and the like, for suspending s.th. علاقة ‘allāqa coat hanger اعلق a‘laq2: اعلق بالذهن (dihn) that to which the mind is more inclined معلاق mi‘lāq pl. معاليق ma‘ālīq2 pluck (of an animal) تعليق ta‘līq hanging, suspending; temporary stay, remission or abrogation, suspension; the oblique, “hanging” ductus (in Arabic calligraphy); (pl. -āt, تعاليق ta‘ālīq2) commentary, comment(s), explanatory remarks; suspended lamp │ تعليق الطلاق t. aṭ-ṭalāq conditional repudiation, conditional pronunciation of the talak (Isl. Law); تعليق على الأنباء (anbā’) news commentary (radio) 634 تعليقة ta‘līqa pl. -āt, تعاليق ta‘ālīq2 marginal note, annotation, note, gloss, scholium تعلق ta‘alluq attachment, devotion (ب to), affection (ب for); linkage, connection, relationship (ب with) معلق mu‘alliq commentator (radio, press) معلق mu‘allaq suspended, hanging; in suspense, in abeyance, pending, undecided; hinging (ب on); depending, dependent, conditional (ب or على on), conditioned (ب or على by) │ جسر معلق (jisr) suspension bridge; حساب معلق suspense account; قاطرات معلقة suspension railways; مسائل معلقة pending questions; رغبته معلقة ب (ragbatuhū) his desire is directed toward … معلقة mu‘allaqa pl. -āt placard, poster, bill; المعلقات the oldest collection of complete ancient Arabic kasidas متعلق muta‘alliq attached, devoted (ب to); connected (ب with), related, pertaining (ب to), concerning (ب s.o. or s.th.) │ متعلق بحبه (bi-ḥubbihī) affectionately attached to s.o.; من متعلقاته depending on s.o. or s.th., pertaining to s.o.’s authority علقم ‘alqam pl. علاقم ‘alāqim2 colocynth (bot.) │ ذاق العلقم to taste bitterness suffer annoyance, vexation, chicanery or torments (من from) علك ‘alaka u i (‘alk) to chew, champ (هـ s.th., esp. اللجام the bit, of a horse) علك ‘ilk mastic علم ‘alima a (‘ilm) to know (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), have knowledge, be cognizant, be aware (ب or هـ of s.th.), be informed (ب or هـ about or of s.th.), be familiar, be acquainted (ب or هـ with s.th.); to perceive, discern (ب or هـ s.th.), find out (ب or هـ about s.th., من from), learn, come to know (ب or هـ s.th. or about s.th., من from); to distinguish, differentiate (من هـ s.th. from) II to teach (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. s.th.), instruct, brief (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. in s.th.); to train. school, educate (ه s.o.); to designate, mark, earmark, provide with a distinctive mark (على s.th.); to put a mark (على on) IV to let (ه s.o.) know (ب or هـ s.th. or about s.th.), tell (ب or هـ ه s.o. about), notify, advise, apprise, inform (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. of or about s.th.). acquaint (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. with) V to learn, study (A s.th.); to know (هـ s.th.) X to inquire (عن ه or هـ ه of s.o. about), ask, query (عن ه or هـ ه s.o. about), inform o.s. (هـ ه or هـ ه through s.o. about). gather information (عن ه or هـ ه from s.o. about) علم ‘ilm knowledge, learning, lore; cognizance, acquaintance; information; cognition, intellection, perception, knowledge; (pl. علوم ‘ulūm) science; pl. العلوم the (natural) sciences │ علما وعملا ‘ilman wa-‘amalan theoretically and practically; ليكن في علمه (li-yakun) be it known to him, may he know, for his information; كان على علم تام ب (tāmm) to know s.th. inside out, be thoroughly familiar with s.th.; to have full cognizance of s.th.; علم الجراثيم bacteriology; علم الاجتماع sociology; علم الحساب arithmetic; علم الحياة ‘i. al-ḥayāh biology; علم الأحياء do.; علم الحيوان ‘i. al-ḥayawān zoology; علم الأخلاق ethics; علم الذرات ‘i. ad-darrāt nuclear physics; علم التربية ‘i. at-tarbiya pedagogy; علم الصحة ‘i. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa hygiene; علم الأصوات phonetics; علم المعادن ‘i. al-ma‘ādīn mineralogy; علم اللغة ‘i. al-luga lexicography; علم النباتات ‘i. an-nabātāt botany; علم النفس ‘i. an-nafs psychology; علم وظائف الأعضاء ‘i. w. al-a‘ḍā’ physiology; طالب علم ṭālib ‘ilm student; كلية العلوم kullīyat al-‘u. the Faculty of Science of the Egyptian University علمي ‘ilmī scientific; erudite (book); learned (society) 635 علم ‘alam pl. اعلام a‘lām sign, token, mark, badge, distinguishing mark, characteristic; harelip; road sign, signpost, guidepost; flag, banner; a distinguished, outstanding man; an eminent personality, au authority, a star, a luminary; proper name (gram.) اشهر من نار على علم very famous; اسم العلم ismun ‘alamun or ism ‘alamin pl. اسماء الأعلام proper name (gram.); علم الوصول receipt عالم ‘ālam pl. -ūn, عوالم ‘awālim2 world; universe, cosmos; العالمان al-‘ālamān the two worlds = Europe and America; عالمون ‘ālamūn inhabitants of the world, specif. human beings │ عالم الحيوان ‘a. al-ḥayawān the animal kingdom; عالم المعادن ‘ā. al-ma‘ādin the mineral kingdom; عالم النبات ‘ā. an-nabāt the vegetable kingdom; عالم الوجود this world, this life عالمي ‘ālami worldly, secular, world (adj.); international; world-wide, world-famous, enjoying world-wide renown عالمية ‘ālamīya internationality; ‘ālimīya see after ‘ālim علماني ‘almānī, عالماني laic, lay; (pl. -ūn) layman (in distinction from the clergy) علم ‘alīm pl. علماء ‘ulamā’ knowing; cognizant, informed; learned, erudite; العليم the omniscient (one of the attributes of God) علام ‘allām knowing thoroughly (with foll. genit.: s.th.), completely familiar (with) علام ‘alāma see على (prep.) under علو علامة ‘allāma most erudite, very learned علامة ‘alāma pl. -āt, علائم ‘alā’im2 mark, sign, token; badge, emblem; distinguishing mark, characteristic indication, syptom │ علامة هذا (‘alāma) in token of that, as a sign of that; علامة تجارية (tijārīta) trade-mark; علامة الرتبة ‘a. rutba insignia of rank; O علامة التأثر ‘a. at-ta’attur and علامة التعجب ‘a. at-ta‘ajub exclamation point; علامة الاستفهام question mark; O علامة التنصيص quotation mark عيلم ‘ailam tender; (pl. عيالم ‘ayālim2) well with abundant water; sea اعلومة a‘lūma pl. اعاليم a‘ālim2 road sign, signpost, guidepost تعلامة ti‘lāma moot erudite, very learned معلم ma‘lam pl. معالم ma‘ālim2 place, abode, locality, spot; track, trace; landmark, mark, distinguishing mark, characteristic; road sign, signpost, guidepost; peculiarity, particularity; pl. sights, curiosities; characteristic traits; outlines, contours (e.g., of the body), lineaments, features (of the face) معلمة ma‘lama pl. -āt encyclopedia تعليم ta‘līm pl. -āt, تعليماتا ta‘līm2 information, advice, instruction, direction; teaching, instruction; training, schooling, education; apprenticeship; pl. تعليمات instructions, directions, directives; information, announcements │ تعليم مختلط (muktaliṭ) coeducation; تعليم عال (‘ālin) higher education, academic studies, مراقب تعليم murāqib t. a military rank, approx.: master sergeant (Eg. 1939); صول تعليم ṣol t. do. (Eg.); O فن التعليم fann at-t. pedagogy, pedagogics تعليمي ta‘līmī instructional, educational اعلام i‘lām notification, advice; information; notice تعلم ta‘allum learning, studying, study; education استعلام isti‘lām inquiry (عن about); (pl. -āt) Information │ مكتب الاستعلامات maktab al-i. information office, information desk; news agency, press agency, wire service عالم ‘ālim knowing; familiar, acquainted (ب with), cognizant (ب of); expert, connoisseur, professional, (pl. 636 علماء ‘ulamā’2) learned, erudite; scholar, savant, scientist │ عالم طبيعي (ṭabī‘ī) physicist, natural scientist; العلماء المختصون (muktaṣṣūn) the specialists, the experts عالمة ‘ālima woman of learning, woman scholar; (eg.) singer, chanteuse عالمية ‘ālimīya learnedness, scholarliness, erudition, rank or dignity of a ‘ālim; rank of scholarship, conferred by diploma, of the Great Mosque in Tunis and of Al Azhar in Cairo اعلم a‘lam2 having more knowledge; more learned │ الله اعلم God knows best معلوم ma‘lūm known; fixed, determined, given; of course! certainly! sure! no doubt! (as an affirmative reply); known quantity (math.); المعلوم the active voice (gram.); -- (pl. معاليم ma‘ālim) fixed sum, fixed rate (money); fixed income; tax, duty; fee; sum, amount, cost(s) │ معلوم الحيوانات m. al-ḥayawānāt impost on livestock (Tun.); -- pl. معلومات ma‘lūmāt knowledge, lore, learning, perceptions, discoveries, findings; known facts; information, data; news, tidings معلم mu‘allim pl. -ūn teacher, instructor; master (of a trade, etc.) │ معلم الاعتراف father-confessor, confessor معلمة mu‘allima pl. -āt woman teacher, woman instructor معلم mu‘allam taught, instructed, trained, schooled; معلم عليه designated, marked │ معلم عليه بالأحمر marked with red pencil متعلم muta‘allim apprentice; educated; an educated person علن ‘alana u, ‘aluna u (علن ‘alāniya) to be or become known, manifest, evident III to indicate, make known, reveal, disclose (ه ب to s.o. s.th.) IV to manifest, reveal, make known (هـ s.th.); to make public, publicize, publish, disclose, declare, announce, proclaim, promulgate (هـ s.th.); to state frankly (هـ الى to s.o. s.th.); to announce (ان that); to issue a summons (الى to s.o.); to give notice (عن of); to advertise (عن s.th., e.g., the rent or sale of s.th. in a newspaper); to give evidence (عن of), indicate, show, betray, bespeak (عن s.th.) │ اعلن الحرب عليه (ḥarba) to declare war on s.o. VIII = I; :x: - I; to seek to bring out or to disclose (هـ s.th.); to bring to light (هـ s.th.) علنا ‘alanan openly, overtly, publicly, in public علني ‘alanī open, overt, public علن ‘alin open, overt, public; evident, patent علانية ‘alānīya openness, overtness, publicness, publicity (as opposed to secrecy); ‘alāniyatan openly, overtly, publicly, patently, in public اعلان i‘lān pl. -āt publication, promulgation; revelation, manifestation; proclamation; declaration, statement, pronouncement; announcement, notice; advertising, publicity (عن for); advertisement, ad; poster, bill, placard │ اعلان حضور i. ḥuḍūr summons; اعلان الحرب i. al-ḥarb declaration of war; اعلان عدم الثقة i. ‘adam at-tiqa vote of “no confidence”; اعلانات مبوبة (mubawwaba) classified ads; اعلانات ضوئية (ḍau’īya) electric signs, sky signs معلن mu‘lin announcer, master of ceremonies (e.g., in a cabaret) معلن mu‘lan: معلن اليه summoned (before a court) علو) and على) علا ‘alā u (‘ulūw) to be high, elevated, rise high, loom, tower up; to rise, ascend; to ring out (voice); to heave (chest); to be higher or taller (عن or هـ, ه than s.o., than s.th.), (over)top (عن or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), tower (عن or هـ, ه over s.o., 637 over s.th.), be located or situated higher (عن or هـ than s.th.); to be attached, fixed or fastened above or on top of s.th. (هـ); to rise (عن or هـ above s.th.); to exceed, excel, surpass (هـ, ه or عن s.o., s.th.); to be too high (هـ, ه or عن for s.o., for s.th.); to overcome, overwhelm (على or ه s.o.), get the better of s.o. (ه); to turn upward; to ascend, mount, climb, scale (هـ s.th.); to overspread, cover (هـ s.th.), come, descend (هـ, ه upon s.o., upon s.th.), befall, seize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) │ علا به to raise s.th. or s.o.; to exalt, extol s.o.; علت به السن (sinnu) be bad attained great age, he was an old man; علا صوته ب (ṣautuhū) hie voice rang out with ..., he exclaimed ... aloud; -- على ‘aliya a (علاء ‘alā’) to be high, elevated; to excel, stand out, surpass; -- على ‘alā i (‘aly) to climb (السطح as-saṭḥa to the roof) │ علا الأداة الصدأ (adāta, ṣada’u) rust has covered the tool; علت وجهه صفرة الأموات ‘alat wajhahū ṣufrat l-a. deathly pallor suffused his face; علته السآمة ‘alathu s-sa’āma he was overcome by fatigue; علت شفتيه رغوة ‘alat šafataihi ragwa foam appeared on his lips II to raise, raise aloft, lift, hoist, lift up, elevate, uplift, exalt (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV = II │ اعلى شأنه (ša’nahū) to play up, stress, emphasize s.th., put emphasis on s.th.; to further, promote, advance s.th.; to raise s.o.’s prestige V to rise, become high VI to rise, lift, ascend, rise aloft; to resound, ring out; to be high, exalted, sublime (esp. of God); to deem o.s. above s.o. or s.th. (على), look down (على on s.o. or s.th.); to stay away (عن from); تعال ta‘āla come (here)! come on! Let’s go! forward! VIII to rise, lift, ascend, rise aloft; to rise high, tower up; to mount, ascend, climb, scale (هـ s.th.); to step (up) (هـ on s.th.); to be enthroned, be perched (هـ on s.th.); to tower (هـ above s.th.); to ascend the throne; to accede to a high office X to rise, to tower (على above); to master (على s.th.); to take possession (على of s.th.), appropriate (على s.th.) عل ‘alu: من عل min ‘alu from above علو ‘ulūw height, tallness, elevation, altitude; greatness, grandeur, highness, exaltedness, sublimity │ علو الصوت ‘u. aṣ-ṣaut sound volume, sound intensity; علو الكعب ‘u. al-ka‘b high, outstanding position علوي ‘ulwī upper; heavenly, divine │ ارادة علوية (irāda) supreme will, divine decree علوي ‘alawī upper; heavenly, celestial; Alawi (adj. and n.); pl. العلويون the Alawis (official name of the Nusairis inhabiting the coastal district of Latakia in NW Syria) على ‘ulan height, tallness, elevation, altitude; highness, exaltedness, augustness, sublimity; high rank على ‘alā (prep.) on, upon, on top of, above, over (place, rank); at, on, by; in, in the state of, in the manner of, in possession of; to, toward, for; in addition to; to the debit of, to the disadvantage of; against, in spite of, despite; on the basis of, on the strength of, by virtue of, due to. upon; by, through; according to. in accordance with, pursuant to; to (one’s taste, one’s mind, one’s liking, etc.); during; (as to syntactical regimen see under respective verb) │ من على from above from upon ..., from the top of …; على ان (an, anna) on the condition that …, provided that ...; although, though, albeit; على ان (anna) (introducing a main clause) however, but, on the other hand, nevertheless, yet, still, ... though; على انه (in the subjective notion or view that …, i.e.) as, e.g.: جنى ثمرات الأرض على انها نعمة الآلهة 638 janā tamarāti l-arḍi ‘alā annahā ni‘matu l-āliha he reaped the fruits of the earth (accepting them) as a boon bestowed by the grace of the gods; على ظهر الخيل (ẓahr l-kail) on horseback; على ظهر الباخرة aboard the steamer; السلام عليكم (salāmu) may peace be upon you │ على الرأس والعين ‘alā r-ra’s wa-l-‘ain very gladly! with pleasure! على رؤوس الأشهاد publicly, for everyone to see; جلس على النار he was sitting by the fire; على يمينه (yamīnihī) to (at) his right; على كل حال (kulli) or على كل (kullin) in any case, at any rate; على الخصوص especially, particularly, specifically; على الإطلاق (iṭlāq) absolutely, unrestrictedly, without exception, in any respect, under any circumstances; على التقريب approximately, almost, nearly, about, circa; على التوالي (tawālī) continuously, incessantly, in uninterrupted succession; على ضوء (ḍau’i) or على نور (nūri) in the light of ...; كان على حق (ḥaqqin) or كان على الحق to be on the right way, have hit on the right thing, be right; كان على الباطل or كان على خطأ (kaṭa’in) to be on the wrong way, be wrong, be mistaken; هو على احسن ما يرام (aḥsani, yurām) he is as well as you can possibly wish (for him); هو على شيء من ... he has certain ...; هو على شيء من الذكاء (dakā’) he has a good deal of intelligence; ليس هذا على شيء there is nothing in it, it’s worthless; ليس من هذا كله على شيء all this is unfamiliar to him; he doesn’t understand a thing about it; كان على دين المسيح (dīni l-m.) to belong to the Christian religion, be a Christian; كان على علم ب (‘ilmin) to be informed about. be acquainted with ...; كان على انتظاره to wait for s.o. or s.th.; على غير شيء for no reason; على بصيرة من الأمر in cognizance of the matter, knowing the matter; على غير معلافة منه (ma‘rifatin) without his knowing about it, without his knowledge, unwittingly; عليك ب (هـ, ه or) take ...! help yourself to ...! make use of ...! عليك بالصبر (bi-ṣ-ṣabr) you must have patience! علينا به he is the one we must have! علي به (‘alayya) bring, give him (or it) to me! I must have him (or it)! عليه ان it is incumbent on him to …; it’s his duty to ...; he must …, he will have to ...; لا عليك don’t worry! لا عليه never mind! It’s nothing! no harm done! (indicating forgiveness, indulgence); ماعلينا what of it! what does it matter! let’s forget it! ما عليك من don’t worry about ..., don’t mind …’ don’t give … a thought; ما عليه ان he doesn’t care if ; it’s of little importance to him that …; علي حساب (ḥisābihī) at his expense; عليه دين (dain) he is in debt(s); هو على سنه قوي (sinnihī qawīy) he bears his years well; علام ‘alāma wherefore? what for? why? استيقظ علي الاذان istaiqaẓa ‘alā l-adān he awoke over the call to prayer, he was awakened by the azan; قيل على لسانه ما (qīla, lisānihī) he was supposed to have said things which …, statements were ascribed to him which ...; على يده (yadihī) through him, by him, at his hand; على ذلك in this manner, thus; accordingly, hence; على ما يقال (yuqālu) as they say, as it is said; على حسب ‘alā ḥasabi (prep.) according to, in accordance with, commensurate with, depending on; علي طوع منها (‘alā) with her obeying, without opposition on her part; على عادته according to his habit, as was his wont, as he used to do; علي ما يقال (yuqālu) suddenly, all of a sudden, unawares, unexpectedly; على عهد (‘ahdi) at the time of علي ‘alīy high, tall, elevated: exalted, sublime, lofty, august, excellent: العلي the Most High, the Supreme (one of the attributes of God) │ الدولة العلية (daula) name of the old Ottoman Empire علية ‘ilya (pl. of علي ‘alīy): علية الناس, علية القوم upper class, people of distinction, prominent people 639 علية ‘ullīya, ‘illīya pl. علالي ‘alālīy upper room, upstairs room عليون ‘illīyūn the uppermoot heaven; loftiest heights علاء ‘alā’ high rank, high standing, nobility علاة ‘alāh pl. علا ‘alan anvil علياء ‘alyā’2 loftiness, exaltedness, sublimity, augustness; lofty height; heaven(s) │ اهل العلياء ahl al-‘a. people of highest social standing علاوة ‘ilāwa addition; increase, raise, extra allowance, subsidy │ علاوة على (‘ilāwata) in addition to علاية ‘alāya height, loftiness اعلى a‘lā, f. عليا ‘ulyā, pl. على ‘ulan, اعال a‘ālin higher, highest; upper, uppermost; اعال a‘ālin the highest portion of s.th.; heights, peaks (fig.) │ اعلاه a‘lāhu further up, above; مذكور اعلاه above-mentioned; مؤتمر (منعقد) على اعلى مستوى (mu’tamar mun‘aqid, mustawan) top-level conference; بأعلى صوت bi-a‘lā ṣautin very loud, at the top of one’s voice; سفينة اعالي البحار seagoing vessel; اعالي النيل a. n-nīl the upper course of the Nile معال ma‘ālin (pl.): معالى الأمور noble things; صاحب المعالي or معاليه ma‘ālīhi His Excellency, معالي الوزير His Excellency the Minister (title of cabinet ministers) تعلية ta‘liya elevation, enhancement, uplift, exaltation; raising (e.g., of the voice) اعلاء i‘lā’ elevation, enhancement, uplift, exaltation; raising, lifting │ اعلاء شأن الشيء i. ša’ni š. boosting, furtherance, promotion, or advancement of s.th. اعتلاء i‘tilā’ ascension (e.g., to the throne); accession to office (e.g., of a cabinet minister) استعلاء isti‘lā’ superiority عال ‘ālin high, tall, elevated; loud, strong (voice); higher (as opposed to elementary); lofty, exalted, sublime, high-ranking, of high standing; excellent, first-class, first-rate, outstanding, of top quality (commodity) │ الباب العالي the Sublime Porte; ضغط عال (ḍagṭ) high voltage, high tension (el.); تواتر عال (tawātur) high frequency (el.); عاليه ‘āliyahū above, above-mentioned (in letters; esp. in official and business style); مذكور بعاليه (bi-‘ālīhi) above-mentioned; (eg.) عال العال ‘āl al-āl excellent, first-rate, top-quality, A-l (merchandise) متعال muta‘ālin high, elevated, lofty, exalted; resounding, ringing; المتعالي the Most High, the Supreme Being (one of the attributes of God) علوان = عنون علوان = عنوان على, علية, عليون, علياء, علاية see علو 1عم abbreviation of the formula عليه السلام (salāmu) may peace be upon him! 2عم ‘amma = (عن ما>) عما 3عم ‘amma u (عموم ‘umūm) to be or become general, universal, common, prevalent, comprehensive, all-embracing, to spread, prevail; -- ‘amma u to comprise, include, embrace, encompass, pervade (هـ s.th.), extend, stretch, be spread, be diffused, be prevailing (هـ all over s.th.) عمت البلوى به (balwā) it has become a general necessity II to generalize (هـ s.th.); to spread universally, universalize, popularize, democratize (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) universally accessible, open (هـ s.th.) to the public at large; to introduce (هـ s.th.) universally; to attire (ه s.o.) with a turban V to put on or wear a turban VIII = V عم ‘amm pl. عموم ‘umūm, اعمام a‘mām father’s brother, paternal uncle │ ابن العم 640 ibn al-‘amm cousin on the father’s side; بنت العم bint al-‘amm female cousin on the father’s side عمة ‘amma pl. -āt paternal aunt عمة ‘imma turban عميم ‘amīm general, universal, common, prevalent; all-comprehensive عموم ‘umūm generality, universality, prevalence; whole, total, totality, aggregate; العموم the (general) public, the public at large; عموما ‘umūman in general, generally │ عموما -- خصوصا in general in particular; علي العموم in general, generally; بوجه العموم bi-wajhi l-‘u. generally speaking, in general; في عموم القطر (‘u. il-quṭr) throughout the country; مجلس العموم majlis al-‘u. the House of Commons, the Lower House; ‘umūm frequently replaces عمومي ‘umūmī in compound terms of administrative language, e.g.: جامعة عموم العمال j. ‘u. al-‘ummāl general federation of labor; ادارة عموم الجمارك General Administration of Customs and Tariffs (Eg.); ديوان عموم المصلحة (dīwān ‘u. al-maṣlaḥa) administration headquarters, chief administration office; ديوان عموم المالية d. ‘u. al-mālīya General Administration of Finances (Eg.); تفتيش عموم الري t. ‘u. ar-riyy General Inspectorate of Irrigation (Eg.); مفتش عموم النيل الجنوبي mufattiš ‘u. an-nīl al-janūbī Inspector General for the Southern Nile (Eg.) عمومي ‘umūmī public; universal; general; common; state, civil, public │ جمعية عمومية (jam‘īya) plenary session; general assembly; دار الكتب العمومية (dār al-kutub) public library; اشغال عمومية public works; الصندوق العمومي (ṣundūq) public treasure عمومة ‘umūma uncleship, unclehood; pl. of عم ‘amm عمامة ‘imāma pl. عمائم ‘amā’im2 turban تعميم ta‘mīm generalization, universalization, general propagation or diffusion, popularization, democratization; vulgarization عام ‘āmm public; universal, prevalent; general; common │ الأمن العام (amn) public security; مدير عام (mudīr) director general, general manager; الرأي العام (ra’y) public opinion; الصالح العام or المصلحة العامة (maṣlaḥa) public welfare, the commonweal; الخاص والعام (kāṣṣ) high and low, all men, all, everybody (also العام والخاص) عامة ‘āmma generality; commonalty; the masses, the people; عامة ‘āmmatan in general; genera.lly; oommonly, altogether, in ths aggregate, collectively │ خاصة -- عامة (kāṣṣatan) in particular -- in general; عامة الناس the common people, the masses, the populace; الخاصة والعامة (kāṣṣa) high and low, all men, all, everybody العوام al-‘awāmm (pl. of عامة ‘āmma) the common people, the populace; the laity (Chr.) عامي ‘āmmī common, vulgar, plebeian, ordinary, popular: ordinary person, man in the street; العامية al-‘āmmīya popular language, colloquial language معمم mu‘ammam wearing a turban, turbaned 4عما ‘ammā = عن ما عمد ‘amada i (‘amd) to support, prop, shore, buttress (هـ s.th.); to intend, purpose (ل or الى or هـ s.th.); to betake o.s., repair, go (ل or الى or A to); to approach, undertake (ل or الى s.th.), go, set (ل or الى about s.th.), proceed, apply o.s., turn, attend (ل or الى to), embark (ل or الى upon); to take up (الى s.th.); to be intent (الى on s.th.): -- ‘amada i to baptize, christen (ه s.o.) II to baptize, christen (ه s.o.) IV to support, prop, shore, buttress (هـ 641 s.th.); to baptize, christen (ه s.o.) V to intend, purpose, do intentionally, do on purpose (هـ s.th.); to approach (هـ s.th.) with a definite aim in mind; to single out (هـ s.o.), aim (هـ, ه at); to be baptized, be christened │ ما تعمدها باهانة (ihāna) he was not out to insult her, he had no intention of offending her VIII = V; to lean (على against), support one’s weight (على on); to rely, depend (هـ or ه on s.o., on s.th.); to use as a basis (هـ or على s.th.); to employ, use, apply (هـ s.th., e.g., a new method); to confirm (هـ s.th.); to sanction, authorize (هـ s.th.); to loan, give on credit (هـ ل to s.o. a sum) عمد ‘amd intention, intent, design, purpose; premeditation, willfulness (jur.); عمدا ‘amdan intentionally, deliberately, on purpose; willfully, premeditatedly (jur.) │ شبه العمد šibh al-‘a. quasi-deliberate intent (Isl. Law) عمدي ‘amdī intentional, deliberate; premeditated, willful (jur.) عمدة ‘umda support, prop, shore; main subject, main issue, basic issue (e.g., of a controversy); (pl. عمد ‘umad) chief of a village, chief magistrate of a small community (eg.); mayor عماد ‘imād pl. عمد ‘amad support, prop, stay (also fig.); bracket, buttress, post, pole, pillar; -- ‘imād baptism عميد ‘amīd pl. عمداء ‘umadā’2 support; head, chief; dean (of a faculty); principal, headmaster, director (of a secondary school); doyen, dean (as, of a diplomatic corps); high commissioner (also العميد السامي), resident general; military ranks, approx. major (Eg. 1939), approx. lieutenant commander (Eg. 1939), approx. commanding) general (Ir.), lieutenant colonel (U.A.R.) │ عميد ثان (tānin) a military rank intermediate between those of major and captain, Brit.: adjutant-major (Eg. 1939); a naval rank intermediate between those of lieutenant commander and lieutenant (Eg. 1939) عميدة ‘amīda principal, headmistress, directress (of a secondary school for girls) عمود ‘amūd pl. اعمدة a‘mida, عمد ‘umud flagpole, shaft (of a standard); pale, post, prop, shore, pier, buttress; lamppost; (telephone, telegraph) pole; column, pillar, pilaster; stem (of a glass); -- (pl. اعمدة) column (of a newspaper); O element, cell (el.) │ العمود الشوكي (šaukī) the vertebral column, the spine; العمود الفقري (faqrī) do.; O عمود كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electrode عامود ‘āmūd pl. عواميد ‘awāmīd2 = عمود ‘amūd │ O عامود القيادة steering column, steering mechanism (of an automobile) عمودي ‘amūdī columnar, pillar-shaped; vertical, perpendicular, upright │ طائرة عمودية helicopter يوحنا المعمدان yūḥannā l-ma‘madān John the Baptist تعميد ta‘mād baptism تعمد ta‘ammud intention, intent, design; resolution, determination, purpose; تعمدا ta‘ammudan and بتعمد intentionally, deliberately, willfully, on purpose, premeditatedly تعمدي ta‘ammudī intentional, deliberate, premeditated, willful اعتماد i‘timād reliance, dependence (على on), confidence, trust (علي in); confirmation; sanction, approbation, authorization; accreditation (of diplomats); (pl. -āt) credit, loan │ الاعتماد على النفس (nafs) self-confidence, self-reliance; كتب الاعتماد kutub al-i‘t. or اوراق الاعتماد aurāq al-i‘t. credentials (of diplomats); اعتماد اضافي (iḍāfī) supplementary loan 642 معمودية ma‘mūdīya baptism; baptismal font معمد mu‘ammad baptizee, one receiving baptism متعمد muta‘ammid deliberate, premeditated, willful; intentional معتمد mu‘tamad reliable, dependable; object of reliance, support; sanctioned, approved, authorized; accredited; commissioner, authorized agent, proxy, envoy, representative; commissary, commissar │ المعتمد السامي (sāmī) the High Commissioner; معتمد قنصلي (qunṣulī) consular agent (dipl.) معتمدية mu‘tamadīya legation (dipl.) عمر ‘amara u i (‘amr, ‘umr) to live long, be longevous; -- u i, ‘amura u (عمارة ‘amāra) to thrive, prosper, flourish, flower, bloom; to be or become inhabited, peopled, populated, civilized, cultivated; to be full, filled, filled up; -- ‘mara u to fill with life, cause to thrive, make prosperous; to inhabit (هـ s.th.), live, dwell (هـ in s.th.); to fill, pervade (جوانحه s.o.’s heart), reign (جوانحه in s.o.’s heart); to build, erect, construct, raise, rebuild, reconstruct, restore (هـ s.th.) II to let (ه s.o.) live, preserve (ه s.o.) alive; to prolong s.o.’s (ه) life, grant long life (ه to s.o.; of God); to populate, people (ه s.th.); to build, erect, construct, raise, rebuild, reconstruct, restore, repair, overhaul, refurbish, recondition (هـ a building); to provide, furnish, supply, fill (ب هـ s.th. with, e.g., the lamp with oil, the censer with charcoal, the goblet with wine); to load (هـ a gun); to fill (هـ a pipe); to fill in (هـ a form, a blank; tun.) │ عمر وقته (waqtahū) to take up, or claim, s.o.’s time IV to populate, people (هـ s.th.); to perform the ‘umra (q.v.) VIII to visit (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to perform the ‘umra (q.v.) X to settle (في s.o. in); to settle, colonize (هـ s.th.); to turn (هـ a country) into a colony عمر ‘umr (‘amr in oaths) pl. اعمار a‘mār life, duration of life, life span, lifetime; age (of a person) │ لعمري la-‘amrī upon my life! لعمر الله la-‘amru llāhi by the everlasting existence of God! by the Eternal God! ذات العمرين dāt al-‘umrain amphibian (n.); عمره عشرين سنة (‘išrīna sanatan) he is twenty years old عمرة ‘amra headgear (e.g., turban); (eg.) repair, repair work عمرة ‘amra pilgrimage to Mecca (the so-called “minor hadj” which, unlike the hadj proper, need not be performed at a particular time of the year and whose performance involves fewer ceremonies) عمرى ‘umrā donation for life (Isl. Law) عمارة ‘amāra (naval) fleet عماارة ‘imāra pl. -āt, عمائر ‘amā’ir2 building, edifice, structure; real estate, tract lot; العمارة or فن العمارة fann al-‘i. or هندسة العمارة handasat al-‘i. architecture, art of building عمران ‘umrān inhabitedness, activity, bustling life, thriving, flourishing, prosperity (as opposed to خراب karāb); populousness and prosperity (of a country); culture, civilization; building, edifice, structure عمراني ‘umrānī cultural, civilizational; serving, or pertaining to, cultural development عمارية ‘ammārīya camel-borne sedan and the virgin riding in it into battle اعمر a'mGrl more inhabited, more populated, more populous; more cultivated, more civilized; more flourishing, more thriving معمار mi‘mār builder, architect; mason 643 معماري mi‘mārī architectonic, architectural; - (pl. .IIP) builder, architect; mason │ مهندس معماري (muhandis) builder, architect; الفن المعماري (fann) art of building, architecture تعمير ta‘mīr building, construction, election; restoration, repair, overhauling, refurbishing, reconditioning; filling, filling-up تعميرة ta‘mīra filling, fiIling-up استعمار isti‘mār colonizing, colonization, foundation of colonies; imperialistic exploitation; imperialism, colonialism استعماري isti‘mārī colonial; colonizer; imperialistic استعمارية isti‘mārīya imperialism, colonialism عامر ‘āmir inhabited; peopled, populated, populous; full, filled, filled up; jammed, crowded, filled to capacity (ب with); amply provided, splendidly furnished; civilized; cultivated (land); flourishing, thriving, prosperous; العامر is a frequent epithet of castles, palaces, etc., of ruling houses │ عامر بالأمل (amal) full of hope; عامر الجيب ‘a. al-jaib with a full pocket; عامر الذمة ل (‘ā. ad-dimma) obliged to s.o., committed to s.o.; عامر النفس (‘ā. an-nafs) obsessed by, possessed by; ام عامر umm ‘āmir hyena (zool.); نهوض عامر voluptuous bosoms معمور ma‘mūr inhabited, populated, populous; المعمور or المعمورة the (inhabited) world │ في كل انحاء المعمور (المعمورة) all over the world, throughout the world معمر mu’ammir pl. -ūn colonist معمر mu‘ammar pl. -ūn senior (in sports) مستعمر musta‘mir colonial, imperialistic; settler, colonist; foreign conqueror, invader; imperialist مستعمرة musta‘mara pl. -āt colony, settlement │ O مستعمرة مستقلة (mustaqilla) dominion اعمش a‘maš2 affected with an eye disease, blear-eyed عماص ‘umāš (eg.) mucous discharge of the eye, rheum عمق ‘amuqa u (‘umq, عماقة ‘amāqa) to be or become deep, profound II to deepen, make deep or deeper (هـ s.th.) IV = II V to penetrate deeply, go deeply (هـ or في into s.th.), become absorbed (هـ or في in) عمق ‘amq, ‘umq pl. اعماق a‘māq depth, profoundness, profundity; bottom │ من اعماق قلبه (a. qalbihī) from the bottom of his heart, from the depth of his soul; من اعماق النفس (a. in-nafs) do. عميق ‘amīq deep (also of feelings), profound عمل ‘amila a (‘amal) to do, act, operate, be active, work (also: في in a field); to make, produce, manufacture, fabricate, perform, carry out, execute (هـ s.th.); to act (ب according to, in accordance with, on the strength of, on the basis of); to operate, put into operation, set going (ب s.th.); to plan, contrive, seek to accomplish, practice, pursue (على s.th.), aim, work away (ل or على at), be out, strive (ل or على for), apply o.s. (على to), take pains, endeavor, exert o.s. (على to do s.th.), be active (على in the service of s.th.); to process, work, treat (في s.th.); to act (في upon s.th.), affect (في s.th.); (gram.) to govern (في a syntactical member) │ يعمل به (yu‘malu) it is valid, is effective, is in force (e.g., an ordinance); عمل ترتيبات to make arrangements or preparations; عمل اعماله (a‘mālahū) to behave, or act, like s.o.; لا به يعمل ولا علي يعول (yu‘malu, yu‘awawalu) null and void II to appoint as vicegerent or governor (ه على s.o. over, of); to fester, suppurate, be purulent (wound) 644 III to apply (ه ب toward s.o. s.th.); to treat (ب ه s.o. in a manner), proceed, deal (ب with s.o. in a manner); to trade, do business (ه with s.o.) │ عامله بالمثل bi-l-mitl) to repay s.o. like for like, treat s.o. in like manner IV to make (هـ s.th.) work, put to work, operate, put into operation, bring to bear, employ, woe (هـ s.th.); ب or اعمل هـ في to putter, or tinker, with s.th. about s.th. else, work with s.th. on s.th. else │ اعمل الفكر (fikra) to busy the mind, think, reflect, ponder, muse; اعمل السيف في رقابهم (saifa) he caused a massacre among them, had them massacred V to go to a lot of trouble, take great pains, spend much effort VI to trade, do business (with one another); to trade, do business (مع with) VIII to work, be active, operate X to apply (هـ s.th.), use, employ (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to put into operation, operate, run (هـ s.th.); to place s.o. (ه) at the head of s.th. (على), install, instate (على ه s.o. over) │ استعمل معه وسائل القسوة (wasā’il l-qaswa) he brought severe measures to bear upon him عمل ‘amal doing, acting, action, activity; work, labor; course of action, way of acting, practice; achievement, accomplishment; activity (على for), work (على in the service of s.th.); making, production, manufacture, fabrication; performance, execution; make, workmanship; practical work, practice; -- (pl. اعمال a‘māl) act, action; operation (mil.); work, job, chore, labor; deed, feat, achievement, exploit; occupation, business; trade, craft, handicraft; vicegerency, province, district; administrative district (e.g., Eg., Tun.); العمل ب validity, effectiveness of s.th. (e.g., of an ordinance, and the like) │ اجراء العمل ب (ijrā’ al-‘a.) enforcement, implementation of s.th.; ما العمل what’s to be done now! what’s there to be done? what can you do? عملا ب (‘amalan) in execution of, in pursuance of, according to, pursuant to, is stipulated by; اعمال حربية (ḥarbīya) belligerent, or warlike, acts, military operations; الأعمال الأربعة(arba‘a) the first four rules of arithmetic; اعمال منزلية (manzilīya) household chores, household work; اعمال يدوية (yadawīya) handiwork(s), manual work; صاحب العمل employer عملي ‘amalī work-, working- (in compounds); serving practical purposes, practical; applied; عمليا ‘amalīyan practically, in practice │ الحياة العملية practical life, workaday life, professional life; المذهب العملي (madhab) pragmatism; السياسة العملية practical policy, “Realpolitik” عملية ‘amalīya pl. -āt work, job; action, activity; making, manufacture, fabrication, production; procedure, method, technique; operation (as an action done as part of practical work; med.; mil.); process │ عملية قيصرية (qaiṣarīya) Caesarean section عملة ‘amla evil deed │ بعملة in the very act, red-handedly, flagrante delicto عملة ‘umla wages, pay; currency; current money, currency in circulation; money │ عملة زائفة counterfeit money; عملة سهلة (sahla) soft currency; عملة صعبة (ṣa‘ba) hard currency; مزيف العملة muzayyif al-‘u. counterfeiter; تهريب العملة currency smuggling عميل ‘amīl pl. عملاء ‘umalā’2 (business) representative; agent (also pol.); commission merchant (com.); customer, patron; patient; client عمي ‘amīla woman customer, woman client O عميلة ‘umaila pl. -āt erg (unit of energy or work; phys.) عمالة ‘amāla pl. -āt wages, pay; brokerage, commission; department, district, province; (Alg.) prefecture, administrative district 645 عمولة ‘amūla brokerage, commission عمالي ‘ummālī labor, workers’ (in compounds) │ صحيفة عمالية labor organ, labor (news)paper معمل ma‘mal pl. معامل ma‘āmil2 factory, mill; workshop, plant, works, establishment; institute; laboratory; pl. معامل industrial plant │ معمل البحث ma‘mal al-baḥt research institute; معمل التكرير refinery; معمل اللبن m. al-laban dairy معاملة mu‘āmala pl. -āt treatment; procedure; social intercourse, social life, association (with one another); behavior, conduct (toward others); business; transaction; (esp. in pl.) mutual relations, business relations; pl. معاملات handling (of freight, luggage, etc.) │ المعاملة بالمثل (mitl) reciprocity (in international trade); شرط معاملة الدول الأكثر رعاية m. id-duwali l-akaṭari ri‘āyatan most-favored nation clause (dipl.) تعمل ta‘ammul affectedness, affectation, finicality, mannerism تعامل ta‘āmul commercial intercourse, trade relations, trade, dealings, transactions; business transactions (stock exchange); (pl. -āt) O reaction (chem..) استعمال isti‘māl application, use, employment; utilization, exploitation; operation, handling (e.g., of a machine) │ سهل الاستعمال sahl al-ist. easy to handle; سوء الاسعتمال sū’ al-ist. abuse, misuse; شائع الاستعمال in general use, commonly used, generally accepted; اساء استعماله asā’a sti‘mālahū to abuse, misuse, misemploy s.th. عامل ‘āmil active; effective; -- (pl. عوامل ‘awāmil2) factor, constituent, element, (causative) agent, motive power; word governing another in syntactical regimen, regent (gram.); -- (pl. عمال ‘ummāl) maker, producer, manufacturer; doer, perpetrator, author; worker, workman, workingman, laborer; wage earner, employee; governor, vicegerent, lieutenant; administrative officer at the head of a ‘amal (Tun.); (Alg.) district president, prefect (of a ‘amala) │ الجيش العامل (jail) the regular, or active, army; تحت عامل الغضب (‘a. il-gadab) in wrathful agitation, infuriated; حزب العمال ḥizb al-‘u. labor party (specif., the Brit. Labour Party); عضو عامل (‘uḍw) active member معمول به ma‘mūl bihī in force, effective, valid; in use, applied المعاميل al-ma‘āmīl the coffee implements (Bedouin) معامل mu‘āmil O coefficient (math.) مستعمل musta‘mil user مستعمل musta‘mal employed, used also = not new, secondhand); in use applied عملاق ‘imlāq pl. عمالقة ‘amāliqa Amalekite; gigantic, giant, huge; a giant │ عمالقة البحار huge ocean liners 1عمن ‘ammān = عن من ‘an man 2عمان ‘umān Oman, sultanate in SE Arabia عماني ‘umānī Omani, Oman (adj.) 3عمان ‘ammān2 Amman (the ancient Philadelphia, capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) عمه ‘amiha a (‘amah) to wander about, stray, rove; to stray (عن from) عمي ‘amiya a (‘aman) to be or become blind, lose one’s eyesight; to be blind (عن to s.th.); to be obscure (على to s.o.) II to blind, render blind (ه s.o.); to blindfold (ه s.o.); to obscure, render cryptic, enigmatic or mysterious, mystify (هـ s.th.) IV to blind, render blind (ه s.o.); to blindfold (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) blind (عن to a fact) V to be or become 646 blind, lose one’s eyesight VI to shut one’s eyes (عن on s.th.), pretend not to see (عن s.th.); to be blind (عن to) عمى ‘aman blindness عمية ‘amīya ignorance, folly عماء ‘amā’ heavy clouds عماية ‘amāya ignorance, folly اعمى a‘mā, f. عمياء ‘amyā’2, pl. عمي ‘umy or عميان ‘umyān blind معماة ma‘māh pl. معام ma‘āmin roadless desert, roadless area تعام ta‘āmin blindness, (state of) delusion معمى mu‘amman pl. معميات mu‘ammayāt riddle, puzzle 1عن ‘an (prep.) off, away from; from (designating the source); out of (a feeling); about, on (a topic); according to, as attested or declared by, from what ... says, on the authority of; on the basis of, on the strength of; for, in defense of; as a substitute for; (as to syntactical regimen see under respective verb) │ عن يمينه (yamīnihī) to (or at) his or its right, at (or on) his or its right side, to the right of him or it; على ارتفاع الف قدم عن سطح البحر (alfi qadamin, saṭḥI l-baḥr) 1000 feet above see level; عن طريق (ṭarīqi) by way of, via; by means of, through; اليك عني ilaika ‘annī away from me! عن امره (amrihī) by s.o.’s order(s). at s.o.’s instigation, on s.o.’s initiative; عن بصيرة consciously, fully aware of the situation; عن حسن نية (ḥusni nīya) in good faith, bona fide; عن حق (ḥaqq) justly, rightly, by rights; عن حوف (kauf) for fear; عن دراية, عن علم (‘ilm) on the basis of sound knowledge, in full cognizance of the situation; عن سرور gladly, happily, joyfully; عن قناعة وجدانية (qanā‘atin wijdānīya) out of absolute inner conviction; عن قريب or عما قريب, عن قليل or عما قليل (‘ammā) shortly, presently, after a (little) while, soon; عن وساطة فلان through the good offices of ...; يوما عن يوم (yauman) day after day, from day to day; قتلوا عن آخرهم (qutilū) they were killed to the last man; مات عن ثمانين سنة (tamānīna sanataan) he died at the age of eighty; مات عن تركة كبيرة (tarika) he died leaving a large fortune 2 عن ‘anna i u (‘ann, عنن ‘anan) to present itself, offer itself (ل to s.o.); to take shape, to form, arise, spring up (ل in s.o.’s mind), suggest itself (ل to s.o.; of an opinion); to appear (ل to, before) │ عن له ان it occurred to him that ... عنة ‘unna impotence (of the male) عنان ‘anān (coll.; n. un. ة) clouds عنان ‘inān pl. اعنة a‘inna rein(s); bridle │ اطلق له العنان (aṭlaqa, ‘inān) to give free rein to s.o. or s.th., give vent to s.th.; جرت الأمور في اعنتها (jarat, a‘innatihā) things took a normal course, developed as scheduled عنين ‘anīn impotent (male) عنب ‘inab (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اعناب a‘nāb grape(s) │ عنب الذئب ‘i. ad-di’b black nightshade (Solanum nigrum; bot.) عناب ‘unnāb (coll.; n. un. ة) jujube (Zizyphus vulgaris Lam.; bot.); (its fruit) jujube عنبر ‘anbar ambergris; (pl. عنابر ‘anābir2) sperm whale, cachalot (zool.) عنبري ‘anbarī perfumed with ambergris; liqueur (also نبيذ عنبري); a variety of pigeon عنبرة الشتاء ‘anbarat aš-šitā’ the severity of winter 2عنبر ‘anbar pl. عنابر ‘anābir2 storehouse, magazine, depot, warehouse; factory hall; hold (of a ship); ward. section (of a hospital); quarters (of a ship’s crew); barrack(s) 647 عنت ‘anita a (‘anat) to fall on evil days, come to grief, meet with hardship, be in distress, suffer adversity; to commit a sin, specif., commit fornication II to force s.o. (ه) to perform a difficult task IV to distress, afflict, harass (ه s.o.), bring hardship (ه upon s.o.); to treat s.o. (ه) harshly, deal with s.o. (ه) roughly V to cause vexation, annoyance or distress (ه to s.o.), bring trouble (ه upon s.o.), harass, pre molest (ه s.o.); to seek to confuse s.o. (ه) with questions; to pick a quarrel, be out for a fight (مع with s.o.); to stickle, be pigheaded, insist stubbornly عنت ‘anal distress, affliction, hardship, misery, adversity; pains, trouble, inconvenience; constraint, coercion اعنات i‘nāt torment, harassment, molestation, chicanery, constraint, coercion تعنت ta‘annut obstinacy, obduracy, pigheadedness, stubborn zeal, stickling متعنت muta‘annit obstinate, obdurate, pigheaded, stubborn عنتر ‘antara to display heroism عنتر ‘antar Antar (the hero of a well-known romance of chivalry) عنترى ‘antarī pl. -īya popular reciter of the Antar romance عنترى ‘antarī pl. عناترة ‘anātira brassiere; bodice, corsage عنترية ‘antarīya Antar, the romance of Antar, cycle of stories relating the deeds of Antar عنجهية ‘unjuhīya haughtiness, self-importance, pride عند ‘anada u i (عنود ‘unūd), ‘anida a (‘anad) and ‘anuda u to swerve, deviate, diverge, depart (عن from); to resist stubbornly; to be headstrong, obstinate, stubborn III to resist or oppose (ه s.o., doggedly), offer (stubborn) resistance (ه to s.o.) X to cling stubbornly (ه to s.th.) عند ‘inda (prep.) at, near, by, with, on (of place, time and possession); upon; in the opinion of, in the view of; من عند min ‘indi from; from the home of; away from; من عنده in his turn, for his part; اضاف شيئا من عنده he added s.th. of his own; عندها then, at that moment, with these words; على عندي (‘indī) against me; عند البيت (bait) near the house, at the house; عند التحقيق to be exact …, strictly speaking …; عند طلوع الشمس (ṭ. iš-šams) at sunrise; عندي دينار واحد (‘indī dīnār) I have only one dinar (with me); عند ذلك then, thereupon, at that moment; ملوك الأرض عند الله تراب (m. ul-arḍ, turāb) the kings of this world are mere dust in comparison with God; عندي in my opinion, as I think; ما عندك what do you think? what is your opinion? لم يكن عند رأيهم (yakun, ra‘yihim) he was not what they had expected; كان عند حسن ظنه (ḥusni ẓannihī) to meet, or be up to, s.o.’s high expectation; كان عند حسن الظن به (ḥusni ẓ-ẓanni) to have a good opinion of s.o.; كان عند نصحه (nuṣḥihī) to follow s.o.’s advice عندما ‘indamā as soon as, whenever; when, as من عندياته min ‘indīyātihī sprung from his own mind, his own brain child; of one’s own accord, on one’s own initiative عندئذ ‘inda’idin then, at that time; at that moment, thereupon, then; with that, thereby عنيد ‘anīd pl. عند ‘unud resisting stubbornly (ل s.o., s.th.); stubborn, obstinate, obdurate, pigheaded, headstrong, opinionated, willful, pertinacious عناد ‘inād resistance, opposition; stubbornness, obstinacy, obduracy, pigheadedness, headstrongness, opinionatedness, willfulness, pertinacity 648 معاندة mu‘ānada resistance, opposition; stubbornness, obstinacy, obduracy, pigheadedness, headstrongness, opinionatedness, willfulness, pertinacity معاند mu‘ānid resisting stubbornly (ل s.o., s.th.); stubborn, obstinate, obdurate, pigheaded, headstrong, opinionated, willful, pertinacious عندلة ‘andala song of the nightingale عندليب ‘andalīb pl. عنادل ‘anādil2 nightingale عندم ‘andam brazilwood, sapanwood (used for dyeing); red dyestuff عندم ‘andamī deep-red عنز ‘anz pl. اعنز a‘nuz, عنوز ‘unūz, عناز ‘ināz goat عنزة ‘anza (n. un.) pl. -āt goat عنزة ‘anaza a short spear, iron-tipped at its lower end عانس ‘ānis pl. عوانس ‘awānis spinster, old maid عنصر ‘unṣur pl. عناصر ‘anāṣir2 origin; race, stock, breed; ethnic element; element (chem., pol.); component, constituent, ingredient; pl. also: nationalities عنصري ‘unṣurī race, racial; ethnic; elemental, of or pertaining to the elements │ التباغض العنصري (tabāguḍ) or الأحقاد العنصرية race hatred المسألة العنصرية (mas’ala) the nationality problem, the problem of ethnic minorities عنصر ‘unṣurīya race, nationality; racial theory العنصرة al-‘anṣara Whitsuntide; Whitsunday, Pentecost (Chr.) │ عيد العنصرة īd al-‘a. Whitsuntide, Pentecost (Chr.); Shabuoth, Feast of Weeks, Pentecost (Jud.) عنصل ‘unṣul pl. عناصل ‘anāṣil2 squill, sea onion عنعنات ‘an‘anāt (pl.) traditions معنعن mu‘an‘an transmitted, handed down عنف II to treat severely, harshly, with rigor (ب or على or ه s.o.), deal with s.o. (ب or على or ه) roughly; to reprimand, rebuke, censure sharply, berate, chide, scold (ب or ه s.o.) IV to treat severely, harshly, with rigor (ه s.o.), deal with s.o. (ه) roughly عنف ‘unf, ‘anf sternness, severity, rigor; harshness; bluntness, gruffness; ruggedness, roughness; violence, vehemence; fierceness, bitterness, embitterment, toughness; use of force عنيف ‘anīf stern, severe, drastic, rigorous; harsh, hard; ungentle, rough, rude; blunt, gruff; rugged, rough; violent, vehement; fierce, embittered, tough; strenuous, exacting, difficult (e.g., reading) عنفوان ‘unfuwān vigor, prime, bloom │ في عنفوان شبابه (‘u. šabābihī) in the prime of his youth اعنف a‘naf2 sterner, severer, harsher, harder, fiercer تعنيف ta‘nīf stern censure, reprimand, rebuke عنق II to grab by the neck, to collar (ه s.o.) III to embrace, hug (ه s.o.); to associate closely (ه with), attach o.s. closely (ه to) VI to embrace each other VIII to embrace, hug (ه s.o.); to adopt, embrace (هـ s.th., esp. a religion or doctrine), be converted (هـ to s.th.), take up (هـ s.th.); to combine (هـ with s.th.; chem.); to embrace each other عنق unuq, unq pl. اعناق a‘nāq neck, nape عناق ‘anāq pl. اعنق a‘nuq, عنوق ‘unūq she-kid, young she-goat │ عناق الأرض ‘a. al-arḍ caracal, desert lynx (Lynx caracal; zool.) 649 عنقاء ‘anqā’2 a legendary bird, griffon عناق ‘ināq embrace, hug, accolade معانقة mu‘ānaqa embrace, hug, accolade اعتناق i‘tināq embracement (of a religion or doctrine), adoption, acceptance (of a doctrine) عنقود ‘unqūd pl. عناقيد ‘anāqīd2 cluster, bunch; bunch of grapes عنقاش ‘inqāš peddler, hawker عنكبوت ‘ankabūt pl. عناكب ‘anākib2 spider │ بيت (نسيج) العنكبوت bait al-‘a. cobweb, spider web عنا (عنو) ‘anā u (‘unūw) to be humble, submissive, subservient, servile (ل toward, before), be obedient, yield, submit (ل to s.o.), obey (ل s.o.); -- u (عنوة ‘anwa) to take by force (هـ s.th.); -- u to be on s.o.’s (ه) mind, disquiet, discomfort, worry, preoccupy (ه s.o.); to concern, affect, regard, interest (ه s.o.) عنوة ‘anwa force, compulsion; forcibleness, violence; ‘anwatan forcibly, by force معنوي see عنى عان ‘ānin humble, subservient, submissive, servile, obedient; captive; miserable, distressed, in trouble عنون ‘anwana to furnish with an address or title, entitle, address (هـ s.th.) عنوان ‘unwān pl. عناوين ‘anāwīn2 address; title, heading; model, epitome; sign, token │ على or عنوانا ل in token of s.th., as a sign of s.th. معنون mu‘anwan addressed (الى to), inscribed; entitled (ب as) عنى ‘anī i (عناية ‘ināya) to be on s.o.’s (ه) mind; to disquiet, discomfort, worry, preoccupy (ه s.o.); to concern, affect, regard, interest (ه s.o.); -- ‘aniya a (عناء ‘anā’) to be worried, concerned, anxious; to toil, labor, drudge; -- ‘anī i (‘any) to have in mind (هـ s.th.), mean (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. by); يعني ya‘nī or اعني a‘nī that is, i.e.; -- pass. ‘uniya (عناية ‘ināya) to worry, be concerned (ب about), take an interest (ب in); to take care (ب of), see (ب to) II to torment, agonize, distress, harass, (ه s.o.) III to be preoccupied (هـ with s.th.); to take pains (هـ with s.th., in doing s.th.), spend effort (هـ on s.th.); to see to it, make efforts, bear in mind, make sure (ان that); to undergo, incur, endure, suffer, sustain, bear (هـ s.th.); to suffer (هـ from), be afflicted (هـ with) V to toil, labor. drudge VIII to be solicitous (ب about, for, of), go to trouble (ب for), be concerned, anxious (ب about), feel concern (ب for); to take care (ب of), care. provide (ب for), look (ب after), see (ب to), tend (ب s.th.), put one’s mind, devote one’s attention (ب to); to attend (ب to), nurse (ب s.o., s.th., e.g., a patient) عناء ‘anā’ pains, trouble, toil, hardship, difficulty, distress عناية ināya concern; care, solicitude, providence (ب for); care(fulness), painstaking, meticulousness (ب in); heed, notice, regard, attention (ب to); interest (ب in) │ العناية الإلهية (ilāhīya) divine providence; عناية طبية (ṭibbīya) medical care معنى ma‘nan pl. معان ma‘ānin sense, meaning, signification, import; concept, notion, idea, thought; thematic purport (e.g., of a work of art, as distinguiohed from its form); a rhetorical, figurative, or allegorical expression; المعاني the good qualities (of a person) │ اسم معنى ism ma‘nā abstract noun (gram.); علم المعاني ‘ilm al-m. rhetoric; ذو معنى significant, meaningful, telling, tell-tale; بكل معنى الكلمة bi-kull m. l-kalima in the full sense of the word; لا معنى له 650 (ma‘nā) meaningless, without meaning; وما في معناه and the like; نظرات كلها معان (naẓarāt kulluhā) telling glances, glances full of meaning معنوى ma‘nawī relating to the sense or import (of a word or expression; as opposed to لفظي lafẓī); semantic, significative, of or pertaining to meaning; ideal, ideational, ideative; abstract; mental; spiritual (as opposed to material) │ شخص معنوى (šakṣ) artificial, conventional, or juristic, person, a body corporate as a subject of rights and duties معنوبات ma‘nawīyāt ideal, immaterial thing.; morale, spirit (of an army) معاناة mu‘ānāh effort(s) تعن ta‘annin pains, trouble, toil, drudgery اعتناء i‘tinā’ providing, solicitude, concern (ب for), attendance (ب to), maintenance, nursing, cultivation (ب of), care (ب of, for), carefulness, painstaking (ب in); attention (ب to), interest (ب in) عان ‘ānin miserable, distressed, in trouble معني ma‘nīy concerned, affected; interested (ب in) معنى mu‘annan (syr.) unmetrical poem with end rhyme معتن mu‘tanin concerned, solicitous, careful, heedful, mindful, thoughtful, attentive عهد ‘ahida a (‘ahd) to know (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; هـ s.th., e.g., a quality, a trait, ب of s.o.), be acquainted, familiar (هـ, ه with); to observe closely, heed (هـ s.th.), adhere (هـ to s.th.); to attend (هـ to), look after s.th. (هـ); to delegate, entrust, assign, commit (ب الى to s.o., s.th.), vest (ب الى in s.o. s.th.), communion, charge, authorize, empower. entrust (ب الى s.o. with, or s.o. with the task of ...); to impose, enjoin (ب الى on s.o s.th., or on s.o. the obligation to ...), obligate, commit (ب الى s.o. to do s.th.) │ فيما اعهد (a‘hadu) to my knowledge, as far as I know; عهد ووعد (wa‘dahū) to fulfill, or keep, one’s promise III to make a contract, compact, or covenant (على ه with s.o. concerning); to promise (على ه to s.o. s.th. also ب s.th.); to engage, undertake, bind o.s. pledge o.s. commit o.s. obligate o.s. (على ه to s.o. to do s.th.) V to advocate, support (s.th.), stand up (هـ for s.th.); to observe, heed, keep in mind (هـ s.th.), pay attention, see, attend (هـ to s.th.), take care (هـ of s.th.); to care (هـ for s.th.), maintain, keep up, service (هـ s.h.); to be liable for the maintenance or upkeep (هـ of s.th.); to assume. take upon o.s. (ب s.th.); to engage, undertake, bind o.s. pledge o.s., commit o.s. obligate o.s. (ب ل to s.o. to do s.th., also ان على to do s.th.); to promise (ب ل to s.o. s.th.) X to exact a written pledge or commitment (من from s.o.); to have s.o. (من) sign a contract عهد ‘ahd knowledge; acquaintance, contact (ب with); the well-known, familiar nature (of s.o.); close observance, strict adherence (to), keeping, fulfillment (of a promise); delegation, assignment, committing (الى ب of s.th. to s.o.), vesting (ب الى in s.o. of s.th.), commissioning, charging, entrusting (ب الى of s.o. with s.th.); commission; -- (pl. عهود ‘uhūd) commitment, obligation, liability; responsibility; pledge, vow; promise; oath; contract, compact, covenant, pact, treaty, agreement; time, epoch, era │ بعد العهد bu‘d al-‘a. the fact that s.th. is long pact, that s.th. belong, to the remote past; حديث العهد recent, late, new, young; قريب العهد do.; حديث العهد or حديث عهد ب (ḥ. ‘ahdin) having adopted or acquired 651 (s.th.) recently; not long accustomed to (s.th.), inexperienced at (s.th.), new at (s.th.), newly, e.g., حديث عهد بعرس (bi-‘ursin) newly wed, حديث العهد بالولادة newborn; كان حديث عهد بأوربا he had not known Europe until recently; قديم العهد of an early date, long past, long-standing; قديم العهد ب of long experience in, long acquainted with; قريب عهد ب (q. ‘ahdin), قريب العهد ب = حديث عهد ب, حديث العهد ب; قريب عهد بالفطام (fiṭām) just weaned. newly weaned; ...-I,} ¥ (li-l-umami l-muttaḥda) United Nations Relief and Works Agency, UNRWA استغاثة istigāta appeal for aid; call for help مغيث mugīt helper غار (غور) gāra u (gaur) to penetrate deeply (في into); -- gāra u a (gaur) to fall in, link in, become hollow (eyes, and the like); to seep away. ooze away (water); to dry up (spring) II to fall in, link in, become hollow (eyes, and the like); to seep away, ooze away (water) IV to travel in the lowlands; to make a predatory incursion, make a foray (على into s.o.’s territory); to raid, invade (على a country); to attack (على s.o., s.th.); to commit aggression (على against a nation) غور gaur pl. اغوار agwār bottom; declivity, depression; depth (also fig.); الغور designation of that part of the Syrian Graben which constitutes the Jordan valley │ بعيد الغور deep; profound, unfathomable غار gar pl. اغوار agwār, غيران gīrān cave, cavern; -- (coll.; n. un. ة) laurel tree, bay غارة gara pl. -āt predatory incursion, raid, invasion, inroad, foray; attack (على on); a certain gait of camels │ غارة جوية (jawwīya) air raid; متوالية or غارات متواصلة (mutawāṣila, mutawāliya) rolling attacks, attacks in waves; شن غارة على (šanna) to attack s.o. or s.th., launch an attack on مغار magār cave, cavern; grotto مغارة magāra pl. -āt, مغاور magāwir2, مغاير magāyir2 cave, cavern; grotto مغوار migwār pl. مغاوير magawīr2 fleet, swift-running (horse); making raids or attacks, raiding, aggressive; bold, daring, audacious; pl. مغاوير commandos, shock troops (Syr., mil.) اغارة igāra pl. -āt attack (على on) غائر gā’ir low-lying; sunk, hollow (of the eyes) مغير mugīr assailant, raider, aggressor غوريلا gurillā gorilla غاز, غازي look up alphabetically غويشة (eg.) guwēša pl. -āt, غوايش gawāyiš2 glass bracelet, bangle غاص (غوص) gāṣa u (gauṣ, مغاص magāṣ, غياص giyāṣ, غياصة giyāṣa) to plunge (في into), become immersed, submerge (في in), dive (في into; على for); to practice pearl-fishery II to make (ه s.o.) dive (في into), plunge, immerse, submerse (في ه s.o. in) غويص gawīṣ deep غواص gawwaṣ pl. -ūn diver; pearl diver غواصة gawwāṣa pl. -āt submarine مغاص magāṣ diving place │ مغاص اللؤلؤ m. al-lu’lu’ pearl diving, pearl-fishery 1غوط II to deepen, make deeper (هـ a well) V to evacuate the bowels, relieve nature غوط gauṭ pl. غوط gūṭ, اغواط agwāṭ, غياط giyāṭ, غيطان gīṭān cavity, hollow, depression الغوطة al-gūṭa name of the fertile oasis on the south side of Damascus غويط gawīṭ deep غائط gā’iṭ human excrements, feces 2غوطى gūṭī Gothic غاغة gāga mob, rabble, riffraff; noise, clamor, din, tumult غوغاء gaugā’2 mob, rabble, riffraff; noise, clamor, din, tumult غال (غول) gāla u (gaul) to take (away) unawares, snatch, seize, grab (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to destroy (ه s.o.) VIII = I; to assassinate, murder (ه s.o.) غال gāl pl. -āt (syr.) padlock غول gūl usually fem., pl. اغوال agwāl, غيلان gīlān ghoul, a desert demon appearing in ever varying shapes; demon, jinni, goblin, sprite; ogre, cannibal; calamity, disaster غيلة gīla assassination │ قتله غيلة (gīlatan) to assassinate s.o. اغتيال igtiyā1 pl. -āt murder(ing), assassination غائلة gā’ila pl. غوائل gawā’il2 calamity, disaster; ruin, havoc, danger غوى gawā i (غي gayy, غواية gawāya) to stray from the right way, go astray, err (in one’s actions); to misguide, mislead, lead astray (ه s.o.), seduce, tempt, entice, lure, induce (ب ه s.o. to do s.th.); gawiya a to covet, desire, like II to misguide, mislead, lead astray, tempt, seduce, entice, lure, allure (ه s.o.) IV = II X to misguide, mislead, lead astray (ه s.o.); to tempt, seduce, entice, lure, bait, ensnare, beguile, win (ب ه s.o. with) غي gayy trespassing, transgression, offense, error, sin; seduction, temptation, enticement, allurement غية gayya, gīya pl. -āt error, sin; taste, inclination, liking غواية gawāya error, sin; seduction, temptation, enticement, allurement اغوية ugwiya pl. اغاوى agāwīy pitfall, trap اغواء igwā’ seduction, temptation, enticement, allurement غاو gāwin tempter, seducer, enticer, allurer; (pl. غواة guwāh) amateur, fan, lover, dilettante, dabbler مغواة mugawwāh pl. مغويات mugawwayāt pitfall, trap غى II to hoist (هـ a flag) غاية gāya pl. -āt extreme limit; utmost degree, the outmost, extremity; aim, goal, end, objective, intention, intent, design, purpose, destination (of a journey) │ لغاية (with foll. genit.) as far as, up to, to the extent of, until, till; للغاية extremely, very (much); كان غاية في الجمال 688 (gāyatan, jamāl) to be of extraordinary beauty; الغاية تبرر الواسطة (tubarriru l-wāsitata) the end justifies the means; انطلق لغايته to head or set out for one’s destination غى and غية see غوي O غائية gā’īya finality (philos.) غاب (غيب) gāba i (gaib, غيبة gaiba, غياب giyāb, غيبوبة gaibūba, مغيب magīb) to be or remain absent, be or stay away; to absent o.s. withdraw (عن from), leave (عن s.o., s.th.); to vanish (عن from s.o.’s sight, from s.o., from s.th.); to disappear, be swallowed up (في in); to hide, be hidden, be concealed (عن from); -- (مغيب magīb) to set, go down (sun, and the like) │ غاب الشيء عن باله the matter has slipped from his memory, he has forgotten the matter; غاب عن صوابه (ṣawābihī) to lose consciousness, faint, swoon, become unconscious; غاب عن الوجود do.; لا تغيب عنه الشمس (šamsu) it is not veiled in darkness II to lead away, take away, carry away, remove (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cause (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) to disappear; to hide, conceal (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from); to make (ه s.o.) forget everything, make (ه s.o.) oblivious of everything │ غيبه عن الوجود it drove him out of his mind; غيبه الثرى (tarā) the earth covered, or buried, him V to be absent, be away, stay away (عن from s.o., from s.th.); to be not present, be not there; to play truant, play hooky (عن from school) VIII to slander, calumniate (ه s.o.) X to use s.o.’s (ه) absence for maligning him, backbite (ه s.o.); to slander, calumniate (ه s.o.) غيب gaib absence; hidden, concealed, invisible; -- (pl. غيوب guyūb) that which is hidden, the invisible; that which is transcendental, the supernatural; divine secret │ غيبا gaiban or عن ظهر الغيب (ẓahri l-g.) by heart, from memory; علام الغيوب ‘allām al-g. he who thoroughly knows the invisible, or transcendental, things = God; عالم الغيب ‘ālam al-g. the invisible world; بظهر الغيب bi-ẓahri l-g. behind s.o.’s back, insidiously, treacherously; نظر بعين الغيب الى (bi-‘aini l-g.) to foresee, foreknow, divine s.th. غيبي gaibī secret, hidden, invisible غابة gāba pl. -āt, غاب gāb (coll.) low ground, depression, hollow; forest, wood, copse, thicket; jungle; reed │ الغاب الهندي (hindī) bamboo غيبة gaiba absence; concealment, invisibility غيبة gāba slander, calumniation, calumny غياب giyāb absence, being away; setting (of the sun) غيابي giyābī: حكم غيابي (ḥukm) judgment by default (jur.); غيابيا giyābīyan in absence, in absentia (jur.) غيابة gayāba pl. -āt bottom, depth (of a well, of a dungeon, of a ditch, and the like) غيبوبة gaibūba swoon, faint, unconsciousness; trance, daze, stupor مغيب magīb absence; setting (of the sun) تغيب tagayyub absence, nonattendance, being away, staying away, truancy اغتياب igtiyāb slander, calumniation, defamation; gossip about (genit.) غائب gā’ib pl. -ūn, غيب guyyab, غياب guyyāb absent, not present, not there; hidden, concealed, unseen, invisible; third person (gram.) مغيبات mugayyibāt narcotics, stupefacients, anesthetics مغيب mugayyab hidden, concealed, invisible; pl. المغيبات al-mugayyabāt the hidden, transcendental things, the divine secrets 689 مغيب mugib and مغيبة woman whose husband is absent, grass widow متغيب mutagayyib absent (عن from) مغتاب mugtāb slanderer, calumniator غيتو ghetto غاث (غيث) gaja i (gait) to water with rain (هـ s.th.), send rain (هـ, ه upon s.o. upon s.th., of God) غيث gait pl. غيوث guyūt, اغياث agyāt (abundant) rain غيد VI to walk with a graceful, swinging gait غيد gayad delicacy, slender shapeliness, tenderness, softness (of a woman) غادة gāda pl. -āt young girl, young lady اغياد agyād2, غيداء gaidā’ 2, غيد gīd young and delicate; الغيد the young ladies غار (غير) gāra a (غيرة gaira) to be jealous (من of); to display zeal, vie (على for); to be solicitous (على about. for); to guard or protect jealously (على من s.o., s.th. from) II to alter, modify, make different (من or هـ s.th.), change (هـ s.th.) III to be dissimilar, be different, differ; to be in contrast (هـ, ه to), be unlike s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to change (هـ e.g., a garment); to interchange, exchange (بين between); to haggle, bargain, chaffer (ه with s.o.); to vie, compete (ه with s.o.) IV to make jealous (ه s.o.) V to be altered, be modified, be changed, change, alter, vary, undergo an alteration or change VI to differ, be different, be heterogeneous غير gair other than (with dependent genit.), different from, unlike, no, not, non-, un-, in-, dis-; (prep.) gaira except, save, but │ الغير the others, fellow men, neighbors; وغيره, وغير ذلك and the like, and so forth, and so on, et cetera; and others, and other things, et alii, et alia; لا غير and ليس غير (gairu) (and) that’s all, nothing else, no more, nothing but, only, merely, solely; غير ان gaira anna except that ..., however, but, yet, ...though; غير واحد gaira wāḥidin more than one, several; غير مرة gaira marratin, more than once, quite often, frequently; بغير bi-gairi or من غير gairi without; (ما) في غير fī gairi (mā) without (generally followed by abstract noun), في غير ترو (tarawwin) without thinking, unhesitatingly; في غير ما تهيب (tahayyubin) without fear; على غير معرفة منه (ma‘rifatin) or من غير علم منه (‘ilmin) without his knowing or having known it, without his knowledge, unwittingly غيري gairī altruist غيرية gairīya altruism غير giyar, غير الدهر g. ad-dahr vicissitudes of fate غيرة gaira jealously; zeal, fervor, earnest concern, vigilant care, solicitude (على for); sense of honor, self-respect غيور gayūr pl. غير guyur (very) jealous; zealous, fervid, eager (على in, in the pursuit of), keen, eagerly intent (على on), earnestly concerned (على with), enthusiastic (على for) غيران gairān2, f. غيرى gairā, pl. غياري gayāra = غيور تغيير tagyīr pl. -āt changing, alteration, modification, variation; change, replacement, relief تغيير tagyīra pl. تغاييرtagāyīr2 exchange, interchange, change, replacement; lending of books and manuscripts sheet by sheet (one malzama after the other; eg.) غيار giyār exchange, interchange, change, replacement; (pl. -āt) dressing, bandage (of a wound) │ قطع الغيار qiṭa‘ al-g. spare parts تغير tagayyur pl. -āt alteration, variation, change مغاير mugāyir: مغاير للآداب indecent, immoral متغير mutagayyir changeable, variable, liable to change or alteration │ تيار مغير (tayyār) alternating current (el.) (غيض) غاض gāḍa i (gaiḍ, مغاض magāḍ) to decrease, diminish, recede, become less, dwindle away │ غاض لونه (launuhū) his face lost all color, he turned pale غيض gaiḍ prematurely born fetus غيضة gaiḍa pl. -āt, غياض giyāḍ, اغياض agyāḍ thicket, jungle غيط gaiṭ pl. غيطان gīṭān field غاظ (غيط) gāẓa i (gaiẓ) to anger, enrage, infuriate, irritate, exasperate, vex, gall (ه s.o.) II and IV = I; V to become furious, become angry (من with s.o., at s.th.) VII and VIII = V غيظ gaiẓ wrath, anger, ire, exasperation, fury, rage اغتياظ igtiyāẓ wrath, anger, ire, exasperation, fury, rage منغاظ mungāẓ angry, irate, furious, enraged مغتاظ mugtāẓ angry, irate, furious, enraged 1 غيل gīl pl. اغيال agyāl thicket غال gāl pl. -āt (syr.) padlock 2 غيلة gīla and غيلان gīlān see غول غام (غيم) gāma i (gaim) to become cloudy, become overcast (sky); to become fogged, become blurred II do.; to form clouds; to billow, float, waft (smoke) IV agāma and agyama = I غيم gaim (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. غيوم guyūm غيام giyām clouds; mist, fog غائم gā’im clouded, overcast; cloudy متغيم mutagayyim clouded, overcast 1غين gain pl. -āt, غيون guyūn, اغيان agyān name of the letter غ غينة gaina dimple on the cheek 2 غيني gīnī: خنزير غيني (kinzīr) guinea pig غينيا gīniya Guinea │ غينيا الجديدة Gīniyā l-jadīda New Guinea غيهب see غهب ف 1ف abbreviation of فدان faddān (a square measure) 2ف fa (conj.) then, and then; and so, thus, hence, therefore; but then, then however; for, because; (with subjective:) so that │ يوما فيوما (yauman) day after day, day by day; شيئا فشيئا (šai’an) gradually, step by step; امر فقتلوه (fa-qatalūhu) he ordered him to be killed فان fa-inna (with foll. suffix or noun in acc.) for, because فاء name of the letter ف فابريقة fābrīqa and فابريكة pl. -āt, فبارك fabārik2 factory, plant فأت VIII to tell lies (على about); to take violent measures (على against); to violate (على a duty, etc.); pass. افتئت uftu’ita to 691 die suddenly │ افتأت برئيه (bi-ra’yihī) to act on one’s own judgment افتآت ifti’āt oppression, violence فاتورة (It. fattura) fātūra pl. فواتير fawātīr2 invoice, bill الفاتيكان al-fātīkān, al-vatikān the Vatican فؤاد fu’ād pl. افئدة af’ida heart فؤادية fu’ādīya “Fuad cap”, summer field-cup of the Egyptian Air Force (1939) فأر fa’r (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فئران fi’rān mouse; rat فار fār (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فيران fīrān mouse; rat فارة fāra (= فأرة fa’ra) mouse; (pl. -āt) plane (tool) فارس fāris2 Persia, also بلاد فارس فارسي fārisī Persian; a Persian فاروز fārūz turquoise فازلين fazlīn, vazlīn vazeline فأس fa’s f., pl. فؤوس fu’ūs, افؤس af’us ax, hatchet; hoe 1فاس fās = فأس fa’s 2فاس fās2 Fez or Fès (city in Morocco) فاشستي fāšistī fascist(ic); a fascist فاشستية fāšistīya fascism فاشي fāšī fascist(ic); a fascist فاشية fāšīya fascism فاصوليا fāṣūliyā (eg.-syr.) common European bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; bot.) فأفأ fa’fa’a to stammer, stutter فاكون (Fr. wagon) fākōn pl. فواكين fawākīn2 (railroad) car, coach فأل VI to regard as a good omen, as an auspicious beginning (ب s.th.); to be optimistic فأل fa’l pl. فؤول fu’ūl, افؤل af’ul good omen, favorable auspice; optimistic outlook, hope; omen, auspice, sign │ قرأ الفأل to tell fortunes, predict the future تفاؤل tafā’ul optimism متفائل mutafā’il optimistic; optimist فالس (Fr. valse) vals waltz فالوذج fālūdaj a sweet made of flour and honey فالوذجى fālūdajī soft and flabby, like fālūdaj فئام fi’ām group (of people) فإن fa-inna see 2ف fa فانلة fanella and فانلا pl. -āt flannel; undershirt; pl. فانلات fanellāt underwear, underclothing فانوس fānūs pl. فوانيس fawānīs2 lantern │ فانوس سحري (siḥrī) laterna magica, magic lantern; (slide) projector فئة fi’a pl. -āt group, class; troop, band, party; platoon (of light arms; Syr., mil.); rate (of taxation), (tax) bracket; tax, rate, fee; price فاوريقة fāwarīqa pl. فوارق fawārīq2 factory plant □ فايظ fāyiẓ (=فائض) see فيظ فبراير fabrāyir February فبارك fabārik2 (pl.) factories, plants فت fatta u (fatt) to weaken, undermine, sap (في s.th.) │ في ساعده or فت في عضده (‘aḍudihī) to weaken s.o., sap s.o.’s strength, discourage, enervate s.o. II to crumble, fritter (هـ s.th.); to divide into small fragments (هـ s.th.) │ يفتت القلب (الأكباد) (qalba) heartbreaking, heart-rending V to crumble, disintegrate, break up into fragments VII = V 692 فتة fatta a kind of bread soup فتات futāt crumbs, morsels فتيت fatīt crumbs, crumbled bread فتيتة fatīta a kind of bread soup فتأ fata’a a and فتئ fati’a a (with negation) not to cease, to be (هـ s.th.); فتئ fati’a a (فتء fat’) to desist, refrain (عن from), cease (عن doing s.th.), stop (عن s.th., doing s.th.) │ ما فتئ يفعل not to cease doing, do incessantly فتح fataḥa a (fatḥ) to open (هـ s.th.); to turn on (هـ a faucet); to switch on, turn on (هـ an apparatus); to dig (هـ a canal); to build (هـ a road) ; to open, preface, introduce, begin (هـ s.th.); to conquer, capture (هـ s.th.); to reveal, disclose (هـ على to s.o. s.th.); to grant victory or success (هـ على to s.o. over or in s.th.; of God), give into s.o.’s (على) power (هـ s.th.; of God); to open the gates (of profit) (على to s.o.; of God); to infuse, imbue, inspire, endow (ب or هـ على s.o. with; of God); (gram.) to pronounce with the vowel a (هـ a consonant) │ فتح البخت (bakta) to tell fortunes; فتح عينيه على آخرهما (‘ainaihi) to open one’s eyes wide, stare wide-eyed; فتح الشهية (šahīyata) to stimulate the appetite II to open (هـ s.th.); (of a dower) to open III to address first (ه s.o.), speak first (ه to s.o.); to open the conversation or talk (في ه with s.o. about); to disclose (هـ or ب ه to s.o. s.th.), let s.o. (ه) in on s.th. (هـ or ب) V to open, open up, unfold (intr.); to be opened (عن so that s.th. becomes perceptible); to be open, be responsive (heart) VII to open, open up, unfold (intr.); to be opened VIII to open, inaugurate (هـ s.th.); to introduce, preface, begin (ب ه s.th. with); to conquer, capture (هـ s.th.) X to begin, start, commence (هـ s.th.); to seek the assistance of God (على against), implore God for victory (على over) فتح opening; introduction, commencement, beginning │ فتح الاعتماد opening of a credit, presentation of a letter of credit; -- (pl. فتوح futūḥ, فتوحات futūḥāt) conquest; victory, triumph; pl. فتوحات alms; donations, contributions (for a zāwiya; Tun.) فتحة the vowel point a (gram.) فتحة futḥa pl. فتح futaḥ, -āt opening, aperture, breach, gap, hole; sluice فتاح fattāḥ opener (of the gates of profit, of sustenance; one of the attributes of God) فتاحة fattāḥa pl. -āt can opener مفتاح miftāḥ pl. مفاتيح mafātīḥ2 key (to a door, of a keyboard, esp. that of a piano); switch (el., railroad); lever, pedal (of a vehicle); knob (on a radio); stop (of a wind instrument); valve (of a trumpet); peg, pin (of a stringed instrument) مفتاحجي miftāḥjī (railroad) switchman مفاتحة mufātaḥa opening of a conversation افتتاح iftitāḥ opening, inauguration; introduction, beginning │ ليلة الافتتاح lailat al-ift. première, opening night افتتاحي iftitāḥī opening, introductory, preliminary, prefatory, proemial; inaugurational │ مبلغ افتتاحي (mablag) opening bid, lowest bid (at auctions); فصل (مقال) افتتاحي (faṣl, maqāl) and مقالة افتتاحية (maqāla) editorial, leading article, leader; ليلة افتتاحية (laila) première, opening night استفتاحية iftiftāḥīya editorial, leading article, leader; overture (mus.) استفتاح istiftāḥ start, beginning, commencement, inception, incipience; earnest money, handsel فاتح fātiḥ opener; beginner; conqueror, victor; light (color) │ فاتح البخت f. al-bakt fortuneteller; ارزق فاتح light-blue 693 فاتحة fātiḥa pl. فواتح fawātiḥ2 start, opening, beginning, commencement, inception, incipience; introduction, preface, preamble, proem │ الفاتحة or فاتحة الكتاب name of the first sura مفتوح maftūḥ opened, open │ الباب مفتوح على مصراعيه (miṣrā‘aihi) the door is wide open مفتح mufattaḥ appetizing; (pl. -āt) aperitif مفتتح muftataḥ start, beginning, commencement, inception, opening, inauguration 2فتر fatara u (فتور futūr) to abate, subside; to become listless, become languid, languish, flag, slacken; to cool off, become tepid, become lukewarm (water); to slacken, flag, become lax, become remiss, let up (عن in) II to cause (هـ s.th.) to subside, abate, allay, mitigate, ease, soothe (هـ s.th.); to make languid, make listless, exhaust, slacken. weaken, sap, enfeeble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make tepid (هـ water) IV to make languid, make listless, exhaust, Blacken, weaken, sap, enfeeble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to become listless, become languid, languish, flag, slacken; to become tepid, become lukewarm (water) فتر fitr pl. افتار aftār small span (the space between the end of the thumb and the end of the index finger when extended); corner فترة fatra lassitude, languor, listlessness, slackness, weakness, feebleness, debility; tepidity, indifference, coolness (of a feeling); -- (pl. fatarāt) interval of time, intermission, pause; period, spell, while │ فترة الانتقال transition period; بين فترة واخرى (wa-ukrā) now and then, from time to time; في الفترة بعد الفترة at certain intervals, now and then, off and on, once in a while فتور futūr lassitude, languor, listlessness, slackness, laxity, slackening, flagging; tepidity فاتر fātir languid, weak, feeble, listless, slack, loose, flabby; dull, listsless, stagnant (stock exchange); tepid, lukewarm متفتر mutafattir intermittent 2فاتورة pl. فواتر look up alphabetically فتش II to examine (thoroughly), scrutinize, search, investigate, explore (هـ s.th.); to look, search (هـ into s.th.); to inquire (عن about, after), look, search (عن for); to supervise, superintend, control, inspect (على or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to be in charge, exercise supervision, control, or inspection (على of) فتاش fattāš thorough examiner, investigator, explorer, researcher تفتيش taftīš pl. تفاتيش tafātīš2 examination, scrutiny, searching, search; investigation; inquiry, research, exploration; supervision, superintendence, control, charge; inspection; survey, review; controlling body, board of control; inquisition; circle of irrigation, irrigation district, also تفتيش الري t. ar-rīy (Eg.) │ تفتيش جوي (jawwī) aerial inspection تفتيشي taftīšī išnvestigational, investigatory, examining, examinatory مفتش mufattiš inspector, supervisor │ مفتش بيطري (baiṭarī) veterinary inspector (Eg.); مفتش الري m. ar-rīy irrigation inspector (Eg.) مفتشية mufattišīya inspectorate فتفت fatfata to speak secretly (الى to); to fritter, crumble (هـ s.th., esp. bread) فتفوتة fatfūta pl. فتافيت fatāfīt2 crumb, morsel (esp. of bread) فتق fataqa u (fatq) to undo the sewing (هـ of s.th., e.g., of a garment), unsew, unstitch, rip, rip open, tear apart, rend, slash, slit 694 open (هـ s.th.), │ فتق الذهن (dihna) to make s.o. see his way clear, cause s.o. to see things in their true light; الضرورة تفتق الحيلة (ḥīlata) necessity is the mother of invention; فتقت له حيلة futiqat lahū ḥīlatun a ruse came to his mind II to unsew, unstitch, rip, tear, etc. (= I; هـ s.th.) V to be unsewn, be unstitched (e.g., a garment), be ripped open, be torn apart, be rent, be slashed, be slit open; to bring forth, produce (عن s.th.); to hatch, contrive, devise (عن s.th., fig., of the mind) VII to be unsewn, be unstitched (e.g., a garment), be ripped open, be torn apart, be rent, be slashed, be slit open; to bring forth, produce (عن s.th.) فتق fatq pl. فتوق futūq rip, rent, tear, cleft, crack, fissure, slit, slash; hole (e.g., in a stocking); hernia, rupture (med.) │ مصاب بالفتق (muṣāb) afflicted with hernia; person suffering from hernia فتاق fitāq hernia, rupture (med.) فتيق fatīq unstitched, ripped, ripped open, slit, rent, torn; sharp مفتوق maftūq unstitched, ripped, ripped open, slit, rent, torn; afflicted with hernia فتك fataka u i (fatk) to assassinate, murder, slay, kill (ب s.o.), destroy, annihilate (ب s.th.); to attack suddenly, assault (ب s.o.) │ فتك به فتكا ذريعا (fatkan darī‘an) to cut off, destroy, wipe out, eradicate, extirpate, exterminate s.o.; to decimate, thin the ranka of ... (esp., said of a disease) فتك fatk assassination, murder; destruction, annihilation فتكة fatka pl. -āt devastation, ravage, havoc فتاك fattāk deadly, lethal, murderous; of disastrous effect, wreaking havoc (ب on) افتك aftak2 deadlier, more destructive فاتك fātik pl. فتاك futtāk assassin, murderer, killer فتل fatala i (fatl) to twist together, twine, entwine, plait, throw (هـ s.th.); to spin (هـ s.th.) II to twist, twine, wreathe, wind, weave, plait (هـ s.th.); to splice (هـ a rope) V to be twisted, be twined, be plaited, be woven, be wound VII = V; to turn on one’s heel and leave, turn away (من from) │ انفتل من الباب to slip out the door فتلة fatla (n. vic.) twist(ing), twining, plaiting; (eg.; pl. فتل fital) thread │ شمع الفتلة (šlammā‘a) to make off, make a getaway, beat it فتيل fatīl twisted, twined, entwined, plaited, wreathed, wound, woven, coiled; -- (pl. -āt, فتائل fatā’il) wick; gauze tampon; fuse, slow match, match cord │ لا يغني فتيلا (yugnī) it is of no use at all (من to s.o.), it won’t help him (عنه) a bit, it isn’t worth a farthing; لا يجدي فتيلا (yujdī) = لا يغني فتيلا فتيلة fatīla pl. -āt, فتائل fatā’il2 wick; O filament of a light bulb فتال fattāl ropemaker, cordmaker مفتول maftūl strapping, sturdy, husky; (watch) tower (Nejd) │ مفتول الساعد muscular, brawny, strong, husky, burly فتن falana i (fatn, فتون futūn) to turn away (من ه s.o. from); to subject to temptations or trials, seduce, tempt, entice, allure, beguile (ه s.o.); to enamor, charm, enchant, captivate, enthrall, enrapture, fascinate, infatuate (. s.o.); -- fatana i (fatn) to torture, torment (ه s.o.); to denounce (على s.o.), inform (على على against s.o.); pass. futina to be charmed, be enraptured, be infatuated (ب by), be enamored (ب of), be in love (ب with); to be crazy (ب over), be like mad (ب 695 after) IV to enamor, charm, enchant, captivate, enthrall, enrapture, fascinate, infatuate (ه s.o.) VIII to subject to temptations (ه s.o.); to be charmed, be tempted, be infatuated; act. iftatana and pass. uftutina: to be subjected to temptations, be lead from the right course; pass. uftutina = futina فتنة fitna pl. فتن fitan temptation, trial; charm, charmingness, attractiveness; enchantment, captivation, fascination, enticement, temptation; infatuation; intrigue; sedition, riot, discord, dissension, civil strife فتان fattān fascinating, captivating, enchanting, charming; tempter, seducer; denunciator, informer, slanderer ;jil alu.,,• more charming, more attractive, more delightful مفاتن mafātin2 charming qualities; charms; magic powers فاتن fātin pl. فواتن fawātin2 tempting, alluring, seductive, fascinating, captivating, enchanting, charming; tempter, seducer مفتون maftūn fascinated, captivated, infatuated, enraptured, charmed (ب by); enamored (ب of), in love (ب with); madman, maniac (فتو and فتي) فتى fatiya a (فتاء fatā’) to be youthful, young, adolescent IV to give a formal legal opinion (في ه to s.o. in or regarding; Isl. Law); to furnish (ه s.o.) with information (في about), expound, set forth (في ه to s.o. s.th.); to deliver an opinion (في about), decide by a legal opinion (ب for or in favor of s.th.), state as a (legal) opinion (بان that) X to ask (ه s.o.) for a formal legal opinion (في in or regarding; Isl. Law); to ask (ه s.o.) for a formal opinion (في about), request information (في ه of s.o. about), seek s.o.’s (ه) counsel (في in, about), consult (في ه s.o. in, about), ask s.o.’s (ه) opinion (في about) فتى fatan pl. فتيان futyān, فتية fitya youth, adolescent, juvenile, young man; slave; hero; pl. young people, adolescents, juveniles فتاة fatāh pl. فتيات fatayāt young woman, (young) girl فتاء fatā’ youth, adolescence فتي fatīy youthful, juvenile, adolescent, young فتية fatīya youthfulness, juvenility فتوى fatwā pl. فتاو fatāwin, فتاوى fatāwā futwa, formal legal opinion (Isl. Law) فتيا futyā formal legal opinion (Isl. Law) فتوة futūwa youth, adolescence; the totality of the noble, chivalrous qualities of a man, noble manliness, magnanimity, generosity, nobleheartedness, chivalry; designation of Islamic brotherhoods of the Middle Ages, governed by chivalrous precepts; name of several youth organizations in Arabic countries; (eg.; pl. -āt) bully, brawler. rowdy, tough; racketeer (eg.) افتاء iftā’ deliverance of formal legal opinions (Isl. Law); office of mufti (Isl. Law); deliverance of formal opinions, advising, advice, counseling استفتاء istiftā’ request for a formal legal opinion (Isl. Law); consulting, consultation; referendum, plebiscite, also استفتاء الشعب ist. aš-ša‘b and استفتاء شعبي (ša‘bī) مفت muftin pl. •fl" deliverer of formal legal oplnions (Isl. Law); official expounder of Islamic law, mufti │ مفتي الديار المصرية (miṣrīya) Grand Mufti of Egypt; سماحة المفتي samāḥat al-m. (title of a mufti) His Eminence the Mufti فثأ fata’a a (فثء fat’) to quench, still (هـ s.th., hunger, thirst, also fig.) 696 فج fajja u (fajj): فج رجليه (rijlaihi) to straddle IV to stride, hurry فج fajj pl. فجاج fijāj way, road between two mountains │ من كل فج عميق or من كل فج وصوب (wa-ṣaubin) from all sides, from all directions, from everywhere فج fijj unripe, green (fruit); blunt, rude (speech) فجأ faja’a and فجئ faji’a a (فجء faj’, فجأة faj’a, فجاءة fujā’a) and III to come suddenly, descend unexpectedly (ه upon s.o.), confront (ه s.o.) suddenly or unexpectedly, take (ه s.o.) by surprise, surprise (ب ه s.o. with), attack, assail (ه s.o.) فجأة faj’atan suddenly, unexpectedly, inadvertently, unawares فجاءة fujā’atan suddenly, unexpectedly, inadvertently, unawares فجائي fujā’ī sudden, unexpected, surprising مفاجأة mufāja’a pl. مفاجآت mufāja’āt surprise فاجئ fāji’ sudden, unexpected, surprising مفاجئ mufāji’ sudden, unexpected, surprising; pl. مفاجئات surprising events, surprises فجر fajara u (fajr) to cleave, break up, dig up (هـ e.g., the ground); -- (فجور fujūr) to act immorally, sin, live licentiously, lead a dissolute life, indulge in debauchery; to commit adultery II to create an outlet or passage (هـ for water, and the like), let (هـ water, and the like) flow or pour forth; to split, cleave (هـ s.th.); to explode (هـ s.th.) IV to commit adultery V to gush out, spurt forth, break forth, break out, erupt, burst out VII = V; to go off, discharge, burst; to burst forth; to explode, detonate; to overflow (ب with); to descend suddenly, break in, rush in, swoop down (على upon) فجر fajr dawn, daybreak, morning twilight; dawn (fig.), beginning, outset, start; (f.) morning prayer (Isl. Law) فجور fujūr immorality, iniquity, depravation, dissolution, debauchery, licentiousness, profligacy, dissolute life, fornication, whoredom تفجر tafajjur outbreak, outburst, eruption انفجار infijār pl. -āt outbreak, outburst, eruption; explosion, detonation │ مواد الانفجار mawādd al-inf. explosives انفجاري infijārī explosive, blasting (adj.) فاجر fājir pl. فجار fujjār, فجرة fajara libertine, profligate, debauchee, roué, rake; adulterer; liar; insolent, impudent, shameless, brazen فاجرة fājira pl. فواجر fawājir2 adulteress; whore, harlot متفجر mutafajjir explosive, blasting (adj.) منفجر munfajir explosive, blasting (adj.) فجع faja‘a a (faj‘) to inflict suffering and grief (ه upon s.o.), afflict, distress (ه s.o.); to make miserable (ه s.o., ب by bereaving him of s.o.) │ فجع بولده fuji‘a bi-waladihī he was stricken by the death of his eon II to torment, torture, distress, grieve (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to be or become painfully affected, be mentally distressed فجعة faj‘a gluttony فجاعة fajā‘a gluttony فجوع fajū‘ painful, grievous, trying, distressing فجيعة fajī‘a pl. فجائع fajā’i‘2 misfortune, calamity, disaster 697 فجعان faj‘ān voracious, insatiable; glutton, ravenous eater تفجع tafajju‘ agony, mental distress, affliction, suffering, grief فاجع fāji‘ painful, grievous, trying, distressing فاجعة fāji‘a pl. فواجع fawāji‘ misfortune, diluter, calamity; catastrophe; drama, tragedy مفجعات mufajji‘āt horrors, terrors تفجعن tafaj‘ana to eat greedily, ravenously, be gluttonous فجعنة faj‘ana gluttony فجفج fajfaja garrulous, loquacious; thoughtless chatterer, windbag; braggart, boaster, swaggerer فجل fujl (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فجول fujūl radish (Raphanus sativus L.; bot.) فجا (فجو) fajā u (fajw) to open (هـ ه door) فجوة fajwa pl. fajawāt, فجاء fijā’ opening, aperture, breach, gap, interstice; (horisontal) tombstone فح faḥḥa u i (faḥḥ, فحيح faḥīḥ) to hiss (snake), whistle (storm) فحش faḥuša u (fuḥš) to be monstrous; to be excessive, exorbitant; to be detestable, abominable, atrocious, obscene, indecent, foul, shameless, impudent IV to use obscene language; to commit atrocities VI = I and IV فحش fuḥš monstrosity; abominableness, atrocity; obscenity, indecency; obscene language فحشاء faḥšā’2 monstrosity, abomination, atrocity, vile deed, crime; adultery, fornication, whoredom فحاش faḥḥāš obscene, lewd, shameless in speech or action │ تأليف فحاش pornography تفاحش tafāḥuš monstrosity, abominableness فاحش fāḥiš monstrous; immoderate, excessive, exorbitant, absurd, preposterous, nonsensical; detestable, loathsome, abominable, atrocious, repugnant, disgusting; dirty, foul, vile, indecent, obscene; shameless, impudent فاحشة fāḥiša harlot, whore, prostitute; -- (pl. فواحش fawāḥiš2) monstrosity, abomination, atrocity, vile deed, crime; adultery, fornication, whoredom مفحشة mufḥiša harlot, whore فحص faḥaṣa a (faḥṣ) to scratch up (هـ the ground); to examine (ه s.o., also medically, هـ s.th.), test (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), investigate (هـ s.th.), scrutinize (هـ, s.o., s.th.); to search (عن for), inquire (عن about, into s.th.), seek information (عن about) V to search (عن for), inquire (عن about, into s.th.), seek information (عن about); to examine (هـ s.th., ه s.o., medically) فحص faḥš pl. فحوص fuḥūš test; examination (in general, school, medical); (medical) checkup; investigation, scrutiny; search, inquiry افحوص ufḥūṣ pl. افاحيص afāḥīṣ2 dugout hollow in the ground in which a bird lays ito eggs, nesting place, breeding place فحل X to become dreadful, terrible, momentous, serious, difficult (على for s.o.; affair), to get out of control, become excessive, become irreparable (damage) فحل faḥl pl. فحول fuḥūl, فحولة fuḥūla male (of large animals), stallion; outstanding personality, luminary, star, 698 master; a paragon (of) │ الشعراء الفحول (šu‘arā’) the master poets فحولة fuḥūla excellence, perfection استفحال istifḥāl dreadfulness, terribleness, gravity, seriousness; difficulty مستفحل mustafḥil dreadful, terrible; grave, serious; difficult; overwhelming, overpowerful, rampant, spreading dangerously فحم faḥuma u (فحوم fuḥūm, فحومة fuḥūma) to be or become black; -- faḥama a (faḥm) to be dumfounded, nonplused, unable to answer II to blacken (with charcoal), make black (هـ, ه s.o. s.th.); to char, carbonize, reduce to charcoal (هـ s.th.) IV to dumfound, nonplus, strike dumb (ه s.o.); to silence (ه s.o.) with arguments; to put (ه s.o.) off brusquely, give s.o. (ه) the brush-off فحم faḥm (coll.; n. un. ة) charcoal(s); coal(s); pl. فحومات fuḥūmāt coals, brands of coal │ فحم حجري (ḥajarī) soft coal, bituminous coal; فحم حطب ḥaṭab charcoal; فحم قوالب briquettes; فحم كوك (kōk) coke فحمة faḥma pl. faḥamāt lump of coal │ فحمة الليل f. al-lail deep-black night; -- (pl. فحام fiḥām, فحوم fuḥūm) blackness فحمي faḥmī black, coal-black فحيم faḥīm black فحام faḥḥām coal merchant, coal dealer; collier, miner فاحم fāḥim black │ اسود فاحم aswad or فاحم السواد f. as-sawād coal, black, pitch, black, jet-black فحوى faḥwā or فحواه faḥwā2 sense, meaning, signification, import; purport, tenor (of a letter, of a speech, etc.) فخ fakk pl. فخاخ fakkāk, فخوخ fukūk: trap, snare فخت fakata a (fakt) to perforate, pierce (هـ s.th.) فخذ fakid, fakd, fikd f., pl. افخاذ afkād thigh; leg (of mutton, etc.); (m.) subdivision of a tribe فخذة fakda leg (of mutton, etc.) فخذي fakidī, fakdī femoral فخر fakara a (fakr, fakar, فخار fakār) to glory (ب in), boast (ب of s.th.), brag (ب of). vaunt (ب s.th.); to pride o.s. (ب upon), be proud (ب of); -- fakira a (falfa,) to despise, disdain III to vie in glory (ه with s.o.); to be proud (ب of), pride o.s. (ب upon), boast (ب ه before s.o. of) V to be proud, haughty VI and VIII = I fakara X to find (هـ s.th.) excellent فخر fakr glory, pride; honor; vainglorious poetry (as a literary genre) │ غير فخر gaira fakrin or ولا فخر wa-lā fakra I say this without boasting فخري fakrī honorary, honoris causa فخرة fukra glory, pride فخار fakār glory, pride فخور fakūr vainglorious, boastful, bragging; proud (ب of) فخير fakīr boasting, bragging, swaggering, boastful فخار fakkār (fired) clay; earthenware, crockery, pottery فخاري fakkārī potter’s earthen; potter فاخورة fākūra pottery, earthenware manufactory فاخوري fākūrī potter افخر afkar2 more splendid, more magnificent مفخرة mafkara pl. مفاخر mafākir2 object of pride, s.th. to bout of; glorious deed, exploit, feat; glorious trait or quality 699 مفاخرة mufākara boasting, bragging, vainglory, pride تفاخر tafākur boasting, bragging, vainglory افتخار iftikār pride, vainglory, boasting, bragging فاخر fākir proud, vainglorious, boastful, bragging; outstanding, excellent, first-rate, perfect, splendid, superb, glorious, magnificent; sumptuous, de luxe مفاخر mufākir boastful, vainglorious, proud مفتخر muftakir proud, vainglorious, boastful, bragging; outstanding, excellent, first-rate, perfect, splendid, superb, glorious, magnificent; sumptuous, de luxe فخفخ fakfaka to be boastful, vainglorious; to boast, brag فخفخة fakfaka ostentation, showiness, pageantry, pomp فخم fakuma u (فخامة fakāma) to be stately, imposing, splendid, magnificent, grand II to intensify (هـ s.th.); to honor, treat with respect (ه s.o.), show deference (ه to); to pronounce emphatically, make emphatic (هـ a consonant) فخم fakm stately, imposing, splendid, superb, magnificent, grand, grandiose فخامة fakāma stateliness, imposingness, imposing appearance; splendor, magnificence, eminence, high rank; title of the head of a nonmonarchic state; title of honor given to high-ranking foreign dignitaries, approx.: Highness, Excellency, = صاحب الفخامة │ فخامة الدولة f. ad-daula title of the President of the Republic (Syr., Leb.); فخامة رئيس الدولة do. (Syr., Leb.); فخامة الرئيس f. ar-ra’īs title of a foreign head of state, approx.: His Excellency, the President; فخامة المعتمد السامي f. al-mu‘tamad as-sāmī His Excellency, the High Commissioner تفخيم tafkīm emphatic or velarized pronunciation of a consonant (phon.) │ آلة التفخيم amplifier (radio) مفخم mufakkam honored │ الحروف المفخمة the emphatics (phon.) فدح fadaḥa a (fadḥ) to oppress, burden (ه s.o.), weigh (ه upon s.o.) X to regard (هـ s.th.) as a heavy burden, as painful فداحة fadāḥa oppressiveness, burdensomeness افدح afdaḥa2 more oppressive, more burdensome, more serious, heavier فادح fādiḥ burdensome, oppressive; grave, serious (mistake), heavy (loss), bad (physical defect) فادحة fādiḥa pl. فوادح fawādiḥ misfortune, calamity فدخ fadaka a (fadk) to break, smash (هـ s.th.) فدر fadar pl. فدور fudūr chamois فدفد fadfad pl. فدافد fadāfid2 wasteland, tract of desert land, desert فدم fadama i to seal (هـ the mouth, an aperture) فدم fadm pl. فدام fidām clumsy in speech; heavy-witted, sluggish, dull, stupid فدن II to fatten, stall-feed (هـ s.th.) فدان faddān pl. فدادين fadādīn2 yoke of oxen; (pl. افدنة afdina) feddan, a square measure (Eg. = 4200.833 m2) فادن fādin pl. فوادن fawādin2 plummet, plumb bob فدى fadā i (fidan, فداء fidā’) to redeem, ransom (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with or by); to sacrifice (ب ه for s.o. s.th.) III to sacrifice, offer up (ب s.th.) VI to 700 beware (من of), guard (من against), get away, keep away (من or هـ from); to get rid (من or هـ of); to prevent, obviate, avert, avoid (من or هـ s.th.) VIII = I; to obtain (هـ s.th.) by sacrificing s.th. else (ب); to redeem o.s., ransom o.s. (ب with or by); to free o.s. (من from) │ افتداه بالنفس to sacrifice o.s. for s.o. or s.th., risk life and property for s.o. or s.th. فدى fidan, fadan redemption, ransoming; ransom; sacrifice (with foll. genit.: for s.th., to save or liberate s.o. or s.th.) │ جعلت فداك (ju‘iltu) (lit.: may I be made your ransom, i.e.) oh, could I but sacrifice myself for you! مات فدى للوطن (waṭan) he died for his country فدية fidya pl. فديات fidayāt, فدى fidan ransom; redemption (from the omission of certain religious duties, by a material donation or a ritual act; Isl. Law) فداء fidā’ redemption, ransoming; ransom; price (one has to pay for s.th.), sacrifice (one makes for s.th.) │ جعل كل شيء فداءه (fidā’ahū) he sacrificed or gave up everything for it فدائي fidā’ī one who sacrifices himself (esp., for his country); esp. pl. فدائيون fighters who risk their lives recklessly, soldiers prepared to sacrifice their lives; fedayeen, commandos, shock troops (Eg.) فدائية fidā’īya spirit of self-sacrifice مفاداة mufādāh sacrifice فاد fādin redeemer مفدي mafdīy (prop., object of self-sacrifice) following the name of a king, also after وطن waṭan, عرش ‘arš, and the like, approx.: dearly beloved, dear فذ fadd pl. افذاذ afdād, فذوذ fudūd alone, only, sole, single; singular, unique; uncommon, unusual, infrequent; pl. افذاذ extraordinary people فذلكة fadlaka brief summary, résumé, survey, outline, abstract, epitome فر farra i (farr, فرار firār, مفر mafarr) to flee, run away, run off, escape (من from) │ فر هاربا (hāriban) to flee, take to one’s heels IV to put (ه s.o.) to flight VIII to open up or part (عن so that s.th. becomes visible); to bare, show (عن the teeth when smiling), reveal (عن s.th.); to shimmer, gleam فرار firār flight فرار furār: عينه فراره ‘ainuhū furāruhū (firāruhū) his outward appearance bespeaks his inner worth; you need only look at him to know what to think of him فرار farrār fugitive, runaway, escaped; a fugitive, a runaway; deserter, defector; quicksilver, mercury فريرة furrēra teetotum (eg.) مفر mafarr flight, escape │ لا مفر منه (mafarra) unavoidable, inevitable فار fārr pl. -ūn, فارة fārra fugitive, fleeing; a fugitive فرأ fara’ pl. افراء afrā’ wild ass, onager فراء farā’ wild ass, onager │ كل الصيد في جوف الفراء kullu ṣaidin fī jaufi l-f. there are all kind, of game in the belly of the wild ass (proverbially of s.o. or s.th. that combine. all good qualities and advantages and makes everything else dispensable) فراك (Fr. frac) firāk, frāk pl. -āt swallow-tailed coat, full dress, tails فراولة faraula (from It. fragola) strawberry (eg.) الفرات al-furāt the Euphrates; فرات sweet (water) 701 فرتيكة furtīka clasp, buckle (eg.) فرج faraja i (farj) and II to open, part, separate, cleave, split, gap, breach (هـ s.th.), make an opening, gap or breach (هـ in); to dispel, drive away (هـ s.th., e.g., grief, worried; to comfort, solace, relieve (عن s.o.) II to show (على ه to s.o. s.th.) IV to leave (عن a place); to free, liberate, let free (عن s.o.), release (عن s.o., s.th.) V to be opened عن, be separated, be cleft, be split; to part, divide, move apart (e.g., a crowd so as to let s.o. pass; to be dispelled (grief, sorrow); to derive comfort (في or على from the light of), take pleasure, delight (في or على in looking at); to regard, view, observe, watch, inspect (على s.o., s.th.), look (على at s.o., at s.th.) VII to be opened, be separated, be cleft, be split; to open or part widely, widen, diverge, split open, gape, yawn; to open (عن so that s.th. becomes visible); to show, reveal (عن s.th.); to relax, become relaxed (features; crisis); to be dispelled, be driven away (grief, sorrow); to become gay فرج farj pl. فروج furūj opening, aperture, gap, breach; pudendum of the female, vulva فرج faraj freedom from grief or sorrow, release from suffering; joy; relaxation; relief, ease, repose, pleasure, comfort; happy ending فرجة furja state of happiness (esp. after suffering); pleasure, delight; -- (pl. فرج) opening, aperture, gap, breach, hole; onlooking, watching, inspection, viewing; sight, spectacle فروج farrūj (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فراريج frārīj2 chick, young chicken, pullet فرارجي (eg.) farargī seller of chicken, poulterer مفرج mafraj pl. مفارج mafārij2 relief, relaxation; denouement, happy ending افراج ifrāj freeing, liberation; release (عن of s.o., of s.th.), unblocking (عن e.g., of assets), decontrol (عن e.g., of rationed foodstuffs, etc.) تفرج tafarruj inspection, viewing, regarding; watching, observation انفراج infirāj relaxedness, relaxation متفرج mutafarrij pl. -ūn viewer, watcher, observer, spectator, onlooker منفرج munfarij opened wide, wide-open; relaxed; gay, merry │ زاوية منفرجة (zāwiya) obtuse angle (geom.) فرجار firjār compass, dividers فرجون firjaun currycomb, brush فرح fariḥa a (faraḥ) to be glad, happy, delighted, rejoice (ل, ب at), be gay, merry, cheerful (ل, ب about, over) II to gladden, delight, cheer, exhilarate, make merry, happy, gay (ه s.o.) فرح faraḥ joy, gladness, glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth, exhilaration, merriment, happiness; wedding; pl. افراح afrāḥ feast of rejoicing, celebration, festival, festivity; wedding (feast) │ ردهة الأفراح radhat al-a. banquet hall, ball-room فرحة farḥa joy فرح fariḥ merry, gay, cheerful, joyful, glad, delighted, happy فرحان farḥān2 merry, gay, cheerful, joyful, glad, delighted, happy مفارح mafāriḥ2 feasts of rejoicing, joyous events تفريح tafrīḥ exhilaration, amusement فارح fāriḥ merry, gay, cheerful, joyful, glad, delighted, happy مفرح mufriḥ gladdening, cheering, exhilarating, joyous, delightful 702 فرخ II to have young ones (bird); to hatch (said of eggs); to hatch, incubate (هـ s.th.); to germinate, sprout, put out new shoots (of a tree); to spread, gain ground IV to have young ones (bird); to hatch (said of eggs); to hatch. incubate (هـ s.th.); to germinate, sprout, put out new shoots (of a tree) │ افرخ روعه (rau‘uhū) fear left him فرخ fark pl. افراخ afrāk فروخ furūk, فرخ firāk, فرخان firkān young bird; shoot, spout (of a plant, of a tree) │ فرخ ورق f. waraq (eg.) sheet of paper فرخة farka pl. فراخ firāk young female bird; hen │ فرخ رومي (rūmī) (eg.) turkey hen فراخ firāk (pl. of فرخ) poultry, domestic fowls فرخ tafrīk hatching, incubation │ آلة التفريخ incubator فرد farada and faruda u (فرود furūd) to be single, be alone; to be singular, be unique; -- farada u (فرود furūd) to withdraw, retire, segregate (عن from); -- farada i (eg.) to spread, spread out, extend, stretch (هـ s.th.); to unfold (هـ s.th.) IV to set aside, separate, segregate, isolate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to single out. assign especially (ب or ل هـ s.th. for), devote (ب or ل هـ s.th. to s.th. else) V to be alone; to do alone, perform single-handedly (ب s.th.); to possess alone (ب s.th.); to be matchless, be unique VII = V; to stand alone, b. without parallel (في or ب with or in s.th.); to withdraw, segregate, walk away (عن from); to be isolated (عن from) X to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) singular, unique or isolated; to isolate (هـ s.th., chem.) فرد fard pl. افراد afrād, فرادى furādā alone, single; sole, only; solitary, lone, lonely; singular, unique, matchless, unrivaled, peerless, incomparable; one, a single one, a single thing, a single person, individual; odd, uneven (number); الفرد epithet of the month of Rajab; (pl. فراد firād) one, one of a couple, one of a pair; (pl. فرود furūd, فرودة furūda) pistol; -- singular (gram.) │ فردا فردا fardan) singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other فردة farda one part, one half, one of a pair فردى fardī single, solitary; single- (in compounds); pertaining to a single person; one-man (in compounds); solo (adj.); singles (tennis); individual, personal; individualist; odd, uneven (numbr) فردية fardīya individuality, individualism فريد farīd alone, lone, lonely, solitary; singular, unique, matchless, peerless, unrivaled, incomparable; (with foll. genit.) especially endowed with │ فريد في بابه unique of its kind فريدة farīda pl. فرائد farā’d2 precious pearl, precious gem, solitaire; (eg.) quire (of paper) فرادا furādan singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other فرادى furādā singly, separately, one by one, one at a time, one after the other تفريدي tafrīdī detailed, itemized انفراد infirād solitude, loneness, loneliness; isolation, seclusion │ على الانفراد alone, apart, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion; singly, by o.s.; confidentially; الانفراد بالسلطة (sulṭa) autocracy انفرادي infirādī individual; individualistic; autocratic; isolationistic, tending to isolation 703 مفرد mufrad single, solitary, lone, detached, isolated; (gram.) simple, consisting of only one word (expression); being in the singular; singular (gram.); (pl. -āt) vocable, word; pl. words, terms, names, expressions (of a scientific field); details │ مفردات خاصة (kāṣṣa) technical terms, terminology; بمفرده by o.s., alone, apart, singly, isolatedly, in solitude, in seclusion, solitarily; بالمفردات in detail; by retail منفرد munfarid isolated, detached, separated; lone, solitary, alone; solo (adj.; also mus.) 2 □ فردة firda (<فرضة furḍa) pl. فرد firad tax, head tax, poll tax الفردوس al-firdaus f., pl. فراديس farādīs2 Paradise فردوسي firdausī paradisiacal, heavenly 1فرز faraza i (farz) and IV to set apart, separate, detach, isolate (هـ s.th.); to secrete, excrete, discharge (هـ s.th.; physiol.); to sort, sift, classify (هـ s.th.); to examine (هـ s.th.), screen (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), muster (ه s.o.); to select, pick out (هـ s.th.); to distinguish, discriminate, differentiate (من هـ s.th. from) فرز farz separation, detachment, isolation; secretion, excretion, discharge; sorting, sifting; mustering, muster, screening, examination; selection, selecting │ فرز عسكري (‘askarī) pre-induction examination (mil.) فرازة farrāza: O فرازة آلية (‘ā1īya) seed separator, seed-screening apparatus مفرزة mafraza pl. مفارز mafāriz2 group, detachment, party, troop, band افراز ifrāz pl. -āt secretion, excretion, exudation, discharge, expectoration (physiol.) │ قسمة افراز qismat i. partition in kind (Isl. Law) O فارزة fāriza comma مفرزات mufrazāt secretions, excretions, exudations (physiol.) │ المفرزات الداخلية (dākilīya) internal secretions, endocrines 2 فريز pl. افرزة = افريز 3فيروز, فاروز and فيروزج look up alphabetically 4افريز pl. افاريز look up alphabetically فرزان II tafarzana to queen, become a queen (of a pawn; in chess) فرزان firzān pl. فرازين farāzīn 2 queen (in chess) 1 فرس farasa i (fars) to kill, tear (هـ its prey, of a predatory animal) V to regard searchingly, eye, scrutinize (هـ, ه or في s.o., s.th.), look firmly (هـ, ه or في at s.o., at s.th.); to recognize, detect (هـ a quality, في in s.o.) VIII = I; to ravish, rape (ها a woman) فرس faras m. and f., pl. افراس afrās horse, mare; knight (chess) │ فرس البحر f. al-baḥr hippopotamus; فرس الرهان race horse; الفرس الأعظم PegaSus (astron.) فراسة farāsa horsemanship, equitation فراسة firāsa perspicacity, acumen, discernment, discrimination, minute observation; keen eye (esp. for traits of character); intuitive knowledge of human nature │ علم الفراسة ‘ilm al-f. physiognomy; فراسة اليد f. al-yad chiromancy, palmistry فريسة farīsa pl. فرائس farā’is2 prey (of a wild animal) فريسي farīsī, فرسي Pharisee فروسة furūsa horsemanship, equitation; chivalry, knighthood, فروسية furūsīya horsemanship, equitation; chivalry, knighthood; heroism, valor فارس fāris pl. فرسان fursān, فوارس fawāris2 horseman, rider; knight, cavalier; 704 hero; pl. cavalry │ لست من فرسان ذلك الميدان (lastu, maidān) I am unfamiliar with this field, I am not competent in this field فارسة fārisa pl. -āt horsewoman; mounted female warrior, Amazon مفترس muftaris rapacious, ravenous (animal) │ حيوان مفترس (ḥayawān) predatory animal, beast of prey 2الفرس al-fursān the Persians; Persia, also بلاد الفرس فارس fāris, also بلاد فارس Persia فارسي fārisī Persian (adj. and n.) فرسي visāy Versailles فرسخ farsak pl. فراسخ farāsik2 a measure of length, parasang فرسوفيا varōviyā Warsaw (capital of Poland) فرش faraša u (farš, فراش firāš) to spread, spread out (هـ s.th.); -- faraša u i (farš) to pave, cover (هـ the ground, floor, path, room, etc., ب with) II to cover (هـ the floor, etc., ب with); to furnish, provide with furniture (هـ ..th.); to tile, pave (هـ s.th.) VIII to spread, spread out (هـ s.th.); to lie down, stretch out, sprawl (هـ on s.th.); to sleep (ها with a woman) │ افترش لسانه (lisānahū) to give one’s tongue free rein فرش farš pl. فروش furūš furnishing; furniture, household effects; mat, rug, carpet; anything spread on the ground as bedding; foundation (arch.) فرشة farša bed; mattress فراش farāš wheel (of a mill); (coll.; n. un. ة) moths; butterflies فراشة farāša (n. un.) moth; butterfly; flighty, fickle person فراش firāš pl. فرش furuš, افرشة afriša cushion, pillow; blanket, cover, spread; mattress; bed فراش farrāš one who spreads the carpets; servant, attendant; house servant, valet; office boy, errand boy مفرش mifraš pl. مفارش mafāriš2 tablecloth, table cover, cover (in general); bedspread, counterpane مفرشة mifraša pl. مفارش mafāriš2 saddle blanket مفروش mafrūš covered (ب with); furnished; مفروشات mafrūšāt furniture, household effects 2فرش II to brush (هـ s.th.) فرشة furša pl. فرش furaš brush; paintbrush │ فرشة البودرة powder puff; فرشة اسنان f. asnān toothbrush فرشاة furšāh brush; paintbrush فرشاية furšāya (syr.) brush فرشح faršaḥ (فرشحة faršaḥa) to straddle, stand with one’s legs apart فرشخ faršaka = فرشح faršaḥa فرشينة (It. forcina) furšīna pl. -āt hairpin فرص II to make holidays فرصة furṣa pl. فرص furaṣ opportunity, chance, auspicious moment; holidays, vacation │ فرصة من الزمن (furṣatan, zaman) for a short time, briefly; انتهز الفرصة (intahaza) to seize the opportunity, avail o.s. or take advantage of the opportunity فريصة farīṣa pl. فرائص farā’iṣ2 flesh or muscle beneath the shoulder-blades │ فريصته or ارتعدت فرائصه (irta‘adat) violent fear or excitement seized him مفرص mufarriṣ holiday-maker, vacationist, tourist فرصاد firṣād mulberry; mulberry tree فرض faraḍa i (farḍ) to decide, determine; to decree, order, ordain (هـ s.th.); to appoint, assign, apportion, allocate (هـ ل to s.o. s.th., money, and the like); to impose, 705 enjoin, make incumbent (هـ على upon s.o. s.th.), prescribe (هـ على to s.o. s.th.); to impose (الحصار blockade, على on); to assume, presume, suppose, presuppose, postulate (هـ s.th., ان that) │ فرض ارادته عليه (irādatahū) to force one’s will on s.o. II to notch (هـ s.th.), make incisions (هـ in s.th.) VIII to impose, enjoin, make incumbent (هـ على upon s.o. s.th.), prescribe (هـ على to s.o. s.th.); to decree, order (هـ s.th.); to assume, suppose (هـ s.th., ان that) فرض farḍ pl. فروض furūḍ notch, incision; duty, precept, injunction, order, decree, ordinance, command; religious duty (Isl. Law); statutory portion, lawful shore (Isl. Law); assumption, supposition, presupposition, premise, postulate, hypothesis │ فروض التحية f. at-taḥīya prescribed forms of salutations; فرض عين f. ‘ain individual duty (Isl. Law); فرض كفاية collective duty (Isl. Law); على فرض on the premise of …; على فرض ان on the assumption that, with the understanding that ..., supposing that ... فرضي farḍī hypothetic(al), suppositional, conjectural, assumed without proof فرضية farḍīya hypothesis فرضة furḍa pl. فرض furaḍ notch, incision; opening, gap, crevice, crack; seaport, river harbor, small port town فريضة farīḍa pl. فرائض farā’ḍ2 religious duty (Isl. Law); divine precept, ordinance of God (Isl. Law); obligatory prayer (Isl. Law); pl. distributive shares in estate (Isl. Law) │ فريضة الجمعة f. al-jum‘a the obligatory divine service on Friday (Isl. Law); ذو الفرائض dawū l-f. the “Koranic heirs”, i.e., those entitled to a statutory portion in estate according to sura lV, 12ff. (Isl. Law); علم الفرائض ‘ilm al-f. law of descent and distribution افتراض iftirāḍ assumption, supposition, presupposition, premise, postulate, hypothesis افتراضي iftirāḍī hypothetic(al) فارض fāriḍ old, advanced in years مفروض mafrūḍ supposed, assumed, premised; pl. مفروضات duties, obligations فرط farata u to precede (ه s.o.); to escape inadvertently, slip (من s.o.’s tongue; of words); to escape (من s.o.), get lost (من on s.o.); to happen (inadvertently) (من to s.o., faux pas, etc.); to neglect (في s.th.), be lax, be remiss (في with regard to); to strip off (هـ fruits) │ فرط منه الشيء (šai’u) he missed the thing, lost it II to leave, abandon, forsake, give up (ه s.o., في or ,. s.th.), renounce, waive (في or هـ s.th.); to separate (ه or عن from), part (ه or عن with); to neglect (في s.th.), be lax, be remiss (في with regard to); to exceed the proper bounds, go too far, be excessive (في in), exaggerate, overdo (في s.th.); to waste, squander (في s.th.) IV to exceed the proper bounds, go too far, be excessive (في in), exaggerate, overdo, abuse (في s.th.) VII to be stripped off, be loosened, become detached (من from); to be dissolved, dissolve, break up │ انفرط عقدهم (‘aqduhum) they broke up, they parted company, they dissolved فرط farṭ excess, immoderation, exaggeration; (with foll. abstract noun) hyper- (in compounds) فرط faraṭ (eg.) interest (on money, capital, etc.) فراطة furāṭa small change, coins تفريط tafrīṭ negligence, neglect افراط afrāṭ excess, immoderation, exaggeration فارط fāriṭ elapsed, bygone, put, last, e.g., يوم الأحد الفارط (yaum al-aḥad) last Sunday مفرط mufarril prodigal, wasteful, squandering; wastrel, spendthrift, prodigal, squanderer مفرط mufriṭ exaggerated, excessive 706 فرطح farṭaḥa to make broad, broaden, flatten (هـ s.th.) مفرطح mufarṭaḥ broad; flattened, flat, oblate; fat and flabby, bloated فرع fara‘a a (far‘, فرع furū‘) to surpass, outstrip (ه s.o.); to excel (ه s.o.) II to put forth branches, to branch; to derive, deduce (من هـ s.h. from) V to branch out, ramify, become ramified, spread in all directions; to divide, fork, bifurcate (road, pipeline); to branch off VIII to de1lower فرع far‘ pl. فروع furū‘, افرع afru‘ twig, branch. bough, limb, (also coll.) branches, twigs; derivative; section, subdivision; branch office, subsidiary establishment, branch; branch line, feeder line; branch wire, feed wire (el.) │ الفروع or علم الفروع ‘ilm al-f. the doctrine of the branches, i.e., applied fiqh, applied ethics (consisting in the systematic elaboration of canonical law in Islam); شرعا وفرعا šar‘an wa-far‘an with full right, with good cause, justly فرعي fa‘ī branch, subsidiary, tributary, sub-, side (in compounds); subdivisional; secondary افرع afra‘2, f. فرعاء far‘ā’ tall, slender تفرع tafarru‘ many-sidedness, versatility; (pl. -āt) ramification; pl. secondary things, concomitant circumstances, minor factors فارع fāri‘ tall, lofty, towering; high-grown, slender, slim; beautiful, handsome, pretty │ فارع الطول f. aṭ-ṯūl tall, high-grown; فارع القامة tall and slender مفرع mufarra‘ ramified, branching متفرعات mutafarri‘āt secondary things, concomitant circumstances, minor factors فرعون fir‘aun pl. فراعنة farā‘ina Pharaoh فرغ faraga u and fariga a (فروغ furūg, فراغ farāg) to be empty, be void; to be vacant; to be exhausted, be used up; to be rid (من of s.o.), be done, be finished (من with); to finish, terminate, conclude, close, wind up, finish off, settle, complete, bring to an end (من s.th.); to devote o.s. apply o.s. attend, tend (الى or ل to s.o. to s.th.), occupy o.s. (الى or ل with) │ فرغ الى نفسه to collect one’s thoughts II to empty, void, vacate, evacuate, discharge (هـ s.th.); to unload (هـ a cargo); to pour out (هـ s.th.) IV to empty, void, vacate, evacuate (هـ s.th.); to pour out (على هـ s.th. over. في into); to unload (هـ s.th., e.g., from a ship) │ افرغه في قالب (qālab) to mold s.th. (fig.); (مجهوده or) افرغ جهده (jahdahū) to exert o.s. to the utmost, make every effort (في in), do one’s best V to be free from work. be unoccupied, be idle, have leisure; to be free, disengage o.s. (الى or ل for some work), occupy o.s. exclusively (الى or ل with), devote o.s., apply o.s., attend (الى or ل to) X to empty (هـ a bowl, and the like); to vomit │ استفرغ مجهوده to exert o.s. to the utmost. make every effort (في in), apply every ounce of strength (في to), do one’s best فرغ farg empty, void; vacant فراغ farāg void, vacuity, vacancy, vacuum, empty space; gap; space (ل for s.o., for s.th.); cession (of things which are not transferable as a property, but transferable as a possession; (Isl. Law); leisure, sparetime فراغي farāgī vacuum (adj.) فروغ furūg emptiness, voidness, vacuity; vacancy, unocoupiedness; termination, expiration, exhaustion │ فروغ الصبر f. aṣ-ṣabr impatience افرغ afrag2 emptier تفريغ tafrīg emptying, vacating, evacuation; discharge; unloading (of a cargo) 707 افراغ ifrāg emptying, vacating, evacuation; pouring out استفراغ istifrāg emptying, voiding, vacating, evacuation; vomiting فارغ fārig pl. فراغ furrāg empty, void; vacant; unoccupied, not busy, idle, leisurely; inane, vacuous, idle, useless; -- tare (com.) │ بالفارغ in the void (of the target) = in the bull’s-eye; بفارغ الصبر bi-f. iṣ-ṣabr impatiently مفروغ منه mafrūg minh finished, settled (question, problem, and the like); exhausted (topic, and the like) مفرغ mufarrig emptying; creating a vacuum │ O آلة مفرغة vacuum pump مفرغ mufarrag emptied, vacated, exhausted of air, vacuum (adj.); hollow مفرغ mufrag cast (in a mold) │ حلقة مفرغة (ḥalqa) seamless ring; vicious circle, circulus vitiosus 1فرفر farfara to shake itself (of animals, esp. of a bird) فرفر farfar small bird فرفور furfūr small bird 2 فرفوري farfūrī = فغفوري fine porcelain 3 فرفيرfirfīr purple, purpure فرفش farfaša: فرفش نفسه (eg.) to recover, pick up, revive فرفشة farfaša (eg.) ease, comfort, convenience, leisure فرفير firfīr purple, purpure فرق faraqa u (farq, فرقان furqān to separate, part, divide, sever, sunder (هـ s.th.); to make a distinction (بين between), distinguish, differentiate, discriminate (بين between); فرق (farq) to part (هـ the hair); fariqa a (faraq) to be terrified, be dismayed; to be afraid (من of) II to separate, part, divide, sever, sunder (هـ s.th.); to strew about, scatter, disperse (هـ s.th.); to make a distinction (بين between), distinguish, differentiate (بين between; عن ه s.o. from); to distribute (في or على هـ s.th. to, among); to frighten, scare, daunt, terrify, horrify (ه s.o.) │ فرق تسد farriq tasud divide and rule! divide et impera! III to separate o.s. disengage o.s., withdraw, depart (هـ, ه from s.o., from s.th.), part (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.), leave, quit (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) V to be or become separated, split, disunited, divided, scattered, dispersed, separate, part, divide, scatter, disperse, dissolve, break up VII to be or become separated, disunited, divided, separate o.s., disengage o.s. (عن from), part (عن with) VIII = V │ افترق طرائق قددا (ṭarā’iqa qidadan) to split into many parts or groups, become divided فرق farq separation, severance, sunderance, division, partition; differentiation, distinction, discrimination; parting (of the hair); -- (pl. فروق furūq) difference, dissimilarity, distinction; small change, coins; pl. cases similar with regard to facts, yet different as to their legal implications (Isl. Law) فرق firq part, portion, division, section, unit; band, company, party, detachment, troop, group; herd, flock فرق faraq fear, fright, terror فرق fariq fearful, timid, timorous, cowardly, craven فرقة firqa pl. فرق firaq part, portion, division, section, unit; band, company, party, detachment, troop, group; class; grade, class (in school); pupils or students of a course; troupe, ensemble; team, crew; division (mil.); sect │ الفرقة اللأجنبية (ajnabīya) the Foreign Legion; الفرقة الخامسة the fifth column; فرقة مصفحة (muṣaffaḥa) armored division; فرقة المطافئ 708 (or الأطفاء) f. al-maṭāfi2 (or al-iṭfā’) fire department, fire brigade; فرقة الإعدام f. al-i‘dām firing squad; فرقة استعراضية (isti‘rāḍīya) show troupe, revue troupe; فرقة موسيقية (mūsīqīya) orchestra; فرقة موسيقى f. mūsīqā (military) band فرقة furqa separatedness, separation, disunion فريق farīq pl. فروق furūq, افرقة afriqa, افرقاء afriqā2 band, company, troop, detachment, unit; party; faction; team (sports); - a military and naval rank, approx.: lieutenant general (Eg.), vice admiral (Eg.) │ فريق اول (awwal) lieutenant general (Ir.); فريق ثان (tānin) major general (Ir.) فروق farūq very fearful, timid, timorous, cowardly, craven; --Constantinople فاروق fārūq very timorous; الفاروق he who distinguishes truth from falsehood (epithet of the 2nd Caliph, Omar) فاروقية fārūqīya “Faruk cap”, winter field cap of the Egyptian Air Force (1939) فرقان furqān proof, evidence; الفرقان the Koran مفرق mafraq, mafriq pl. مفارق mafāriq2 crossing, intersection, bifurcation, forking, fork, junction, interjunction; road fork, highway intersection, crossroads, also مفرق الطرق m. aṭ-ṭuruq; المفرق al-mafraq or قلعة المفرق qal‘at al-m. Mafrak (city in N Jordan) │ مفرق الشعر mafriq aš-ša‘r parting (of the hair) تفريق tatrīq separation, severance, sunderance, partition, division; dispersion, dispersal, scattering; differentiation, distinction, discrimination; distribution; pl. تفاريق tafārīq2 single, separate parts, detached sections │ بالتفريق in detail; in portions; by retail (com.) تفرقة tafriqa separation, severance, sunderance, partition, division; dispersion, dispersal, scattering; differentiation, distinction, discrimination; distribution │ بالتفرقة in detail; in portions; by retail (com.) مفارقة mufāraqa separation, parting, farewell, leave-taking, departure; difference, dissimilarity, distinction فراق firāq separation, parting, farewell, leave-taking, departure; difference, dissimilarity, distinction تفرق tafarruq separation, disunion, division; dispersing, dispersal, scattering; deployment (in the field; mil.) افتراق iftirāq separation, disunion, division فارق fāriq distinguishing, differential, distinctive, discriminative, separative; (pl. فوارق fawāriq2) a separating or distinctive factor; distinctive characteristic, criterion; difference, distinction, dissimilarity, disparity │ مع بعد الفارق (bu‘d l-f.) in spite of the great difference مفرق mufarriq distributor, retailer; mailman, postman مفرق mufarraq retail (adj.) │ تاجر المفرق retail merchant, retailer; بالمفرق by retail متفرق mutafarriq dispersed, scattered; sporadic; متفرقات miscellany, sundries (com.), miscellaneous items مفترق muftaraq crossing, intersection, bifurcation, forking, fork, junction, interjunction; road fork, highway intersection, crossroads, also مفترق الطرق m. aṭ-ṭuruq 2فاوريقة pl. فواريق look up alphabetically 3افريقيا look up alphabetically 4افريقي pl. افارقة look up alphabetically فرقد farqad calf; الفرقدان two bright stars of Ursa Minor (β and γ) 709 فرقع farqa‘a (فرقعة farqa‘a) to pop, crack, burst, explode II tafarqa‘a = I فرقعة farqa‘a crack, pop, report (of a firearm); explosion, blast مفرقع mufarqi‘ explosive, blasting (adj.); pl. مفرقعات explosives; firecrackers, fireworks فرقلة farqilla (eg.) pl. -āt whip with a leather thong, used in driving animals فرك faraka u (fark) to rob (هـ s.th.) II = I V to be robbed VII = V فريك farīk rubbed; cooked green wheat O مفراك mifrāk twirling stick 2فراك look up alphabetically فركش farkaša (eg.) to disarrange, dishevel, tangle (هـ s.th.), tousle, muss, tear (hair) 1فرم farama i (farm) to out into small pieces (هـ meat, tobacco), mince, chop, hash (هـ meat) II = I مفرمة miframa meat grinder; mincer, mincing machine مفرمم mafrūm: دخان مفروم (dukān) finely cut tobacco; لحم مفروم (laḥm) chopped meat, hashed meat 2فرم (It. forma) furma pl. فرم furam mold فرمان faramān pl. -āt, فرامين farāmīn2 firman; decree, edict; (letter of) safe-conduct, laisser-passer (formerly, in the Ottoman Empire) فرمبواز (Fr. framboise) frambuwāz raspberry فرمسون (eg.) firmasōn (from Fr. franc-maçon) Freemason فرملة farmala pl. فرامت farāmil2 brake (of a wheel, etc.) فرملجي (eg.) farmalgī pl. -īya brakeman فرموزا farmōza, formōza Formosa فرن furn pl. افران afran oven, baking oven فران farrān baker فرنج II tafarnaja to become Europeanized, adopt European manners, imitate the Europeans الإفرنج al-ifranj the Europeans │ بلاد الإفرنج Europe افرنجي ifranjī European; الإفرنجي syphilis فرنجة firanja2 Land of the Franks, Europe تفرنج tafarnuj Europeanization, imitation of the Europeans متفرنج mutafarnij Europeanized 1فرند firind a sword of exquisite workmanship 2فرندة faranda, varanda pl. -āt veranda, porch فرنس farnasa (فرنسة farnasa) to make French, Frenchify, imbue with French culture (هـ s.th.) II tafarnasa to become a Frenchman; to imitate the French فرنسا faransā (also فرنسة) France فرنسي faransī French; (pl. -ūn) Frenchman فرنساوي faransāwī (also فرنسوي) French الفرنسيس al-faransīs the French الفرنسيسكان al-faransiskān the Franciscans فرنك (Fr. franc) firank and فرنكة pl. -āt franc فره farih lively, agile, nimble فراهة farāha liveliness, agility, nimbleness, swiftness (of an animal); sturdiness فاره fārih lively, agile, nimble, swift (animal); comely, pretty; sturdy; big فرو farw (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فراء firā’ furriery, fur(s), skin(s), pelt(s), peltry فروة farwa (n. un.) fur, pelt; akin, hide │ فروة الرأس scalp; ابو فروة abū f. (eg.) chestnut 710 فرى farā i (fary) to split lengthwise, cut lengthwise (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to mince, chop (هـ s.th.); to invent lyingly, fabricate, trump up (على هـ s.th. against) │ فرى كذبا (kidban) to fabricate, or invent, a lie (على against) II to split lengthwise, cut lengthwise (هـ s.th.) IV = II; VIII to invent lyingly, fabricate, trump up (على ه s.th. against); to slander, libel, calumniate (على s.o.) فرية firya pl. فرى firan lie, falsehood, falsity; slander, calumny فرى farīy: جاء) شيئا فريا or) اتى to do s.th. unheard-of, do an unprecedented thing مفراة mifrāh (eg.) (= مفرمة) meat grinder; mincer, mincing machine افتراء iftirā’ lie, falsehood, falsity; slander, calumny مفتر muftarin slanderer, calumniator مفتريات muftarayāt lies, falsities; calumnies فريز farīz pl. افرزة afriza = افريز ifrīz (look up alphabetically) فز fazza i (fazz) to jump up, start, bolt; to be or become frightened, terrified, dismayed, startled; to frighten, alarm, startle (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), scare away (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from) IV to frighten, alarm, startle (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), scare away (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from) V to become restless, restive, uneasy X to fill with unrest or excitement, rouse, agitate, excite, stir up, instigate, incite, egg on, inflame, whip up (ه s.o.), provoke (هـ an incident); to startle (عن ه s.o. out of); to stir up, arouse (من ه s.o. from) فزة fazza start, jump, bolt, dart استفزاز istifzāz pl. -āt instigation, agitation, incitement, provocation استفزازي istifzāzī agitative, instigative, inflammatory, rabble-rousing, provocative, incendiary فزر lazara u (fazr) to tear, rent, burst (هـ s.th.) V to be torn, be rent, split open, burst VII = V فزارة fazāra female leopard فزورة fazūra pl. فوازر fawāzir2 (eg.) riddle, puzzle فزع fazi‘a a (faza‘) and faza‘a a (faz‘, fiz‘) to be afraid, be scared (من of), be alarmed, frightened, terrified (ل or من by); -- fazi‘a a to take refuge, flee (الى to), seek asylum (الى with) II to strike (ه s.o.) with fear; to frighten, scare, alarm, terrify, dismay, startle (ه s.o.) IV to frighten, startle, terrify, scare (ه s.o.) V to be terrified, startled, dismayed; to be frightened │ تفزع من نومه (naumihī) to be roused from one’s sleep فزع faza‘ pl. افزاع afzā‘ fear, fright, terror, alarm, dismay, anxiety, consternation, panic فزع fazi‘ frightened, terrified, scared, alarmed, startled, dismayed, fearful, timorous فزعان faz‘ān frightened. terrified, scared, alarmed, startled, dismayed, fearful, timorous فزاعة fazzā‘a one who inspires fear; scarecrow مفزع mafza‘ place of refuge, retreat, sanctuary مفزعة mafza‘a place of refuge, retreat, sanctuary; scarecrow مفزع mufzi‘ terrible, dreadful, alarming مفزع mufzi‘ frightened, terrified, alarmed, startled فستان fustān pl. فساتين fasātīn2 (woman’s) dress, gown, frock فستق fustuq, fustaq pistachio (bot.) فسح fasuḥa u (فسحة fusḥa, فساحة fasāḥa) to be or become wide, spacious, roomy; 711 – fasaḥa a (fasḥ) to make room, clear a space (هـ, في in, ل for) II to make wide, make spacious, widen, broaden, extend, expand (هـ s.th.); to make room, clea a space (ل for) │ فسح مجالا له (majālan) to make room for s.o., or s.th., give s.o. or s.th. free play or free scope; to open up an opportunity for s.o.; فسح له الطريق to open or pave the way for s.o. or s.th. IV to make room, clear a space (ل for); to clear. open up (هـ s.th., ل for) V to be or become wide, spacious, roomy; to walk, take a walk VII to be or become wide, spacious, roomy; to extend, expand, dilate; to be free, be ample (time) │ انفسحت لي الأوقات I had plenty of time فسحة fusḥa wideness, ampleness, spaciousness, roominess; extensive possibilities, ample opportunities, wide scope for action; (time) margin, enough time (ل for); -- (pl. فسح fusaḥ, -āt) free, open, or empty, space; holidays, vaoation; walk, promenade, stroll, ride, drive, outing, excursion │ ما زال في الوقت فسحة (waqt) there is still time فسحة fusḥa pl. -āt (eg.) anteroom, vestibule, hallway, entrance hall; (eg., also syr.) open space between houses; courtyard فسيح fasīḥ) pl. فساح fisāḥ wide, ample, spacious, roomy, broad انفساح infisāḥ wideness, ampleness; extension, expansion, dilation منفسح munfasaḥ) wideness, ampleness; plane, surface فسخ fasaka a (fask) to dislocate, disjoint, luxate, put out of joint (هـ a limb); to sever, sunder, tear (هـ s.th.); (jur.) to cancel, abolish, rescind, revoke, abrogate, annul, nullify, invalidate, dissolve, void, vacate (هـ s.th.); -- fasika a (fasak) to lose color; to fade (color) II to tear to pieces, tear apart, lacerate, mangle (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to salt (هـ fish) V to break up into fragments, fall apart, disintegrate VII (jur.) to be canceled, abolished, rescinded, revoked, abrogated, annulled, nullified, invalidated, dissolved, voided, vacated فسخ fask (jur.) cancellation, abolishment, abolition, rescission, revocation, abrogation, annulment, nullification, invalidation, dissolving, voiding, vacating فسخي faskī abolitionary, revocatory, abrogative, nullifying فسخة faska (wood) splinter, chip, sliver فسيخ fasīk (eg.) small salted fish متفسخ mutafassik degenerate(d) فسد fasada u i (فساد fasād, فسود fusūd) to be or become bad, rotten, decayed, putrid, be spoiled; to be or become vicious, wicked, vile, corrupt, depraved, be marred, impaired, corrupted, perverted, vitiated; to be empty, vain, idle, unsound, false, wrong II to spoil, deprave, ruin, corrupt, demoralize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to degrade, abase, sully, tarnish, defile (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV to spoil (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; هـ s.th. على of s.o., e.g., s.o.’s plans, etc.), deprave, corrupt, pervert, demoralize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to mar, distort, devaluate, depreciate, denigrate, degrade (هـ s.th., على for s.o.); to weaken, sap. undermine, upset, ruin, destroy, foil, thwart, frustrate (هـ s.th.); to alienate, estrange (على ه s.o. from another; هـ على s.o. from s.th.), entice away (على s.o., هـ from s.th.); to sow, or stir up, dissension (بين among); to act evilly, wickedly; to cause mischief │ افسد عليه امره (amrahū) to play s.o. a dirty trick VII = I فساد fasād rottenness, spoiledness, corruption, decay, decomposition, putrefaction, putridity; depravity, wickedness, viciousness, iniquity. immorality; weakness; 712 pervertedness, wrongness ; incorrectness, imperfection (of a legal transaction; Isl. Law) مفسدة mafsada pl. مفاسد mafāsid2 cause of corruption or evil; scandalous deed, heinous act; pl. مفاسد dirty tricks, malicious acts, chicaneries │ في المصلحة والمفسدة (maṣlaḥa) in good and bad times, for better or for worse افساد ifsād thwarting, undermining, sabotaging فاسد fāsid pl. فسدي fasadī bad, foul, rotten, spoiled, decayed, decomposed, putrid; depraved, corrupt, vicious, wicked, immoral; empty, vain, idle, unsound, false, wrong; imperfect (legal transaction; Isl. Law) │ دور فاسد (daur) vicious circle, circulus vitiosus فسر II to explain, expound, explicate, elucidate, interpret (هـ s.th.), comment (هـ on) V to be explained, interpreted, etc. (see II); to have an explanation (ب in), be explainable (ب with, by) X to ask (ه s.o.) for an explanation (عن of), inquire (عن ه of s.o. about), ask (عن ه s.o. about); to seek an explanation (عن for) تفسير tafsīr pl. تفاسير tafāsīr2 explanation, exposition, elucidation, explication, interpretation; commentary (esp. one on the Koran) تفسيري tafsīrī explanatory, explicatory, illustrative تفسرة tafsira urine specimen (of a patient, for diagnosis) استفسار istifsār pl. -āt inquiry, question (عن about) مفسر mufassir commentator فسطاط fusṭāṭ pl. فساطيط fasāṭīṭ2 (large) tent made of haircloth; tent, pavilion, canopy; الفسطاط al-fusṭāṭ ancient Islamic city south of present-day Cairo فسطان fusṭān pl. فساطين fasāṭīn2 see فستان فسفات fusfāt phosphate فسفر fasfara and II tafasfara to phosphoresce فسفر fusfur phosphorus فسفس fasfara (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. فسافس fasāfis2 bedbug فسفوسة fasfūsa pl. فسافيس fasāfīs2 pustule, pimple فسيفساء fusaifisā’ mosaic, mosaic work فسق fasaqa u i (fisq, فسوق fusūq) and fasuqa u to stray from the right course; to stray, deviate (عن from); to act unlawfully, sinfully, immorally, lead a dissolute life; to fornicate (ب with) II (Isl. Law) to declare (ه s.o.) to b. a fāsiq (q.v.) فسق fisq sinfulness, viciousness, moral depravity, dissolute life │ دور الفسق dūr al-f. brothels فسوق fusūq outrage, iniquity مفسقة malaaqa pl. مفاسق mafāsiq2 brothel فاسق fāsiq pl. فساق fussāq, فسقة fasaqa godless, sinful, dissolute, wanton, licentious, profligate, vicious, iniquitous, nefarious; trespasser, offender, sinner; fornicator, adulterer; a person not meeting the legal requirements of righteousness (Isl. Law) 2 فسقية fasqīya, fisqīya pl. -āt, فساقي fasāqīy fountain; well 1فسل fasl pl. فسول fusūil low, lowly, ignoble; despicable; false, deceitful فسل lusUIa lowliness; w.akness فسيلة fasīla pl. فسيل fasīl, فسائل fasā’il2 palm seedling, palm shoot 2 فسولية fasūlīya = فصوليا فسلجة faslaja physiology فسلجي faslajī physiologic(al) 713 (فسو) فسا fasā u (fasw, فساء fusā’) to break wind noiselessly فاسياء fāsiyā’2 dung beetle فسولية fasūliya = فصوليا فسيولوجيا fisiyōlōjiyā physiology فسيولوجي fisiyōlōjī physiologic(al); physiologist فش fašša u (fašš) to cause (هـ a swelling, and the like) to subside; to go down, subside (swelling) │ فش خلقه (غله) في (kulqahū, gillahū) (eg.) to vent one’s anger on … VII to go down, subside (swelling, and the like) فشة fišša pl. فشش fišaš (eg., syr.) lung, lights (of animals) فاشي and فاشية look up alphabetically فشخ fašaka a (fašk) to straddle; to stride, take large steps فشخ fašk pl. -āt stride, large step فشر fašara u to brag, boast, swagger فشر fašr bragging, swagger, vain فشار fušār bragging, swagger, vain boasting فشار fišār (eg.) popcorn فشار faššār braggart, swaggerer, vain boaster فشفاش fašfāš (eg.) lung, lights (of animals) فشك fašak (coll.; n. un. ة) cartridges │ فشك خلبي (kullabī) blank cartridges (Syr.); فشك دخاني (dukānī) smoke cartridges (Syr.) فشل fašila a (fašal) to lose courage, be or become cowardly or faint-hearted, lose heart, despair; to be disappointed; to fail, he unsuccessful (في in); to miscarry, go wrong, fail n and IV to thwart, foil, frustrate (هـ s.th.) V to fail, be unsuccessful فشل fašal disappointment, failure, flop, fiasco فشل fašl, fašil weak, faint-hearted, cowardly, craven فاشل fāšil failing, unsuccessful, futile, doomed to failure; no good, worthless (فشو) فشا fašā u (فشو fašw, fušuw, فشي fušīy) to spread, spread about, diffuse, gain ground, make the rounds, circulate; to be revealed, he disclosed, he divulged IV to spread, disseminate, put in circulation (هـ s.th.); to reveal, disclose, divulge (هـ or ب s.th.) V to spread, spread about, gain ground, rage (e.g., a disease) تفش tafaššin spreading, spread, outbreak فص II (eg.) to remove the outer shell (هـ of s.th.) فص faṣṣ pl. فصوص fuṣūṣ stone of a ring; clove (of garlic); segment (of an orange); lobe (anat., bot.); joint; essence │ فص ملح f. milḥ (eg.) lump of salt; بنصه وفصه (naṣṣihī) in the very words, ipsissimis verbis, literally, precisely 1 فصح faṣuḥa u (فصاحة faṣāḥa) to be eloquent II to bring (هـ the language) into literary form, make (هـ the language) correct Arabic, purify (هـ the language) IV to express o.s. in flawless literary Arabic; to speak clearly, distinctly, intelligibly; to give expression (عن to), express, state clearly, declare outright, make plain (عن s.th.), speak openly, frankly (عن about); to orient, inform (عن ل s.o. about); to become clear, plain, distinct V to affect eloquence, affect mastery of the language VI = V فصيح faṣīḥ pl. فصحاء fuṣaḥā’2, فصاح fiṣāḥ, فصح fuṣuḥ pure, good Arabic (language), literary; skillful in using the correct literary language; clear, plain, distinct, 716 intelligible (language, speech); fluent, eloquent فصاحة faṣāḥa purity of the language; fluency, eloquence افصح afṣaḥ2, f. فصحى fuṣḥā of purer language; more eloquent │العربية (اللغة) الفصحى (‘arabīya, luga) classical Arabic; الفصحى do. افصاح ifṣāḥ flawless literary Arabic style; frank statement, open word (عن about), open declaration (عن of) مفصح mufṣiḥ clear, plain, distinct, intelligible; cloudless, sunny, bright (day) 2فصح IV to celebrate Easter (Chr.); to celebrate Passover (Jud.) فصح fiṣḥ, faṣḥ pl. فصوح fuṣūḥ Easter (Chr.); Pesach, Passover (Jud.) فصد faṣada i (faṣd, فصاد faṣād) to open a vein; to bleed (ه s.o.), perform a venesection (ه on) V to drip (e.g., the face, عرقا ‘araqan with perspiration) VII to be bled, undergo a venesection; to bleed (nose) فصد faṣd opening of a vein, bloodletting, venesection, phlebotomy فصاد fiṣād opening of a vein, bloodletting, venesection, phlebotomy فصادة fiṣāda pl. فصائد faṣā’id2 bloodletting, venesection, phlebotomy │ ابو فصادة abū f. (eg.) wagtail (zool.) مفصد mifṣad, pl. مفاصد mafāṣid2 lancet فصفات fuṣfāt phosphate فصفور fuṣfūr phosphorus فصفوري fuṣfūrī phosphoric, phosphorous │ ضياء فصفوري phosphorescence فصل faṣala i (faṣl) to separate, part, divide, disjoin, divorce, cut off, detach, set apart, segregate (عن هـ, ه s.o. s.th. from); to separate (بين two things or persons); to isolate (هـ s.th.); to cut, sever, sunder, interrupt (هـ s.th.); to discharge, dismiss, fire, sack, expel (من or عن ه s.o. from an office), relieve, divest (من or عن ه s.o. of an office), cashier (ه s.o.); to decide (هـ a controversy, and the like), make a decision. render judgment (في in, about, with respect to); to fix the price (هـ for s.th.); -- (فصال fiṣāl) to wean (ه عن الرضاع the infant from sucking); -- faṣala u (فصول fuṣūl) to go away, depart, move away (عن or من from), leave (عن or من a place), pull out (عن or من of a place) II to divide into particular sections, arrange in sections, group, classify, categorize (هـ s.th.); to present in logical order, set forth in detail, detail, particularize (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) clear, plain, distinct; to make to measure, cut out (هـ a garment) III to separate o.s., dissociate o.s., be separated (ه from s.o.), part company (ه with); to haggle, bargain (على ه with s.o. for) VII to separate o.s., disengage o.s., dissociate o.s. segregate, secede (عن from); to be separated, disjoined, detached, removed, set aside, cut off (عن from), be interrupted; to be discharged, dismissed, fired, sacked, cashiered; to retire, resign (من or عن from an office), be relieved, be divested (من or عن of an office); to quit, leave (من or عن a political party, and the like) فصل faṣl parting, disjunction, detachment, severance, sunderance, cutting off; separation; division, partition; discharge, dismissal (من or عن from an office); decision, (rendering of) judgment; -- (pl. فصول fuṣūl) section, part; chapter; act (of a play); movement (of a symphony, etc.); article (in a newspaper); class, grade (school); season │ فصل الخطاب (in letters:) conclusion of the formal greetings by the words اما بعد 715 ammā ba‘du; conclusion, termination; decision; unmistakable judgment; بيني وبينك فصل الخطاب we’re through with one another once and for all; فصل التمثيل (theater) season; القول الفصل (qaul) the last word, the final decision; يوم الفصل yaum al-f. Day of Judgment, Doomsday O فصلة faṣla comma │ O فصلة منقوطة semicolon فصلة fiṣla offprint, reprint فصيل faṣīl pl. فصال fiṣāl, فصلان fuṣlān young (weaned) camel فصيلة faṣīla pl. فصائل faṣā’il genus, species, family (bot., and the like); detachment, squad; group, cell (pol.); platoon, squadron (of heavy arms; mil.) │ فصيلة دم f. dam blood group; فصيلة الإعدام f. al-i‘dām firing squad, execution squad; فصيلة الاستكشاف reconnaissance squad, patrol فيصل faiṣal decisive criterion; arbitrator, arbiter فيصل faiṣalīya “Faisal cap”, Iraqi field cap (formerly, Ir.) مفصل mafṣil pl. مفاصل mafāṣil2 joint, articulation مفصلي mafṣilī articular تفصيل tafṣīl detailed statement, elaborate or minute exposition, particularization, detailing; elaborateness, minuteness, completeness of detail; cutting out, cut (of a garment); (pl. -āt, تفاصيل tafāṣīl2) detail, particular │ تفصيلا tafṣīlan and بالتفصيل in detail, elaborately, minutely, circumstantially; من تفصيل ... (with foll. genit.) made to measure by ...; tailored by ...; ثياب التفصيل tailor-made clothes; محبوك التفصيل well-fitting (garment) تفصيلي tafṣīlī detailed, minute, particular, elaborate; analytic(al); تفصيليا tafṣīlīyan separately, singly, one at a time │ المساحة التفصيلية land survey انفصال infiṣāl separation; disengagement, dissociation, withdrawal; secession; interruption │ O حرب الانفصال ḥarb al-inf. the American Civil War; انصار الانفصال separatists انفصالي infiṣālī separatistic; (pl. -ūn) separatist انفصالية infiṣālīya aeparatismفاصل faṣil separatory, separating, parting, dividing; isolating, insulating; decisive, crucial; conclusive; separation, partition, division, interruption │ بلا فاصل without interruption, uninterrupted, unbroken; فاصل الحرارة f. al-ḥarāra heat-insulating (phys.); مباراة فاصلة (mubārāh) finals, final match (sports); خط فاصل (kaṭṭ) demarcation line فاصلة fāṣila pl. فواصل fawāṣil2 partition, division; interstice, interspace, interval; O comma; O dash (punctuation mark); end, rhyme of a Koranic verse مفصل mufaṣṣal set forth or described minutely, elaborately or in great detail, detailed, minute, elaborate, circumstantial; tailor-made, custom-made; مفصلا mufaṣṣalan in detail, minutely, elaborately, circumstantially مفصلة mufaṣṣala pl. -āt hinge منفصل munfaṣl separate, detached فصم fṣama i (faṣm) to cause (هـ s.th.) to crack, crack (هـ s.th.); to split, cleave (هـ s.th.); pass. fuṣima to be destroyed (house) VII to have a crack, be cracked; to be split, be cleft فصم faṣm pl. فصومات fuṣūmāt recess, niche, chamfer (in walls; arch.) انفصام infiṣām split; O schizophrenia فصوليا faṣūliyā (or فصولية) the common European bean (Phascolus vulgaris L.; bot.) 716 فصى V to free o.s., rid o.s. (من of), shake off (من s.th.) فض faḍḍa (1st pers. perf. faḍaḍtu) u (faḍḍ) to break (open), pry open, force open, undo (هـ s.th., e.g., a seal); to break, snap (هـ s.th.); to scatter, disperse, break up, rout (هـ s.th.); to perforate, pierce (هـ a pearl); to conclude, close (هـ a session, and the like); to dissolve (هـ parliament); to settle (هـ a conflict, and the like); to shed (هـ tears) │ فض بكارتها (bakāratahā) to deflower a girl; لا فض فوك lā fuḍḍ fūka how well you have spoken! II to plate or coat with silver, to silver (هـ s.th.) VII to he opened, be broken, be undone (e.g., a seal); to be scattered, be dispersed, be routed; to scatter, disperse, disband, break up, dissolve; to be concluded, be closed (session, and the like) VIII to deflwer (ها a girl) فض faḍḍ opening, breaking, undoing (e.g., of a real); dispersion, scattering, breaking up, routing; settlement, settling (of a dispute); conclusion, closure (e.g., of a session) │ فض البكارة f. al-bakāra defloration فضة fiḍḍa silver فضي fiḍḍī silver, silvery, argentic, argentous, made of silver, like silver; فضيات fiḍḍīyāt silverware │ الجمهورية الفضية (jumhūrīya) Argentina; الستار الفضي the motion-picture screen, the silver screen مفض mifaḍḍ implement for opening or breaking open │ مفض الخطابات letter opener انفضاض infiḍāḍ dissolution, breaking up, dispersal; end, close, conclusion, closure (e.g., of a session) افتضاض iftiḍāḍ defloration فضح faḍaḥa a (faḍḥ) to disclose or uncover s.o. (ه) faults or offenses, expose, show up, compromise, shame, disgrace, dishonor (ه s.o.); to outshine, eclipse (هـ s.th., e.g., the moon the stars); to ravish, violate, rape (ها a woman); to disclose, reveal, show, bring to light, divulge, betray (هـ s.th.) VII to be exposed, be compromised, be disgraced, be dishonored VIII to become public, become known, come to light │ افتضح امره (amruhū) he was exposed فضح faḍḥ exposure, humiliation, mortification, debasement, degradation, disgracing, dishonoring فضيح faḍīḥ covered with shame, exposed, compromised, humiliated, shamed, disgraced, dishonored; disgraceful, shameful, infamous, ignominious فضيحة faḍīḥa exposure, humiliation, mortification, debasement, degradation, disgracing, dishonoring; -- (pl. فضائح faḍā’iḥ2) disgraceful, or scandalous, act or thing; infamy, ignominy; shame, disgrace, scandal فضاح faḍḍāḥ divulging secrets, unearthing shameful things افتضاح iftiḍāḥ disgracefulness, ignominy, infamy فاضح fāḍiḥ disgraceful, shameful, infamous, ignominious, dishonorable, discrediting, scandalous مفضوح mafḍūḥ covered with shame, exposed, compromised, humiliated, shamed, disgraced, dishonored; disgraceful, shameful, infamous, ignominious فضفاض faḍfāḍ wide, loose, flowing (garment); ample, abundant; plump, corpulent (girl); pompous, high-sounding, bombastic (speech) فضل faḍala u and faḍila a (faḍl) to be surplus, be in excess, be left (over), remain; -- faḍala u (faḍl) to excel, surpass (على or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to be excellent, superior, exquisite, good, be better, be more 717 adequate II to prefer (على هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to s.o., to s.th.), like better (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., على than); to give preference (على هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th. over), set s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه) before or above (على) III to contend for precedence or superiority (ه with s.o.) │ فاضل بين شيئين to compare two things in order to determine which deserves preference IV to confer a benefit (على upon s.o.), do (على s.o.) a favor, oblige (على s.o.); to present, honor (ب على s.o. with), bestow, confer (ب على upon s.o. s.th.), grant, award (ب على to s.o. s.th.) V = IV; to have the kindness (ب of doing or to do s.th.; or ف fa with finite verb), be so kind (ب as to do s.th.; or ف with finite verb), deign, condescend, be graciously disposed (ب to do s.th.; or ف with finite verb); (imperative) tafaḍḍal please! if you please; to put on house clothes, be dressed for around the house فضل faḍl pl. فضول fuḍūl surplus, overplus, excess, superfluity, overflow; leftover, remainder, remnant, rest; matter of secondary importance, subordinate matter; -- pl. فضول that which is superfluous, redundant or in excess, a surplus, overplus, superfluity; waste, refuse; droppings, excrements; -- superiority (على over); precedence, priority (على over), preference (على to); grace, favor (على to, toward); kindness, graciousness, amiability; erudition, culture, refinement; -- (pl. افضال afḍāl) merit, desert (في on behalf of, with respect to), credit (for, in), service(s) (على to); benefit, favor, gift, present │ فضلا عن (faḍlan) beside, aside from ..., not to speak of …, let alone ..., to say nothing of ...; فضلا عن ذلك besides, moreover, furthermore; بفضل thanks to, owing to, due to; من فضلك please! if you please; يرجع الفضل في ذلك (yarji‘u) or الفضل في ذلك عائد عليه the merit thereby is his due, he deserves all the credit for it; ليس بالفضول ان it is not superfluous that ...; فضول الأحاديث futile talk, idle words; من فضول الكلام ان (f. il-kalām) it would be needless talk to ..., it would be a waste of words if ... فضلة faḍla pl. faḍalāt remnant, remainder, residue, leftover, rest, surplus, overplus; waste, scrap, discard, offal, waste product; pl. excretions (physiol.), excrements فضول fuḍūl curiosity, inquisitiveness, officiousness, meddling فضولي fuḍūlī inquisitive, curious; busy-body, officious, meddlesome; prattler, chatterer; manager without commission, uncommissioned agent (Isl. Law) فضولية fuḍūlīya inquisitiveness curiosity; obtrusiveness, importunity, officiousness, indiscreetness فضيل faḍīl pl. فضلاء fuḍalā’ outstanding, eminent, very good, first-rate, excellent; distinguished, deserving; learned, erudite فضالة fuḍāla pl. -āt remnant, remainder, residue, leftover, rest, surplus, overplus; offal, refuse, scum فضيلة faḍīla pl. فضائل faḍā’il2 moral excellence, excellent quality, virtue; merit, advantage, excellence, exquisiteness │ صاحب الفضيلة title of Islamic scholars (as, for instance, Rector and sheiks of Al Azhar University), also preceding the title of sheik: فضيلة الشيخ افضل afḍal2, f. فضلى fuḍlā, pl. m. -ūn, افاضل afāḍil2, f. فضليات fuḍlayāt better, best; more excellent, preferable, etc.; افاضل (very) excellent, learned men; فضليات السيدات f. as-sayyidāt the worthy (or esteemed) ladies افضلية afḍalīya precedence, priority (على over), preference (على to. over); predilection 718 مفضل mifḍal pre-eminent, most outstanding, most excellent, very generous, very liberal مفضلة mifḍala pl. مفاضل mafāḍil2 house dress, everyday dress مفضال mifḍāl pre-eminent, most outstanding, most excellent; very generous, very liberal تفضيل tafḍīl preference, preferment, favoring; esteem, high estimation │ اسم التفضيل ism at-t. noun of preference = elative (af‘āl2; gram.) فضل mul/i44la compariaon, weighing تفضل tafaḍḍul deigning, condescension, complaisance, courteousness, courtesy, favor, grace │ لبسة التفضل libsat at-t. careless manner of dressing for around the house تفاضل tafāḍul rivalry for precedence; quantitative disparity (of two services rendered; Isl. Law) │ O حساب التفاضل differential calculus O تفاضلي tafāḍulī differential (adj.) فاضل fāḍil remaining, leftover, left, surplus, exceeding, in excess; (pl. فواضل fawāḍil2) remainder, remnant, residue, rest, leftover, surplus, overplus, excess; -- (pl. -ūn, فضلاء fuḍalā’2) outstanding, eminent, very good, first-rate, superior, excellent, distinguished, deserving; learned; man of culture and refinement مفضل mufaḍḍal preferable, preferred (فضو and فضي) فضا faḍā u (فضو fuḍūw, فضاء faḍā’) to be or become spacious, wide, large (space); to be empty, void, vacant II to empty, void, vacate (هـ s.th.) IV to come, attain (الى to), arrive (الى at), reach (الى s.o., s.th.); to lead (الى ب s.o. to; الى to, e.g., to results); to inform, notify (ب الى s.o. of), announce (ب الى to s.o. s.th.) V to have free time, have leisure (ل for) فضاء faḍā’ vast and unlimited space, empty space; space (phys.); cosmic space; sky; vast expanse, vastness, void │ سفينة الفضاء spaceship; رمى به في الفضاء to throw s.th. in the air; -- (pl. افضية afḍiya) open area, open tract of land, open country فضائي faḍā’ī: سفينة فضائية spaceship فاض fāḍin empty, vacated, vacant; unoccupied, not busy, at leisure, free (of commitments) فطح faṭaḥa a (faṭḥ) and II to spread out, make broad and flat, flatten (هـ s.th.) افطح afṭaḥ2 and مفطح mufaṭṭaḥ broad-headed, broad-nosed فطاحل faṭāḥil2 (pl. of فطحل fiṭaḥl) important, outstanding, leading men or personalities, luminaries, celebrities, stars │ زمن الفطحل zaman al-fiṭaḥl primeval times, preadamic period فطر faṭara u (faṭr) to split, cleave, break apart (هـ s.th.); -- (فطور fuṭūr) to break the fast, eat and drink after a fast; to breakfast, have breakfast; -- (faṭr) to make, create, bring into being, bring forth (هـ s.th.; of God); to endow (على ه s.o. with; of God); pass. fuṭira to have a natural disposition (على for); فطر على (fuṭira) ... is native of him, ... is in his nature IV to break the fast, eat and drink after a fast; to breakfast, have breakfast V to be split, be cleft, be broken VII = V; انفطر بالبكاء (bi-l-bukā’) to break into tears فطر faṭr pl. فطور fuṭūr crack, fissure, rift, cleavage, rupture فطر fiṭr fast breaking │ صدقة الفطر ṣadaqat al-f. almsgiving at the end of Ramadan (īsl. Law); عيد الفطر ‘īd al-f. Feast of Breaking the Ramadan Feast, or Lesser Bairam, celebrated on the 1st of Shawwal فطر fuṭr (coll.; n. un.) fungi, mushrooms 719 فطري fuṯrī fungal, fungus, fungi-, myco- (in compounds); فطريات fuṯrīyāt parasitic fungi; mushrooms; fungal cultures │ المرض الفطري (maraḍ) mycosis فطرة fiṭra creation; (pl. فطر fiṭar) nature, (natural) disposition, constitution, temperament, innate character, instinct; fiṭratan by nature فطري fiṭrī natural; instinctive, native, inborn, innate │ الإنسان الفطري (insān) natural man; الديانات الفطرية natural religions فطور faṭūr breakfast فطير faṭīr unleavened; immature, unbaked; fresh, new, newly made; unleavened bread فطيرة faṭīra (coll. فطير faṭīr) pl. فطائر faṭā’ir (unleavened) bread; pastry made of water, flour and shortening (sometimes with sugar added); a cake-like white bread (made with eggs and butter; eg.) فطايري faṭāyirī pl. فطايرية faṭāyirīya (ṭun.) maker or seller of faṭira (see above) فطاطري faṭāṭirī pl. فطاطرية faṭāṭirīya (eg.) maker or seller of faṭira (see above) افطار ifṭār fast breaking; breakfast; first meal after sunset during Ramadan الفاطر a-fāṭir the Creator (= God) فطس faṭasa i (فطوس fuṭūs) to die II to kill (ه s.o.); to suffocate, strangle, choke to death (ه s.o.) VII to become flattened (nose) فطيس faṭīs suffocated, stifled فطيسة faṭīsa pl. فطائس faṭā’is2 corpse, body; carrion, carcass افطس afṯas2 flat-nosed, snub-nosed فطم faṭama i (faṭm) to wean (ه s.o.; an infant or a young animal) VII to be weaned; to abstain (عن from) فطام fiṭām weaning, ablactation فطيم faṭīm pl. فطم fuṭum weaned فاطمي fāṭimī Fatimid (adj. and n.); الفاطميون the Fatimids فطن faṭina a, faṭana u and faṭuna u (فطنة fiṭna) to be or become clever, smart, discerning, sagacious, perspicacious, bright, intelligent; to notice, realize, comprehend, understand (ب or ل or الى s.th.); to be or become aware (ب or ل or الى of); to think (الى of s.th.) II to make intelligent (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) realize or understand (ب, ل, الى s.th.), explain (ب, ل, الى ه to s.o. s.th.); to remind(ب, الى ه s.o. of) V to comprehend, understand (ل s.th.) فطن faṭin clever, smart, astute, sagacious, perspicacious, bright, intelligent فطنة fiṭna pl. fitan cleverness, astuteness, sagacity, perspicacity, acumen, intelligence فطن faṭin pl. فطناء fuṭanā’2 clever, smart, bright, intelligent فطانة faṭāna cleverness, smartness تفطن tafaṭṭun intelligence; intellection فظ faẓẓ pl. افظاظ afẓāẓ crude, rude, coarse, blunt, gruff, impolite, uncivil, uncouth, boorish, uneducated; -- walrus فظاظة faẓāẓa crudeness, rudeness, coarseness, bluntness, gruffness, impoliteness, uncouthness, boorishness فظع faẓa‘a u (فظاعة faẓā‘a) to be or become abominable, detectable, hideous, ugly, repulsive, disgusting, shooking, odious, heinous, atrocious, horrid, horrible X to find (هـ s.th.) abominable. detestable, etc. (see I); to call abominable, revolting, shocking (هـ s.th.) فظع fazi‘ abominable, detectable, hideous, ugly, repulsive, disgusting, shocking, odious, heinous, atrocious, horrid, horrible 720 فظيع faẓī‘ abominable, detestable, hideous, ugly, repulsive, disgusting, shocking, odious, heinous, atrocious, horrid, horrible فظاعة faẓā‘a pl. فظائع faẓā’i‘2, abominableness, hideousness, ugliness, repulsiveness, odiousness, heinousness, atrocity, horridness, horror; pl. atrocities مفظع mufẓi‘ abominable, detestable, hideous, ugly, repulsive, disusting, shocking, odious, heinous, atrocious, horrid, horrible فعل fa‘ala a (fa‘l, fi‘l) to do (هـ s.th.); to act; to perform, some activity; to have an influence or effect (في or ب on), affect (في or ب s.o., s.th.); to do (ب to s.o., s.th.; في هـ s.th. with) │ فعل فيه فعلا كريها (fi‘lan) to have an unpleasant effect on s.o. II to scan (هـ a verse) VI to interact, interplay; (chem.) to enter into combination, form a compound; to combine (مع with) VII to be done; to be or become influenced or affected (ل by), be under the influence of s.o. or s.th. (ل); to b. agitated, excited, upset VIII to concoct, invent, fabricate (كذبا على (kidban kidban a lie against); to falsify, forge (هـ s.th., e.g., a handwriting); to invent (هـ s.th.) فعل fi‘l activity, doing, work, action, performance; function; -- (pl. افعال af‘āl, فعال fi‘āl) deed, act, action; effect, impact; -- (pl. افعال af‘āl) verb (gram.); pl. افاعيل afā‘īl2 great deeds, exploits, feats; machinations │ فعلا fi‘lan or بالفعل indeed, in effect, actually, really, practically; بالفعل out of, because of, due to فعلي fi‘lī actual, factual, real; effective, efficacious, efficient; practical; de facto; verbal (gram.) فعلة fa‘a pl. -āt deed, act, action فعال fa‘‘āl effective, efficacious, efficient فعالية fa‘‘ālīya effectiveness, efficacy, efficiency; activity افعل af‘al2 more effective, more efficacious تفعيل taf‘īl pl. تفاعيل tafā‘īl2 foot of a verse; (poet.) meter تفاعل tafā‘ul pl. -āt interaction, interplay; formation of a chemical compound, chemical process. chemical reaction انفعال infi‘āl (state of) being affected, acted upon, or influenced, passivity; stimulation. irritation (biol.); (pl. -āt) agitation. excitement, excitation, commotion انفعالي infi‘ālī excitable, irritable, susceptible (biol.); caused by affect, affective (philos.) انفعالية infi‘ālīya excitability, irritability (biol.) فاعل fā‘il efective; efficacious, efficient; (pl. -ūn) doer, actor, perpetrator; (pl. فعلة fa‘ala) worker, workman, laborer; -- active subject of a verbal clause (gram.) │ اسم الفاعل ism al-f. nomen agentis, active participle (gram.); ذو راديوم فاعل radioactive فاعلية fā‘ilīya effectiveness, efficacy; activity مفعول maf‘ūl object (gram.); مفعول به do.; -- (pl. مفاعيل mafā‘īl2) effect, impression, impact; effectiveness, validity │ اسم المفعول ism al-m. nomen patientis, passive participle (gram.); سرى مفعوله sarā maf‘ūluhū to be or become effective, be valid (على for); ساري المفعول sārī l-m. valid (e.g., an identity card); مفعول رجعي (raj‘ī) retroactive force, retroactivity منفعل munfa‘il excited, agitated, upset; irritable مفتعل mufta‘al artificial, fabricated, forged, falsified, false, spurious 720 فعم IV to cram, jam, pack, fill to overflowing, fill up (ب هـ s.th. with) مفعم muf‘am brimful, chock-full, filled to capacity or overflowing, replete, overfull, filled entirely, crammed, jampacked (ب with) افعى af‘an f., pl. افاع afā‘in adder, viper, asp افعوان uf‘uwān adder, viper, asp فغرة fugra a u (fagr) to open (هـ the mouth) wide, gape VII to open wide, be agape (mouth) فغرة fugra pl. فغر fugar mouth of a valley فغفوري fagfūrī fine porcelain فاغية fāgiya henna blossom فقأ faqa’a a (فقء faq’) to knock out, gouge out (هـ an eye); to lance, open (هـ an abscess, and the like) │ فقأ عينيه (‘ainahū) to deal s.o. (an opponent, an enemy) a heavy blow, ruin s.o. V to burst, explode, pop فقحة faqḥa pl. فقاح fiqāḥ anus, anal orifice فقد faqada i (faqd, فقدان fiqdān, fuqdān) to fail to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to lose (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to have lost, miss (هـ, s.o., s.th.); not to have (هـ s.th.), be bereaved (ه of s.o.), be deprived, bereft, destitute (هـ of s.th.); to mislay, have mislaid (هـ s.th.); to miss (هـ an opportunity, and the like) │ فقد صوابه (ṣawābahū) to go out of one’s mind IV to cause (ه s.o.) to lose or miss or forfeit (هـ s.th.); to bereave, deprive, dispossess, rob (هـ ه s.o. of s.th.) V to seek (هـ s.th.), look, search (هـ for s.th.); to examine, study, survey, inspect, check, investigate (هـ s.th.); to visit (هـ s.th.), review, inspect (هـ troops, and the like) VIII = V; to miss (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) X to miss (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) فقد faqd loss; bereavement فقيد faqīd lost, missing; dead, deceased; deceased person │ فقيد العلم f. al-‘ilm one whose death is deplored by science; الفقيد الراحل the deceased فقد fiqdān, fuqdān loss; bereavement │ فقدان الصواب f. aṣ-ṣawāb folly, madness; فقدان الذاكرة loss of memory, amnesia تفقد tafaqqud pl. -āt examination, study, survey, inspection, check, investigation; review, inspection (e.g., of troops); visit افتقاد iftiqā examination, study, survey, inspection, check, investigation; review, inspection (e.g., of troops); visit فاقد fāqid devoid, destitute, bereft, deprived (of s.th.; with foll. genitive), bereaved (of s.o.; with foll. genitive); -less, un-, in-; loser │ فاقد الشعور unconscious; insensible, senseless; فاقد الضمير unconscionable, unscrupulous, unhesitating; فاقدو التهذيب people without education, unmannered people مفقود mafqūd lost, missing, nonexistent, absent, lacking, wanting; missing person متفقد mutafaqqid controller, inspector فقر faqara u i (faqr) to pierce, bore, perforate (هـ s.th.); -- faqura u (فقارة faqāra) to be or become poor, needy II to pierce, bore, perforate (هـ s.th.) IV to make poor, impoverish (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), reduce (ه s.o.) to poverty; to put (ه s.o.) in need (الى of s.th.) VIII to become poor; to need (الى s.o., s.th.), lack, require (الى s.th.), be in need, be in want (الى of s.o., of s.th.) فقر faqr poverty; need, lack, want فقرة fiqra pl. fiqrāt, fiqarāt, فقر fiqar vertebra; section, paragraph, passage, article فقري fiqrā spinal, vertebral │ السلسلة الفقرية (silsila) or العمود الفقري (‘amūd) spine, vertebral column; حيوانات فقرية (ḥayawānāt) vertebrates 722 فقار faqār (coll.; n. un. ة) vertebra; faqār spine, vertebral column فقير faqīr spinal, vertebral │ السلسلة الفقارية (silsila) spine, vertebral column فقير faqīr pl. فقراء fuqarā’2 poor, poverty-stricken; poor man, pauper; mendicant dervish, Sufi mendicant افتقار iftiqār need, requirement, want, lack (الى of) فقوس faqqūs a kind of large cucumber (= فقوص) مفقس mifqas pl. مفاقس mafāqis2 incubator فقش faqaāa i (faqš) to break, crush (هـ s.th.) فقش faqš: لوز فقش (lauz) thin-shelled almonds فقص II to hatch, incubate (هـ an egg; of a bird) فقوص faqūṣ (coll.; n. un. ة) a kind of large cucumber تفقيص tafqīṣ hatching, incubation │ آلة لتفقيص البيض (t. il-baiḍ) or آلة التفقيص incubator فقط II: فقط الحساب faqqaṭa l-ḥisāba to write the word فقط faqaṭ “only” after the total on an invoice so as to prevent fraudulent additions; to spell out the figures of an invoice فقط faqaṭ only, no more (postpositive); altogether, total (after figures) فقع faqa‘a a to burst, pop, explode II to crack, snap, pop VII = faqa‘a فقاعة fuqqā‘a pl. فقاقيع faqāqī‘2 bubble فاقع fāqi‘ bright yellow; bright, intense, brilliant, vivid (color) فاقعة fāqi‘a pl. فواقع fawāqi‘2 blister, vesicle; pustule فقم faqima a (faqam, faqm, فقوم fuqūm), faquma u (فقامة faqāma) and VI to be or become grave, serious, critical, dangerous, increase dangerously, become aggravated, reach alarming proportions, come to a head فقم fuqqam, fuqm (coll.; n. un. ة) seal (zool.) تفاقم tafāqum aggravation, increasing gravity فقنس faqnas phoenix فقه faqiha a (fiqh) to understand, comprehend (هـ s.th.); -- faqiha a (fiqh) and faquha u (فقاهة faqāha) to have knowledge, esp., have legal knowledge II to teach (ه s.o.), instruct (في ه s.o. in) IV to teach (هـ ه s.o. s.th.), instruct (هـ ه s.o. in s.th.) V to understand, comprehend (هـ s.th.); to study the fiqh (q.v.); to apply o.s. to the acquisition of knowledge (في in), study (في s.th.), devote one’s studies to (في), work at or on s.th. (في); to gain information, get a clear picture, obtain a clear idea فقه fiqh understanding, comprehension; knowledge; الفقه jurisprudence in Islam, fiqh │ فقه اللغة f. al-luga (indigenous, Arabic) philology فقهي fiqhī juristic(al); relating to jurisprudence in Islam فقيه faqīh pl. فقهاء fuqahā’2 legist, jurisprudent (and theologian), expert of fiqh (q.v.); -- (popular usage; eg., pronounced fiqī) reciter of the Koran; elementary school teacher فك fakka (1st pers. perf. fakaktu) u (fakk) to separate, disjoin, disconnect, sever, sunder (هـ s.th.); to break (open) (هـ s.th., e.g., a seal); to open (هـ s.th., e.g., the hand); to dislocate, disjoint (هـ s.th., e.g., a bone); to take apart, disassemble, dismount, take to pieces, disintegrate, break up, decompose, dismember, fragmentize (هـ s.th.); to dismantle, tear 723 down (هـ s.th.); to untie. unbind, unfasten, undo (هـ s.th.); to detach, disengage, take off (من هـ s.th. from); to unbutton (هـ s.th.); to unscrew (هـ s.th.); to lift, raise (الحجز al-ḥajza the confiscation, عن of s.th.); to solve (هـ s.th., e.g., a problem); (eg.) to change (هـ money); -- fakka (1st pers. perf. fakaktu) u (fakk, فكاكز fikāk, fakāk) to ransom, redeem, buy off, liberate, emancipate, release, set free (ه s.o.); -- fakkka u (fakk, فكوك fukūk) to redeem (هـ s.th., e.g., a pledge) II to loosen, unfasten (هـ s.th.); to take to pieces, take apart, disassemble, dismount (هـ s.th.); to disrupt, shatter, fragmentize (هـ s.th.) V to be taken apart, be disassembled, be dismounted; to be disrupted, be shattered, be fragmentized; to break apart (e.g., a ship); to split, fissure, fission, break up, dissolve, disintegrate, come apart VII to be separated, be disjoined, be disconnected, be loosened, be unfastened, be undone, be untied, be unbound, be unbuttoned, be unscrewed; to separate o.s., detach o.s. disengage o.s. (من from), rid o.s. (من of) │ لم ينفك (with foll. imperf. or predicative aco.) not to atop doing, keep doing VIII to redeem (هـ s.th., e.g., a pledge); to dissolve, break up, separate, disintegrate, destroy (هـ s.th.); to snatch away (من هـ s.th. from s.o.) فك fakk redemption (of a pledge); (pl. فكوك fukūk) jawbone, jaw │ الفك الأسفل the lower jaw, mandible; الفك الأعلى (a‘lā) the upper jaw, maxilla فكة fakka small change, coins فكاك fikāk, fakāk disengagement; redemption, liberation, emancipation, release; ransom مفك mifakk pl. -āt screw driver تفكيك tafkīk fragmentation, dismemberment, decomposition │ O تفكيك الذرة t. ad-darra nuclear fission تفكك tafakkuk fragmentation, breakup, dissolution, disruption, rupture, disunion, split; disintegration, decomposition انفكاك infikāk disengagement افتكاك iftikāk redemption (of a pledge) مفكوك mafkūk loose مفكك mufakkak disconnected, disjointed, incoherent (words, phrases) فكر fakara u i (fakr) to reflect, meditate, cogitate, ponder, muse, speculate (في on), revolve in one’s mind, think over, contemplate, consider (في s.th.); to think (في of, also ب) II = I; to remind (في or هـ ه s.o. of) IV = I; V to reflect, meditate, cogitate, ponder, muse, speculate (في on), revolve in one’s mind, think, over, contemplate, consider (في s.th.); to think (في of) VIII = V; to remember, recall, recollect (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) فكر fikr pl. افكار afkār thinking, cogitation, reflection, meditation, speculation, contemplation, consideration; thought, ideas, notion, concept; opinion, view │ شارد الفكر absent-minded, distracted; مشوش الفكر mušawwaš al-f. confused, bewildered, perplexed, dismayed, embarrassed فكرة fikra pl. فكر fikar thought, idea, notion, concept; qualm, scruple, demur, hesitation │ صاحب الفكرة (father to the thought =) the originator, author; على فكرة (eg.) incidentally …, by the way ..., speaking of ..., apropos (of) ... فكرى fikrī ideational, ideative, speculative, mental; intellectual فكير fakīr pensive, meditative, cogitative, thoughtful تفكير tafkīr thinking, cogitation, meditation, reflection; speculation, contemplation, consideration; thought 724 تفكر tafakkur thinking, cogitation, meditation, reflection; speculation, contemplation, consideration مفكر mufakkir thinking, reflecting, meditating, pondering, musing; pensive, meditative, cogitative; thinker مفكرة mufakkira notebook │ مفكرة يومية (yaumīya) diary, journal مفكرات mufakarāt thoughts, considerations فكش fakaša u to sprain VII to be sprained فكه fakiha a (fakah, فكاهة fakāha) to be or become gay, merry, cheerful, sportive, jocular, humorous II to amuse (ه s.o.) with jokes III to joke, jest, make fun (ه with), banter (ه s.o.) V to amuse o.s., have fun (ب with), be amused (ب by); to joke, make fun فكه fakih gay, merry, gleeful, jolly, cheerful, sportive, fun-loving, jocular, humorous; amusing (thing) فكاهة fukāha joking, jesting, fun-making; humor فكاهي fukāhī humorous, humoristic; humorist افكوهة ufkūha joking, jesting, fun-making; humor; pl. افاكيه afākīh2 jokes, jests, pranks, antics تفكهة tafkiha amusement, exhilaration, delectation مفاكهة mufākaha bantering talk, joking, kidding تفكه tafakkuh delight, enjoyment, amusement, diversion; humorous talk, joking, banter فاكه fākih gay, merry, gleeful, jolly, funny; humorous فاكه fākiha (coll.) pl. فواكه fawākih2 fruit(s) فاكهاني fākihānī fruit seller, fruit dealer 2فل falla u (fall) to dent, notch, blunt (هـ s.th., e.g., a sword); to break (هـ s.th.); -- falla to flee, run away │ فل غربه (garbahū), فل من حدته (ḥiddatihī) and فل حديده to weaken s.o.; to dampen, subdue s.o.; فل من شباه (šabāhu) to weaken s.o. II to dent, notch, blunt (هـ s.th., e.g., a sword) فل fall pl. فلول fulūl dent, notch, jag; -- fall (for sg. and pl.) pl. فلول fulūl, افلال aflāl, فلال fullāl defeated, vanquished; scattered remnants of an army مفلول maflūl dented, jagged, notched, blunt 2فل fill, full (eg.) Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.; bot.) 3فل fall, fill cork 4فلة villa pl. -āt villa, country house فلامنكى see فلمنكي فلت falata i (falt) to escape (من s.o., s.th.; from), slip away, get away (من from s.o., from s.th.); to he freed, he set free, be released, be liberated, he set at liberty; to let (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) escape or slip away or get away, let loose, free, release, liberate, set free, set at liberty (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) IV = I; V to escape (من s.o., s.th.; from), slip away, get away (من from s.o., from s.th.); to free o.s., extricate o.s. (من from); to be freed, be set free, be released, be liberated, be set at liberty VII to escape (من s.o., s.th.; from), slip away, get away (من from s.o., from s.th.); to free o.s., extricate o.s. (من from); to he finished (من with); to be freed, he set free, he released, he liberated, he set at liberty فلت falat escape فلتة falta pl. falatāt unexpected event, unexpected, turn; extravagance; slip, oversight, error. lapse; faltatan suddenly, unexpectedly 725 فلاتي falātī pl. فلاتية falātīya (eg.) licentious, wanton, dissolute, debauched; debauchee, libertine, roué, rake; good-for-nothing, ne’er-do-well افلات aflāt escape انفلات infilāt escape فالت fālit escaped, free, at liberty, at large; escapee; (pl. فلتاء fu1atā’2) licentious, wanton, dissolute, debauched; debauchee, libertine, roué, rake; good-for-nothing, ne’er-do-well 1 فلج falaja u i (falj) to split, cleave (هـ s.th.); pass. fulija to be semiparalyzed II to split, cleave (هـ s.th.) VII to be semiparalyzed فلج falj pl. فلوج fulūj crack, split, crevice, fissure, cleft, rift فالج fālij semiparalysis, hemiplegia مفلوج maflūj semiparalyzed, hemiplegic 2فيلج pl. فيالج look up alphabetically □ فلجان filjān = فنجان finjān فلح falaḥa a (falḥ) to split, cleave (هـ s.th.); to plow, till, cultivate (الأرض al-arḍa the land) │ ان الحديد بالحديد يفلح (yuflaḥu) lit.: iron is cleft with iron, i.e., approx.: rudeness must be met with rudeness IV and X to thrive, prosper, become happy; to have luck or success, be lucky, be successful في in, with) فلاح falāḥ thriving, prosperity; salvation; welfare; success فلاحة filāḥa cultivation, tillage; agriculture, farming, husbandry فلاح fallāḥ pl. -ūn, فلاحة fallāḥa tiller of the soil, husbandman; peasant, farmer, fellah فلاحة fallāḥa pl. -āt peasant woman; peasant girl فلاحي fallāḥī peasant’s, farmer’s, farming, country, rural, rustic, agricultural فالح fāliḥ lucky, fortunate, successful مفلح mufliḥ lucky, fortunate, successful; one who prospers, one who is well off 1فلذة filda pl. filadāt, فلذ filad, افلاذ aflād a piece (of meat) │ فلذة كبذه f. kabidihī his own blood, his own child; افلاذ الأرض a. al-ard the hidden treasures of the earth 2فولاذ and فولاذي look up alphabetically فلور look up alphabetically فلز filizz, filazz pl. -āt (nonprecious) metal فلس II to declare (ه s.o.) bankrupt or insolvent IV to be or become bankrupt or insolvent, to fail; to be ruined فلس fals (colloq. pronounced fils) pl. فلوس fulūs fels, a small coin, in Iraq and Jordan = 1/1000 of a dinar; pl. فلوس (eg.) money; scales (of a fish) تفليس taflīs (n. vic. ة) declaration of bankruptcy; (pl. تفاليس tafālīs2) bankruptcy, insolvency, failure │ مأمور التفليسة receiver (in bankruptcy; Eg.) افلاس iflās bankruptcy, insolvency, failure مفلس muflis pl. مفاليس mafālīs2 bankrupt, insolvent فلسطين filāsṭīn2 Palestine فلسطيني filasṭīnī Palestinian; (pl. -ūn) a Palestinian فلسف falsafa to philosophize II tafalsafa do.; to pretend to be a philosopher فلسف falsafa philosophy فلسفي fallafī philosophic(al) فيلسوف failasūf pl. فلاسفة falāsifa philosopher مفلسف mufalsif pl. -ūn philosopher متفلسف mutafalsif philosophaster, philosophist 726 ﭬلط volṭ pl. اﭬلاط avlāṭ volt (el.) فلطح falṭaḥa to make broad, broaden, flatten(هـ s.th.) فلطاح filtāḥ broad, flattened, flat مفلطح mufalṭiḥ broad, flattened, flat فلع fala‘a a (fal‘) to split, cleave, rend, tear asunder (هـ s.th.) II do. فلع fal‘, fil‘ pl. فلوع fulū‘ crack, split, crevice, fissure, cleft, rift فلفل falfala to pepper (هـ s.th.) فلفل fulful, filfil (coll.; n. un. ة) pepper; n. un. فلفلة peppercorn │ فلفل احضر (ahḍar) green peppers; دارفلفل dārafilfil (eg.) a variety of pepper (Piper Chaba Hout.; bot.) فلفلي fulfulī, filfilī pepperlike, peppery, pepperish مفلفل mufalfal peppered فلق falaqa i (falq) to split, cleave, rive, sunder, tear asunder (هـ s.th.); to cause (هـ dawn) to break, dispel the shadows of night (of God) II to split, cleave, rive, sunder, tear asunder (هـ s.th.) V to be split, be cleft, be torn apart; to split, cleave, crack, fissure, be or become cracked, be full of cracks or fissures VII = V; to burst; to break (dawn); (eg.) infaliq go hang yourself! go to hell! فلق falq pl. فلوق faq crack, split, crevice, fissure, cleft, rift فلق falaq daybreak, dawn فلقة filqa pl. فلق filaq one half (of a split thing) فلقة falaqa a device for holding the legs of the delinquent during the bastinado فلاق fallāq pl. ة bandit, highwayman, highway robber فليق failaq pl. فيالق fayāliq2 a large military unit; army corps; corps 1فلك II to have round breasts (girl); (syr.) to predict the future, prophecy فلك falak pl. افلاك aflāk celestial sphere; celestial body, star; circuit, orbit (of celestial bodies) │ علم الفلك ‘ilm al-f. astronomy; astrology فلك fulk (m. and f.) ship, (also coll.) ships; (Noah’s) Ark فلكي falakī astronomic(al); astrologic(al) (pl. -un, فلكية falakīya) astronomer, astrologer │ عالم الفلك do. مفلوك maflūk ill-starred, unlucky, unfortunate مفلك mufallik girl with round breasts 2 فلوكة falūka pl. فلائك falā’ik2 sloop, felucca; boat فلائكي falā’ikī (فلايكي) boatman فلكن falkana to vulcanize (هـ s.th.) فلم film pl. افلام aflām film; motion picture │ فلم مجسم (mujassam) 3 D film; فلم ملون (mulawwan) color film; فلم ناطق sound film فلمندي falamandī Flemish; Fleming فلمنكي falamankī Dutch, Hollandish, Netherlander 1 فلان fulān, f. فلانة fulāna2 (substituting for an unnamed or unspecified person or thing) so-and-so فلاني fulānī adjective of the above │ في الساعة الفلانية at such and such an hour 2 فلين look up alphabetically فلندرة falandra Flanders فلنكة falanka pl. -āt (railroad) tie, sleeper (eg.) فلو filw pl. افلاء aflā’; فلو faluw, fuluw pl. افلاء aflā, فلاوى falāwā colt, foal 727 فلا falan (coll.; n. un. فلاة falāh) pl. فلوات falawāt, افلاء aflā’ waterless desert; open country; open space المفالي al-mafālī the pastures, the grazing grounds فلور filūr fluorine (chem.) O مفلور mufalwir fluorescent 1فلى falā i (faly) to delouse, search for lice (هـ s.th.); to examine, scrutinize, investigate (هـ s.th.) II to delouse, search for lice, rid of lice (هـ s.th.) V to louse o.s. فالية fāliya spotted dung beetle; touchhole (of old-time firearms) 2فليا fulayyā = فلية (see below) الفليبين al-filībīn the Philippine Islands فلين fallīn and فلينة fallīna cork فلية , فليه fulayya (eg.) pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.; bot.) فليون falyūn godchild (Chr.) فم fam (construct state also فو fū) pl. افواه afwāh; (eg.) fumm pl. افمام afmām mouth; muzzle; orifice, aperture, hole, vent; mouth, embouchure (of a river), head (of a canal, etc.); mouthpiece (esp., of a cigarette, of a pipe, etc.); cigarette holder │ فم الحوت fam al-ḥūt star α in the constellation Piecis Australis, Fomalhaut; آلات الفم wind instruments فن II to diversify, vary, variegate (هـ s.th.), bring variety or diversity (هـ into s.th.); to mix, mingle, jumble (هـ s.th.) V to be or become manifold, multifarious, varied, variegated, diverse, many-sided, versatile; to use different kinds; to be a specialist, an expert, a master (في in a field), master (في s.th.) VIII = V فن fann pl. فنون funūn, افنان afnān, افانين afānīn2 kind, specimen, variety; pl. افانين Various sides (of s.th.), diversity │ افانين من all kinds of, sundry, various; الجنون فنون (junūn) insanity has many varieties, manifests itself in many ways; -- (pl. فنون funūn) scientific discipline, field of work, special field, specialty; art │ الفن الحربي (ḥarbī) art of war, strategy; الفنون الجميلة or الفنون الرفيعة or O الفنون المستظرفة (mustaẓrafa) the fine arts; فن المكتبات f. al-maktabāt library science; الفن الصحفي (ṣuḥfī) science of journalism; journalism فني fannī specialist(ic); expert, professional; technical; artistic(al); tactical, strategic(al); technician; artist فنية fannīya artistry فنن fanan pl. افنان afnān branch, twig (of a tree), of a shrub) فنان fannān pl. -ūn artist │ O عامل فنان pl. عمال فنانون (‘umm`al) artistic handicraftsman, commercial artist فنانة fannāna woman artist افنون ufnūn pl. افانين afānīn2 branch, twig (of a tree) تفنن tafannun diversity, variety, multiplicity, multifariousness; many-sidedness, versatility (في in); varied activity, activity in various fields; mastery; skillful, workmanlike or chic manner افتنان iftinān diversity, variety, multiplicity, multifariousness; many-sidedness, versatility (في in); varied activity, activity in various fields; mastery متفنن mutafannin many-sided, versatile مفتن muftann masterful, expert, mastering one’s field فنار fanār pl. -āt lighthouse فنجال finjāl pl. فناجيل fanājīl2 = فنجان فنجان finjān and فنجانة finjāna pl. فناجين fanājīn2 cup; coffee cup │ جعل زوبعة في فنجان 728 (zauba‘alan) to cause a tempest in a teapot فنجر fanjara: فنجر عينيه (‘ainaihi) to stare, glare (في at s.o., at s.th.) فنخ fanaka a to squeeze (هـ s.th.); to invalidate, nullify, void (هـ s.th.); to break (هـ a contract, an agreement) فند II to call (ه s.o.) a liar, prove (ه s.o.) wrong, disprove, confute, refute, rebut (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to classify, specify (هـ s.th., e.g., the items of an invoice); to detail, particularize, itemize (هـ s.th.) IV to prove (ه s.o.) wrong; to disprove, confute, refute, rebut (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) فندق funduq pl. فنادق fanādiq2 hotel, inn فنار pl. -āt look up alphabetically فانوس pl. فوانيس look up alphabetically فنط II to detail, particularize, itemize, enumrate item by item (هـ s.th.) فنطاس finṭās pl. فناطيس fanāṭīs2 water tank, reservoir, cistern; large container فنطيس finṭīs pl. فناطيس fanāṭīs2 broad-nosed فنطيسة finṭīsa pl. فناطيس fanāṭīs2 snout (of swine) فنغراف funugrāf pl. –āt phonograph فنق V to live in ease and affluence 1فنك fanak fennec (zool.) 2فنيك look up alphabetically فنلندا finlandā Finland فنلندي finlandī Finnish; Finn فني faniya a (فناء fanā’) to pass away, perish, cease to exist, come to nought; to come to an end, cease, wane, dwindle, evanesce, vanish; to be extinguished, become extinct; to be exhausted, be consumed, be spent; to undergo obliteration of the self; to become totally absorbed (في by) │ لا يفنى imperishable, inexhaustible IV to annihilate, bring to nought, ruin, destroy (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to exhaust, consume, wear out, spend (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cause (هـ s.th.) to become absorbed or consumed (هـ by) VI to annihilate each other; to be consumed (في by), lose o.s. (في in), identify o.s. completely (في with); to dedicate o.s. with heart and soul, give o.s. over wholeheartedly (في to some activity) فناء fanā’ passing away, cessation of being; perdition, ruin, destruction, annihilation; evanescence, vanishing, termination, extinction; exhaustion; nonbeing, nonexistence, nonentity; extinction of individual consciousness, recedence of the ego, obliteration of the self (myst.) فناء finā’ pl. افنية afniya courtyard; open space in front or at either side of a house; open hall │ رحابة فناء raḥābat al-f. hospitable reception, generous entertainment; سار يخطو في فناء الغرفة (yakṭū, f. il-gurfa) he walked about the room افناء ifnā’ annihilation, ruination, ruin, destruction تفان tafānin mutual annihilation; self-denial, self-sacrifice (in an activity) فان fānin evanescent, transitory, transient, ephemeral, vain; exhausted; far advanced in years, very old فنيقي finīqī Phoenician فنيقية finīqīya2 and فنيقيا finīqiyā Phoenicia فنيك (Fr. phénique) finīk phenol, carbolic acid, also حامض الفنيك فهاهة fahāha weakness, impotence فهد fahd pl. فهود fuhūd, افهد afhud lynx (also the term for cheetah and panther) 729 فهرس fahrasa (فهرسة fahrasa) to compile an index (كتابا for a book), to index (كتابا a book) فهرس fihris and فهرست fihrist pl. فهارس fahāris2 table of contents, index; catalogue; list فهم fahima a (fahm, faham) to understand, comprehend, realize (هـ s.th.); to note (هـ s.th.), take note, take cognizance (هـ of s.th.); to hear, learn (هـ من of s.th. from), be informed (هـ من of s.th. by); فهم عنه to understand s.o., understand what s.o. says or means │ يفهم ان (yufhamu) it is reported, it is said that …, we understand that ... II to make (ه s.o.) understand or see (هـ s.th.), instruct (ه هـ s.o. in s.th.), give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) to understand IV = II; V to try to understand or comprehend (هـ s.th.); to understand gradually, come to understand (هـ s.th.); to penetrate, fathom (هـ s.th.); to understand, comprehend (هـ s.th.) VI to understand one another; to communicate with each other; to reach an understanding, come to an agreement, come to terms (مع with, على in, about); to be comprehended, be understood VIII to understand, comprehend (هـ s.th.) X to inquire (عن or s. of s.o. about s.th.), ask (عن or هـ s.o. s.th. or about s.th.) فهم fahm pl. افهام afhām understanding; comprehension. grasp; perceptive faculty, perceptivity; brains, intellect; discernment, acumen, penetration, insight, intelligence │ سوء الفهم sū’ al-f. misapprehension, misunderstanding فهم fahim quick-witted, of acute discernment فهيم fahīm pl. فهماء fuhamā’2 discerning, judicious, sensible, intelligent فهامة fahāma very understanding, extremely sympathetic تفهيم tafhīm instruction, orientation تفهم tafahhum gradual understanding; understanding, comprehension, grasping, grasp تفاهم tafāhum mutual understanding, mutual agreement, concurrence, accord; understanding (مع with, على on, about); agreement, arrangement (مع with) │ سوء التفاهم sū’ at-t. (mutual) misunderstanding, discord, disharmony, dissension استفهام istifhām inquiry (عن about; also على); question │ علامة الاستفهام ‘alāmat al-ist. question mark استفهامي istifhāmī interrogative (gram.) مفهوم mafhūm understood; comprehensible, intelligible, understandable; known; sense, meaning, signification; (pl. مفاهيم mafāhīm2) notion, concept │ بالمفهوم in the literal sense, literally; unequivocally, unambiguously, clearly; المفهوم ان it is said, it is reported that … فو fū see فم fam فوال (Fr.) fuwāl voile (dress material) فوة fuwa (eg.) madder (Rubia tinctorum L.; bot.) فات (فوت) fāta u (faut, فوات fawāt) to pass away, vanish; to be over, be past; to go by s.o. (ه), pass s.o. (ه); to escape, elude (ه s.o.), slip away; to abandon, give up, leave behind, relinquish (هـ s.th.); to anticipate, forestall (ه s.o.); to exceed, surpass (ب ه s.o. by) │ فات الوقت (waqt) it is (too) late; فاته ان it escaped him that ...; he omitted, neglected, failed, or forgot to ...; he failed to see that ..., he overlooked the fact that …; لم يفته ان (yafuthu) he did not fail to ..., he did not neglect to ...; فاتته الفرصة fātatu l-furṣatu he missed the opportunity; فاته القطار he missed the train II to make (هـ s.th.) escape (على s.o.); to cause (على s.o.) to miss (هـ s.th.); to let (ه s.o.) pass; to alienate, sell (هـ s.th., tun.) IV to make 730 (هـ s.th.) escape (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) miss (هـ s.th.) VI to differ, be different, be dissimilar VIII to offend against s.th. (على), act contrary to (على), belie, betray (على s.th.) فوت faut escape; -- (pl. افوات afwāt) distance, interval; difference فوات fawāt passing, lapse │ فوات الأجل f. al-ajal the passing of the appointed time, expiration of the deadline; الفوات بالمدة (bi-l-mudda) superannuation; بعد فوات الوقت (الأوان) (f. il-waqt, il-awān) too late; قبل فوات الوقت (الأوان) before it is too late فويت fuwait (m. and f.) one following his, or her, own opinion only, acting in his, or her, way only تفويت tafwīt pl. -āt alienation, transfer, sale (tun.) تفاوت tafāwut difference, dissimilarity, disparity, contract; disharmony افتيات iftiyāt treason (على to), betrayal (على of), offense (على against) فائت fā’it past, elapsed (time); passing; transitory, transient; passerby متفاوت mutafāwit different فوتوغرافيا (It. fotografia) fotūgrāJfiyā photography فوتوغرافي fotūgrāfiya photographic; photographer فوتيه (Fr. fauteuil) fūtēh pl. -āt armchair, fauteuil فوج fauj pl. افواج afwāj group, crowd, troop, band; detachment; party; shift (in a mine); battalion (Ir. till 1922; Syr., Leb.); regiment (Ir. since 1922); افواجا afwājan in droves, in crowds │ تبدل الفوج tabaddul al-f. change of shift فاح (فوح) fāḥa u (fauḥ, فوحان fawaḥān) to diffuse an aroma, exhale a pleasant odor, be fragrant; to spread, diffuse, emanate (fragrance) │ فاح منه شذا القداسة (šāda l-qadāja) he was reputed to be a holy man فوحة fauḥa fragrant emanation, breath of fragrance فواح fawwāḥ exhaling, diffusing (fragrance) فود faud pl. افوهد afwād temple; hair around the temples 1فار (فور) fāra u (faur, فور fawarān) to boil, simmer, bubble; to boil over (also fig.); to effervesce, fizz; to flare up, burst into passion; to gush forth, well forth, gush up, shoot up (water from the ground) II to make (هـ s.th.) boil (also fig., e.g., the blood); to excite, stir up (هـ s.th.) IV to make (هـ s.th.) boil فور faur boiling, simmering, bubbling, ebullition, etc. (see I); فورا fauran at once, right away, instantly, forthwith, on the spot, without delay, promptly, immediately, directly; فور faura (prep.) immediately after │ من الفور or من فوره (من فورها etc.) or على الفور at once, right away, instantly, forthwith, on the spot, without delay, promptly, immediately, directly فورى faurī prompt, instantaneous, instant, immediate, direct فورة faura flare-up, outburst, tantrum فوار fawwār boiling up, ebullient; effervescent, fizzing; bubbling (spring, etc.); foaming, frothy; hot-headed, irascible فوارة fawwāra spring, fountain, jet d’eau فوران fawarān boiling, simmering, bubbling, ebullition; flare• up, outburst فائرة fā’ira uproar, riot; commotion, agitation, excitement 731 2فار pl. فيران and فارة look up alphabetically فورشة = فورشة furša فورشينة (It. forcina) furšīna hairpin فوريقة = فاوريقة look up alphabetically فاز (فوز) fāza u (fauz) to be successful, be victorious, triumph; to attain, achieve, accomplish, obtain, gain, win (ب s.th.); to defeat, beat (على an opponent, ب with; sports, etc.); to escape (من s.th.) │ ما فاز بطائل (bi-ṭā’ilin) to fail, be unsuccessful, accomplish nothing II to cross the desert, travel through or in the desert فوز success, triumph, victory; obtainment, attainment, achievement, accomplishment; escape مفازة mafāza pl. -āt, مفاوز mafāwiz2 desert فائز fā’iz successful, victorious, triumphant; victor, winner فائزة fā’iza victress, winner فاس fās = فأس fa’s فوسفات fusfāt phosphate فاشي and فاشية look up alphabetically فوصفور fuṣfūr phosphorus فوض II to entrust, consign, commit (هـ ل or الى to s.o. s.th.); to entrust, charge (هـ ل or الى s.o. with), commission s.o. (ل or الى) to do s.th. (هـ); to authorize, empower, delegate (ل or الى s.o.), give full power (ل or الى to s.o.) ill to negotiate (هـ s.th.), treat, parley, confer (في on, about, ه, مع with) VI to negotiate or treat or parley with one another, confer (في on, about); to negotiate (في s.th.), treat, parley, confer (في on, about; مع with) فوضى fauḍā disorder, disarray, confusion, tohubohu, chaos; anarchy فوضوي fauḍawī anarchic; chaotic فوضوية fauḍawīya anarchism تفويض tafwīḍ entrustment, commitment, consignment, commission(ing), charging; authorization, empowerment, delegation of authority; authority, warrant, authorization, mandate, mandatory power, procuration, proxy, power of attorney │ تفويض مطلق (تام) (muṭlaq, tāmm) general power of attorney, unlimited authority; وثيقة التفويض warrant of attorney مفاوضة mufāwaḍa pl. -āt negotiation, parley, talk, conference; partnership (Isl. Law) │ فتح باب المفاوضات to open negotiations مفوض mufawwaḍ authorized agent, deputy, proxy, mandatory; commissioner │ وزير مفوض minister plenipotentiary (dipl.); المفوض السامي (sāmī) the High Commissioner (formerly in Syr.) مفوضية mufawwaḍīya pl. -āt legation (dipl.); commissariat │ المفوضية العليا (‘ulyā) the High Commissariat (formerly in Syr.); مستشار المفوضية mustašār al-m. counselor of legation (dipl.) فوطة fūṭa pl. فوط fuwaṯ apron. pinafore; napkin, serviette; towel فوعة fau‘a: فوعة الشباب fau‘at aš-šbāb prime of youth فوف fūf pellicle, membrane فوفة fūfa pellicle, membrane مفوف mufawwaf: ثوب مفوف (taub) white-striped garment فاق (فوق) fāqa u (fauq, فواق fawāq) to surpass, excel, overtop (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), tower (هـ, هabove); to be superior (ه to s.o.); to outweigh, outbalance; to transcend, exceed (هـ s.th.); -- to remember (على s.th.) │ فاق بنفسه (فووق fuwūq, فواق fuwāq) to give up the ghost, expire, die II to direct, level (الى ه a weapon at), aim (الى هـ s.th. at); 732 to (a)waken, wake up, revive, restore to consciousness (ه s.o.); to clear, sober (هـ the head); to remind (ه s.o.) IV to recover, recuperate, convalesce (من from), regain health; to wake up, awake; to get up (من النوم min an-naum from sleep); to be awake; to come to, regain consciousness (من after, e.g., after a swoon, after a state of intoxication); to awaken, arouse, stir up (من ه s.o. from) V to be superior (على to), surpass, excel, overtop (على s.o., s.th.). tower (على above); to do excellent work, show outstanding skill (ب in, with); to pass an examination with distinction (ل in a course) X to recover, recuperate, convalesce (من from), regain health; to wake up, awaken; to get up (من النوم min an-naum from sleep); to be awake; to come to, regain consciousness (من after, e.g., after a swoon, after a state of intoxication) فوق fauqu (adv.) up, upstairs, on top, above; fauqa (prep.) above, over; on, on top of; beyond, more than │ فوق الحد f. al-ḥadd boundless, unlimited, infinite, excessive, exaggerated; فوق ذلك moreover, besides, furthermore, in addition to that, beyond that; فوق البنفسجي (banafsajī) ultraviolet; فوق الطبيعة supernatural; فوق العادة extraordinary, unusual, exceptional; special, emergency (e.g., meeting); فوق انه in addition to the fact that it ..., beyond its being ...; فما فوقه and upward, and more (than that); من فوقه min fauqihī above it; from above it, from atop it فوقاني fauqānī located higher or above, higher, upper فاقة fāqa poverty, want, neediness, indigence فواق fuwāq hiccup(s); gasping of a dying person, death rattle افاويق afāwīq2 (pl. of فيقة fīqa) milk (gathering in the udder between two milkings); (fig.) boons, kindness, benefactions │ ارضعني افاويق بره arḍa‘anī a. birrihī he showered me with kindnesses افاقة ifāqa recovery, recuperation, convalescence; awakening; revival, restoration to consciousness تفوق tafawwuq superiority; preponderance, predominance, ascendancy, supremacy; above-average performance, talent │ تشجيع التفوق promotion of young talent فائق fā’iq superior; surpassing, excellent, exquisite, first-rate; outstanding, remarkable, striking; pre-eminent; exceeding, extraordinary; going far beyond (a restriction, etc.); awake, waking, wakeful مفيق mafīq awake, waking, wakeful متفوق mutafawwiq superior; surpassing, excellent, exquisite, first-rate, outstanding, remarkable, striking; pre-eminent; victor مستفيق mustafīq awake, waking, wakeful فول fūl (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt bean(s); broad bean(s), horse bean(s) │ فول مدمس (eg., mәdammis) cooked broad beans with oil (national dish in Egypt); فول سوداني (sūdānī) peanut(s) فوال fawwāl seller of beans فولاذ fūlād steel فولاذي fūlādī and فلاذي fulādī steel (adj.), of steel, made of steel; steely, steel-like, steel-hard فولت volt volt (el.) فوم fūm = ثوم tūm فونوغراف funūgrāf pl. -āt phonograph فاه (فوه) fāha u (fauh) to pronounce, utter, voice, say (ب s.th.) V = I افواه afwāh pl. of فم fam; -- افواه afwāh, افاويه afāwīh aromatic, spices 733 فوة fuwa (eg.) madder (Rubia tinctorum L.; bot.) فوهة fūha pl. -āt, افواه afwāh, فوائه fawā’ih2 mouth; opening, aperture, orifice, hole, vent; muzzle; crater; abyss, gulf, chasm; hydrant (syr.) افوه afwah2 broad-mouthed مفوه mufawwah eloquent في fī (prep.) in; at; on; near, by; within, during; among, in the company of, with; about, on; concerning, regarding, with reference to, with regard or respect to, as to j dealing with, treating of, consisting in (in book titles); for the sake of, on behalf of, because of, for; according to; in proportion to; (as to syntactical regimen see under the respective verb) │ هل لك في ... do you feel like ...? would you like to ...? do you want to ...? خمسة في ثلاثة five times three; خمسة امتار في عشرة five meters by ten (width and length); كذب في كذب (kidb) lie after lie; كلام في كلام (kalām) just so many words, idle talk; نحن اقارب في اقارب our social relations are those of kinsfolk; فيما مضى fīmā maḍā or فيما مضى من الزمان (zamān) in the past; formerly, before; فيما يلي (yalī) and فيما بعد (ba‘du) in the following, in what follows, below; فيما اعتقد (a‘taqidu) as I believe; فيما بينهم among themselves, among them; تبسم في خبث tabassama fī kubt he smiled maliciously فيما fīmā (conj.) while; in that, as │ فيما اذا in case that …, if 1فاء (فيأ) fā’a i (فيء fai’) to return; to shift from west to east (shadow) II to afford shadow, be shady (tree) IV to give as booty (هـ على to s.o. s.th.); to give, afford, grant, award (هـ على to s.o. s.th.), bestow (هـ على upon s.o. s.th.) V to shade o.s. (في or هـ with s.th.), seek shade (في or هـ under s.th.) فيء fai’ pl. افياء afyā’, فيوء fuyū’ (afternoon) shadow 2فئة see فئ فيتامين fītāmīn pl. -āt vitamin فيتنام viyetnām Vietnam فيتو vītō, vētō veto (pol.) │ حق الفيتو ḥaqq al-v. veto power (pol.) فيتون faitūn phaeton (light four-wheeled carriage) افيح afyaḥ2, f. فيحاء faiḥā’2 fragrant, redolent, aromatic, sweet-smelling; wide, vast, extensive; الفيحاء epithet of Damascus فياح fayyāḥ heavy-scented, strong-smelling (فيد) IV to benefit, help, avail (ه s.o.), be of use, of help, bring advantages (ه to s.o.), be useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, advantageous (ه for s.o.); to teach (هـ ه s.o. s.th.); to notify, advise (ب or هـ ه s.o. of), acquaint (ب or هـ ه s.o. with s.th.), inform (ب or هـ ه s.o. of, about), let (ه s.o.) know (ب or هـ about); to report (ب or هـ s.th., also, e.g., to the police; بان or ان that); to acquire, gain, win (هـ s.th.); to derive benefit, profit, or advantage (من from), profit, benefit (من by), turn (من s.th.) to account or advantage; (gram.) to convey a complete, self-contained meaning X to acquire, gain, win (هـ s.th.); to learn, be told, be informed (هـ about); to derive benefit profit, or advantage (ب or من from), profit, benefit (ب or من by), turn (ب or من s.th.) to account or advantage; to utilize, turn to profitable use, use (ب or من s.th.), make use (ب or من of s.th.); to gather, conclude, deduce, infer (من from) افيد afyad2 more useful; more profitable افادة ifāda utility, usefulness, benefit, advantage; (pl. -āt) notice, notification, communication, information, message; 734 testimony, deposition (in court) │ افادة الاستلام acknowledgment of receipt استفادة istifāda utilization, use فائدة fā’ida pl. فوائد fawā’id2 utility, avail, benefit, advantage; gain, profit; interest (on money); useful lesson, moral; use (e.g., of a medicine) مفيد mufīd useful, beneficial, advantageous; favorable, profitable; instructive مفاد mufād contents, substance, purport, meaning (e.g., of an article) │ اشاعة مفادها ان išā‘atun mufāduhā an a rumor to the effect that ... فيدرالي fīdirālī federalistic │ دولة فيدرالية (daula) federal state فيروز fairūz and فيروزج fairūzaj turquoise فيروز vairus pl. -āt virus فيزا , ﭬيزا (Engl.) vīzā visa فيزياء fīziyā’ physics فيزيائي fīziyā’ī physical فيسيولوجيا fīsiyōlōjiyā physiology 1 فيش(Fr. fiche) fīš pl. -āt (electric) plug (syr.) 2 فياش fayyāš braggart, show-off, self-inflated person فيصل faiṣal see فصل فاض (فيض) fāḍa i (faiḍ, فيضان fayaḍān) to overflow, flow over, run over; to inundate, flood, deluge (على s.th.); to flow, stream, pour forth, issue, emanate; to abound, super abound, be abundant, plentiful, superabundant; -- (faiḍ) to spread (of news); -- (faiḍ, فيوض fuyūḍ): فاضت روحه or نفسه (rūḥuhū, nafsuhū) to give up the ghost IV to pour forth; to fill (هـ s.th.) to overflowing; to pour, pour out, pour forth (على هـ s.th. over), shed (هـ s.th., esp. tears); to be prolix, long-winded, verbose (في in one’s speech); to abandon o.s. without restraint (في to s.th.); to speak or report extensively, in detail, at great length (ب about), dwell (ب on), describe in detail (ب على to s.o. s.th.); to pronounce distinctly (ب a word) X to pour forth. spread (على over), flood (على s.th.); to spread (of news); to be superabundant, be too much; to be elaborate, complete in detail, exhaustive, thorough فيض faiḍ flood, inundation, deluge; emanation; superabundance, plenty, copiousness, abundance; (pl. فيوض fuyūḍ) stream فياض fayyāḍ overflowing, effusive, exuberant; elaborate, exhaustive (speech); munificent, bountiful, liberal, generous │ فياض الخاطر brilliant, overflowing with ideas فيضان fayaḍān flood, inundation, deluge │ فيضان النبل the annual inundation of the Nile مفيض mafīḍ outlet, vent, drain; escape, way out │ ليس لنا منه مفيض we cannot help doing it, we cannot but do it; لا يجد مفيضا من (yajidu) he must by all means ...; لا يجد مفيضا الى الكلام he can’t find an opportunity to speak freely افاضة ifāḍa elaborateness, detailedness, exhaustiveness استفاضة istifāḍa (super)abundance, plenty; profusion فائض fā’iḍ abundant, copious, plentiful, profuse, superabundant; surplus; (pl. فوائض fawā’iḍ2) interest (on money) مستفيض mustafīḍ elaborate, detailed, extensive, exhaustive, thorough □ فايظ (< فائض see above) fāyiẓ usury (eg.) فايظجي fāyiẓgī usurer (eg.) فيفاء faifā’2 pl. فياف fayāfin desert فيكونت (Fr. vicomte) vikōnt and (Engl.) vaikaunt viscount 735 1فال (فيل) fāla i (فيولة fuyūla, فيلولة failūla) to be erroneous (view) 2فيل fīl pl. فيلة fiyala, فيول fuyūl, افيال afyāl elephant; bishop (chess) │ سن الفيل sinn al-f. ivory فيلا villā pl. فيلات villa, country house ديدان الفيلاريا dīdān al-fīlāriyā filaria (zool.) الفيلبين al-fīlibīn the Philippines فيلج failaj, فيلجة failaja pl. فيالج fayālij2 cocoon of the silkworm فيلسوف failasūf pl. فلاسفة falāsifa philosopher فيلق failaq pl. فيالق fayāliq2 large military unit; army corps; corps فيلم = فلم film film فيلولوجيا fīlōlōjiyā philology فيم fīma = فيما fī-mā why? wherefore? فيما fīmā see في فينة faina pl. -āt time, point of time, instant, moment │ الفينة بعد الفينة (al-fainata), الفينة بعد الأخرى al-fainata ba‘da l-ukrā, بين الفينة والفينة , في الفينة بعد الفينة from time to time, now and then, once in a while, at times, sometimes فينان fainān having beautiful, luxuriant hair; luxuriant, long, flowing (hair) فينا, فيينا (It. Vienna) fiyennā, viyēnnā Vienna فينوس fīnūs Venus فينيسيا fīnīsiyā Venice فينيقي fīnīqī Phoenician; (pl. -ūn) a Phoenician فهيق II tafaihaqa to be prolix, long-winded, circumstantial فيهقة faihaqa prolixity, long-windedness الفيوم al-fayyūm El Faiyūm (town in N Egypt) ق ق abbreviation of دقيقة daqīqa minute قادس qādis2 Cádiz (seaport in SW Spain) قادوس qādūs pl. قواديس qawādīs2 water-wheel bucket, scoop (used in irrigation; Eg.) قازوزة (It. gasosa) gāzūza soda water (saud.-ar.) قاشاني qāšānī faïence; porcelain, china قاف qāf name of the letter ق │ جبل القاف jabal al-q. in Islamic cosmology, name of the mountains surrounding the terrestrial world 1قاقلة qāqulla cardamom (bot.) 2قاقلى qāqullā a variety of saltwort (Salsola fruticos; bot.) قاقم qāqum ermine قالب qālab, qālib pl. قوالب qawālib2 form; mold; cake pan; model; matrix; last, boot tree, shoe tree │ قالب جبن (jubn) a (chunk or loaf of) cheese; قالب سكر (sukkar) sugar loaf; قالب صابون (ṣābūn) a cake or bar of soap; قلبا وقالبا (qalban) with heart and soul; inwardly and outwardly قالوش (Fr. galoche) galōš pl. -āt galosh, overshoe قاموس qāmūs pl. قواميس qawāmīs2 ocean; dictionary, lexicon احمر قان aḥmar2 qān(in) blood-red, deep-red قانئ qāni‘ blood-red, deep-red (=قان qānin) قانون qānūn pl. قوانين qawānīn2 canon; established principle, basic rule, axiom, norm, regulation, rule, ordinance, prescript, precept, statute; law; code; tax, impost; (Tun.) tax on olives and dates; a stringed musical instrument resembling the zither, with a shallow, trapezoidal sound box, set horizontally before the performer │ القانون الأساسي (asāsī) basic constitutional law; statutes; قانون التأسيس statutes, constitution; القانون الجنائي (jinā’ī) criminal law; penal law; قانون الأحوال الشخصية (šakšīya) personal statute; القانون الدستوري (dustūrī) constitutional law; القانون الدولي (duwalī) international law; قانون المرافعات q. al-murāfa‘āt code of procedure (jur.; Eg.); قانون اصول المحاكمات الحقوقية (Syr.); قانون السلك الإداري as-silk al-idārī administrative law; قانون كيماوي (kīmāwī) chemical formula; القانون المدني (madanī) civil law قانوني qanūnī canonical; legal, statutory; lawful, legitimate, licit, accordant with law or regulations, valid, regular; legist, jurisprudent, jurist │ صيدلي قانوني (ṣaidalī) certified and licensed pharmacist; غير قانوني gair q. illegal قانونية qānūnīya legality, lawfulness قاورمة qāwirma (eg.) mutton or beef cut in small pieces and braised with squash (qar‘) or onions and tomatoes قاوق qāwuq and قاووق qāwūq pl. قواويق qawāwīq2 a kind of high headgear made of felt قاوون qāwūn melon قايش qāyiš pl. قوايش qawāyiš leather thong, strap, belt, girth; strop 1قب qabba u (qabb) to chopoff, cut off (هـ s.th., e.g., the hand); to straighten up, draw o.s. up, become erect; to rise, ascend; to stand on end, bristle (hair) قب qabb pl. اقب aqubb hub, nave (of a wheel); lever, beam (of a balance) قبة qubba pl. قباب qibāb, قبب qubab cupola, dome; cupolaed structure, dome-shaped edifice; domed shrine, memorial shrine, kubba (esp., of a saint) │ قبة الجرس q. al-jaras belfry, bell tower; قبة الإسلام q. al-islām epithet of the city of Basra مقبب muqabbab cupolaed, domed, spanned by a cupola or dome; convex 2 قبqabba pl. -āt collar (of a garment) قبج qabj, qabaj (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. قباج qibāj a kind of partridge قبح qabuḥa u (qubḥ, qabḥ, قباحة qabāḥa) to be ugly, repulsive, repugnant, disgusting (physically or morally); to be ignominious, infamous, shameful, disgraceful, foul, vile, base, mean II to make ugly, repulsive, or repugnant, disfigure (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to denounce s.o.’s action (عليه فعله ‘a. fi‘lahū) as ugly, ignominious, infamous, shameful, or disgraceful; to censure, rebuke (عليه فعله s.o. for his action) X to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) ugly, repugnant, or repulsive, find (هـ s.th.) ignominious, infamous, shameful, disgraceful, foul, vile, base, or mean; to disapprove (هـ of s.th.), dislike (هـ s.th.) قبح qubḥ, qabḥ ugliness; ignominy, infamy, shamefulness │ قبحا له shame on him! قبيح qabīḥ pl. قباح qibāḥ, قباحى qabāḥā, قبحى qabḥā ugly, repulsive, repugnant, disgusting (physically or morally); ignominious, infamous, shameful, disgraceful, foul, vile, base, mean; impudent, shameless, insolent, impertinent قبيحة qabīḥa pl. قبائح qabā’iḥ2, قباح qibāḥ abomination, shameful deed, dirty trick, low act قباحة qabāḥa ugliness; ignominy, infamy, shamefulness 737 اقبح aqbaḥ2 uglier; more infamous; fouler, viler مقابح maqābiḥ2 ugly traits, repulsive qualities 1قبار qubbār, qabbār capers (bot.) 2قبر qabara u i (qabr, مقبر maqbar) to bury, inter, entomb (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) قبر qabr pl. قبور qubūr grave, tomb, spulcher قبر maqbar pl. مقابر maqābir2 tomb, burying place, burial ground; cemetery, graveyard مقبرة maqbura, maqbara pl. مقابر maqābir2 tomb, burying place, burial ground; cemetery, graveyard مقبري maqburī, maqbarī caretaker of a cemetery; gravedigger 3 قبر qubbar (coll.; n. un. ة) lark (zool.) قبرص qubruṣ2 and قبرس qubrus2 Cyprus قبرصي qubruṣī Cyprian, Cypriote (adj. and n.); القبارصة al-qabāriṣa the Cypriotes قبس qabasa i (qabs) to derive, acquire, loan, borrow, adopt, take over (من هـ s.th. from) VIII to take, or seek to take, fire (من from, also نارا من); to acquire or seek to acquire knowledge (من from, also علما من); to learn (هـ s.th.); to loan, borrow, adopt, take over (من or هـ عن s.th. from) قبس qabas firebrand; live coal قبسة qabsa firebrand قابوس qābūs nightmare اقتباس iqtibās learning, acquisition (of knowledge); loaning, loan, borrowing (fig); adoption, taking over, acceptance, adaptation (of a literary text or passage); quotation, citation (of another’s literary work or ideas) مقتبسات muqtabasāt loans, borrowings (fig.) قبص qabaṣa i (qabṣ) to take up with finger and thumb (هـ s.th.), take a pinch (هـ of s.th.) قبصة qabṣa, qubṣa as much as may be taken between the finger and the thumb, a pinch قبض qabaḍa i (qabḍ) to seize, take, grab, grasp, grip, clasp, clutch (على or ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), take hold, take possession (على or ب or هـ, ه of); to hold (على, ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to apprehend, arrest (على s.o.); to receive, collect (هـ s.th., e.g., money); to contract, constringe (هـ s.th.); to constipate (البطن al-baṭna the bowels); to oppress, deject, dishearten, dispirit, depress (ه s.o.); pass. qubiḍa or قبضت روحه qubiḍat rūḥuhū to die │ قبضه الله or قبض الله روحه (rūḥahū) God made him die; قبض يده عن (yadahū) to keep o.s. from seizing s.o. or s.th.; to be ungenerous, be stingy toward; قبض الصدر (النفس) (ṣadr, nafs) to oppress, deject, dishearten, dispirit, depress II to contract, constringe (هـ s.th.); to give (هـ s.th.) into s.o.’s (ه) possession; to pay (هـ a price) │ قبض الصدر (النفس) (ṣadr, nafs) to oppress, deject, dishearten, dispirit, depress V to contract, become contracted; to shrink, shrivel; to be constipated (bowels) VII = V; to be received; to shut o.s. off (عن from, to), close one's mind (عن to); to be dejected, depressed, dispirited, ill at ease, also انقبض صدره (ṣadruhū) قبض qabḍ gripping, grasping, seizing, seizure, holding; taking possession, appropriation; apprehension, arrest (على of s.o.); receiving, receipt (esp., of money); contraction, constriction, constipation │ القبض والدفع (daf‘) revenues and expenditures; القى القبض عليه (alqā l-qabḍa) to arrest s.o. قبضة qabḍa pl. qabaḍāt seizure; grip, hold, clasp, grasp; handful; (Eg.) a 738 linear measure of 12.5 cm; -- (pl. قباض qibāḍ) handle, haft, hilt │ قبضة اليد q. al-yad fist; في قبضته in s.o.’s possession, in s.o.’s hands, in s.o.’s power; في قبضة يده do.; وقع في قبضته to fall into s.o.’s hands قبضة qubḍa pl. قبض qubaḍ handful قباضة qibāḍa raising, collecting, levying (of funds, of taxes) قبضاى qabaḍāy pl. -āt (syr., leb.) strong-arm (esp. one serving as bodyguard for politicians and prominent personalities); tough, bully مقبض maqbiḍ, miqbaḍ pl. مقابض maqābḍ2 handle, haft, hilt مقبض miqbaḍ pl. مقابض maqābiḍ2 handle, knob, grip (also, e.g., of a walking stick) تقابض taqābuḍ (Isl. Law) a reciprocal taking possession (of a commodity and its monetary equivalent by buyer and seller respectively) انقباض inqibāḍ contraction, shriveling, shrinking, shrinkage; constipation (of the bowels); oppression, anguish, anxiety, dejectedness, depression, low spirits, gloom, also انقباض الصدر inq. aṣ-ṣadr قابض qābiḍ constipating, costive (med.); grievous, distressing, embarrassing; receiver, recipient; gripper, clamp, claw, catcher, tongs, holder (techn.); (pl. -ūn, قباض qubbāḍ) (tax) collector │ عضلة قابضة (‘aḍala) flexor; قابض على الأمر (amr) ruler, potentate مقبوض maqbūḍ: مقبوض عليه person under arrest; (pl. -āt, مقابيض maqābīḍ2) revenue (fin.) منقبض mungabiḍ oppressed, worried, dispirited, disheartened, downcast, dejected, depressed, ill at ease │ منقبض الصدر (النفس) m. aṣ-ṣadr (or an-nafs) do. 1قبط II قبط وجهه (wajhahū) to knit the brows, frown, scowl, glower 2القبط al-qibṭ, al-qubṭ pl. الأقباط al-aqbāṭ the Copts قبطي qibṭī, qubṭī Coptic; Copt 3قبطان qubṭān pl. قباطين qabāṭīn2, قباطنة qabāṭina captain (of a ship and, in Tun., as a military rank = Fr. capitaine) قبع qaba‘a a (قبوع qubū‘) to retract the head (hedgehog); to crouch, squat, sit; -- (qab‘, قباع qibā‘, qubā‘) to grunt (hog); to trumpet (elephant); -- (qab‘) to drink in hasty gulps (eg.) قبعة qubba‘a pl. -āt hat; cap; (syr.) small felt cap مقبع muqabba‘ wearing a bat, hatted قبقب qabqaba to swell, bulge قبقاب qabqāb pl. قباقيب qabāqīb2 wooden clog, patten │ قبقاب انزلاق skate قباقيبي qabāqībī: مسمار قباقيبي (mismār) small nail, blue tack (eg.) قبل qabila a (قبول qabūl, qubūl) to accept (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to receive (kindly, hospitably) (ه s.o.), give (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) a friendly reception, receive (هـ s.th.) favorably, approve (هـ, ه of s.o., of s.th.); to acquiesce (هـ in s.th.), put up (هـ with s.th.), agree, consent, assent (هـ to, also ب); to admit (في هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to); to obey (من s.o.), yield, give in (من to s.o.), submit to s.o.’s (من) command; -- qabila a and qabala u i (قبالة qabāla) to guarantee, vouch, be surety (ب for) │ قبل الذهاب معي (dahāba) he was willing to go with me; qabila with acc. of a maṣdar frequently corresponds to an English adjective in -able, -ible, -ive, -al, e.g., داء يقبل الشفاء (šifā’a) a curable disease, بضائع تقبل الالتهاب (highly) combustible merchandise; اثمان لا تقبل المزاحمة (muzāḥamata) prices that are beyond competition; قبل شكا (šakkan) to admit doubt II to kiss (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); (eg.) to go 739 south(ward) III to b. or stand exactly opposite s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), be face to face (هـ, ه with); to confront, face, counter (ه s.o.; هـ ب s.th. with, e.g., a situation with caution); to meet (ه s.o.; ب هـ s.th., e.g., a danger, with, by); to encounter (ه s.o.), run across s.o. (ه); to visit (ه s.o.), call on s.o. (ه); to meet, get together, have a talk or interview (ه with s.o.); to interview (ه s.o.); to receive (in audience) (ه s.o.), grant an audience (ه to s.o.); to receive (ب, هـ s.o., s.th. with, e.g., a news with joy); to repay, return, requite (ب هـ s.th. with); to compare, collate (على or ب هـ s.th. with) │ قابله على الرحب والساعة (raḥb, sā‘a) to welcome s.o. or s.th.; قابله بالمثل (bi-l-mitl) to return like for like IV to turn forward; to draw near, come close to s.o. or to a place (على), approach (على s.o., a place); to advance (على to, toward); to turn (على to. toward); to embark, enter (على upon s.th.), engage (على in); to give one’s attention, devote o.s. (على to s.o., to s.th.), dedicate o.s., apply o.s., attend (على to s.th.), occupy o.s. (على with); to take an interest, become or be interested (على in); to go, come (الى to); to be abundant (crop); (with foll. imperf.) to begin to do │ اقبل عليه الدهر (dahru) or اقبل عليه الدنيا (dunya) luck is on his side, fortune smiles on him V to accept, receive (هـ s.th.); to hear, grant (دعاءه du‘ā’ahū s.o.’s prayer; of God) VI to be opposite each other, face each other; to meet (e.g., two persons); to get together, have a meeting; meet (مع with); to be compared, be collated VIII to receive (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to apply o.s. gladly and willingly (هـ to s.th.) X to turn one’s face (هـ, ه to s.o., toward s.th.); to go to meet, to meet (ه s.o.); to face, confront, meet (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to take upon o.s., assume (هـ s.th.); to receive (ه a visitor, a guest; هـ s.th., e.g., a radio broadcast) قبل qablu (adv.) or من قبل min qablu and قبلا qablan previously, formerly, earlier, before; من ذي قبل (qablu), عن ذي قبل (after a comparative) ... than before; qabla (prep.) before, prior to │ قبل كل شيء qabla kull šai’in first of all, above all; من قبل min qabli before, prior to; قبل ان (conj.) before قبلئذ qabla’idin previously, formerly, once, in former times قبيل qubaila (prep.) shortly before, prior to; قبيل ان (conj.) shortly before قبل qubl, qubul fore part, front part, front, face │ من قبل (qubulin) in front; from the front, from in front قبل qibal power, ability; -- qibala (prep.) in the presence of, before. near; in the direction of, toward │ لا قبل له (qibala) he has no power over it, it is not in his power; he is incapable of accomplishing it; من قبل min qibali on the part of, from, by; من قبل نفسه by himself (or itself), of his (or its) own accord; لي قبله دين lī qibalahū dain he owes me a debt, he is indebted to me قبلة qubla pl. qublāt, qubulāt, قبل qubal kiss قبلة qibla kiblah, direction to which Muslims turn in praying (toward the Kaaba); recess in a mosque indicating the direction of the Kaaba, prayer niche │ اولى القبلتين ūlā l-qiblatain the first of the two kiblahs, i.e. Jerusalem; قبلة الأنظار q. al-anẓār focus of attention, target of all eyes, ideal, goal sought after and aspired to; قبلة الاهتمام object of widespread interest, focus of attention قبلى qiblī southern, south │ الوجه القبلي (wajh) Upper Egypt قبول qabūl, qubūl (friendly) reception; welcome; acceptance; concurrence, consent, assent, approval, admission, admittance; with foll. maṣdar corresponding 740 to English abstract nouns in -ability, -ibility, -ivity, -ality, e.g., عدم قبول التفرقة ‘adam q. at-tafriqa indivisibility قبيل qabīl guarantor, bail(sman), surety; kind, specimen, species, sort; tribe │ من هذا القبيل of this kind, like this, such; in this respect; من قبيل الإيضاح (q. il-īḍāḥ by way of illustration, as an explanation; من كل قبيل ودبير (dabīr) of every origin (whatsoever); ليس من هذا الأمر في قبيل ولا دبير he is not in the least involved in this affair, he has absolutely nothing to do with this affair قبيلة qabīla pl. قبائل qabā’il2 tribe قبلي qabalī tribal قبالة qabāla bail, guaranty, suretyship, liability, responsibility; contract, agreement قبالة qibāla midwifery, obstetrics قبالة qubālata (prep.) opposite, face to face with, vis-à-vis, in front of تقبيل taqbīl kissing قبال qibāla (prep.) opposite, face to face with, vis-à-vis, in front of مقابلة muqābala encounter; meeting; conversation, talk, discussion; interview; audience; reception; comparison, collation │ مقابلة ذلك muqābalata d. or في مقابلة ذلك in return for that, in exchange for that, in compensation for that, as an equivalent for that, for that, therefor; تشريح المقابلة comparative anatomy; المقابلة بالمثل (bi-l-mitl) requital; retaliation, reprisal; أخذ بالمقابلة to return like for like اقبال iqbāl drawing near, advance, approach; coming, arrival, advent; turning, application, attention, response, responsiveness (على to), concern (على for), intereot (على in), demand; good fortune, prosperity, welfare │ اقبالا وادبارا iqbālan wa-idbāran back and forth, to and fro, up end down تقبل taqabbul receptivity, susceptibility, sensibility اقتبال iqtibāl reception استقبال istiqbāl pl. -āt reception; opposition (astron.); full moon (as an astronomical aspect); the future; استقبالا istiqbālan in the future │ آلة الاستقبال receiving set, receiver; غرفة الاستقبال gurfat al-ist. reception room, parlor; كان في استقباله he was present to greet him, he had come to meet him, he received him قابل qābil obstetrician, accoucheur; coming, next (e.g., month); subject, liable, susceptible, disposed (ل to s.th.); O receiver (radio); with foll. ل and maṣdar corresponding to English adjectives in -able, -ible, -ive, -al, e.g., قابل للموت (li-l-maut) mortal; قابل للشفاء curable; قابل للالتهاب (highly) combustible, inflammable; قابل للتوصيل conductive (el.); غير قابل للرجوع irrevocable; يكون جواز السفر قابلا للتجديد اربع مرات (jawāz as-safar, arba‘a marrātin) the passport can be renewed four times قابلة qābila pl. -āt, قوابل qawābil2 midwife, accoucheuse; -- (pl. قوابل qawābil2) receptacle, container; -- pl. قوابل beginnings قابلية qābilīya faculty, power, capacity, capability, ability; aptitude, fitness; tendency, disposition, liability, susceptibility, sensibility, receptivity (ل to); appetite │ قابلية للتوصيل conductivity (el.); قابلية القسمة q. al-qisma divisibility; cf. قابل مقبول maqbūl acceptable, reasonable; satisfactory (as an examination grade; Eg.); pleasing, obliging, complaisant, amiable; well-liked, likable, popular, welcome مقبلات muqabbilāt appetizers, hors d’oeuvres مقابل muqābil facing, opposite; counter- (in compounds); equivalent, wages, 741 remuneration, recompense │ مقابل ذلك (muqābila) or في مقابل ذلك accordingly, in accordance with that, in return for that, in exchange for that, in compensation for that, as an equivalent for that, for that, therefor; مقابل تقديم الكوبون upon presentation of the coupon; مائة سفينة مقابل خمسين في العام السابق (mi’at safīna m. kamsīn 100 ships as compared with 50 the previous year; بدون مقابل or من غير مقابل without compensation, for nothing, gratis مقبل muqbil coming, next (e.g., month, year) مقتبل muqtabal: في مقتبل العمر fī m. il-‘umr in the prime of life; مقتبل الليل (muqtabala l-lail) at the beginning of the night, early at night مستقبل mustaqbil receiving set, receiver (radio) مستقبل mustaqbal front part, front, face; future (adj.); the future قبن II to weigh (with a steelyard) (هـ s.th.) قبان qabbān steelyard; scale beam; platform scale, weighbridge 1قباء qabā’ pl. اقيةن aqbiya an outer garment with full-length sleeves 2قبا (قبو) qabā u to vault, arch, camber, curve, bend (هـ s.th.) قبو qabw pl. اقبية aqbiya vault; vaulted roof; cellar; tunnel, gallery, drift, adit (mining); O prompt box │ O قبو الوقاية من الغارات الجوية (jawwīya) air-raid shelter قبوة qabwa vault قباء qibā’ interval, interspace, distance قبودان qabūdān captain قت qatta u (qatt) to render falsely, misrepresent, depreciate, belittle, minimize (هـ s.th.); to lie VIII to uproot, root out, extirpate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) قتات qattāt slanderer, calumniator قتب qatab pl. اقتاب aqtāb (eg.) hunch, hump مقوتب muqautab hunchbacked قتاد qatād tragacanth (Astragalus; bot.) │ على قتاد he was sitting on a bed of thorns قتر qatara u i (qatr, قتور qutūr) and II to be stingy, tightfisted, niggardly, parsimonious (على toward s.o.), keep (على s.o.) short, stint (على s.o.) IV do.; to live in straitened circumstances, be or become poor قتر qatr stinginess, niggardliness, parsimony (على toward) قترة qatara dust قتار quṭār aroma, smell (of s.th. fried or cooked) تقتير taqtīr stinginess, niggardliness, parsimony (على toward) قاتر qātir stingy, tightfisted, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious (على toward) مقتر muqattir, muqtir stingy, tightfisted, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious (على toward) قتل qatala u (qatl) to kill, slay, murder, assassinate (ه s.o.); to mitigate, alleviate (هـ s.th., e.g., البرد al-barda the cold, الجوع al-jū‘a the hunger); to mix, dilute (ب هـ s.th. with, e.g., wine with water); to know, master (هـ s.th., e.g., a skill) │ قتله خبرا (علما) (kubran, ‘ilman) or قتله درسا وبحثا (darsan wa-baḥtan) to know or master s.th. (e.g., a skill, a field of study) thoroughly; قتل الموضوع بحثا (baḥtan) to study a topic most thoroughly, treat a subject exhaustively; قتل الدهر خبرة (dahra kibratan) to have long experience with life, be worldly wise II to kill, massacre (هم people), cause carnage (هم among people) III to combat, battle (ه s.o.), fight (ه s.o., with s.o., or against s.o.) │ قاتله الله lit.: may God fight him! i.e., 742 approx.: damned bastard! VI and VIII to fight with one another, combat each other X to risk one’s life, defy death قتل qatl killing; manslaughter, homicide; murder, assassination │ قتل بسبب (bi-sababin) indirect killing (Isl. Law); قتل الخطأ q. al-kaṭa’ accidental homicide (jur.); القتل العمد (‘amd) or القتل العمدي (‘amdī) or القتل عمدا (‘amdan) or القتل العمد مع سبق الإصرار (sabqi l-iṣrār) premeditated murder قتل qitl pl. اقتال aqtāl enemy, foe, adversary, opponent قتيل qatīl pl. قتلى qatlā killed; killed in battle, fallen; one killed in battle, casualty │ قتيل الحرب q. al-ḥarb man killed in war قتال qattāl murderous, deadly, lethal اقتل aqtal2 deadlier, more lethal in effect مقتل maqtal murder, death; murderous battle; (pl. مقاتل maqātil2) vital part of the body (the injury of which will bring about death), mortal spot, mortal organ; Achilles’ heel, vulnerable spot │ ضربه في مقاتله (ḍarabahū) or اصاب منه المقتل (aṣāba) he hit him at his most vulnerable spot مقتلة maqtala pl. -āt butchery, slaughter, carnage, massacre تقتيل butchery, slaughter, carnage, massacre قتال qitāl fight, struggle, contention (against); combat, strife, battle │ ساحة القتال battlefield مقاتلة muqātala fight, struggle, contention (against); combat, strife تقاتل taqātul mutual struggle قاتل qātil killing, murdering; deadly, lethal, mortal, fatal; (pl. قتال quttāl, قتلة qatala) killer, manslayer; murderer, assassin قاتلات qātilāt lethal agents (ل against) مقتل muqattal experienced, practiced, tried, tested مقاتل muqatil fighter, combatant, warrior; fighting, combat-, battle- (in compounds) مقاتلة muqatila (coli.) combatants, warriors, fighting forces مقاتلة muqātila pl. -āt combat plane, light bomber مقتتل muqtatal battlefield, battleground مستقتل mustaqtil death-defying, heroic قتم qatama u (قتوم qutūm) to rise (dust) IX to be dark(-colored), blackish قتمة qutma, qatama dark or blackish color, darkness, gloom قتام qatām dark or blackish color, darkness, gloom اقتم aqtam2 dark-colored, blackish, dark قاتم qātim pl. قواتم qawātim2 black, dark │ اسود قاتم pitch-black 1قث qatta u (qatt) and VIII to pull out, tear out, uproot (هـ s.th.) 2قثاء qittā’, quttā’ (coll.; n. un. ة) cucumber قثاطير qatāṭīr2 catheter O قثطرة qatṭara catheter 1قح qaḥḥa to cough 2قح quḥḥ pl. اقحاح aqḥāḥ pure, sheer, unmixed, unadulterated; genuine قحبة qaḥba pl. قحاب qiḥāb whore, harlot, prostitute قحط qaḥaṭa a (qaḥṭ, قحوط quḥūṭ) and qaḥiṭa a (qaḥaṭ) to be withheld, fail to set in (rains); active and pass. quḥiṭa to be rainless (year) II to pollinate (النخلة an-naklata the palm tree); (eg.) to scratch 743 off, scrape off (هـ s.th.) IV to be rainless (year) قحط qaḥṭ want of rain, rainleseness; drought, dryness; famine; dearth, lack, want, scarcity قحطان qaṭān2 legendary ancestor of the South Arabians قحف qaḥafa a (qaḥf) to swallow, gulp down (هـ s.th.); to sweep away, carry away (هـ s.th.; of a river) VIII = I قحف qiḥf pl. قحوف quḥūf, اقحاف aqḥāf, قحفة qiḥafa skull; cranium, brainpan قحاف quḥāf torrential (river) قحل qaḥila a (qaḥal) and pass. quḥila to be or become dry or arid, dry up, wither قحل qaḥal dryness aridity قحل qaḥil dry, arid قحولة quḥūla dryness, aridity قحلاء qaḥlā’ f. dry قاحل qāḥil dry, arid قحم IV to push, drag (في ه s.o. into s.th.), involve (في ه s.o. in); to introduce forcibly, cram (في ه s.th. into) │ اقحم نفسه بينهم (nafsahū) he squeezed himself between them VIII to plunge, rush, hurtle (هـ into s.th.); to break (هـ into s.th.), intrude, invade (هـ s.th.); to burst (هـ into a room); to jump, leap, dive (هـ into s.th.); to rush, dart (هـ at); to storm, take by storm (هـ s.th.); to embark boldly (هـ upon s.th.); to defy (هـ danger, hardships, etc.) قحمة kuḥma pl. قحم quḥam danger one rushes into. hazardous undertaking مقحام miqḥām pl. مقاحيم maqāḥīm2 one who plunges heedlessly into danger, reckless, daring, foolhardy اقحام iqḥām dragging in, implicating, involvement اقتحام iqtiḥām brooking in, inrush, irruption, intrusion, obtrusion; inroad, invasion, incursion; storming, capture by storm اقحوان uqḥuwān pl. اقاح aqāḥin, اقاحي aqāḥīy camomile (bot.); daisy (bot.) 1قد qad (particle) with foll. perf. indicates the termination of an action; sometimes corresponding to English “already”; with foll. imperf.: sometimes, at times; perhaps, or English “may”, “might” 2 قدqadda u (qadd) to cut lengthwise, cut into strips (هـ s.th.); to cut off (هـ s.th.); to chop off (هـ s.th.); to cut out, carve out (هـ s.th.) │ قد قلبه من حجر qudda qalbuhū min ḥajarin to have a heart of stone II = I; to cut into strips and dry (هـ s.th., e.g., meat, fruits), to jerk (هـ meat) VII to split, burst (also, e.g., with laughter) VIII = I قد qidd pl. اقد aqudd strip (of leather), strap, thong قدة qidda pl. قدد qidad rail; ruler │ طرائق قددا tafarraqū ṭarā’iqa qidadan to split into many parts or groups, break up, dissolve قديد qadīd meat cut into strips and dried, jerked meat قد qadd pl. قدود qudūd shape, build, frame, physique, stature, height, figure; (eg.) size, bulk, volume, quantity │ على قده of the same size, of equal size, just as (large) قدح qadaḥa a (qadḥ) to bore, pierce (في s.th.); to slander, defame, malign, vilify (في s.o.); to rebuke, censure, blame (في s.o.); to reprove, reproach, chide (في s.o.); to reject as objectionable (في a witness, a testimony); to impair, depreciate, belittle, lessen, diminish, degrade (ب or في s.th.), detract (ب or في from); to violate, infringe (في s.th.), offend (في 744 against); to strike fire (with a flint) (also with النار an-nāra) │ قدح زناد الفكر (z. al-fikr) to ponder, think hard, rack one’s brain; قدح فكره (fikrahū) to think hard; قدح شررا (šararan) to strike or emit sparks VIII to strike fire (with a flint), also اقتدح النار; to weigh, consider (هـ s.th.) قدح qadḥ slander, calumniation, calumny, defamation, vilification, aspersion; censure, rebuke, reproof, reproach; depreciation, detraction (ب of في from), impairment قدح qidḥ, pl. قداح qidāḥ, اقدح aqduḥ, اقداح aqdāḥ, اقاديح aqādīḥ2 arrow shaft; arrow; divining arrow, arrow used for oracles │ القدح المعلى (mu‘allā) the seventh of the divining arrows used in the ancient Arabian game of maisir, i.e., the best of them which won seven shares of the slaughtered camel, hence: له القدح المعلى في to be the principal agent in, have a major impact on, exert decisive influence on, be of crucial importance for قدح qadaḥ pl. اقداح aqdāḥ drinking bowl; (drinking) cup; goblet; glass, tumbler; tea glass; keddah, a dry measure (Eg. = 1/96 اردب ardabb = 2.0621) قداح qaddāḥ and قداحة qaddāḥa pl. -āt flint; fire steel, fire iron (for striking sparks from flint); flint and steel; lighter (e.g., for cigarettes) مقدحة miqdaḥa fire steel, fire iron (for striking sparks from flint) قدر qadara u i (qadr) to decree, ordain, decide (هـ s.th.; of God) -- qadara i (قدرة qudra, مقدرة maqdura, maqdara, maqdira) and qadira a (qadar) to possess strength, power, or ability; to have power (على over s.th.), be master (على of s.th.), be equal (على to s.th.), be up to s.th. (على); to have the possibility to do (على s.th.), be in a position to do s.th. (ان or على), be able to do s.th. (ان or على), be capable (ان or على of) II to appoint, assign, determine, ordain, decree (هـ s.th., على for s.o.; of God); to predetermine, foreordain, (pre)destine (هـ هـ s.th.; of God); to appraise (هـ s.th.; with respect to its worth and amount), assess, estimate, calculate, tax, evaluate, value, rate (ب هـ s.th. at); to anticipate, foresee (هـ s.th.); to surmise, guess, presume, suppose, believe, think, be of the opinion (ان that); to esteem highly, value, treasure, prize, cherish (ه s.o., هـ s.th., هـ ل s.th. in s.o., because of s.th. s.o.); to appreciate (هـ s.th.); to enable (على ه s.o. to do s.th.), put (ه s.o.) in a position (على to do s.th.); (gram.) to imply in an expression (ل or هـ) another (ب or هـ) as virtually existing │ لا قدر الله (which) God forbid! قدر فكان (quddira) the inevitable happened! قدره حق قدره (ḥaqqa qadrihi) to attach the proper value to s.o. or s.th., fully appreciate the value of s.o. or s.th.; لا يقدر lā yuqaddaru inestimable, invaluable, immeasurable, immense, huge, enormous, tremendous IV to enable (على ه s.o. to do s.th.), put (ه s.o.) in a position (على to do s.th.) V to he appointed, assigned, determined, ordained, destined, fated, decreed VIII = I qadara i X to ask (ه God) for strength or ability قدر qadr pl. اقدار aqdār extent, scope, quantity, amount, scale, rate, measure, number; sum, amount; degree, grade; worth, value, standing, rank; divine decree │ ليلة القدر lailat al-q. the night in which, according to sura 97, the Koran was revealed, celebrated during the night between the 26th and 27th of Ramadan; قدر من a certain extent of, a certain degree of; قدر qadra, بقدر bi-qadri, على قدر commensurate with, corresponding to, according to, in proportion to; بقدر ما bi-qadri mā in the same measure 745 as, to the same extent as, as much as, as large as; على قدر ما ‘alā qadrin mā to a certain extent, relatively; قدر المستطاع qadra l-mustaṭā‘, بقدر المستطاع, على قدر المستطاع, قدر الطاقة qadra ṭ-ṭ., قدر الإمكان qadra l-imkān, بقدر الإمكان and على قدر الإمكان as far as possible, as much as possible, in the best way possible, to the best of one’s abilities; اغلبية قدرها مائة صوت aglabīya qadruha mi’atu ṣautin a majority of a hundred votes; ذوو قدرة dawū q. people of distinction, important people قدر qadar pl. اقدار aqdār divine fore-ordainment, predestination; fate, destiny, lot │ مذهب القدر madhab al-q. fatalism; القضاء والقدر (qaḍā’) fate and divine decree; قضاء وقدرا qaḍā’an wa-qadaran or بالقضاء والقدر by fate and divine decree; قدر جاء على he arrived just at the right time القدرية al-qadarīya a theological school of early Islam asserting man’s free will قدر qidr m. and f., pl. قدور qudūr cooking pot, kettle, pot قدرة qidra cooking pot, kettle, pot قدرة qadara small bottle, flask قدرة qudra faculty (على of), power, strength (على for), potency; capacity, ability, capability, aptitude; omnipotence (of God) │ O القدر على العمل (‘amal) power, capacity (techn., phys.); O القدر على الانتقاء selectivity (radio) قدير qadīr possessing power or strength, powerful, potent; having mastery (على over s.th.), capable (على of s.th.); omnipotent, almighty, all-powerful (God) اقدر aqdar2 mightier, more powerful; more capable (على of), abler (على to do s.th.) مقدرة maqdura, maqdara, maqdira faculty (على of), power, strength (على for), potency; capacity, ability, capability, aptitude │ O المقدرة الحربية (ḥarbīya) military resources, military potential مقدار miqdār pl. مقادير maqādīr2 measure; extent in space and time; scope, extent, scale, rate, range; quantity; amount │ مقدار ادنى (adnā) a minimum; مقدار اقصى (aqṣā) a maximum; بمقدار ما bi-miqdāri mā to the same extent or degree as …; as much as ...; بهذا المقدار to such an extent or degree, so much; بمقدار to a certain extent or degree, somewhat, a little تقدير taqdīr pl. -āt, تقادير taqādīr2 estimation, appraisal, assessment, taxation, rating; calculation, estimate, valuation; appreciation; esteem; assumption, surmise, supposition, proposition; implication of a missing syntactical part (gram.); (pl. -āt) grading, evaluation (of achievement; school, university); تقديرا taqdīran by implication, implicitly, virtually │ تقديرا لهذا in appreciation of this; على اقل تقدير ‘alā aqalli t. at least; على اكثر التقدير at most; عن مبلغ تقديري ‘an mablagi taqdīrī as far as I can judge for myself اقتدار iqtidār might, power, strength, potency; ability, capability, faculty, capacity, efficiency, aptitude قادر qādir possessing power or strength, powerful, potent; having mastery (علىvover s.th.), being equal (قدر to s.th.); capable (على of s.th.), able (على to do s.th.); efficient, capable, talented مقدور maqdūr decreed (على against, by fate); (pl. مقادير maqādīr2) destiny, fate; (pl. -āt) faculty, capability, ability; potential, resources │ في مقدوره ان to be able to …, be capable of ..., be in a position to ..., have the possibility to ... مقدر muqaddir estimator, appraiser, assessor, taxer مقدر muqaddar decreed, foreordained, predestined; implied, implicit, virtual; مقدرات fates, destinies; estimates, preliminary calculations 746 مقتدر muqtadir possessing power or strength, powerful, potent; having mastery (على over s.th.), being equal (على to s.th.); able (على to do s.th.), capable (على of); efficient capable, talented 1قدس qadusa u (quds, qudus) to be holy, be pure II to hallow, sanctify (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to dedicate. consecrate (هـ s.th.); to declare to be holy, glorify (الله God); to hold sacred, venerate, revere, reverence, worship (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); (Chr.) to canonize (ه s.o.); (Chr.) to say Mass, celebrate │ قدس الله سره (sirrahū) may God sanctify his secret! (eulogy used when mentioning the name of a deceased Muslim saint) V to be hallowed, be sacred or sanctified قدس quds, qudus holiness, sacredness, sanctity; (pl. اقداس aqdas) sanctuary, shrine; القدس al-quds Jerusalem │ قدس الأقداس the holy of holies (Chr., Jud.); روح القدس, الروح القدس (ar-)rūḥ al-qudus the Holy Ghost (Chr.) قدسي qudsī holy, sacred; saintly; saint قدسية qudsīya holiness, sacredness, sanctity; saintliness قداس quddās pl. -āt, قداديس qadādīs2 Mass (Chr.) قداسة qadāsa holiness, sacredness, sanctity; saintliness │ قداسة البابا His Holiness the Pope قدوس qaddūs, quddūs most holy; القدوس the Most Holy, the All-Holy (God) قديس qiddīs pl. -ūn holy, saintly; Christian saint │ عيد كل القديسين ‘īd kull al-q. All Saints’ Day (Chr.) اقدس aqdas2 more hallowed, more sacred, holier بيت المقدس bait al-maqdis Jerusalem تقديس taqdīs sanctification, hallowing; dedication, consecration; celebration (Chr.); Consecration (as part of the Roman Catholic Mass; Chr.); reverence, veneration, worship مقدس muqaddis reverent, reverential, venerative مقدس muqaddas hallowed. sanctified, dedicated, consecrated; holy, sacred; pl. -āt sacred things, sacrosanct things │ الأرض (البلاد) المقدسة (arḍ) the Holy Land, Palestine; البيت المقدس (bait) Jerusalem; البيت ال مقدس the Holy Scriptures, the Holy Bible (Chr.) متقدس mutaqaddis hallowed, sanctified, dedicated, consecrated; holy, sacred 2قادس qādis Cādiz (seaport in SW Spain) 3قادوس pl. قواديس look up alphabetically قدم qadama u (qadm, قدوم qadūm) to precede (ه s.o.); -- qadima a (قدوم qudūm, قدمان qidmān, مقدم maqdam) to arrive (هـ at a place); to come; to get (الى or على or ه to s.o.; هـ to a place). reach (الى or على, ه s.o.; هـ a place); to have the audacity to do s.th. (على); -- qaduma u (qidam) to be old, be ancient II to make or let (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) precede, go before, or lead the way; to send forward, send ahead, send off, dispatch, send on in advance (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to set forth beforehand, premise (ل هـ s.th. as introductory to s.th., e.g., a preface to a book); to place (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) at the head; to set forward, set ahead (هـ a clock); to do earlier, do beforehand, do before s.th. else (هـ s.th.); to give precedence (على هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th. before), give priority (على هـ to s.th. over); to prefer (على هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to s.o. or s.th. else), give preference (على هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th. over); (Tun.) to appoint as legal guardian (على ه s.o. for); to prepare, ready, keep ready, provide, set aside, earmark (ل ه s.th. for); to provide, 747 make provisions (ل for); to offer, proffer, tender, extend, present, produce, exhibit, display (هـ s.th., الى or ل to s.o.); to hand over, deliver (هـ s.th., الى or ل to s.o.); to submit, refer (o s.th., الى or ل to s.o.), lay s.th. (هـ) before s.o. (الى or ل); to give u a present (هـ s.th., الى or ل to s.o.), offer up, present (الى or ل هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to s.o., to s.th.); to dedicate (الى or ل هـ s.th., e.g., a book, to s.o.); to file, turn in (هـ s.th., e.g., a report), send in, submit (هـ s.th., e.g., an application, الى or ل to), lodge (هـ e.g., a complaint, الى or ل before); to give (o an answer); to take (o an examination); to bring s.o. (ه) before a proper authority, esp., before a tribunal (امام or الى), arraign s.o.; to introduce, present (ل or الى ه s.o. to s.o. else), make (ه s.o.) acquainted (ل or الى with s.o. else); (intr.) to precede; to be fast (clock) │ قدمه بين يديه (baina yadaihi) to send s.th. ahead of s.th. else, let s.th. precede s.th. else; قدم له الثمن (tamana) to pay the price to s.o. in advance, advance the price to s.o.; قدم خدمة (kidmatan) to render a service; قدم خطوة (kidmatan) to make a step forward; قدم الشكر له (šukra) to extend one’s thanks to s.o., thank s.o.; قدم نفسه الى البوليس to give o.s. up to the police; ما قدمت وما اخرت (akkartu) what I have ever committed; ما قدمت يداك (yadāka) what you have committed or perpetrated; يقدم رجلا ويؤخر أخرى yuqaddimu rijlan wa-yu’akkiru ukrā to hesitate, waver, be undecided; فرق شهور لا تقدم ولا تؤخر farqu šuhūrin lā tuqaddimu wa-lā tu’akkiru a difference of a few months which is of no consequence IV to be bold, audacious, daring; to make bold, have the audacity to do s.th. (على); to venture, risk, undertake, tackle (على s.th.), set about s.th. (على); to brave (على s.th.), embark boldly (على upon), dare to engage (على in), venture upon s.th. (على); to attack (على s.o., s.th.) V to precede (عن or على or هـ, ه s.o., s.th., in space and time), go before s.o. or s.th. (عن, على, هـ, ه); to head (على or هم a group of people), be at the head (على or هم of a group of people); to belong to an earlier, older time; to go forward, move (for, ward), proceed (نحو toward), advance march (نحو against, toward); to progress, make progress; to come on, come closer, move nearer (الى to); to approach (الى s.o. or s.th.), accost (الى s.o.); to step up (الى to); to present o.s. (بين يديه or الى to), step before (بين يديه or الى); o to meet, face (ل or الى an opposing team, in sports); to turn, apply (ب ل or الى to s.o. with a request); to submit (ل or الى to s.o. ب s.th., e.g., a request); to order, direct, commission (ب الى s.o. to do, to bring, etc., s.th.) │ تقدم به to further, advance, promote, improve s.th.; تقدمت به السن (sinnu) to get older, be advanced in years; كما تقدم already mentioned; غفر الله ما تقدم من ذنبه وما تأخر (danbihī, ta’akkara) God has forgiven all his sins; وقت بغداد متقدم ساعتين من وقت اوربا الوسطى waqtu bagdada mutaqaddimun sā‘ataini ‘an waqti ūrubbā l-wusṭā Baghdad time is two hours ahead of Central European time; تقدم نحوه (naḥwahū) to step up to s.o.; تقدم منه to approach s.o., head for s.o.; تقدم للامتحان to submit o.s. to an examination VI to become antiquated, grow obsolete, get out of date, become old, age │ تقادم (zamanu) much time has gone by (since); تقادم عهده (‘ahduhū) it happened long ago, it belongs to the put, it is of early date X to ask (ه s.o.) to come, send (ه for s.o.), summon (ه s.o.) قدم qidm time long since put, old times; قدما qidman in old(en) times, in former times, once, of old, of yore قدم qidam time long since put, old times; remote antiquity, time immemorial; oldness; ancientness; infinite 748 pre-existence, sempiternity, timelessness (of God); seniority │ منذ القدم from times of old, by long tradition, of long standing; قدم عهده ب (qidamu ‘ahdihī) his long, standing familiarity with قدم qadam (usually f.) pl. اقدام aqdām foot (also as a measure of length); step قدم مكعبة (muka‘‘aba) cubic foot; سمت القدم al-q. nadir (astron.); اصبع القدم iṣba‘ al-q. toe; على قدميه (qadamaihi) on foot (of several: على الأقدام): على اطرف قدميه on tiptoe; على قدم الحذر (q. al-ḥadar) anxious, timid, fearful; على قدم الاهبة والاستعداد (q. il-uhba) in a state of extreme alertness; جرى (قام) على قدم وساق (wa-sāqin) to become fully effective, be in full progress, be in full swing; ليس له قدم he has no part in ..., he is not involved in ... قدم qudum: مضى (سار) قدما (quduman) to go straight ahead or forward قديم qadīm pl. قدماء qudamā’2, قدامى qudāmā, قدائم qadā’im2 old, ancient; antique; existing from time immemorial, eternally pre-existent, sempiternal; القديم the Infinitely Pre-existent, the Sempiternal, the Eternal (as an attribute of God) │ قديما qadīman or في القديم in old(en) times, in ancient times, in former times, once, of old, of yore; من قديم or منذ القديم from times of old. by long tradition, of long standing; قديم العهد ب (q. al-‘ahd) of long familiarity or acquaintance with, long familiar or acquainted with; of long-standing experience in, long-experiensed in, (being) a long-time holder of; دراسات قديمة classical studies قدوم qudūm coming, advent, arrival قدوم qadūm pl. قدم qudum bold, audacious, daring, intrepid, undaunted, courageous, brave, valiant قدوم qadūm, qaddūm pl. قدائم qadā’im2, قدم qudum adz قدام quddām fare part, front part; quddāma (prep.) in front of قيدوم qaidūm prow, bow of a ship اقدم aqdam2 older, mare ancient; الاقدمون the ancients اقدمية aqdamīya seniority مقدم maqdam coming, advent; arrival مقدام miqdām bold, audacious, daring, intrepid, undaunted, courageous, brave, valiant; a military rank, approx.: staff sergeant (Eg. 1939) تقديم taqdīm sending forward, sending off, dispatching, etc., see II; presentation; submission, turning in, filing; offering up, oblation; dedication; offer, proffer, tender, bid; memorial; (pl. تقاديم taqādīm) officially established guardianship (Tun.) تقدمة taqdima offer, proffer, tender, bid; dedication; (social) introduction, presentation; offering up, oblation, offertory (Chr.); (pl. -āt, تقادم taqādim2) present, gift اقدام iqdām boldness, audacity, daring, intrepidity, fearlessness, undauntedness, stoutheartedness, pluck, courage, enterprise, initiative تقدم taqaddum precedence, priority; (ad)vantage, lead; advance, drive, push; advancement, progression, progress تقدمي taqaddumī progressive, progressionist تقادم taqādum: (الزمن) تقادم العهد t. al-‘ahd (az-zaman) progression or lapse of time; مع تقادم الزمن in the course of time قادم qādim pl. -ūn, قدوم qudūm, قدام guddām one arriving, arriver, arrival, newcomer; -- coming, next (e.g., year, month, and the like) مقدم muqaddim offerer, tenderer, presenter, giver, donor │ مقدم الطلب m. aṭ-ṭalab applicant 749 مقدم muqaddam put before s.th. (على), prefixed, prefaced (على to s.th.), anteceding, preceding (على s.th.); front, face; fore part, front part; prow, bow (of a ship); o nose (of an airplane, and the like); antecedent of a proportion (math.); overseer, supervisor; foreman; a military rank, approx.: major (Ir., U.A.R.); lieutenant colonel (formerly syr.); officially appointed legal guardian (Tun.); administrator or trustee of a wakf estate (Tun.); مقدم عليه a legal minor placed under officially established guardianship (Tun.); مقدما muqaddaman in advance, beforehand مقدمة muqaddima, muqaddama pl. -āt fore part, front part; front, face; prow, bow (of a ship); foreground; foremost rank or line, forefront, head, lead; advance guard, vanguard, van; foreword, preface, introduction, prologue, proem, preamble; prelude; premise متقدم mutaqaddim preceding, antecedent; moving forward, advancing; well-advanced; (being) in front, ahead, in the fore part; foremost; aforesaid, before-mentioned; advanced; senior (athlet.) │ المتقدم ذكره (dikruhū) the aforesaid, the before-mentioned; متقدم في السن (في العمر) (sinn, ‘umr) advanced in age, well along in years, old; متقدم على ابانه (ibbānihī) premature, precipitate, untimely; المتقدمون والمتأخرون (wa-l-muta’akkirūn) the earlier and the later = all (قدو and قدي) قدا qadā u (qadw) and قدي qadiya a (قدى qadan, قداوة qadāwa) to be tasty, savory (food) VIII to imitate, copy (ب s.o., s.th.), emulate (ب s.o.), follow s.o.’s (ب) model or example, be guided (ب by) قدوة qudwa, qidwa model, pattern, example, exemplar قدي qadīy tasty, savory, palatable (food) اقتداء iqtidā’ imitation, emulation; اقتداء ب iqtidā’an bi following the model or example of قذة qudda pl. قذذ qudad, قذاذ qidād feather of an arrow │ حذو القذة بالقذة (ḥadwa) exactly identical, deceptively alike قذر qadira a (qadar) and qadura u (قذارة qadāra) to be or become dirty, unclean, filthy II to make dirty, soil, sully, contaminate, pollute, defile (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) X to find or deem (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) dirty, unclean, impure, filthy, squalid قذر qadar uncleanliness, impurity; (pl. اقذار aqdār) dirt, filth, squalor قذر qadir, qadr dirty, unclean, impure, filthy, squalid قذر qadir dainty, fastidious, squeamish قذارة qadāra dirtiness, uncleanliness, impurity, filthiness, squalidness قاذورة qādūra pl. -āt dirt, filth, squalor; rubbish, garbage; (moral) defilement مقاذر maqādir2 dirty things, dirt, filth قذع qada‘a a (qad‘) to defame, malign, vilify (ه s.o.), backbite, wag an evil tongue, make slanderous remarks قذف qadafa i (qadf) to throw, cast (ب or هـ s.th.); to throw away, discard (ب or هـ s.th.); to fling, hurl, toss (ب or هـ s.th.); to hurl down, toss down (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to push, shove (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to row, oar (ب or هـ s.th.); to eject, emit, discharge (ب or هـ s.th.); to expel (ب or ب, ه s.o., s.th.); to evict, oust (ب or ه s.o.); to drop (ب s.th.); to pelt (ب هـ, ه s.o. with); to defame, slander, calumniate (ه s.o.); to accuse (ب ه s.o. of), charge (ب ه s.o. with); to vomit │ قذفه بالقنابل to bomb s.th., strafe s.th. with bombs; قذف عليه الشتائم to hurl abusive language at s.o. II to row, oar 750 VI to pelt one another (ب with); to throw to each other, throw back and forth (هـ s.th.); to shove around, push around (ه or ب s.o.) │ تقاذفت به الأمواج (amwāju) to be tossed about by the waves VII to be thrown, be cast, be flung, be hurled, be tossed, be flung off قذف qadf defamation; calumny, slander, false accusation (esp., of fornication; Isl. Law); rowing, oaring │ القذف بالقنابل bombing, bombardment; طائرة قذف القنابل bomber قذفي qadfī slanderous, libelous, defamatory قذاف qaddāf: طيارة قذافة (ṭayyāra) bomber قذيفة qadīfa pl. قذائف qada’if2 projectile; bomb; shell; fuse, detonator │ قذيفة نسافة (nassāfa) torpedo; قذيفة يدوية (yadawīya) hand grenade مقذف miqdaf pl. مقاذف maqādif2 oar, paddle مقذاف miqdāf pl. مقاذيف maqādīf2 oar, paddle تقذيف taqdīf rowing, oaring قاذفة qādifa: قاذفة القنابل pl. قاذفات القنابل bomber; قاذفة اللهب q. al-lahab or قاذفة النار flame thrower مقذوف maqdūf pl. مقاذيف maqādīf2 and مقذوفة maqdūfa pl. -āt missile; projectile قذال qadāl pl. قذل qudul, اقذلة aqdila occiput قذى IV: اقذى عينه (‘ainahū) to vex, annoy, gall s.o., cause s.o. worry قذى qadan (coll.; n. un. قذاة qadāh) s.th. that gets in one's eye or into a beverage, a floating impurity, mote, speck; foreign body in the eye │ قذى في عينه (‘ainihī) an odious thing, approx.: an eyesore, a thorn in the flesh; اغضى على القذى (agḍā) to bear annoyance patiently, grin and bear it, swallow the bitter pill; غمض جفونه على القذى (gammaḍa jufūnahū) do. قذى qidan pl. اقذاء aqdā’ fine dust; pl. اقذاء particles floating in the air قر qarra (1st pers. perf. qarartu) i, (1st pers. perf. qarirtu) a (قرار qarār) to settle down, establish o.s., become settled or sedentary, take up one's residence, rest, abide, dwell, live, reside, remain, stay, linger (ب or في in, at a place) │ قر الرأي على (ra’yu) it was decided to ..., the decision was reached to …, a resolution was passed on s.th. or to the effect that; قر رأيه على (ra’yuhū) to resolve, determine on s.th., make up one’s mind to (do s.th.), decide, make a decision for or on or to do s.th.; لا يقر له حال to be flighty, be of unstable temperament; لا يقر له قرار (qarār) to be restless, restive, uneasy, wavering, undecided; -- qarra a i (qarr) to be cold, chilly, cool │ قر عينا (‘ainan) to be of good cheer; قرت عينه (‘ainuhū) to be glad, be delighted (ب at) II to settle, make sedentary (في ه s.o. in, at a place), establish (في ه s.th. in); to fix, settle, appoint, assign, schedule, determine, stipulate, regulate (هـ s.th.); to decide (هـ s.th.); to determine, resolve, decide (هـ on s.th.); to confirm, establish, affirm, aver (هـ s.th.); to report, relate, tell (هـ s.th.); to make a report, give a paper (عن on); to make a statement; to force s.o. (ه) to confess or acknowledge s.th. (على or ب), make s.o. (ه) confess or acknowledge s.th. (على or ب) IV to settle, make sedentary (في هـ s.o. in, at a place), establish (في هـ s.th. in); to safeguard (هـ s.th.); to have (ه s.o.) sit down, seat (ه s.o., في in, in a seat); to set up, institute (هـ s.th.); to found, establish (هـ s.th.); to install, instate (في s.o. in an office); to confirm, establish, affirm, aver (هـ s.th.); to agree, consent (ب or هـ to); to acknowledge, own (ب or هـ s.th.); to confess, avow, admit (ب s.th.), own (ب to s.th.); to concede, 751 grant (هـ or ب ل to s.o. s.th.) │ اقر عينه (‘ainahū) (to cool s.o.’s eye =) to gladden, delight s.o. V to be fixed, be settled, be appointed, be scheduled, be determined, be regulated, be stipulated, be decided; to resolve itself (situation) X to settle down, establish o.s. become settled or sedentary, take up one’s residence (ب or في in. at a place); to come to rest (ب or في in, at a place); to rest, abide, dwell, live, reside, remain, stay, linger (ب or في in, at a place, الى with s.o.); to be firmly embedded, got stuck, get lodged (في in); to be firm, solid, enduring, durable, lasting, stable; to become stabilized, stabilize, be consolidated (situation, conditional; ultimately to attain (على a state or condition), finally find a firm position (على in); to become finally (على s.th.), ultimately turn into s.th. (على); to be established, settled, fixed; to be stationary │ استقر خاطره على (kāṭiruhū) his mind dwelled on …; استقر الرأي على (ra’yu) it was decided to the decision was reached to ...; a resolution was passed on s.th. or to the effect that; استقر رأيه على (ra’yuhū) to resolve, determine on s.th., make up one’s mind to (do s.th.), decide, make a decision for or on or to do s.th.; استقر له الأمور his situation had stabilized; لا يستقر له قرار (qarārun) to be restless, restive, uneasy, wavering, undecided; لم نستقر بعد على حال (ba‘du) we haven’t yet arrived at, a lasting solution, we haven’t yet attained a definitive position; استقر امره على he finally became ..., he ended up as ...; استقر في نفسه to be a positive fact with s.o., be beyond doubt for s.o.; استقر به المقام (المكان) (muqāmu, makānu) to settle down permanently; to sit down; not to move from one’s seat; استقر به المجلس (majlisu) to sit down, get seated, take a seat; استقر به الحال to be firmly established, be settled; to be in a secure position قر qarr cold, chilly, cool قر qurr cold, coldness, chilliness, coolness قرة qirra cold, coldness, chilliness, coolness قرة العين qurrat al-‘ain consolation for the eye; delight of the eye; joy, pleasure, delight; darling; (bot.) cress قرار qarār sedentariness, settledness, stationariness, sedentation; fixedness, fixity; firmness, solidity; steadiness, constancy, continuance, permanency, stability; repose, rest, stillness; duration; abode, dwelling, habitation; residence; resting place; bottom (e.g., of a receptacle); depth (of the sea); (pl. -āt) decision, resolution │ لا قرار له (lā qarāra) inconstant, changeable, unstable; bottomless, unfathomable, immeasurable; دار القرار the hereafter, the world to come; O قرار الموجه q. al-maujah wave trough (techn.); قرارات التعديل modifying regulations قرارة qarāra bottom; low ground, depression, depth │ في قرارة النفس (q. in-nafs) in the depth of the heart قرير qarīr: قرير العين q. al-‘ain happy, gratified, delighted, glad قارورة qārūra pl. قوارير qawārīr22 long-necked bottle مقر maqarr pl. مقار maqārr2 abode, dwelling, habitation; residence; storage place; seat center; site, place; station; position (at sea) │ مقر العمل m. al-‘amal place of employment; مقر القيادة headquarters; مقر الوظيفة official seat, seat of office تقرير taqrīr establishment, settlement; fixation; appointment, assignment, regulation, arrangement, stipulation; determination; decision; (pl. تقارير taqārīr2) report, account │ تقرير المصير self-determination (pol.); حق الشعوب في تقرير مصيرها (ḥaqq aš-š.) the right of peoples to self-determination; تقرير الحالة الجوية 752 (gawwīya) weather report; تقرير الشرطة t. aš-šurṭa police report إقرار iqrār settling, settlement (of nomads); setting up, institution, establishment; foundation; installation, instatement; delivery of a confirmation or assurance; confirmation, affirmation, averment; assurance; acknowledgment; confession, avowal, admission استقرار istiqrār sedentariness, settledness, stationariness, sedentation; remaining, abiding, lingering, stay, sojourn; settling, settlement, establishment; steadiness, constancy, continuance, permanency; strengthening, consolidation, stabilization, stability; repose, rest, stillness قار qārr sedentary, settled, resident; standing, permanent; fixed, stationary; cold, chilly, cool │ الأداءات (غير) القارة (adā’āt) (in)direct taxes (magr.); لجنة قارة (lajna) permanent committee, standing committee قارة qārra pl. -āt continent, mainland مقرر muqarrir pl. -ūn reporter (in general and of a newspaper) مقرر muqarrar established, settled; fixed, determined, decided, appointed, assigned, scheduled, regulated, stipulated, decreed; (pl. -āt) curriculum; مقررات decisions │ مقرر الميزانية m. al-mīzānīya the proposed budget; حقيقة مقررة accomplished fact; اموال مقررة direct taxes مستقر mustaqirr sedentary, settled, resident; firmly established, deep-seated, deep-rooted; fixed, immobile, stationary; firm, solid, enduring, durable, lasting, stable مستقر mustaqarr abode, dwelling, habitation; residence; seat; resting place قرأ qara’a a (قراءة qirā’a) to declaim, recite (هـ s.th., esp. the Koran; هـ على to s.o. s.th.); to read (هـ s.th.; هـ ل or على s.o. s.th.); to peruse (هـ s.th.); to study (هـ هـ على under s.o. s.th.) │ قرأ عليه السلام (salāma) to greet, salute s.o.; to extend greeting, to s.o.; قرأ حسابه ل to reckon with s.th., take s.th. into account; قرأ له الف حساب (alfa ḥ.) to have a thousand apprehensions about s.th. IV to make or have (ه s.o.) read (هـ s.th.); to teach (ه s.o.) the art of reciting (ه s.th.); to teach (ه s.o.) how to read (هـ s.th.) │ اقرأه السلام (salāma) to extend greetings to s.o. X to ask s.o. (ه) to recite or read; to investigate, examine, explore (هـ s.th.), search (هـ into s.th.); to study thoroughly (هـ s.th.) قرء qur’ pl. قروء qurū’ menses, menstruation قراءة qirā’a pl. -āt recitation, recital (esp. of the Koran); reading (also, e.g., of measuring instruments; parl.); manner of recitation, punctuation and vocalization of the Koranic text │ قراءة الكف q. al-kaff chiromancy, palmistry القرآن al-qur’ān the Koran قرآني qur’ānī Koranic, of or pertaining to the Koran استقراء istiqrā’ pl. -āt investigation, examination, exploration; see also under قرو استقرائي istiqrā’ī see under قرو قارئ qārī’ pl. -ūn, قراء qurrā’ reciter (esp. of the Koran); reader │ قارئ الكف q. al-kaff chiromancer, palmist مقروء maqrū’ read (past part.); legible, readable; worth reading مقرئ muqri’ reciter of the Koran قراج qarāž pl. -āt (Saudi Arabian spelling) garage 1قرب qaruba u (qurb, مقربة maqraba) to be near (الى or من to s.o., to s.th.); to come near, get close (الى or من to s.o., to s.th.), close in (الى or من on s.o., on s.th.), approach 753 (الى or من s.o., s.th.); to approximate (الى or من s.th.); - qariba a to be near (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to come near, get close (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), close in (هـ, ه on s.o., on s.th.), approach (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to approximate (هـ s.th.); to draw near, be coming on, approach │ ما يقرب من (yaqrubu) (with foll. figure) approximately, about, some, circa II to cause or allow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) to come near or get close (الى or من to s.th.), make or let (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) approach (الى or من s.th.), bring close (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; الى or من to s.th.), advance, move (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; الى or من toward s.th.), approximate (o s.th.; الى or من to); to bring home (هـ من or الى to s.o. s.th., e.g., an idea); to take as associate or companion (من ه s.o. for o.s.); to bring closer to comprehension, reveal more fully (هـ s.th.), clarify the concept, facilitate the understanding (هـ of s.th.) ; to offer up, present (هـ ل to God as sacrifice); (Chr.) to administer Communion (ه to s.o.); to sheathe, put into the scabbard (هـ the sword) │ قرب بينهم to bring people closer together, make peace among people, reconcile people III to be near (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to come near, come close, get close (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), close in (هـ, ه on s.o., on s.th.), approach (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to approximate (هـ s.th.); to be almost equivalent (هـ with s.th.), amount to almost the same thing (هـ as s.th.); to be on the point (ان of doing s.th.), be about (ان to do s.th.); to bring (close) together (بين – و different things) V to approach (من or الى s.o., s.th.), come or get near s.o., near s.th. (من or الى), come close, get close (من or الى to s.o.), gain access (من or الى to s.o.); to seek to gain s.o.’s (الى) favor, curry favor (الى with s.o.); (Chr.) to receive Communion VI to be or come near each other, approach one another, approximate each other VIII to approach (من s.o., s.th.), come, advance, or get near s.o. or s.th. (من), come close, get close (من to) X to find near, regard as near (هـ s.th.) قرب qurb nearness, closeness, proximity, vicinity; qurba (prep.) in the vicinity of, near, toward │ قرب الظهر qurba ẓ-ẓuhr toward noon; بقرب or بالقرب من in the vicinity of, near, close to; عن قرب from a short distance, from close up قربة qirba pl. -āt, قرب qirab waterskin; -- (pl. قرب qirab) bagpipe قربى qurbā relation, relationship, kinship │ ذو القربى pl. ذوو القربى dawū l-q. relative, relation قريب qarīb near (in place and time), nearby, close at hand; in the neighborhood or vicinity (الى or من of s.o., of s.th.), close (الى or من to s.o., to s.th.), adjacent (الى or من to s.th.); easily understood, simple; (pl. اقرباء aqribā’2) relative, relation; قريبا qarīban soon, before long, shortly, in the near future; recently, lately, not long ago, the other day │ من قريب and عما قريب (‘ammā q.) soon, before long, shortly, in the near future; لا – من قريب او بعيد not -- in the least, not by a far cry; في القريب العاجل in the immediate future; قريب من الحسن (ḥasan) fair, fairly good (as a school-report grade); قريب العهد q. al-‘ahd recent, new, young; من عهد قريب since recently, of late, of a recent date; recently, lately, not long ago, the other day; قريب العهد ب having adopted or acquired s.th. very recently; not long familiar or acquainted with s.th., inexperienced at s.th., a novice in s.th.; قريب التناول q. at-tanāwul easy to understand قراب qirāb pl. قرب qurub, اقربة aqriba sheath, scabbard (of a .word); receptacle, container, case, etui, covering قرابة qarāba relation, relationship, kinship 754 قرابة qurāba: قرابة ثلاثة اعوام qurabata talātati a‘wām almost three years قربان qurbān pl. قرابين qarābīn2 sacrifice, offering, immolation, oblation; Mass (Chr.); Eucharist (Chr.) │ قربان الشكر q. aš-šukr thank offering; عيد القربان ‘īd al-q. Corpus Christi (Chr.); تناول القربان (tanāwala) to receive Communion (Chr.); رفع القربان على or قدم القربان على (qaddama) to read Mass for s.o. (Chr.) قربانة qurbāna Host; Communion (Chr.) اقرب aqrab2 nearer, nearest, next; more probable, more likely; probable, likely; pl. اقربون aqrabūn, اقارب aqārib2 relations, relatives │ اقرب الى الفهم (fahm) easier to understand, more comprehensible; هم اقرب الى الصحة (الصواب) (ṣiḥḥa, ṣawab) it is quite probable, it is fairly correct, it is rather exact, it comes fairly close to the troth; في اقرب وقت (ممكن) fī aqrabi waqtin (mumkinin) or باقرب ما يمكن (yumkinu) as soon as possible, in the shortest time possible مقرب maqrab pl. مقارب maqārib2 nearest or shortest way, short cut مقربة maqraba, maqruba nearness, closeness, proximity, vicinity; (pl. مقارب maqārib2) nearest or shortest way, short cut │ على مقربة nearby, close at hand; على مقربة in the vicinity of, near, close to تقريب taqrīb approximation │ تقريبا taqrīban, بالتقريب, بوجه التقريب bi-wajh t-t. or على التقريب approximately, almost, nearly, roughly, about; محسوس تقريبا just barely perceptible تقريبي taqrībī approximate, approximative تقرب taqarrub approach; approximation (من to) تقارب taqārub mutual approach; mutual approximation; rapprochement اقتراب iqtirāb approach; approximation مقرب muqarrab pl. -ūn close companion, favorite, protégé, intimate مقارب muqārib approximate, approximative, estimated; mediocre, medium, of medium quality متقارب mutaqārib close together, following in close intervals, consecutive, successive, subsequent; المتقارب name of a poetical meter قارب qārib pl. قوارب qawārib2 boat, skiff │ قارب q. az-zubda (eg.) sauceboat for melted butter; قارب (musallaḥ) gunboat; قارب النجاة q. an-najāh lifeboat; قارب التنقيب عن الألغام mine sweeper; قارب ناري motorboat قواربي qawāribī boatman قربوس qarabūs (qarbūs) pl. قرابيس qarābīs2 saddlebow قربينة qarabīna pl. -āt carbine قرح qaraḥa a (qarḥ) to wound (ه s.o.); -- qariḥa a (qaraḥ) to ulcerate, fester; to be covered with ulcers, be ulcerous II to wound (ه s.o.) V to ulcerate, fester; to be covered with ulcers, be ulcerous VIII to invent, originate, think up (هـ s.th.); to improvise, extemporize, deliver off-hand (هـ a speech); to demand in a brash or imperious manner (هـ or ب على of s.o. s.th.); to propose, suggest (هـ على to s.o. s.th.) قرح garḥ pl. قروح qurūḥ wound; ulcer, sore قرح qariḥ covered with ulcers, ulcerous, ulcerated; ulcerating, festering قرحة qarḥa pl. قرح qiraḥ ulcer, sore; abscess, boil │ القرحة الرخوة (rakwa) soft chancre, chancroid (med.) قراح qarāḥ pure, limpid, clear (esp. water) 755 قريح qarīḥ pure, limpid, clear (esp. water) قريحة qarīḥa pl. قرائح qarā’iḥ2 natural disposition, innate disposition, bent; genius, talent, gift, faculty تقرح taqarruḥ ulceration اقتراح iqtirāḥ invention, improvisation; (pl. -āt) proposition, proposal, suggestion; motion مقرح muqarraḥ covered with ulcers, ulcerous, ulcerated متقرح mutaqarriḥ covered with ulcers, ulcerous, ulcerated; ulcerating, festering مقترح muqtaraḥ pl. -āt proposition, proposal, suggestion; motion قرد qird pl. قردة qirada, قرود qurūd ape, monkey قرد qurd (coll.; n. un. ة) tick (zool.) قراد qurād (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. قردان qirdān tick, ticks (zool.) │ ابو قردان abū q. (eg.) white egret (zool.) مقرود maqrūd exhausted قريدس quraidis (syr.) shrimp (zool.) قرس qarasa a (qaras) to he severe, fierce, biting, grim (the cold) II to freeze, make torpid, (be)numb, nip (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.; of the cold) قارس qāris severe, fierce, biting, grim (of the cold); very cold, bitterly cold, freezing, frozen قرش qaraša i u (qarš) to gnash, grind (one’s teeth); to nibble, crunch, chew (هـ s.th.); -- qaraša i (qarī), II and VIII to earn money, make a living (لعياله li-‘iyālihī for one’s family) قرش qirš shark (zool.); (pl. قروش qurūš) piaster │ قرش صاغ (eg., = ½ Eg. pound) standard piaster; قرش تعريفة (eg., = ½ قرش صاغ) little piaster قريش quraiš Koreish, name of an هـrab tribe in ancient Mecca قرشي qurašī of, pertaining to, or belonging to the Koreish tribe; Koreishite قريش qarīš, قريشة qarīša sour cheese مقرش muqriš rich, well-to-do, prosperous, wealthy, moneyed قرص qaraṣa u (qarṣ) to pinch, nip, tweak (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to scratch (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to bite, sting (ه s.o.; of a gnat, flea, and the like) │ قرصه بلسانه (bi-lisānihī to hurt s.o. with words II to pinch or nip sharply, tweak (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to scratch all over (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to shape into round, flat loaves (العجين the dough) قرص qurṣ pl. اقراص aqrāṣ round, flat loaf of bread; (flat, circular) plate, disk, discus; phonograph record, disc; sheave, pulley (mech.); tablet, pastille, lozenge, troche │ قرص الأرقام dial (of a telephone); اقراص عجوة a. ‘ajwa a pastry mode of rich dough with almonds and date paste (syr.); قرص عسل q. ‘asal honeycomb; جلب النار لقرصه (nāra) approx.: to feather one’s nest, have an eye out for one’s own interest, know on which side one’s bread is buttered قرصي qurṣī: قرصي الشكل q. aš-šakl disk-like, disk-shaped, discoid, discous قرصة qurṣa pl. قرص quraṣ round, flat loaf of bread قرصة qarṣa pl. qaraṣāt pinch, nip, tweak; bite, sting (of s gnat, lies, and the like); crowbar, pinch bar, handspike, lever قريص qurraiṣ stinging nettle (Urtica urens L.; bot.) قراصة qarrāṣa pincers, nippers قراصية qarāṣīya (syr.) small, black plums; (eg.) prunes 756 قارص qāriṣ, biting; stinging; painful, nipping, tormenting (e.g., cold) │ قوارص الكلمات q. al-kalimāt biting words قرصنة qarṣana piracy, robbery on the high seas freebooting قرصان qurṣān pl. قراصن qarāṣin2, قراصين qarāṣīn2 corsair, pirate, freebooter قرض qaraḍ i (qarḍ) to cut, sever, cut off, clip (هـ s.th.); to gnaw (هـ s.th. or on s.th.), nibble (هـ s.th. or at s.th.), bite, champ (هـ s.th.), eat (هـ into s.th.), corrode (هـ s.th.) │ قرض رباطه (ribāṭahū) to die; قرض الشعر (ši‘ra) to write poetry, make verses II = I; IV to loan, lend, or advance, money (ه to s.o.); to lend (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) VI تقارضوا الثناء (tanā’a) they competed in the recital of eulogies VII to die out; to become extinct; to perish VIII to raise a loan (من with), borrow (من from) X to ask for a loan (من s.o.) قرض qarḍ (qirḍ) pl. قروض qurūḍ loan │ قرض حسن (ḥasan) interest-free loan with unstipulsted due dste; قرض مالي (mālī) (monetary) loan; اسهم القرض ashum al-q. bonds قريض qarīḍ poetry قراضة qurāḍa pl. -āt chips, shreds, parings, shavings, scraps; iron filings قراضة qarrāḍa clothes moth مقراض miqrāḍ pl. مقاريض maqārīḍ2 scissors انقراض inqirāḍ dying out, gradual disappearance; extinction اقتراض iqtirāḍ loan استقراض istiqrāḍ raising of a loan; loan القوارض al-qawāriḍ the rodents مقرض muqriḍ pl. -ūn moneylender; lender منقرض munqariḍ extinct, exterminated, perished قرط qaraṭa u (qarṭ) to cut into small pieces, chop, mince (هـ s.th.) II do.; to snuff, trim (هـ a candle, a wick); to squeeze (على s.th.); (eg.) to urge, ply (على s.o.); to be stern, be strict (على with s.o.); to beset, harass, press hard (على s.o.); to give little (على to s.o.), be illiberal, be stingy (على with s.o.), scrimp (على s.o.) قرط qurṭ pl. اقراط aqrāṭ, قراط qirāṭ, قروط qurūṭ earring; eardrop, pendant for the ear تقريطة taqrīṭa pl. تقاريط taqārīṭ2 wrapper worn by women (tun.) 2قيراط pl. قراريط look up alphabetically قرطاجنة see قرطجنة قرطاس qirṭās pl. قراطيس qarāṭīs2 paper; sheet of paper; paper bag قرطبة qurṭuba2 Cordova (city in Spain) قرطجنة qarṭajanna2, قرطاجنة Carthage قرطس qarṭas paper; sheet of paper قرطم qarṭama to cut off, clip (هـ s.th.) قرطم qirṭim, qurṭum safflower (Carthamus tinctorius; bot.) قرطمان qurṭumān oats قرظ II to praise, commend, laud, extol, acclaim (ه s.o.); to eulogize (هـ s.th.), lavish praise (هـ on) قرظ qaraẓ pods of a species of sant tree (Acacia nilotica; bot.) قريظ qarīẓ eulogy, encomium, panegyric تقريظ taqrīẓ pl. -āt, تقاريظ taqārīẓ2 eulogy, encomium, panegyric قرع qara‘a a (qar‘) to knock, rap (هـ at s.th.); to hit, bump (هـ s.th. or against s.th.); to strike, beat, thump (هـ against s.th.; ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with; ب على with s.th. on or s.th. else); to thrash. spank (ب ه ه s.o. with); to clink, touch (هـ glasses); to 757 ring, sound (e s.th.); -- qari‘a (qara‘) to be or become bald(headed); to be empty, bare, stark (place) │ قرع الجرس (jarasa) to ring the bell; قرع سمعه (sam‘ahū) to reach s.o.’s ear; قرع سنه (sinnahū) to gnash one’s teeth; قرع سن الندم ل (على) (sinna n-nadam) to repent s.th.; قرعه ضميره ḍamīrahū) his conscience tormented or smote him, he had a guilty conscience, he felt grave compunctions; قرع الكأس (ka’sa) to touch glasses, drink to s.o.’s (ل) health II to scold, chide, opbraid (ه s.o.), snap (ه at s.o.); to rebuke, blame, censure (ه s.o.) III to fight, come to blows (ه with s.o.); to bottle, fight (ه s.o.); to contend by force of arms (ه عن with s.o. for s.th.); to cast or draw lots (ه with s.o.) VI to hump against each other, clash; to cast lots among each other (على for) VIII to cast lots among each other (على for); to vote, take a vote (على on); to draw lots (ه for s.o.). choose by lot (ه s.o.); to muster, recruit (ه s.o.; mil.); to elect (هـ, s.o., s.th.) قرع qar‘ knock(ing), rap(ping), beating, striking, thumping; ring(ing) قرع qar‘ (coll.; n. un. ة) gourd, pumpkin │ قرع صروف (eg.) bottle gourd, calabash (Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.; bot.); قرع كوسى q. kūsā (eg., syr.) zucchini (bot.) قرع qara‘ boldness, boldheadedness; emptiness, bareness, starkness قرعة qar‘a (n. vic.) knock, rap, blow, stroke, thump; -- (n. un.) gourd, pumpkin; skull, head قرعي qar‘ī gourd-, pumpkin- (in compounds), cucurbitaceous قرعة qur‘a pl. قرع qura‘ lot; ballot; lot-casting; (mil.) conscription, recruitment (by lot), balloting │ قرعة عسكرية (‘askarīya) enlistment, draft, recruitment (mil.); انفار القرعة drafted recruits قراع qurā‘, مرض القراع maraḍ al-qurā‘ a skin disease, ringworm (med.) قريع qar‘ exquisite, select │ قريع الدهر q. ad-dahr the greatest hero of his time اقرع aqra‘2 bald; baldheaded; empty, bare, stark; scabby, scurfy مقرعة miqra‘a pl. مقارع maqāri‘2 knocker, rapper (of a door); whip, switch; cudgel, club تقريع taqrī‘ chiding, scolding, reproof, rebuke, censure مقارعة muqāra‘a fight, struggle (with genit. = against) اقتراع iqtirā‘ pl. -āt balloting, recruitment, draft (mil.); vote (على on); election قارعة qāri‘a pl. قوارع qawāri‘2 (sudden) misfortune, calamity; adversity; القارعة the hour of the Last Judgment │ قارعة الطريق middle of the road, roadway; road, highway; على قارعة الطرق (ṭuruq) on the open road قرف qarafa i (qarf) to peel, pare, bark, derind (هـ s.th.); -- qarifa a (qaraf) to loathe (هـ s.th.), feel disgust (هـ for), be nauseated (هـ by) II to peel, pare, bark, derind (هـ s.th.); to be loathsome, arouse disgust III to let o.s. be tempted (هـ to a sin), yield (e to a desire) VIII to commit, perpetrate (هـ a crime) قرف qaraf loathing, disgust, detestation قرفة qirfa pl. قرف qiraf rind, bark, skin, crust; scab, scurf; cinnamon قرافة qarāfa (eg.) cemetery, specif., graveyard below the Mokattam Hills near Cairo قريفة qarīfa ill humor, ill temper قرفان qarfān (eg.) disgusted, nauseated, sink and tired اقتراف iqtirāf commission, perpetration (of a crime) 758 مقرف muqrif loathsome, disgusting, nauseating, repulsive, detestable مقترف muqtarif perpetrator (of a crime) قرفص qarfaṣa to squat on the ground (with thighs against the stomach and arms enfolding the legs) قرفصاء qurfuṣā’2 squatting, squatting position │ جلس (قعد) القرفصاء (qurfuṣā’a) to squat on one’s heels قرفال qarfāl (coll.; n. un. ة) vetch قرق qaraqa u (qarq) to cluck (hen) قرقذان qarqadān squirrel قرقر qarqara (قرقرة qarqara) to roll; to rumble (stomach); to bray (camel); to coo (pigeon); to purr (cat) قرقرة qarqara pl. قراقر qarāqir2 rumbling noise (in the stomach); gurgle; braying (of a camel); cooing (of a pigeon); purr(ing) (of a cat) قرقوش qarqūš pl. قراقيش qarāqīš2 cartilage قرقوشة qarqūša pl. قراقيش qarāqīš2 (eg.) a kind of crisp cookies مقرقش muqarqaš (eg.) crisp(ed) قرقض qarqaḍa (eg.) to gnaw, bite (هـ on s.th.) │ قرقض على اسنانه to gnash one’s teeth قرقع qarqa‘a to be noisy, boisterous; to creak, grate; to crack, pop │ قرقع ضاحكا (بالضحك or) (ḍaḥk) to burst into loud laughter, laugh noisily, guffaw; قرقع بسوطه (bi-sauṭihī) to crack the whip قرقعة qarqa‘a uproar, din, noise; creaking, creaks, grating; crack(ing), pop(ping); rumble, rumbling قرقوز qaraqōz (from Turk. karagöz) chief character of the Turkish shadow play قرقول see قرة قرقول 1قرم qarama i (qarm) to gnaw (هـ on s.th.), nibble (هـ at s.th.) قرم qarm pl. قروم qurūm studhorse; lord, master قرام qirām blanket, carpet, curtain مقرم miqram pl. مقارم maqārim2 bedcover, bedspread. 2 قرمة qurma pl. قرم quram (eg.) tree stump; log, block of wood; chopping block 3القرم al-qirim and القريم al-qirīm the Crimea قرمد qarmada to plaster, coat with plaster (هـ s.th.); to tile, cover with tile (هـ s.th.) قرمد qarmad (coll.) plaster; plaster of Paris قرميد qirmīd (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. قراميد qarāmīd2 (fired) brick, roof tile; plaster of Paris قرمز qirmiz kermes (the dried bodies of the female kermes insect, coccus ilicis, which yield a red dyestuff) قرمزي qirmizī crimson, carmine; scarlet │ الحمى القرمزي (ḥummā) scarlet fever (med.) قرمش qarmaša (eg.) to eat s.th. dry (هـ), crunch, nibble مقرمش muqarmaš dry, crisp 1قرمطي qarmaṭī Karmathian (adj. and n.); pl. قرامطة qarāmiṭa Karmathians 2قرموط qarmūṭ pl. قراميط qarāmīṭ2 a variety of sheatfish (zool.; Eg.) قرن qarana i (qarn) to connect, link, join, unite, combine, associate (الى or ب هـ s.th. with); to add (الى هـ s.th. to); to couple, yoke together, hitch together, put together, bind together (هـ s.th.) III to unite, join forces, associate (ه with s.o.); to be simultaneous, go hand in hand (هـ with s.th.); to compare (ب هـ, ه or بين -- وبين s.o., s.th. with; بين شيئين two things with one another), draw a parallel (بين -- وبين between -- and; بين شيئين between two things) IV to combine, 759 interrelate (بين شيئين two things) VIII to be connected, be linked, be joined, be united, be combined, be associated (ب with); to combine, associate, unite (ب with); to get married, be married (ب to), marry (ب s.o.); to be coupled, be interconnected, be yoked together, be tied together, be bound together; to become interlinked, become concatenate X to ripen, suppurate, come to a head (of a furuncle) قرن qarn pl. قرون qurūn horn (of an animal; as a wind instrument); feeler, tentacle, antenna; top, summit, peak (of a mountain); the lint visible part of the rising sun; capsule, pod (bot.); century │ ام القرن rhinoceros; وحيد القرن do.; ذو القرنين dū l-qarnain the two-horned (an epithet given to Alexander the Great); قرن البحر q. al-baḥr coral; قرن سمعي (sam‘ī) ear trumpet (= Fr, cornet acoustique); القرون الوسطى (wusṭā) the Middle Ages قرني qarnī horny, corneous, of born, hornlike; leguminous, pertaining to, or of the nature of, legumes; centennial, centenary قرنية qarnīya cornea (anat.) قرن qirn pl. اقران aqrān (matched) opponent in battle; an equal, a peer, a match; companion, mate, fellow, associate; equal, like قرنة qurna pl. قرن quran, قراني qurānī salient angle, nook, corner قرين qarīn pl. قرناء quranā’2 connected, joined, linked, combined, united, associated, affiliated; companion, mate, fellow, associate, comrade; husband, spouse, consort; qarīna (prep.) in connection with, in conjunction with, upon, at │ منقطع القرين munqaṭi‘ al-q. matchless, peerless, unrivaled, incomparable, unique, singular قرينة qarīna pl. -āt wife, spouse, consort; female demon haunting women, specif., a childbed demon; eclampsia (med.); -- (pl. قرائن qarā’in) connection, conjunction, union, relation, affiliation, association, linkage; (semantic or syntactical) coherence, context; evidence, indication, indicium │ السيدة قرينته (sayyida) his wife (formal style); قرائن الأحوال the concatenation of circumstances, the indicia, factual evidence; ضم قرينة الى قرينة (ḍamm) combination اقرن aqran2, f. قرناء qarnā’2 horned, horny; one with eyebrows grown together │ حية قرن (ḥayya) cerastes, horned viper قران qirān close union, close connection: conjunction (astron.); marriage, wedding مقارنة muqārana pl. -āt comparison │ مقارنة اللغات m. al-lugāt comparative linguistics اقتران iqtirān connection, conjunction, union, association, affliliation; link, connectedness, simultaneous interaction; conjunction (astron.); new moon (as an astronomical aspect); marriage, wedding مقرون maqrūn connected, joined, linked, combined, united, associated, affiliated (ب with) │ مقرون الحاجبين m. al-ḥājibain having joined eyebrows مقارن muqārin comparative (science) قرنبيط qarnabīṭ cauliflower قرنفل quranful carnation; clove قره جوز (Eg. spelling; pronounced ’aragōz) Karagōz, chief character of the shadow play; Punch قره قول qaraqōl pl. -āt police station; guard (military, police) │ قره قول الشرف q. aš-šaraf guard of honor 760 قرو V to follow up, investigate (هـ s.th.), inquire (. into); to check. verify (هـ s.th.) X to follow (هـ s.th.); to pursue (هـ s.th., e.g., a problem); to examine, study, investigate (هـ s.th.); to explore (هـ s.th.) قرو qano pl. J) qurllw watering trough │ خشب قرو kašab q. oak (wood) استقراء istiqrā’ induction (philos.); see also under قرأ استقرائي istiqrā’ī inductive (philos.) قرواطيا qaruwāṭiya Croatia قرواطي qaruwāṭī Croatian قروي see قرى قرى qara i (قرى qiran) to receive hospitably, entertain (ه s.o.) VIII = I قرى qiran hospitable reception, entertainment (of a guest); meal served to a guest قرية qarya pl. قرى quran village; hamlet; small town; rural community; القريتان al-qaryatān Mecca and Taif; Mecca and Medina │ ام القرى umm al-qurā Mecca قروي qarawī village-, country- (in compounds), rustic, rural; peasant (adj.); (pl. قرويون qarawīyūn) villager, rustic, countryman, inhabitant of the country; from Kairouan, Kairouan (adj.), an inhabitant of Kairouan; a member of al Qarawiya College in Fès (Morocco) │ جامع القرويين mosque and college in Fès (Morocco); وزارة الشؤون البلدية والقروية (baladīya) Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (Eg.) قروية qarawīya countrywoman, peasant woman قرية qarīya pl. قرايا qarāyā yard (naut.) مقرى miqran vary hospitable مقراء miqrā’ very hospitable قار qārin villager قريدس quraidis (syr.) shrimp (zool.) قز qazza (1st pers. perf. qazaztu) u to loathe, detest (عن or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II to vitrify (هـ s.th.); to glaze (هـ s.th.) V to feel disgust (عن or من at), be nauseated (عن or من by), loathe, detest, abhor (عن or من s.o., s.th.), have an aversion (عن or من to) قز qazz pl. قزوز quzūz silk; raw silk قزاز qizāz (eg.) glass قزاز qazzāz silk merchant قزازة qizāza pl. -āt, قزائز qazā’iz2 (eg.) bottle قازوزة look up alphabetically تقزز taqazzuz loathing, disgust, detestation, abhorrence, aversion قزان (Turk. kazan) qazān pl. -āt kettle, large boiler قزح II to embellish (هـ one’s speech) قوس قزح qausu qazaḥin or qausu quzaḥa rainbow قزحية quzaḥīya iris (anat.) قزع qaza‘ (coll.; n. un. ة) wind-driven, tattered clouds, scud; tuft of hair قزعة (eg.) quz‘a dwarf, midget, pygmy قزيعة qazī‘a tuft of hair قزقز gazqaza (eg.) to crack (هـ nuts, shells) قزل qazal limp(ing) قزم qazam pl. اقزام aqzām dwarf, midget, pygmy; Lilliputian; little fellow, shrimp, hop-o’-my-thumb, whippersnapper قزموغرافيا quzmūgrāfiyā cosmography قزموغرافي quzmūgrāfī cosmographic(al) قزان look up alphabetically بحر قزوين baḥr qazwīn Caspian Sea 761 قس qassa u (qass) to seek, pursue (هـ s.th.), strive (هـ for), aspire (هـ to) V do. قس qass, qiss pl. قسوس qusūs, قسس qusus priest, presbyter, clergyman, minister, parson, vicar, curate, pastor (Chr.); -- qass (= قص) sternum, breastbone قساس qassās slanderer قسيس qissīs pl. -ūn, قساوسة qasāwisa, قسان qussān, اقسة aqissa, (Copt.-Chr.) قساء qussā’ priest, presbyter, clergyman, minister, parson, vicar, curate, pastor (Chr.) قسوسة qusūsa ministry, priesthood, presbyterate (Chr.) رسامة قسوسية risāma qusūsīya ordination (of a priest; Chr.) قسر qasara i (qasr) to force, compel, coerce, constrain (على ه s.o. to do s.th.); to conquer, subdue, subjugate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VIII = I قسر qasr force, compulsion, coercion, constraint; قسرا qasran compulsorily, forcibly, by force; of necessity, necessarily, inevitably, perforce اقتسار iqtisār conquest, subdual, subjugation قسط II to distribute (هـ s.th.); to pay in installments (هـ s.th.) IV to act justly, in fairness, equitably قسط qisṭ justice, fairness, equity, equitableness, fair-mindedness, rightness, correctness; (for sg. and pl.) just, fair, equitable, fair-minded, right, correct; -- (pl. اقساط aqsāt) part; share, allotment; portion; installment; quantity, amount, measure, extent │ على اقساط by installments, gradually; كان على قسط كبير من to possess s.th. (a quality, a characteristic) to a large extent, have a great deal of ... قسط qasaṭ stiffness of a joint, ankylosis (med.) اقسط aqsaṭ juster, fairer; more correct تقسيط taqsīṭ payment in installments │ بالتقسيط in installments, gradually مقسط muqsiṭ acting justly or with fairness, doing right; just, fair قسطر qasṭara to test the genuineness (هـ of coins) قسطاس qusṭās, qisṭās pl. قساطيس qasāṭīs2 balance, scales 1قسطل qasṭal pl. قساطل qasāṭil2 water pipe, water main 2قسطل qasṭal (eg.) chestnut 3بلاد القساطلة bilād al-qasāṭila Castile, Spain القسطنطينية al-qasṭanṭīnīya Constantinople قسم qasama i (qasm) to divide, part, split (هـ s.th.); to distribute, deal out, parcel out (على هـ s.th. to, among), divide (على ه s.th. among); to let s.o. (ل) share (في s.th.). give s.o. (ل) a .hare of s.th. (في), allot (في ل to s.o. s.th.); to divide, subdivide, partition, portion, break up (الى هـ s.th. into), arrange, classify (الى ه s.th. in); to partition, to compartment (هـ s.th.); to assign, apportion, decree, destine, foreordain (هـ على or ل to s.o. s.th.; of God or of fate); to divide (هـ على a number by another) II to divide, part, split (هـ s.th.); to distribute, deal out, parcel out, divide (هـ بين s.th. among); to divide, subdivide, partition, portion, break up (هـ s.th., هـ or الى into), section (هـ s.th.), arrange, classify (هـ s.th., هـ or الى in); to partition, to compartment (هـ s.th.); (Chr.) to consecrate, ordain (هـ s.o.); to exorcise a devil or demon (على from s.o., by adjuration) III to share (هـ ه with s.o. s.th.); to bind o.s. by oath (على ه to s.o. to do s.th.) IV to take an oath, swear (ب by; على ل to s.o. s.th.; على ان to do s.th.) │ اقسم عليه الا فعله (illā fa‘alahū) to adjure or entreat s.o. to do s.th.; اقسموا جهد ايمانهم (jahda aimānihim) 762 they swore by all that is right and holy, they swore the most solemn oaths; اقسم بمقدساتا (muqadasātihī) to swear by all that’s holy V to be divided, be parted, be split; to be distributed, be parceled out; to share (ه, هـ a possession), divide among themselves (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to scatter, disperse (هـ s.th.); to drive away, dispel (هـ s.th.); to beset grievously, harass or torment jointly (ه s.o.) │ تقسموه ضربا وجيعا (ḍarban) they took turns in dealing him painful blows, they gave him a severe beating VI to divide or distribute among themselves (هـ s.th.); to beset, harass, torment (ه s.o.; thoughts, worries, etc.) VII to be divided, be parted, be split; to be distributed, be dispersed, be separated; to be divided, be subdivided, be portioned, be broken up (الى into) VIII to divide or distribute among themselves (هـ s.th.) X to seek an oracle from the deity, cast lots قسم qism pl. اقسام aqsām part, share, allotment; portion; division, compartment; section; department; group, class; district, precinct; police precinct, police station (Eg.); administrative subdivision of a muḥāaẓa (Eg.); subcommittee; kind, sort, specimen, species قسمة qisma dividing, division, distribution, allotment, apportionment; (math.) division (على by); (pl. قسم qisam) part, portion, share, allotment; lot, destiny, fate (foreordained by God) قسم qasam pl. اقسام aqsām oath; قسما qasaman I swear! قسما ب I swear by …! قسمات qasamāt, qasimāt features, lineaments (of the face) قسام qasām and قسامة qasāma beauty, elegance قسيم qasīm pl. قسماء qusamā’2, اقسماء aqsimā’2 sharer, partner, copartner, participant; -- (pl. اقسماء aqsimā’2) part, portion, share, allotment; counterpart قسيمة qasīma pl. قسائم qasā’im2 coupon; receipt تقسيم taqsīm exorcism; (pl. -āt) dividing, division, partition, parting, splitting, sectioning, portioning; distribution, allotment, apportionment; dealing out; division, subdivision, partition(ment); pl. تقاسيم taqāsīm2 structure, build, proportions (e.g., of the body); -- solo recital (mus.) تقسيمة taqsīma pl. تقاسيم taqāsīm2 short solo piece for an instrument (mus.) مقاسمة muqāsama partnership, participation, sharing انقسام inqisām division, split, disruption, breakup; schism اقتسام iqtisām dividing, division, distribution (among themselves) قام qāsim divider; distributor; divisor, denominator (math.) مقسوم maqsūm dividend (math.); مقسوم عليه divisor (math.) مقسم muqassim divider; distributor مقاسم muqāsim sharer, partner, co-partner, participant قسنطينة qusanṭīna2 Constantine (city in NE Algeria) قسا (قسو) qasā u (قسوة qaswa, قساو qasāwa) to be harsh, stern, cruel, merciless, remorseless (على toward s.o.); to handle roughly, treat harshly, severely, cruelly, without mercy (على s.o.) II to harden, indurate, render obdurate or impenitent (هـ the heart) III to undergo, suffer, endure, sustain, bear, stand (هـ s.th.), bear up (هـ against s.th.) IV = II قسو qasw hardness, harshness, grimness, sternness, severity, rigor, austerity قسوة qaswa, hardness, harshness, grimness, sternness, severity, rigor, austerity; cruelty, mercilessness, remorselessness 763 قساوة qasāwa hardness, harshness, grimness, sternness, severity, rigor, austerity; cruelty, mercilessness, remorselessness قسى qusīy hard, solid, firm اقسى aqsā harder, harsher, sterner, severer; more cruel; more difficult مقاساة muqāsāh undergoing, suffering, enduring, sustaining, bearing, standing قاس qāsin pl. قساة qusāh hard, harsh, grim, stern, severe, austere, rough; cruel, inexorable, relentless, merciless, remorseless; difficult 1قسي qasīy see قسو 2قسي qusīy, qisīy pl. of قوس qaus قش qašša i u (qašš) to collect, gather (up), pick up (هـ s.th.); to pick up from here and there (هـ s.th.); to become dry, dry up, shrivel up, wither (esp., of a plant) II to take of this and that قش qašš straw │ قش الحديد steel wool; حمى القش ḥummā l-q. bay fever قشة qašša (n. un.) a straw │ قشة ثقاب match, matchstick; خيار قشة (eg.) gherkins قشيش qašīš sweepings, rubbish, garbage, trash, refuse; offal, waste, scrap مقشة miqašša (eg.) broom, besom قشب qišb, qašab pl. اقشاب aqšāb poison قشيب qašīb pl. قشب qušub new; clean; polished, burnished قشد qašada u (qašId) to skim, take off (هـ the cream) قشدة qišda cream قشر qašara i u (qašr) to peel, pare, shell, derind, bark, skin, scale, shave off, husk, shuck (هـ s.th.) II = I; V to be peeled, be pared, be shelled, be derinded, be barked, be skinned, be scaled, be shaved off, be husked, be shucked; to come off in scales, scale off, flake off, peel off (skin; coating) VII = V قشر qišr pl. قشور qušūr cover(ing), integument, envelope; shell; peel; rind, bark; skin, crust; scab; scurf; hull, husk, shuck; scales (of fish); slough (of a snake); pl. قشور trash, garbage, refuse; trivialities, banalities; externals, superficialities, formalities; dandruff │ قشر الرأس q. ar-ra’s dandruff قشرة qišra peel, rind (e.g., of a fruit), shell (of an egg, of a nut); bark; skin; crust; scab; scurf; hull, husk, shuck; scale; slough (of a snake) قشري qišrī scaly, scurfy, scabrous, squamous; crustaceous │ الاكزيما القشرية psoriasis (med.); O الحيوانات القشرية (ḥayawānāt) crustaceans تقشير taqšīr peeling, paring, shelling; derinding, barking; skinning; scaling; shaving off, scraping off; husking, shucking قشط qašaṭa i (qašṭ) to take off, strip (off), remove (عن هـ s.th. from); to skim (هـ cream); to scratch off, scrape off, abrade (هـ s.th.) II to take off (هـ s.th.); to strip off (هـ s.th.); to rob (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), plunder, strip of his belongings (ه s.o.) قشطة (eg.) qišṭa, (syr.) gašṭa cream; (eg.) sweetsop (Annona squamosa L.; bot.), custard apple قشاط qišāṭ (leather) strap, thong; whiplash; drive belt, transmission belt قشاط qušāṭ (eg.) pl. -āt jetton. chip, counter; piece, man (checkers, backgammon) O مقشط miqšaṭ pl. مقاشط maqāšiṭ2 eraser, erasing knife O مقشطة miqšaṭa pl. مقاشط maqāšiṭ2 milling machine, miller 764 قشع qaša‘a a (qaš‘) to scatter, disperse, drive away, chase away (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), dispel (هـ s.th.) IV to scatter, disperse, drive away, chase away (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), dispel (هـ s.th.); to scatter, disperse, break up (crowd), lift, dissolve (clouds, darkness) V and VII to be scattered, be dispersed, be driven away, be chased away; to scatter, disperse, break up (crowd), lift, dissolve (clouds, darkness) (قشعر) IV اقشعر iqša‘'amJ to Ibudder, lhiver, tremble. quake. Ihake, bave gooae s..b (witb cold. witb fright) I')":I .:.. ~ •.;. ("I~)'I or) la,'"" laqla"""" m,,,",, I-;tdud" a bloodcurdling thing. a borrible. ghastly thing 'J..~ quk{rira shudder, tremor, trembling. Ibakos; lhiver(ing); ague ~ qaI'am pl. ~L.:; qaAa'im' lion I ~ rl "mm q. byena; calamity, disaster قشف qašifa a (qašaf) and qašufa u (قشافة qašafa) to live in squalor and misery; to have a dirty skin; to pay no attention to cleanliness II (eg.) to become rough and chapped, to chap (hands) V = I; to lead an ascetic life, mortify the bodily appetites; (eg.) to become rough and chapped, to chap (skin) قشفة qišfa (eg.) pl. قشف qišaf crust (of bread) تقشف taqaššuf asceticism, mortification of the flesh; simple, primitive way of life متقشف mutaqaššif ascetic(al); (eg.) roughened, chapped (hands); المتقشفة al-mutaqaššifa the ascetics قشقش qašqaša to cure (من ه s.o. of scabies, of smallpox); to sweep out, sweep away (هـ s.th.) 1قشل qašila (qašal) (eg.) to be poor, penniless, without means 2قشلة (Turk. kışla) qašla pl. قشل qišal (military) barracks (syr.); hospital (eg.) قشلاق (Turk. kışlak) qušlāq pl. -āt (military) barracks قشمش qišmiš a variety of currants (= seedless raisins) قاشاني look up alphabetically قص qaṣṣa u (qaṣṣ) to cut, cut off, clip (هـ s.th.); to shear, shear off (هـ s.th.); to trim, curtail, dock, crop, lop (هـ s.th.); -- (qaṣṣ, قصص qaṣaṣ): قص اثره (atarahū) to follow s.o.’s tracks, track s.o.; (قصص qaṣas) to relate, narrate, tell (هـ على to s.o. s.th.) II to out off, shear off, clip, curtail, dock, trim, crop, lop (هـ s.th.) III to retaliate (ه upon s.o.), return like for like (ه to s.o.); to avenge o.s., revenge o.s., take vengeance (ه on s.o.); to punish, castigate, chastise (ه s.o.); (com.) to settle accounts (ه with s.o.); to be quits, be even (ه with s.o.) V اثره (atarahū) to follow s.o.’s tracks, track s.o. VIII = V; to tell accurately, relate exactly (هـ s.th.); to retaliate (من upon s.o.), return like for like (من to s.o.); to avenge o.s., revenge o.s., take vengeance (من on s.o.); to punish, castigate, chastise (من s.o.) قص clippings, outings, chips, snips, shreds, scraps; sternum, breastbone قصة quṣṣa pl. قصص quṣaṣ, قصاص qiṣāṣ forelock; lock of hair قصة qiṣṣa manner of cutting; cut; (pl. قصص qiṣaṣ) narrative, tale, story │ قصة هذا الشيء ان the matter is so that ..., the thing is best described by saying that ... قصص qaṣaṣ clippings, cuttings, chips, snips, shreds, narrative, tale, story قصصي qiṣaṣī, qaṣaṣī narrative, epic(al); (pl. قصصيون) storyteller, writer of fiction, novelist, romancer │ الشعر القصصي (ši‘r) epic poetry 765 قصاصة quṣāṣa (coll. قصاص quṣāṣ, and قصاصة quṣāṣa) pl. -āt cutting, chip, snip, shred; scrap (of paper); slip (of paper); (newspaper) clipping قصاص qaṣṣāṣ shearer; tracker, tracer of tracks; writer of fiction, novelist, romancer اقصوصة uqṣūṣa pl. اقاصيص aqāṣīṣ2 narrative, tale, novella, novel; short story مقص miqaṣṣ pl. مقاص maqāṣ (pair of) scissors, (pair of) shears; (syr.) springs (of an automobile, of a coach) │ ابو مقص abū m. earwig; skimmer, scissorbill (Rhynchops; zool.) قصاص qiṣāṣ requital, reprisal, retaliation; punishment, castigation, chastisement; accounting, clearing, settlement of accounts مقاصة muqāṣṣa accounting, clearing, settlement of accounts; balancing, adjustment, set off; compensation (com.) │ غرفة المقاصة gurfat al-m. clearing house (fin.) مقصوص maqṣūṣ pl. مقاصيص maqāṣīṣ2 (eg.) lovelock, earlock مقصوصة maqṣūṣa skimming ladle, skimmer قصاج quṣāj pl. -āt pliers, pincers, nippers قصب qaṣaba i (qaṣb) to out up, carve up (هـ a slaughtered animal) II to curl (هـ the hair); to brocade, embroider with gold and silver thread (هـ s.th.) قصب qaṣab (coll.) cane(s), reed(s); sugar cane; stalks (of cereal grasses); gold and silver thread, gold and silver embroidery; brocade │ قصب الذهب q. ad-dahab gold brocade; قصب السكر q. as-sukkar sugar cane; القصب الهندي (hindī) bamboo; احرز قصب السبق (والغلب) aḥraza qaṣaba s-sabq (wa-l-galb) to come through with flying colors, carry the day, score a great success قصبة qaṣaba (n. un.) pl. -āt cane, reed; pipe, tube; pipestem, pipe tube; writing pen; windpipe, trachea; shaft (of a well); a wind instrument resembling the reed pipe; kassabah, a linear measure (Eg. = 3.55 m); citadel; capital city, metropolis │ قصبة الرئة q. ar-ri’a windpipe, trachea; قصبة المريء q. al-marī’ gullet, esophagus قصابة qaṣāba butcher’s trade, butchery قصيبة quṣaiba (tun.) oats قصاب qaṣṣāb butcher, slaughterer; (eg.) land surveyor قصابة qaṣāba (reed) pipe مقصب muqaṣṣab embroidered with gold and silver thread, brocaded, trimmed with brocade قصاج look up alphabetically قصد qaṣada i (qaṣd) to go or proceed straightaway (الى or هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), make a beeline (الى or هـ, ه for), walk up to s.o. or s.th. (الى or هـ .); to go to see (الى, ه s.o.), call (الى, ه on s.o.); to betake o.s., repair, go (الى, ه to a place; الى, ه to s.o.), be headed, be bound (الى, ه for a place); to seek, pursue (الى, هـ s.th.), strive (الى, هـ for), aspire (الى, هـ to), intend, have in mind (الى, هـ s.th.; من or ب هـ s.th. with s.th. else); to aim (الى, هـ at s.th.); to have in view, contemplate, consider, purpose (هـ s.th.); to mean, try to say (هـ ب or من by s.th. s.th.); to adopt a middle course (في in, at); to be economical, frugal, thrifty, provident; to economize, save │ قصد قصده (qaṣdahū) to walk up to s.o., go toward s.o.; to follow, imitate s.o. IV to induce to go (الى to s.o., to a place; ه s.o.); to compose kasidas V to be broken, break; (eg.) to be angry (ه with s.o.), be mad (ه at s.o.) VII to be broken, break VIII to adopt a middle course (في in, at; بين between); to assume a mediatory position (بين between), act as mediator; to be economical, frugal, thrifty, 766 provident, economize (في with); to save (هـ money, etc.); to compose kasidas قصد qaṣd endeavor, aspiration, intention, intent; design, purpose, resolution; object, goal, aim, end; frugality; thrift, economy │ قصدا qaṣdan, عن قصد intentionally, purposely, advisedly, on purpose; deliberately; عن غير قصد unintentionally, inadvertently; حسن القصد ḥusn al.q. good intention; سوء القصد sū’ al-q. evil intention هو قصدك (qaṣdaka, qaṣduka) he is in front of you, before you, opposite you قصدي qaṣdī intentional; intended قصاد quṣād (prep.) in front of, before, opposite (eg.) قصيد qaṣīd aspired, desired, aimed at, intended; faultless, without defects (of a poem); also = قصيدة │ بيت القصيد bait al-q. (the essential, principal verse of the kasida, i.e.) the main point, the principal part, the essence, the core, the gist, the hest, the hit, the climax of s.th., that which stands out from the rest, the right thing قصيدة qaṣīda pl. قصائد qaṣā’id2 kasida, an ancient Arabic poem having, as a rule, a rigid tripartite structure) │ بيت القصيدة = بيت القصيد, see under قصيد اقصد aqṣad2 directer, directest مقصد maqṣad pl. مقاصد maqāṣid2 (place of) destination; intention, intent; design, purpose, resolution; object, goal, aim, end; sense, meaning, import, purport, significance │ سيئ المقاصد sayyi’ al-m. malevolent, malicious اقتصاد iqtiṣād saving, economization, retrenchment; thriftiness, thrift, providence; economy │ علم الاقتصاد ‘ilm al-iqt., (علم) الاقتصاد السياسي (siyāsī) economics, political economy; اقتصادا في الوقت iqtiṣādan fī l-waqt in order to save time اقتصادي iqtiṣādī economical; saving, thrifty, provident; economic; economist, political economist; الاقتصاديات the economy قاصد qāṣid direct, straight (way); easy, smooth, pleasant, short (of travel) │ قاصد رسولي (rasūlī) (pl. قصاد quṣṣād) apostolic delegate قصادة رسولية qiṣāda rasūlīya papal legation مقصود maqṣūd aimed at, intended; intentional, designed, deliberate; meant قصدير qaṣdīr tin 2قصر qaṣura u (qiṣar, qaṣr, قصارة qaṣāra) to be or become short, too short, or shorter; to be insufficient, be inadequate; -- qaṣara u (قصور quṣūr) to miss, fail to reach (عن s.th., e.g., a target), fall short (عن of); to he incapable (عن of), he unable (عن to do s.th.), fail to reach, attain, accomplish, or achieve (عن s.th.); not to he equal (عن to s.th.), not to be up to s.th. (عن), he unable to cope with s.th. (عن); to desist, cease, refrain, abstain (عن from); -- qaṣara i u (qaṣr) to make short or shorter, shorten, cut short, curtail, abridge, reduce, lessen (هـ s.th.); -- qaṣara u (qaṣr) to hold hack, restrain, check, curb (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to keep under supervision or control (هـ, ه s.o., s.h.); to lock up (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to limit, restrict, confine (على هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to); -- qaṣara u (qaṣr, قصارة qiṣāara) to full, whiten, bleach, blanch (هـ s.th.) II to make short or shorter, shorten, cut short, curtail, abridge, reduce, lessen (هـ s.th.); to miss, fail to reach (عن s.th., e.g., a target), fall short (عن of); to he incapable (عن of), be unable (عن to do s.th.); to fail to accomplish, achieve, reach, or attain (عن s.th.); not to be equal (عن to s.th.), not to he up to s.th. (عن), he unable to cope with s.th. (عن); to be 767 inadequate, insufficient, inferior; to be remise (في in, at, in some work), be derelict (في to), fall behind, lag behind (في in); to be negligent, careless; to be in, negligent, neglectful (في in), neglect (في s.th.); to desist, cease, refrain, abstain (عن from) │ لم يقصر he spared no pains or expense in or with ..., he left nothing undone to ..., he did not fail to ... IV to make short or shorter, shorten, cut short, curtail, abridge, reduce, lessen (هـ s.th.); to desist, cease, refrain, abstain (عن from) VI to contract, shrink, dwindle, become smaller; to be incapable (عن of); to desist, cease (عنfrom); to refrain. abstain (عن from) VIII to limit o.s., restrict o.s., confine o.s., be limited, restricted, or confined (على to); to content o.s., be content (على with) X to find short, regard as deficient or inadequate (هـ s.th.) قصر qaṣr shortness, brevity; smallness; incapability, inability; insufficiency, inadequacy; laxity, slackness, negligence, neglectfulness; indolence, inertness, laziness; shortening, curtailment, abridgment, reduction, diminution; limitation, restriction. confinement (على to); theutmost that is in s.o.’s power, e.g., قصرك ان تفعل هذا (qaṣruka) the most you can hope to accomplish is to do this; you must limit yourself to doing this قصر qaṣr pl. قصور quṣū castle; palace; palais │ قصر العدلية q. al-‘adlīya (Mor.) palace of justice, courthouse قصرية qaṣrīya pl. قصار qaṣārin pot; flowerpot; chamber pot قصر qiṣar shortness, brevity; smallness │ قصر النظر q. an-naẓar nearsightedness, shortsightedness قصر qaṣr slackness, laxity, negligence, neglectfulness; indolence, inertness, laziness قصار qaṣār, quṣār: قصارك ان تفعل هذا = قصاراك ان تفعل هذا (see قصارى) قصار qaṣṣār fuller, bleacher قصور quṣūr incapability, inability; insufficiency, inadequacy; deficiency, shortcoming, lack; reduction, diminution, decrease; slackness, laxity, negligence, neglectfulness; indolence, inertness, laziness; legal minority, nonage │ قصور الباع powerlessness, impotence, helplessness, weakness, incapability, inability (عن of, to do s.th.) قصير qaṣīr pl. قصار qiṣār short; small, short (of stature), low │ قصير الأجل q. al-ajal short-term(ed), short-dated, short-lived; قصير الباع powerless, impotent, helpless, weak, incapable, unable; parsimonious, niggardly; قصير اليد q. al-yad do. قصارة qiṣāra trade of the fuller or bleacher قصارى quṣārā the utmost, the limit (ه) s.o.’s power) │ قصاراك ان تفعل كذا (quṣārāka) the most you can accomplish is to do this; you must limit yourself to doing this; بذل قصاراه or بذل قصارى الجهد (q. l-jahd) to exert every conceivable effort (ل to, in order to; ب on, for), go to great lengths, go out of one’s way, do one’s best, do all in one’s power, leave no stone untamed (ل to, in order to); قصارى الأمر q. l-amr, قصارى القول q. l-qaul in short, in brief, to make a long story short اقصر aqṣar2 shorter الاقصر al-aqṣur Luxor (town in Upper Egypt) تقصير taqṣīr shortening, curtailment, abridgment, reduction, diminution, limitation, restriction, confinement; incapability, incapacity, inability; insufficiency, inadequacy, inferiority; neglect, dereliction (في of ), remissness (في in); slackness, laxity, negligence, 768 neglectfullness; defect, fault, failing, deficiency, shortcoming قاصر qāṣir incapable (عن of), unable (عن to do s.th.); limited, restricted, confined (على to); reserved (على for); intransitive (gram.); (pl. -ūn, قصر quṣṣar) legally minor, under age; a legal minor │ قاصرة الطرف q. aṭ-ṭarf (of a woman) chaste-eyed, chaste, demure, modest; قاصر اليد q. al-yad powerless, impotent, helpless, weak, incapable, unable; parsimonious, niggardly مقصور maqṣūr confined (على to); restricted, limited │ مقصورة الطرف m. aṭ-ṭarf (woman) chaste-eyed, chaste, demure, modest; الف مقصورة (alif) the alif that can be shortened, i.e., final ى, pronounced -ā (e.g., رمى ramā) and ا, without following hamza (gram.) مقصورة maqṣūra pl. -āt, مقاصير maqāṣīr2 palace; cabinet, closet; compartment; box or stall in a mosque near the mihrab, reserved for the ruler; (theater, cinema) box, log.; the detached portion of a mosque set aside for the communal prayer, and frequently enclosing the tomb of the patron saint; (prisoner’s) dock; chapel (in a church) مقصر muqaṣṣir slack, negligent, neglectful مقتصر muqtaṣir limited, restricted, confined (على to) مقتصر muqtaṣar short, brief, concise, terse, succinct, summary قيصر look up alphabetically قصع qaṣa‘a a (qaṣ‘) to drink in avid gulps, gulp down, pour down, toss down (هـ water); to slake quench (هـ the thirst); to grind, crush. bruise, squash, mash (هـ (s.th.) قصعة qaṣ‘a pl. qaṣa‘āt, قصع qiṣa‘, قصاع qiṣā‘ large bowl (made of wood or copper); (ir.) kettle قصف qaṣafa i (qaṣf) to break, shatter, smash (هـ s.th.); to beset, harass, press hard, oppress (ه s.o.), bear down (ه upon s.o.); to bomb (ه s.th.); to thunder, roar (esp., of cannon); to roll, rumble, grumble, peal (of thunder); -- u (qaṣf, قصوف quṣūf) to feast, revel, carouse; to lead a life of opulence; -- qaṣifa a (qaṣaf) to break; to be frail, delicate, brittle, fragile V and VII to be broken, break, snap قصف qaṣf thunder, roar (e.g., of cannon); revelry, carousal قصف qaṣif frail, delicate, brittle, fragile; broken قصيف qaṣīf frail, delicate, brittle, fragile; broken قصوف quṣūf revelry, carousal مقصف maqṣaf pl. مقاصف maqāṣif2 refreshment room; post exchange, canteen; casino; bar; buffet, refreshment counter قصقص qaṣqaṣa to break, shatter (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to snip off the ends (هـ of s.th.), clip, trim, crop (هـ s.th.) قصل qaṣala i (qaṣl) to cut off, mow (off) (هـ s.th.) VIII to cut off (هـ s.th.) قصل qaṣal chaff, husks, shucks, awns (of grain); (n. un. ة) stalks قصال qaṣṣāl sharp, cutting, sharp-pointed قصيل qaṣīl (eg.) winter barley مقصل miqṣal sharp, cutting, sharp-pointed O مقصلة miqṣala pl. -āt, مقاصل maqāṣil2 guillotine قاصل qāṣil sharp, cutting قصم qaṣama i (qaṣm) to break, shatter (هـ s.th.) │ قصم ظهره (ẓahrahū) (to break s.o.’s back =) to be a mortal blow to s.o. V to be broken, break, snap VII = V 769 قصم qaṣim easily broken, brittle, fragile قصيم qaṣīm easily broken, brittle, fragile قاصم qāṣim pl. قواصم qawāṣim2 breaking │ قاصمة الظهر qāṣimat aẓ-ẓahr mortal blow, catastrophe, disaster; ضربات قواصم (ḍarabat) mortal blows, crushing blows (قصو and قصي) قصا qaṣā u (قصو qaṣw, quṣuw, قصاء qaṣā’) and قصي qaṣiya a (قصا, قصى qaṣan) to be far away, be far removed, be at a great distance (عن from), be remote, distant; to go far away (عن from) IV to take far away, send far away (عن ه s.o., s.th. from); to remove (عن ه s.o. from); to drive away (عن ه s.o. from); to drag away (عن ه s.o. from); to dismiss (ه s.o., عن الخدمة from a job); to reach the utmost limit (هـ of s.th.) │ لا يقصيه البصر lā yuqṣīhi l-baṣaru out of sight, not within view, invisible V to go far away (عن from); to penetrate deeply, inquire (هـ into a problem, and the like), examine, study, investigate (هـ s.th.), go to the root (0 of s.th.); to follow out, follow to a. conclusion (هـ s.th.); to examine, feel out, palpate (هـ s.th.) X to penetrate deeply, inquire (هـ into a problem, and the like), examine, study, investigate (هـ s.th.), go to the root (هـ of s.th.); to inquire, make inquiries (عن about) قصا qaṣan and قصاء qaṣā’ distance, remoteness قصي qaṣīy pl. اقصاء aqṣā’ far (away), distant, remote اقصى aqṣā, f. قصوى quṣwā, pl. اقاص aqāṣin more distant, remoter, farther (away); most distant, remotest, farthest; utmost, extreme, ultimate; maximal, maximum; the farthermost part; the utmost, extreme, extremity; end │ المسجد الأقصى (masjid) name of a mosque on the Temple Square in Jerusalem; الشرق الأقصى (šarq) the Far East; المغرب الأقصى (magrib) (the extreme west =) Morocco; الغاية القصوى من the utmost degree of, the maximum of; اقاصي الأرض aqāsī l-arḍ the remotest parts of the earth, the ends of the world; عند الضرورة القصوى (ḍarūra) in case of dire necessity, when worst comes to worst; الى اقصى حد aqṣā ḥaddin to the extreme limit, to the utmost; as far as possible; من اقصاه الى اقصاه or من ادناه الى اقصاه (adnāhu) from one end to the other, throughout, everything without exception تقص taqaṣṣin thorough examination, close study, minute investigation استقصاء istiqṣā’ thorough examination, close study, minute investigation; inquiry (عن about) قاص qāṣin pl. قاصون qāṣūn, اقصاء aqṣā’ distant, remote, far (away) │ القاصى والدانى (lit.: the distant one and the near one =) everybody, all people; في القاصية والدانية near and far قض qaḍḍa u (qaḍḍ) to pierce, bore, perforate (هـ s.th.); to break into pieces, crush, bray, bruise, pulverize (هـ s.th.); to tear down, demolish (هـ a wall); to pull out. tear out (هـ a peg or stake); -- a (قضض qaḍaḍ) to be rough, crude, hard (bed) IV to be rough, crude, hard (bed); to make rough, crude or hard (هـ the bed) │ اقض مضجعه (maḍja‘ahū) or اقض عليه المضجع to rob s.o.’s sleep VII to swoop down, pounce down, dive down, descend; to strike (على s.th.; of lightning); to pounce, fall, rush, hurl o.s. (على upon), storm, rush (على against), charge, attack, assail (على s.o.); to be broken, cracked, threaten to collapse; to fall, tumble قض qaḍḍ (coll.) pebbles; gravel │ جاء القوم قضهم jā’a l-qaumu qaḍḍuhum (qaḍḍahum) all the people came قضة qiḍḍa pebbles; gravel 770 قضيض qaḍīḍ pebbles; gravel │ جاء القوم قضيضهم (بقضيضهم) (qaum) all the people came انقضاض inqiḍāḍ swooping down, pouncing down, dive, downrush; onrush, onslaught, storm, assault │ مدفع الانقضاض midfa‘ al-inq. (pl. مدافع madāfi‘) self-propelled assault gun (mil.); طائرة الانقضاض dive bomber طائرة منقضة ṭā’ira munqaḍḍa dive bomber قضب qaḍaba i (qaḍb) to cut off (هـ s.th.); to lop, prone, trim (هـ trees) II = I; VIII = I; to abridge (هـ s.th.), give a condensed extract, make a digest (هـ of s.th.); to extemporize, improvise (هـ s.th.), quote extempore (هـ verses, and the like), deliver offhand (هـ a speech) قضب qaḍb edible herbs قضيب qaḍīb pl. قضبان qaḍbān cut-off branch, twig, switch; stick, rod, staff, wand; bar (of a grate); male organ of generation, penis, phallus; rail (railroad); guide, guide rail, guideway (tehn.) قضابة qaḍāba that which is lopped or out off; lops, prunings, trimmings (of trees) مقضب miqḍab pruning hook; pruning shears, pruning knife اقتضاب iqtiḍāb abridgment; digest; extract; conciseness, terseness, brevity; improvisation مقتضب muqtaḍab short, brief, concise, terse; improvised, extemporaneous, offhand, unprepared; المقتضب name of a poetic meter; pl. مقتضبات short news items, news in brief (journ.) قضع qaḍ‘ gripes, colic قضاع quḍā‘ gripes, colic قضف qaḍufa u to be or become slender, slim, thin, narrow قضم qaḍma a and qaḍama i (qaḍm) to gnaw (هـ s.th., on s.th.); to nibble (هـ s.th., at s.th.) قضامة (pronounced qḍāme; syr.) roasted and salted chick-peas; assorted nuts, peanuts, pistachios, etc.; birdseed الحيوانات القاضمة al-ḥayawānāt al-qāḍima the rodents قضى qaḍā i (قضاء qaḍā’) to settle (هـ s.th.); to finish, terminate, conclude, end, close, wind up, complete, consummate, accomplish, achieve (هـ s.th.); to carry out, execute, perform, effectuate (هـ s.th.); to fulfill (هـ a request), comply (هـ with); to do, perform (هـ one’s duty); to gratify (هـ a wish), provide (هـ for a need), satisfy, meet, answer, discharge (هـ a demand, a claim); to pay, settle (هـ a debt); to spend, pass (هـ time); to die (= قضى اجله); to fix, appoint, determine, decree, decide, rule (ب s.th., بان that); (of God) to foreordain, predestine; to judge, act as judge, decide judicially (بين between two litigants); to pass or pronounce judgment (ل in favor of s.o.; على against s.o.); to sentence, condemn (ب على s.o. to), impose, inflict (ب على upon s.o. a penalty); to impose or enjoin as a duty (ب على upon s.o. s.th.); to make necessary or requisite (ب على for s.o. s.th.), require s.o. (على) to do s.th. (ب), compel, force (على s.o. ب to do s.th.); to demand, require, necessitate (ب s.th.), call for s.th. (ب); to root out, extirpate, annihilate, exterminate (على s.o., s.th.); to kill, do in (على s.o.), do away (على with s.o., with s.th.), put an end (على to s.th.); to thwart, foil, frustrate (على s.th.) │ قضى اجله (ajalahū) to pass away, die; قضى العجب من (‘ajaba) to be full of amazement at, be very astonished at; قضى نحبه (naḥbahū) to fulfill one’s vow; to pass away, die; قضى وطره (waṭarahū) to attain one’s aim or end, see one’s wish fulfilled; قضى الأمر 771 quḍiya l-amru the matter is decided and done with, the die is cast; قضي امره quḍiya amruhū and قضي عليه quḍiya ‘alaihi it’s all over with him, he’s a goner II to carry out, execute, perform, effectuate (هـ s.th.) III to summon before a judge, bring before a court of justice, arraign (ه s.o.); to prosecute, sue (ه s.o.), take legal action, bring suit (ه against s.o.); to demand (ب ه from s.o. payment of s.th.), call in (ب ه from s.o. s.th.) V to be finished, completed; to peas, go by, elapse, expire, run out (time) VI to litigate, carry on a lawsuit; to demand (هـ s.th.; من هـ or ه from s.o. payment of s.th.; from s.o. s.th.), call in (هـ s.th., من or ه from s.o.), claim (هـ على for s.th. remuneration), lay claim (هـ to s.th.); to get, receive (هـ ه from s.o. s.th., also هـ من s.th. from, esp. money owed, emolument) VII to be completed, be finished, be done, be terminated, be concluded, come to an end, cease, stop; to pass, go by, elapse, expire, run out (time); to have expired, have elapsed, be over, be peat (time) VIII to demand, claim, exact, require (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.); to make necessary, make requisite, necessitate, require (هـ s.th.) X to demand, claim, exact, require (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.) قضى qaḍan judgment, sentence, (judicial) decision, (court) ruling قضاء qaḍā’ settling, finishing, ending, closing, termination, conclusion, windup, completion, accomplishment; carrying out, execution, performance, effectuation; fulfillment, satisfaction, gratification (of a wish, of a desire); provision (for a need); compliance (with a request); payment, settlement, discharge (of a debt); passing, spending (of a period of time); divine decree, destiny, fate; judgment, sentence, (judicial) decision, (court) ruling, ordinance; administration of the law, judiciary, jurisprudence, justice; law; jurisdiction; office of judge, judge, ship, judicature; judging, rendering of judgment; sentencing, condemnation (على of s.o.); extermination, annihilation, extirpation (على of s.o., of s.th.), killing (على of s.o.), thwarting, foiling frustration (على of s.th.); -- (pl. اقضية aqḍiya) district, province (Syr., Ir., Leb., Saudi Ar., Yemen) │ قضاء الله death; القضاء الشرعي (šar‘ī) jurisdiction based on the Sharia; canonical law, Sharia law; دار القضاء court of justice, tribunal; محكمة القضاء الإداري maḥkmat al-q. al-idārī administrative court; القضاء والقدر (wa-l-qadar) fate and divine decree; بالقضاء والقدر (or قضاء وقدرا qaḍā’an wa-qadaran) by fate and divine decree; قضي القضاء (quḍiya) the divine decree was fulfilled, i.e., death came with God’s will قضائي qaḍā’ī judicial, judicatory; forensic, legal, judiciary, pertaining to courts of justice │ حارس قضائي pl. حراس قضائيون (ḥurrās) legally appointed trustee or administrator, receiver in bankruptcy, liquidator, sequestrator قضوية الصلح qaḍawīyat aṣ-ṣulḥ jurisdiction of a justice of the peace قضية qaḍīya pl. قضايا qaḍāyā lawsuit; litigation, judicial contest; action at law, suit; (legal) case, cause, legal affair; matter, affair; question, problem, issue; theorem, proposition (math.) مقاضاة muqāḍāh trial, hearing انقضاء inqiḍā’ passing, elapsing, termination, expiry, expiration, end (of a period of time); extinction (of an obligation) اقتضاء iqtiḍā’ necessity, need, exigency, requirement │ عند الاقتضاء in case of need, if need be, when necessary قاض qāḍin decisive, conclusive; deadly, lethal; (pl. قضاة quḍāh) judge, magistrate, justice, cadi; pl. قواض qawāḍin 772 requirements, exigencies │ سم قاض (samm) deadly poison; ضربة قاضية (ḍarba) decisive blow (على against); knockout (boxing); mortal or crushing blow, deathblow (على to); رأى من قواضى الذمة ان (q. d-dimma) to regard it u one’s duty to ...; قاضي البحث q. l-baḥt (Tun.) examining magistrate; قاضي التحقيق (Eg.) examining magistrate; قاضي الإحالة q. l-iḥāla (Eg.) magistrate sitting at defendant’s arraignment, trial judge; قاضي الصلح q. ṣ-ṣulḥ justice of the peace مقضي maqḍīy settled, finished, done, completed, accomplished, etc. │ الأمر المقضي accomplished fact, fait accompli متقاض mutaqāḍin pl. متقاضون mutaqāḍūn litigant; المتقاضيان al-mutaqāḍiyān the two litigants متقاضى mutaqāḍan subject to legal prosecution مقتضى muqtaḍan required, necessary, requisite; (pl. مقتضيات muqtaḍayāt) requirement, exigency, necessity, need │ بمقتضى bi-muqtaḍā (prep.) according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, pursuant to, under; عند مقتضيات الأحوال should the circumstances require it 1قط qaṭṭu (chiefly with the put tense in negative sentences) ever, (neg.:) never 2 قطqaṭṭa u (qaṭṭ) to carve (هـ s.th.); to cut, trim, clip, pare (هـ s.th.); to mend the point (هـ of a pen), nib, sharpen (هـ a pen) II to carve, turn (هـ wood) VIII to sharpen, nib (هـ a pen) قط qaṭṭ short and curly (hair) قطاط qaṭṭāṭ turner 3قط qiṭṭ pl. قطط qiṭaṭ, قطاط qiṭāṭ, قططة qiṭaṭa male cat, tomcat │ قط الزباد q. az-zabād civet cat قطة qiṭṭa female cat قطيطة quṭaiṭa kitten قطب qaṭaba i (qaṭb) to gather, collect (هـ s.th.); -- (qaṭb, قطوب quṭūb) to contract the eyebrows (also قطب حاجبيه q. ḥājibaihi), knit the brows, frown, scowl, glower │ قطب جبينه (jabīnahū) to frown II to scowl, glower; to knit the brows, frown; (eg.) to sew together (هـ s.th.) V to become gloomy (countenance) X O to polarize (هـ s.th.; phys.) قطب quṭb pl. اقطاب aqṭāb axis, axle; pole (astron., geogr., el.); pivot; leader; authority, leading personality, celebrity (chiefly used in the pl.) │ قطب الرحى q. ar-raḥā pivot (of s.th.; fig.); القطب الجنوبي (janūbī) the South Pole; القطب الشمالي (šamālī) the North Pole; قطب سالب negative pole; cathode, قطب موجب (mūjab) positive pole, anode قطبي quṭbī polar │ O الشفق القطبي (šafaq) polar light قطبة quṭba (eg.) stitch (in sowing) قطوب quṭūb frowning, scowling, glowering O استقطاب istiqṭāb polarization (phys.) قاطبة qāṭibatan all together, all without exception, one and all قطر qaṭara u (qaṭr, قطران qaṭarān) to fall or sow in drops, drip, dribble, trickle II (qaṭr) to let fall or sow in drops, drip, drop, dribble, infuse in drops or driblets (هـ s.th.); to filter, filtrate (هـ s.th.); to refine (هـ s.th.); to distill (هـ s.th.); to line up camels (هـ) in single file and connect them with halters, form a train of camels; to couple (هـ vehicles); to tow, tug (هـ a ship) V to fall or sow in drops, drip, dribble, trickle; to soak, percolate (الى into), trickle (الى in) VI to come in successive groups, to crowd, throng, flock (الى or على to s.o., to a place) X to drip, drop, dribble (هـ s.th.); to distill, extract by distillation (هـ s.th.) 773 قطر qaṭr dripping, dribbling, dribble, trickling, trickle; (call.; n. un. ة) pl. قطار qiṭār drops, driblets; rain; -- sirup قطر qaṭr pl. قطورات quṭūrāt (eg.) (railroad) train قطرجي (eg.) qaṭargī pl. -īya shunter, switchman (railroad) قطر quṭr pl. اقطار aqṭār region, quarter; district, section; tract of land; zone; country, land; diameter (of a circle); diagonal; caliber, bore (of a tube) │ القطر المصري (miṣrī) Egypt; نصف قطر الدائرة niṣf q. ad-d. radius (of the circle); اربعة اقطار الدنيا arba‘at a. ad-dunyā the four quarters of the world; الروعة التي تأخذني من جميع اقطاري (rau‘a) the rapture which holds me completely enthralled, which pervades my heart through and through قطري quṭrī regional; diametral, diametrical قطر qaṭar2 Qatar (sheikdom in eastern Arabia) قطر quṭr, quṭur agalloch, aloeswood قطرة qaṭra (n. un. of قطر qaṭr) pl. qaṭarāt drop (also as a medicine) قطيرة quṭaira pl. -āt droplet, driblet قطار qiṭār pl. -āt, قطر quṭur, قطرات quṭurāt train of camels; (railroad) train; railroad; single file (of soldiers; Eg., mil.) │ قطار البضاعة freight train, goods train; قطار حديدي (ḥadīdī) railroad train; (خصوصي or خصوص) قطار خاص (kāṣṣ, kuṣūṣī) special train; قطار الركاب q. ar-rukkāb passenger train; قطار سباق (sabbāq) fast train, express train; قطار سريع express train; قطار وقاف (waqqāf) local train قطارة qaṭṭāra dropping tube, pipette, dropper قطران qaṭrān (qiṭrān, qaṭirān) tar مقطر miqṭar pl. مقاطر maqāṭir2 censer مقطرة miqṭara pl. مقاطر maqāṭir2 censer; stocks (device for punishment) تقطير taqṭīr filtering, filtration; refining; distilling, distillation استقطار istiqṭār distilling, distillation قاطرة qāṭira pl. -āt locomotive; rail car, diesel مقطورات maqṭūrāt trailers, truck trailers مقطرات muqaṭṭarāt spirituous liquors, spirits قطرميز qaṭramīz (large) glass bottle or jar قطرن qaṭrana to tar, smear or coat with tar (هـ s.th.) قطران qaṭrān (qiṭrān, qaṭirān) tar قطع qaṭa‘a a (qaṭ‘) to cut (هـ s.th.); to cut off (هـ s.th.); to chop off, lop off (هـ s.th.); to amputate (هـ s.th.); to cut through, cut in two, divide (هـ s.th.); to tear apart, disrupt, sunder, disjoin, separate (هـ s.th.); to fell (هـ a tree); to break off, sever (هـ s.th., e.g., relations); to break off one’s friendship, break (ه with s.o.); to cut, snub (ه s.o.); to interrupt (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cut short, interrupt, silence (ه s.o.); to turn off, switch off, disconnect (هـ electric current); to prevent, hinder (عن ه s.o. from); to forbid (ه to s.o. s.th.), prohibit (عن ه s.o. from doing s.th.); to deprive (عن ه s.o. of); (Chr.) to excommunicate (ه s.o.); to have a profound effect, have a considerable impact, be impressive (spiritually); to make a profound impression (في on), impress greatly, affect deeply (في s.o.); to ford (هـ a river), cross (هـ a river, an ocean), traverse (هـ a country), pass through or across s.th. (هـ); to cover (هـ a distance); to survive (هـ s.th., e.g., a danger), surmount, overcome (هـ s.th., e.g., a difficulty), get over s.th. (هـ); to spend, pass, while away (في هـ time with); to use up, consume (هـ food); to decide (هـ or ب s.th.); to say with 774 certainty, assert, declare positively (ب s.th.), affirm confidently, aver (بأن that); to prove (بأن that); pass. quṭi’a to break, break apart, be or get broken, be or become interrupted; to snap (rope, string of a musical instrument) │ قطع الأمل (الرجاء) (amal, rajā’) to give up hope, to despair; قطع الثمن (taman) to fix the price, agree on the price; قطع تذكرة (بطاقة) (tadkiratan) to buy a ticket; قطع عليه حديثه (ḥadītahū) to interrupt s.o., cut s.o. short, cut in on s.o.’s talk; قطع دورا (dauran) to pass through a phase or period, go through a stage; قطع برأي (bi-ra’yin) to express a firm opinion; to decide in favor of an opinion; قطع برأيه (bi-ra’yihī) to be guided in one’s decisions by s.o., proceed in accordance with s.o.’s opinion or decision; قطع الرحم (raḥim) to sever the bonds of kinship, break with one’s relatives; to violate the rules of consanguinity; قطع اشواطا (ašwāṭan) to make progress; قطع شوطا كبيرا (بعيدا) في التقدم (الرقي) (šauṭan, taqaddum, ruqīy) and قطع في ميدان الرقي اشواطا (maidāni r-r.) to make great progress, make great headway; قطع عليه الطريق to cut off s.o.’s way, intercept s.o.; to engage in highway robbery; to waylay s.o.) commit highway robbery on s.o.; لا يقطع عقله (‘aqlahū) it won’t get into his head, he can’t understand or believe it; قطع عهدا (‘ahdan) to make a contract; to make a promise, vow, or pledge (ل to s.o.); قطع على نفسه عهدا ب (‘ahdan) and قطع الوعد على نفسه ب (wa‘da) to vow s.th., pledge o.s. or bind o.s. to do s.th.; قطع الكمبيالة to discount the bill of exchange; قطع لسنه (lisānahū) to silence s.o., seal s.o.’s lips, gag s.o.; قطع الوقت (waqt) to while away the time, kill time II to cut into pieces, cut up, dismember (هـ s.th.); to carve (هـ meat); to tear apart, rend, rip apart, gash. slash, lacerate (هـ s.th.); to cut seriously, gash deeply (هـ one’s hand); to interrupt; to scan (هـ a verse) │ يقطع البصر (qalba) heart-rending III to dissociate, separate o.s. (ه from), part company, break off one’s friendship, break (ه with s.o.); to cut, snub (ه s.o.); to be on bad terms (ه with s.o.); to boycott (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to interrupt (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cut s.o. (ه) short, out in on s.o.’s (ه) talk, also قاطع الحديث IV to make or let s.o. (ه) cut or cut off (هـ s.th.); to make or let s.o. (ه) cross or ford (هـ a river); to bestow as a fief (هـ ه on s.o. s.th.); to grant, assign, allot (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to separate o.s., disassociate o.s. (ه from s.o.), part company (ه with s.o.); to break off one’s friendship (عن with s.o.); to break (عن with s.o.) V to be cut off, be severed, be disrupted, be interrupted, be disconnected; to snap; to be cut up, be chopped up, be hacked to pieces. be dismembered; to be intermittent. flow discontinuously (electric current); to be disjointed, be jerky (words, style); to knock o.s. out (e.g., with eagerness) │ تقطعت به الحبال (ḥibālu) to be at the end of one’s resources, be utterly helpless; تقطع به الأسباب (asbābu) to be at one’s wit’s end, be at the end of one’s tether; هدف تتقطع دونه الأعناق (hadafun, dūnahū) lit.: a goal on the way to which throats are slit, i.e., one which remains unattainable VI to separate, part company, go apart; to get separated from each other; to break off mutual relations, snub each other; to intersect (lines, roads, etc.; L s.th.), cut across, cross (of a line or road, مع another) VII to be cut off, be or get separated (عن or من from); to be chopped off, be lopped off, be cut through, be sundered, be severed, be tom apart, be disrupted, be broken, be broken off; to be interrupted, be disconnected, be cut off, be shut off (also, e.g., electric current), be blocked, be stopped; to 775 break. break apart, tear, snap (intr., e.g., a rope, a string); to cease, end, come to an end, run out, expire; to stop, come to a halt, come to a standstill, be suspended, be discontinued; to stop. cease (عن s.th.; doing s.th.); to leave off (عن s.th.), desist, abstain. refrain (عن from); to suspend, discontinue, stay (عن s.th.); to withdraw, stay away, hold aloof (عن from); to devote o.s., dedicate o.s., give one’s attention. apply o.s. (ل or الى to); to concentrate (ل or الى on); to occupy o.s. exclusively (ل or الى with), give all one’s time (ل or الى to) VIII to take a part, a little (من of s.th.); to take, borrow, cull, glean (من هـ s.th. from, e.g., a story from a book); to tear out, take out, remove (هـ e.g., a page, من from a book or notebook); to tear off, rip off, detach (هـ e.g., a coupon); to appropriate, acquire (هـ s.th.); to possess o.s., take possession (هـ of), seize (هـ on) X to request as a fief (هـ ه of S.o. s.th.); (eg.) to deduct (هـ an amount) قطع qal’ cutting off; chopping off, detruncation; amputation; cutting, scission, section; disruption, sunderance, disjunction, disconnection, separation; felling (of a tree); severance, rupture, breakoff (e.g., of relations); stoppage, blockage, embargo, ban, blackout, suspension; interruption, discontinuation; disconnection, turning off, switching off (of electric current); prevention, hindrance (عن from); deprivation; excommunication (Chr.); fording (of a river); crossing (of an ocean); traversion (of a country); covering (of a distance); spending, passing (of a span of time); consumption; deduction, rebate, discount; (pl. اقطاع aqṭā‘) format, size (of a book); (pl. قطوع aqṭā‘) section (geom.); قطعا qaṭ‘an decidedly, definitely, positively, for certain; with neg.: absolutely not, not at all, by no means, not in the least │ قطع الحسابات settlement of accounts; قطع الطريق highway robbery, brigandage; قطع الطريق على forcible prevention of s.th., radical stop to s.th.; قطع الماهية q. al-māhīya salary cut, wage deduction; سعر (معدل) القطع si‘r (or mu‘addal) al-q. discount rate, bank rate; قط الربع q. ar-rub‘ (ar-rubu‘) quarto format; قطع كتب الجيب q. kutub al-jaib pocket size (book); قطع مخروط q. makrūtin, قطع مخروطي (makrūṭī) conic section (geom.); قطع زائد hyperbola (geom.); قطع مكافئ (mukāfi’) parabola (geom.); قطع ناقص ellipse (geom.); قطعا للوقت gaṭ‘an li-l-waqt as a pastime, just to kill time; بقطع النظر عن (bi-q. in-naẓari) irrespective of, regardless of, without regard to; aside from, apart from; همزة القطع disjunctive hamza (gram.) قطعي qaṭ‘ī decided, definite, positive; final, definitive; قطعيا qaṭ‘īyan decidedly, definitely, emphatically, categorically قطعية qaṭ‘īya certainty, definiteness, positiveness قطعة qiṭ‘a pl. قطع qiṭa‘ piece, fragment, lump, chunk; part, portion; section, division; segment (geom.); coin; naval unit; unit (mil.) │ قطعة الدائرة or القطعة القطع الدائرية segment of a circle (geom.); O قطعة التركيب part (of a machine, of an apparatus); O قطع الازدواج coupling element (el.); قطعة مسرحية (masraḥīya) (stage) play; قطعة غنائية (ginā’īya) vocal piece, vocal composition; قطعة التغيير or قطعة غيار spare part; قطعة فنية (fannīya) work of art; القطعة الكروية (kurawīya) spherical segment (geom.); قطعة تمثيلية (tamtīlīya) (stage) play; قطعة موسيقية piece of music, musical composition; قطعة مالية (malīya) coin; العمل بالقطع (‘amal) piecework, job work, taskwork قطعة quṭ‘a pl. quṭu‘āt, قطع quṭa‘ a piece cut off, a cut; stump; plot of land, patch of land, lot قطعة qaṭa‘a pl. -āt, قطع qaṭa‘ stump 776 قطاع qiṭā‘, quṭā‘ pl. -āt section; sector (geom.) │ قطاع عرضي (‘arḍī) cross section; قطاعات من الأنسجة (ansija) tissue sections (biol.); القطاع الدائري (dā’irī) sector of a circle (geom.); القطاع الكروي (kurawī) spherical sector (geom.) قطاع qaṭṭā‘ (stone-, wood-) cutter بالقطاعي bi-l-qaṭtā‘ī by retail, retail (adj.) قطيع qaṭī‘ pl. قطاع qiṭā‘, قطعان quṭ‘ān, اقطاع aqṭā‘ troop or group (of animals), drove, flock, herd قطيعة qaṭī‘a rupture of relations, break, breach, rift, alienation, estrangement, separation; enmity among relatives (short for قطيعة الرحم q. ar-raḥim); (pl. قطائع qaṭā’i‘2) fief, fee, feudal estate, land granted by feudal tenure اقطع aqṭa‘2 more convincing, more conclusive (evidence); (f. قطعاء qaṭ‘ā’2) amputee; one-armed; dumb, mute مقطع maqṭa’ pl. مقاطع maqāṭi‘2 crossing point, crossing, traverse, passage; ford; (point of) intersection; cross section; section, division; syllable; musical phrase; quarry; group of animals, drove │ مقطع الرأي m. ar-ra’y decision, judgment مقطع miqṭa‘ pl. مقاطع maqāṭi‘2 cutting instrument │ مقطع السيجار cigar cutter; مقطع الورق m. al-waraq paper knife; paper cutter تقطيع taqṭī‘ fragmentation, dismemberment, cutting up, division, partitioning; interruption, disruption, discontinuation; gripes, colic; (pl. تقاطيع taqāṭī‘) stature, figure; shape, form; pl. parts, portions, sections, members │ تقاطيع الوجه t. al-wajh features, lineaments of the face مقاطعة muqāṭa‘a separation; break (with s.o.); indifference, unfeelingness, unlovingness; boycott; interruption; (pl. -āt) area, region, section, district, province اقطاع iqṭā‘ and اقطاعة iqṭā‘a pl. -āt fief, fee, feudal estate, land granted by feudal tenure │ ذو الإقطاع liege lord, feudal lord اقطاعي iqṭā‘ī liege, feudatory, feudal; (pl. -ūn) liege lord, feudal lord اقطاعية iqṭā‘īya feudalism; الإقطاعية the feudal system تقطع taqaṭṭu‘ pl. -āt interruptedness, interruption تقاطع taqāṭu’ severance of mutual relations; crossing; intersection, junction انقطاع inqiṭā’ separation, disjunction, severance; break, breach, rift, rupture, break-off; interruption, disruption, discontinuance; cessation, stop, termination, expiration, extinction; stoppage, shutdown, blockage, suspension; end, close, conclusion; absence, withdrawal, aloofness (عن from) │ انقطاع التيار inq. at-tayyār power shutdown (el.); بدون انقطاع or من غير انقطاع incessantly, constantly, continually, without interruption انقطاعية inqiṭā’īya separatism استقطاع istiqṭā’ pl. -āt cut, deduction (e.g., from salary) قاطع qāṭi’ cutting; sharp; convincing, cogent, irrefutable, conclusive, decisive (e.g., evidence); decided, definite, positive, unmistakable, unequivocal; final, definitive; sour (milk); secant (geom.); (pl. قواطع qawāṭi’2) partition, screen │ قاطع الطريق pl. قطاع الطرق quṭṭā’ aṭ-ṭuruq (or قطع الطرق quṭṯa’ aṭ-ṭ.) highway robber, holdup man, waylayer, brigand; بصفة قاطعة (bi-ṣifatin) unmistakably; سن قاطعة (sinn) incisor; طير قواطع ṭairun qawāṭi’u migratory birds; قاطع التذاكر ticket seller, conductor (streetcar, bus, etc.) O قاطعة qāṭi’a interrupter, circuit breaker (el.) 777 مقطوع maqṭū’ cut off, severed, chopped off, etc.; مقطوع به decided, finished, settled, done with (matter, affair); (pl. مقاطيع maqāṭī’2) short poem │ مقطوع النظير matchless, peerless, unrivaled, unequaled مقطوعة maqṭū’a pl. -āt, مقاطيع maqāṭī’2 piece (of music) │ مقطوعة موسيقية piece of music, musical composition مقطوعية maqṭū’īya share, portion, allotment: consumption │ بالمقطوعية (eg.) in the lump, for a lump sum مقطع muqaṭṭa’ torn, shredded مقطع muqṭi’ liege lord; -- muqṭa’ liege man, feudatory. feudal tenant, vassal متقطع mutaqaṭṯi’ cut off, torn, ruptured, disrupted, interrupted; discontinuous, flowing intermittently (electric current); in stages (movement); staccato (voice); incoherent, disjointed (words) │ تيار متقطع (tayyār) alternating current منقطع munqaṭi’ cut off; severed, disjoined, separate(d), detached; chopped off, detruncated; cut, cut in two, sundered, torn. ruptured, disrupted; broken; broken off; interrupted, discontinued, stopped, blocked; disconnected, turned off, switched off (electric current); halting, discontinuous, intermittent, fitful; outlying, remote, out-of-the-way (region); devoted, dedicated (ل or الى to), set aside exclusively, solely destined (ل or الى for) │ منقطع النظير and منقطع القرين unmatched, matchless, peerless, unrivaled, unequaled, incomparable, singular, unique; غير منقطع incessant, unceasing, continual, uninterrupted مستقطع mustaqṭa’ cut, deduction (from salary) قطف qaṭafa i (qaṯf, قطوف quṭūf) to pick (هـ flowers, fruit); to gather, harvest (هـ fruit); to pluck off, pull off, tear off (هـ s.th., e.g., leaves); (eg.) to skim (هـ a liquid from the surface): -- (qaṭf) to scratch, scratch up (ه s.o.) II = I VIII to pick (هـ flowers, fruit); to gather, harvest (هـ fruit); to pluck off (هـ s.th.); to select, choose, pick out (هـ من s.th. from among) قطف qaṭf (act or instance of) picking, etc.; (pl. قطوف quṭūf) scratch قطف qiṯāf picked fruit قطاف qiṭāf picking, gathering, harvest (of fruit); picking season, vintage, harvest time داني القطوف dānī l-quṭūf within reach, at hand; easy to apply, easy to use, handy قطوف qaṭūf pl. قطف quṭuf short-stepped, slow قطيفة qaṭīfa velvet; plush قطائف qaṭā’if2, قطايف qaṭāyif2 (pl.) small, triangular doughnuts fried in melted butter and served with honey مقطف miqṭaf pl. مقاطف maqāṭif 2 implement for picking fruit, fruit picker; vine knife مقطف magṭaf pl. مقاطف maqāṭif 2 basket اقتطاف iqtiṭāf picking, gathering, etc.; selection, choice, pick مقتطف muqtaṭaf pl. -āt selected or select piece; selection قطقوطة qaṭqūṭa young girl قطل qaṭala u i (qaṭf) to cut off (هـ s.th.) II = I قطيلة qaṭīla towel; floor rag قطم qaṭama i (qaṭm) to cut off (هـ s.th.): to break off (هـ s.th.) قطمة qaṭma piece; bite, morsel المقطم al-muqaṭṭam a range of hills east of Cairo 778 قطمير qiṭmīr pellicle enveloping a date pit │ لا يملك قطميرا (yamliku) he doesn’t own a thing, he hasn’t a red cent to his name 1قطن qaṭana u (قطون quṭūn) to live, dwell, reside (في or ب or هـ in a place); to inhabit (في or ب or هـ a place) II to make live, settle (ب هـ s.o. in) قطن qaṭan small of the back قطن quṭn, quṭun pl. اقطان aqṭān cotton │ قطن خام raw cotton, cotton, wool, unginned cotton; قطن سكارتو (It. scarto) (eg.) cotton waste; قطن طبي (ṭibbī) absorbent cotton; قطن ملتهب (multahib) guncotton; O حطب القطن ḥaṭab al-q. excelsior; محلج القطن miḥlaj al.q. cotton gin قطني quṭnī cotton (adj.) قطنية quṭnīya, qiṭnīya pl. قطاني qaṭānīy pulse, legumes (peas, beans, lentils) قطانية quṭānīya, qiṭānīya Indian corn, maize (tun.) قطان qaṭtān cotton manufacturer, cotton merchant يقطين yaqṭīn (coll.; n. un. ة) a variety of squash مقطنة maqṭana cotton plantation قاطن qāṭin pl. قطان quṭṭān resident, domiciled; inhabitant, dweller 2قيطن qīṭān pl. قياطين qayāṭīn2 cord, braid, lace قطا qaṭan (coll.; n. un. قطاة qaṭāh) sand grouse (Pterocles) قعد qa‘ada u (قعد qu‘ūd) to sit down, take a seat; to sit, be sitting; to remain seated; to remain, stay, abide; to lie in wait (ل for s.o.), waylay (ل s.o.); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from), renounce waive (عن s.th.) │ قعد به to make s.o. sit down, make s.o. sit, seat s.o., induce s.o. to stay; to hamper, handicap, hamstring, disable, paralyze s.o.; قعدت به ركبتاه (rukbatāhu) his knees buckled under him; قعد به عن to hold back, restrain, discourage, or prevent s.o. from; قعد عن الذهاب (dahāb) he decided not to go; قام وقعد to be in a state of great anxiety, be seriously upset, be very agitated; to be very alarmed (ل by) IV to make (ه s.o.) sit down; to make (ه s.o.) sit; to cause or induce (ه s.o.) to stay; to seat (ه s.o.); to hold back, restrain, discourage, prevent (عن ه s.o. from); to decrease, diminish, reduce (من s.th.); pass uq‘ida to be lame, be crippled │ اقامه واقعده (aqāmahū) to upset s.o. seriously, throw s.o. in a state of violent emotion; اقعد من همته (himmatihī) to dampen s.o.’s zeal V not to desire (عن s.th.). not to be out for s.th. (عن); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from) VI = V; to remain aloof, refrain, forbear, withdraw (عن from); to be pensioned off, retire VIII to take or use as a seat (هـ s.th.); to sit down (هـ on s.th.); to be, remain (هـ in a state or condition) قعد qa‘ad slackers, shirkers of military service in times of war; also, designation of the Khawarij قعدة qa‘da sitting; backside, seat, buttocks, posteriors; space occupied while sitting, seating space │ ذو القعد name of the eleventh month of the Muslim year قعدة qi‘da manner of sitting, seat, pose, posture; space occupied while sitting, seating space قعدة qu‘ada constantly or frequently sitting, sedentary; glued to the seat, not budging, seated firmly; lazy, inert, indolent قعدي qu‘dī constantly or frequently sitting, sedentary; glued to the seat, not budging, firmly seated; lazy, inert, indolent قعود qa‘ūd pl. اقعدة al-Qur'an‘ida قعد qu‘ud, قعدان qi‘dān, قعائد qa‘ā’id2 young camel 779 قعود qu‘ūd sitting; desistance, abstention, refraining (عن from); renunciation, abandonment, waiver (عن of) قعيد qa‘īd companion; one with whom one sits together; keeper, guardian, supervisor, superintendent; crippled, disabled, infirm │ قعيد المنزل q. al-manzil confined to one’s house or to one’s quarters قعيدة qa‘īda pl. قعائد qa‘ā’id2 woman companion; wife, spouse مقعد maq‘ad pl. مقعد maq‘ad2 s.th. to sit on, space to sit in; seat (in general, in a theater, in parliament, etc.); chair; bench; sofa, settee; box, driver’s seat (of a carriage or coach) │ مقعد طويل chaise longue; مقعد مريح (murīḥ) easy chair, armchair مقعدة maq‘ada pl. مقاعد maqā‘d2 backside, seat, buttocks, posteriors تقاعد taqā‘ud restraint, reticence, aloofness, reserve; retirement │ معاش التقاعد ma‘āš at-t. retiring allowance, superannuation. pension; احيل الى التقاعد (uḥīla) to be pensioned off, be superannuated, be retired قاعد qā‘id pl. قعود qu‘ūd, قعاد qu‘ād, sitting, seated; inactive, idle, lazy, also قاعد العمل (‘amal); قاعدون qā‘idūn slacken, shirkers of military service in times of war; -- قاعد qā‘id pl. قواعد qawā‘id2 woman who, because of her age, has ceased to bear children قاعدة qā‘ida pl. قواعد qawā‘id2 foundation, groundwork; basis; fundament; base (geom.; mil.); support, base, socle, foot, pedestal; O chassis, undercarriage; precept, rule, principle, maxim; formula; method, manner, mode; model, pattern │ قاعدة الأسطول q. al-usṭūl or قاعدة بحرية (baḥrīya) naval base; قاعدة البلاد capital of the country; قاعدة جوية (jawwīya) airbase; قاعدة حربية (ḥarbīya) base of operation; قاعدة الملك q. al-mulk seat of government; مساحة القاعدة misāḥat al-q. base, basal surface مقعد muq‘ad brought to a standstill, stopped, arrested; lame, crippled, disabled, infirm; an invalid متقاعد mutaqā‘id retired; pensioner قعر qa‘ara u (قعارة qa‘āra) to be deep, hollowed out II to make deep or deeper, deepen (هـ s.th.); to hollow out, make hollow, excavate (هـ s.th.); to cry, shout, scream │ قعر في كلامه (kalāmihī) to speak gutturally IV to make deep or deeper, deepen (هـ a well) V to be depressed, sunk, low, deep, hollowed out, dished, concave; to descend to the bottom قعر qa‘r pl. قعور qu‘ūr bottom; depth; keel (of a ship); pit, hole, hollow, cavity, depression │ من القعر صاعدا (ṣā‘idan) from the ground up قعرة qa‘ra pit, hole, hollow, cavity, depression قعور qa‘ūr deep قعير qa‘īr deep مقعر muqa‘‘ar depressed, sunk, low, deep; hollow, dished, concave; curved; obscure (language) قعس qa‘isa a (qa‘s) to have a protruding chest and hollow back, be pigeon-breasted VI to remain aloof, keep away, stay away, desist, refrain (عن from); to hesitate, waver, be reluctant (عن to do s.th.); to fail, neglect (عن to do s.th.); to be uninterested (عن in) XIV اقعنسس iq‘ansasa = I اقعس aq‘asa having a protruding chest and hollow back, pigeon-breasted │ عز اقعس (‘izz) firmly established power تقاعس taqā‘us negligence متقاعس mutaqā‘is hesitant, wavering, reluctant; negligent, careless, sloppy, listless, idle 780 قعقع qa‘qa‘a (قعقعة qa‘qa‘a) to clatter; to rattle; to clank قعقع qa‘qa‘, qu‘qu‘ magpie قعقعة qa‘qa‘a clatter; rattle; clank, clang; noise, din; pl. قعاقع qa‘āaqi‘ high-sounding words قف qaffa u (قفوف qufūf) to be dry, withered, shriveled; to dry up, wither, shrivel; to contract, shrink; to bristle, stand on and (hair) قفة quffa pl. قفف qufaf large basket; (Mesopotamian) round boat, gufa (ir.) قفر quffa, qaffa feverish shiver, ague fit قفر qafara u (qafr): قفر اثره (atarahū) to follow s.o.’s tracks, track s.o. IV to be or become empty, bleak, desolate, deserted, depopulated, unihabited, devastated, waste; to be destitute, be devoid (من of) to ravage, lay waste, devastate, desolate, depopulate (هـ s.th.); to abandon, leave in a state of desolation (هـ houses, a city); to gnaw off, pick (هـ a bone) VIII to follow s.o.’s (ه) tracks, track (ه s.o.) قفر qalr pl. قفار qifār desert, wasteland, desolate region; empty, bleak, forsaken, forlorn, deserted, lifeless, uninhabited, depopulated, devastated, desolate, waste; destitute, devoid (من of) │ ارض قفر (قفار) (arḍ) wasteland; خبز قفر (kubz) plain bread, dry bread قفرة qafra pl. qafarāt desert, wasteland, desolate region خبز قفار kubzun qafārun plain bread, dry bread قفير qafīr pl. قفران qufrān beehive بادية قفراء bādiya qafrā’2 arid desert اقفار iqfār emptiness bleakness, desolateness, desolation; ravage, devastation, depopulation مقفر muqfir empty, bleak, forsaken, forlorn, deserted, lifeless, uninhabited, depopulated, devastated, desolate, waste; destitute, devoid (من of) قفز qafaza i (qafz, قفزان qafazān) to jump, leap, spring, hurdle, bound; to jump up, leap in the air; to jump off, take off V to put on or wear gloves قفز qafz jumping (also athlet.) │ القفز على الحبل (ḥabl) skipping the rope; القفز بالزانة pole vaulting; قفز طويل broad jump; قفز عال (‘ālin) high jump قفزة qafza pl. qafazāt jump, leap, spring, bound قفاز quffāz pl. -āt, قفافيز qafāfīz2 glove; a pair of gloves قفيز qafīz pl. اقفزة aqfiza cafiz, a dry measure, ca. 496-640 l, = 16 whibas (Tun.) مقفز maqfiz springboard قفش qafaša i u (qafš) to gather, collect (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to catch, seize, grasp, grab; to find out, discover (هـ s.th.) قفش qafš prattle, chatter قفشات qafazāt (pl.) jokes قفص qafaṣ pl. اقفاص aqfāṣ cage; birdcage; pen, coop, wired enclosure; basket (made of palm fronds); thorax, chest; (prisoner’s) dock (= قفص الاتهام q. al-ittihām) تقفيصة taqfīṣa poultry coop قفطان qufṭān pl. قفاطين qafāṭīn caftam, a long-sleeved outer garment, open in front and fastened by a ḥizām القفقاس al-qafqās the Caucasus قفع qafa‘a a (qafa‘) to contract; to shrink; to shrivel, become wrinkled II to shrivel (هـ the fingers; of the cold) V = I قفع qaf‘ testudo 781 قفقف qafqafa (قفقفة qafqafa) and II taqafqafa to shiver with cold قفل qafala u i (قفول qufūl) to come home, come back, return; -- i (qafl) to shut, close (هـ s.th.); to latch, lock, shut up, bolt (هـ s.th.); to accumulate, amass, hoard (هـ s.th.) II and IV to padlock (هـ s.th.); to shut, close (هـ s.th.); to switch off, shut off, turn off (هـ s.th.); to cut off, stop (هـ the supply of), block, bar, close (هـ s.th.); to latch, lock, shut up, bolt (هـ s.th.) قفل qufl pl. اقفال aqfāl, قفول qufūl padlock; lock, latch; bolt; O lock (of a canal) قفال qaffāl locksmith اقفال iqfāl shutting, closing, closure; shutting up; locking, bolting; stoppage, blocking, blockage, barring, obstruction قافل qāfil pl. قافلة qāfila, قفال quffāl home-coming, returning; homecomer, repatriate قافلة qāfila pl. قوافل qawāfil2 caravan; column; convoy │ قافلة (تجارية) بحرية (tijārīya, baḥrīya) or قافلة السفن q. as-sufun naval convoy قفا (قفو) qafā u (qafw) to follow (اثره atarahū s.o.’s tracks) II to send (ب or ه ه s.o. after s.o. else); to rhyme, put into rhyme VIII اقتفى اثره (atarahū) to follow s.o.’s tracks, track s.o.; to follow up, pursue s.o. (mil.); to follow in s.o.’s tracks, follow s.o.’s example, imitate s.o. قفا qafan m. and f., pl. اقفية aqfiya, اقف aqfin, اقفاء aqfā’, قفي qufīy, qifīy nape; occiput, back of the head; back; reverse; wrong side (of a fabric) قفاء qafā’ nape; occiput, back of the head اقتفاء iqtifā’ following (of s.o.’s tracks), tracking; imitation قافية qāfiya pl. قواف qawāfin rhyme; (eg.) play on words, pun, double, entendre; nape قيقب look up alphabetically قاقلة, قاقلي and قاقم look up alphabetically قل qalla i (qill, qull, قلة qilla) to be or become little, small, few (in number or quantity), trifling, insignificant, inconsiderable, scant, scanty, sparse, spare, meager; to be rare, scarce; to be of rare occurrence, happen seldom; to decrease, diminish, wane, grow less; to be or become less, littler, smaller, fewer (in number or quantity), more trifling, less significant, less considerable, scanter, scantier, sparser (عن than); to be second, be inferior (عن to s.o.) -- (qall) to pick up, raise, lift (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from the ground); to carry (هـ s.th.) │ الا ما قل وندر (illā, wa-nadara) but for a few exceptions, with a few exceptions only; قل صبره (ṣabruhū) to be impatient lose one’s patience II to make little or leas, diminish, lessen, decrease, reduce, do seldom or less frequently (. or .,.. s.th.) IV = II; to do or give little (من in or of); to pick up, raise, lift (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from the ground); to be able to carry (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to carry, transport, convey (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) VI to think little (هـ of), scorn, disdain, despise (هـ s.th.) X to find (هـ s.th.) little, small, inconsiderable, insignificant, trifling; to esteem lightly, undervalue, despise (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make light (هـ, ه of), set little store (هـ, ه by), care little (هـ, ه for); to pick up, raise, lift (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to carry, transport, convey (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to board (هـ s.th., e.g., a ship, a carriage, or the like); to rise; to be independent; to possess alone (ب s.th.) │ استقل بحمل (bi-ḥimlin) to assume a burden; استقل بصنعه (bi-ṣan‘ihī) he alone made it, he was the only one who made it; استقل بنفسه 782 (bi-nafsihī) to be entirely self-reliant, be left to one’s own devices; to be independent, manage without others, get along by oneself; (بواجب) استقل بمهمة (bi-muhimmatin, bi-wājibin) to assume a task (or duty) قلما qallamā (conj.) seldom, rarely; scarcely, barely, hardly قل qill, qull littleness, smallness, fewness; insignificance, inconsiderableness, triviality, paucity, paltriness, scarceness, sparseness, scantiness, insufficiency; a little, a small number, a small quantity, a modicum; -- qill tremor قلة qalla recovery, recuperation; restoration of prosperity قلة qulla highest point; top, summit; apex; vertex; (cannon) ball; (pl. قلل qulal) jug, pitcher قلة qilla pl. قلل qilal littleness, fewness; smallness, inconsiderableness, insignificance, triviality; paucity, paltriness, scantiness, sparseness; scarceness, rareness, rarity; minority; lack, want, deficiency, insufficiency, scarcity │ قلة الإحساس q. al-iḥsās insensitivity, obtuseness; قلة الحياء q. al-ḥayā’ shamelessness, impudence, insolence, impertinence; قلة الصبر q. aṣ-ṣabr impatience; قلة الوجود scantiness, scarcity; rareness, rarity; جمع القلة jam‘ al-q. (gram.) plural of paucity (for persons or things whose number is between three and ten) بقليته bi-qillīyatihī completely, wholly, entirely │ رحلوا بقليتهم (raḥalū) they setout all together or with bag and baggage قليل qalīl pl. اقلاء aqillā’, قلائل qalā’il2, قلال qilāl little; few; insignificant, inconsiderable, trifling; small (in number or quantity), scant, scanty, spare, sparse, meager, insufficient; scarce, rare; a small number, a small quantity, a modicum, a little (من of); قليلا qalīlan a little, somewhat; seldom, rarely │ قليلا ما seldom, rarely; قليلا قليلا by and by, slowly, gradually; الكل الا قليلا al-kull illā q. almost everything, nearly all; بعد قليل a little later, some time later on, shortly afterward; shortly, before long; عن قليل or عما قليل (‘ammā) soon, before long, shortly; ليس منه لا بقليل ولا بكثير to have absolutely nothing to do with s.th.; قليل الأدب q. al-adab uncivil, impolite, rude, uncouth; قليل الحياء q. al-ḥayā’ shameless, brazen, impudent, insolent, impertinent; قليل الارتفاع low; قليل الصبر q. aṣ-ṣabr impatient; قليل الوجود scanty, scarce; rare اقل aqalla less; fewer; smaller; rarer; الأقل the least, the minimum │ على الأقل or بالأقل at the very least; at least; على اقل تقدير (at the lowest estimate) = على الأقل; لا اقل من ان (aqalla) the least one can do is to ...; I (you, etc.) could at least ...; اقل من القليل quite insignificant, all but negligible; واقل من هذا وذاك ان let alone that …, not to mention that …, to say nothing of ... اقلية aqallīya smaller number, numerical inferiority; (pl. -āt) minority تقليل taqlīl decrease, diminution, reduction اقلال iqlāl decrease, diminution, reduction استقلال istiqlāl independence استقلالي istiqlālī of or pertaining to independence, independence (used attributively); proponent of independence مقل muqill propertyless, unpropertied, without means, poor, destitute مستقل mustaqill independent; autonomous; separate, distinct, particular قلاووز , قلاووظ (Turk. kılavuz) qalāwūẓ ship’s pilot; screw قلاية qallāyz pl. -āt, قلالي qalālīy (monastic) cell; residence of the Coptic Patriarch (Chr.) 783 قلب qalaba i (qalb) to turn around, turn about, turn up(ward), upturn (هـ s.th.); to turn, turn over (هـ s.th.); to turn face up or face down (هـ s.th.); to turn inside out or outside in (هـ s.th.); to turn upside down (هـ s.th.); to tip, tilt over, topple over (هـ s.th.); to invert, reverse (هـ s.th.); to overturn, upset, topple (هـ s.th.); to capsize (هـ s.th.); to roll over (هـ s.th.); to subvert, overthrow (هـ a government); to change, alter, turn, transform, convert, transmute (هـ s.th., هـ هـ s.th. to or into s.th.); to transpose (هـ s.th.); to exchange (هـ هـ s.th. for s.th.) │ قلبه رأسا (ra’san) to turn s.th. upside down; قلب له ظهر المجن (ẓahra l-mijan) to show s.o. the back of the shield, i.e., to give s.o. the cold shoulder, become hostile to s.o. II to turn, turn around, turn about, turn up(ward), upturn, turn over (هـ s.th.); to turn face up or face down (هـ s.th.); to turn inside out or outside in (هـ s.th.); to turn upside down (هـ s.th.); to tip, tilt over, topple over (هـ s.th.); to invert, reverse (هـ s.th.); to overturn, upset, overthrow, topple (هـ s.th.); to capsize (هـ s.th.); to roll over (هـ s.th.); to turn, turn over (هـ pages); to rummage, ransack, rake (هـ s.th.); to roll (هـ s.th.); to stir (هـ s.th.); to examine, study, scrutinize, investigate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to change, alter, turn, transform, convert, transmute (هـ s.th., هـ هـ s.th. to or into s.th.) │ قلبه بين يديه (yadaihi) to turn s.th. around in one’s hands, fidget with s.th.; قلبه بعقله (bi-’aqlihī) to turn s.th. over in one’s mind, reflect on s.th., ponder s.th., brood over s.th.; قلبه ظهرا لبطن (ẓahran li-baṭnin) to turn s.th. completely upside down, turn s.th. topsy-turvy, turn s.th. over and over; قلب كفيه (kaffaihi) to repent, be grieved; to be embarrassed; قلب فيه البصر (baṣara) or قلب فيه النظر (naẓara) to scrutinize, eye, regard s.th. V to be turned around, be turned over, be reversed, be inverted; to be overturned, get knocked over (e.g., a glass); to toss and turn, toss about; to writhe, twist, squirm, wriggle; to be changed, be altered, change; to fluctuate (prices); to be changeable, variable, inconstant, fickle (في in s.th.); to move (about), live, be at home (في in); to dispose (في of), have at one’s disposal (في s.th.) │ تقلب في وظائف عديدة (waẓā’ifa ‘adīdatin) he held numerous offices; تقلب في النعمة (النعيم) (ni‘ma), تقلب في اعطاف العيش الناعم (a. il-‘aiš) to lead a life of ease and comfort, live in prosperity; تقلب على رمضاء البؤس (ramḍā’ l-bu’s) to live in utmost misery VII to be turned, be turned around, be turned about, be turned up(ward), be upturned, be turned over; to be reversed, be inverted; to be turned inside out or outside in; to be turned upside down, be toppled, get knocked over; to be overturned, be upset, be overthrown; to be rolled, over; to overturn, somersault; to capsize; to be changed, be altered, be transformed, be converted, be transmuted; to change, turn (هـ or الى into s.th.), become (هـ or الى s.th.); to turn (على against; الى to); to return; (with foil. imperi.) to proceed suddenly to do s.th., shift, instantly to s.th., change over to s.th. │ انقلب ظهرا لبطن (ẓahra li-baṭnin) to be turned topsy-turvy; to be completely devastated; انقلب الى الهجوم to take the offensive قلب qalb reversal, inversion; overturn, upheaval; conversion, transformation, transmutation; transposition (of letters), metathesis (gram.); perversion, change, alteration; overthrow (of a government) قلب qalb pl. قلوب qulūb heart; middle, center; core, gist, essence; marrow, medulla, pith; the best or choicest part; mind, soul, spirit │ قلب الأسد q. al-asad Regulus (star α in the constellation Leo; 784 astron.); قلب الهجوم center forward (soccer); سويداء القلوب suwaidā’ al-q. the innermost of the heart, the bottom of the heart; ضعيف القلب fainthearted, pusillanimous, recreant, cowardly; قاسي القلب qāsī l-q. hardhearted, callous, pitiless, merciless, cruel; قساوة القلب qasāwat al-q. hardheartedness, callousness, pitilessness, cruelty; انقباض القلب dejectedness, despondency, dispiritedness, depression; عن ظهر القلب (ẓahri l-q.) by heart; من صميم القلب from the bottom of the heart, most sincerely; من كل قلبه with all his heart; قلبا وقالبا qalban wa-qālaban with heart and soul; inwardly and outwardly; قلوبات (السكر) qulūbāt (as-sukkar) small candies, lozenges قلبي qalbī of or pertaining to the heart, heart- (in compounds), cardiac, cardiacal; cordial, hearty, warm, sincere; قلبيا qalbīyan cordially, heartily, warmly, sincerely قلب qulb, qalb, qilb palm pith, palm core (edible tuber growing at the upper end of the palm trunk); qulb bracelet, bangle قلبة qalba (eg.) lapel; (pl. -āt) a measure of capacity (Tun.; = 20 l) قلب qullab tending to change; agile, adaptable, resourceful; versatile, many-sided, of varied skills or talents قالب qālab, qālib pl. قوالب qawālib2 form; mold; cake pan; model; matrix; last, boot tree, shoe tree │ قالب جبن q. jubn a chunk or loaf of cheese; قالب سكر q. sukar sugar loaf; قالب صابون q. ṣābūn a cake or bar of soap; قلبا وقالبا (qalban) with heart and soul; inwardly and outwardly قليب qalīb m. and f., pl. اقلبة aqliba, قلب qulub, قلبان qulbān well قلوب qalūb tending to change; agile, adaptable, resourceful; versatile, many-sided قلاب qallāb changeable, variable, unsteady, inconstant, fickle, wavering, vacillating; reversible, tiltable; dumper; tip wagon, skip │ عربة قلابة (‘araba) tipcart; قلاب خلاط (kallāṭ) rotary mixer قلابة qallāba agitator, stirring machine مقلب maqlab pl. مقالب maqālib2 (eg.) refuse dump, dump pile, dump; intrigue, scheme. plot; April fool’s joke مقلب miqlab pl. مقالب maqālib2 hoe تقليب taqlīb: عند تقليب النظر ‘inda t. in-naẓar on closer inspection or examination, when examined more closely تقلب taqallub pl. -āt alteration, transformation, change; variation; fluctuation (of prices); changeableness, variableness, unsteadiness, inconstancy, fickleness; pl. vicissitudes, ups and downs │ تقلب جوي (jawwī) change of weather; سريع التقلب very changeable, very fickle, capricious انقلاب inqilāb upheaval; revolution, overthrow, bouleversement; alteration, transformation, change; solstice │ دائرة الانقلاب tropic (geogr.) مقلوب maqlūb turned over, turned upside down, turned about, inverted, inverse, reverse(d), etc.; infolded (bem, seam); reciprocal (math.) │ بالمقلوب topsy-turvy; upside down; wrong side out; the other way round, reversely, conversely, vice versa متقلب mutaqallib, also متقلب الأطوار (الأحوال) wavering, vacillating, changeable, variable, inconstant, unsteady, fickle, capricious منقلب munqalab (place of overthrow, i.e.) the hereafter, the end one meets in death, the way of all flesh, final destiny; tropic │ منقلب (šatawī) Tropic of Capricorn; منقلب صيفي (ṣaifī) Tropic of Cancer 785 قلبق qalbaq a tall, usually cylindrical, fur cap 1قلح qalaḥ yellowness of the teeth قلاح qulāḥ yellowness of the teeth 2 قولحةqaulaḥa pl. قوالح qawāliḥ2 (eg.) cob (of corn, and the like) 1 قلدII to adorn with a necklace (ها a woman); to gird (ه هـ s.o. with); to invest (ه هـ s.o. with an office), appoint (هـ ه s.o. to an office), award (هـ ه to s.o. a decoration, an order), confer (هـ ه upon s.o. a rank); to grant (هـ ه to s.o. a favor); to entrust (هـ ه s.o. with the rule or government of s.th.), give (ه s.o.) authority or power (هـ over s.th.); to follow blindly another’s (ه) opinion; to copy, ape, imitate (ه s.o.); to forge, counterfeit (هـ s.th.) V to put on or wear a necklace, adorn o.s. with a necklace; to gird o.s. (هـ with), put on (هـ s.th.); to take upon o.s., assume (هـ s.th.); to take over (هـ s.th., esp. power, control, government) قلادة qilāda pl. قلائد qalā’id2 necklace; pl. قلائد exquisite poems مقلد miqlad pl. مقالد maqālid2 key مقلاد miqlād pl. مقاليد maqālīd2 key │ مقاليد الأمور key positions, power; مقاليد الحكم m. al-ḥukm the reins of government or power; تسلم مقاليد الحكم (tasallama) to take over (the reins of) government, seize power; القى اليه مقاليد الأمور (alqā) to entrust s.o. with the management, put s.o. in charge تقليد taqlīd pl. تقاليد taqālīd2 imitation; copying; blind, unquestioning adoption (of concepts or ideas); uncritical faith (e.g., in a source’s authoritativeness); adoption of the legal decision of a madhab (lsl. Law); pl. tradition; convention, custom, usage تقليدي taqlīdī traditional, customary, conventional; based on uncritical faith (e.g., in a source’s authoritativeness) مقلد muqalld imitated, imitation, forged, counterfeit(ed), fake, sham, spurious, false; tradition-bound 2اقليد iqlīd pl. اقاليد aqālīd2 key بحر القلزم baḥr al-qulzum the Red Sea 1قلس qalasa i (qals) to belch, burp, eruct II to bow (ل to s.o.); (eg.) to make fun (على of), poke fun (على at), ridicule (على s.o., s.th.) 2 قلسII to put a cap (قنلسوة qalansuwa, q.v., ه on s.o.’s head) 3قلس qals pl. قلوس qulūs hawser, cable, rope 1قلش II to molt تقليش taqlīš molting, molt 2قالوش (Fr. galoche) galōš pl. -āt galosh, overshoe قلشين qalšīn pl. قلاشين qalāšīn2 puttee قلص qalaṣa i (قلص qulūṣ) to contract; to shrink (laundered garment); to decrease, diminish; to dwindle, fade, wane, decline; to become shorter, recede (shadow) │ قلص ظله (ẓilluhū) his prestige declined; it decreased, dwindled, faded II to contract, draw together (هـ s.th.); to tuck up, roll up (هـ s.th.) V = I; تقلص ظله = قلص ظله اقلص aqlaṣa2 shorter تقلص taqallaṣa contraction, shrinking, shrinkage قليط qillīṭ scrotal hernia قليط qllīṭ afflicted with scrotal hernia قلع qala‘a a (qal‘) to pluck out, tear out, pull out, weed out, uproot (هـ s.th.); to root out, exterminate, extirpate (هـ s.th.); to take off (هـ clothes) │ قلعه مه جذوره to pull out s.th. with the root, II to pluck out, tear out, pull out, weed out, uproot (. s.th.); to root out, exterminate, 786 extirpate ( هـs.th.) IV to set sail, prepare to sail, get under sail; to sail, put to sea, depart (ship); to take off (airplane); to desist, abstain, refrain (عن from); leave off, abandon, give up, renounce, relinquish (عن s.th.) VIII to pluck out, tear out, pull out, weed out, uproot (عن s.th.); to root out, exterminate, extirpate (هـ s.th.) قلع qil’ pl. قلوع qul’, قلاع qilā’ sail (of a ship) قلعة qal’a pl. قلاع qilā’, قلوع qulū’ fortress, stronghold, fort; citadel قلاع qulā’ thrush, canker of the mouth, ulcerative stomatitis, stomacace (med.) قلاعي qulā’ī: الحمى القلاعية (ḥummā) footand-and-mouth disease مقلع maqla’ pl. مقالع maqāli’2 stone quarry مقلاع miqlā’2 pl. مقاليع maqālī’2 slingshot, sling; catapult اقلاع iqlā’ sailing, departure (of a ship); take-off (of an airplane) قلعط qal’aṭa to soil, sully, smirch (هـ s.th.) قلعوط qul’ūṭ a heretic 1 قلف qalafa i (qalf) to hark (هـ a tree), strip the bark (هـ from a tree); -- u (qalf); قلف قلفته (qulfatahū) to circumcise s.o. قلف qilf bark, rind (of a tree) قلفة qulfa pl. قلف qulaf foreskin, prepuce قلافة qulāfa bark, rind (of a tree) قلف aqlaf2 uncircumcised 2قلف II to calk (هـ a ship) قلافة qilāfa calking 3قلفة qalfa pl. -āt (tun.) foreman; workman, manual laborer قلفط qalfaṭa to calk (هـ a ship); (eg.) to do sloppy work, scamp, bungle قلفون qalafūn and قلفونية qalafūnīya rosin, colophony قلق qaliqa a (qalaq) to totter, be unsteady; to be or become uneasy, disquieted, apprehensive, anxious, excited, agitated, upset, perturbed, troubled, disturbed; to be restless, be sleepless, pass, a sleepless night, find no sleep IV to trouble, worry, alarm, disturb, upset, disconcert, disquiet, discompose, discomfit, discomfort, make uneasy or anxious (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to make restless, fill with uneasiness or anxiety, perturb, agitate, excite (ه s.o.); to rob s.o. (ه) of his rest قلق qalaq unrest, uneasiness, disquiet, alarm; agitation, excitement, perturbation; stir, sensation; anxiety, apprehensiveness, apprehension, fear, worry, concern; restlessness; sleeplessness; impatience قلق qaliq uneasy, disquieted; apprehensive, worried, concerned, anxious; agitated, excited, perturbed, upset; disturbed, troubled; restless; sleepless; impatient قلوق qalūq (eg.) restless اقلاق iqlāq disquieting, troubling, perturbation; disturbance مقلق muqliq intrigant, schemer, troublemaker قلقاس qulqās (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt a variety of taro or elephant’s ear (Colocasia antiquorum; bot.) قلقل qalqala to move, commove, shake, convulse, unsettle (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to disturb, trouble, harass (هـ, ه s.o.; s.th.); to disquiet, alarm, excite, agitate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to stir up, incite to rebellion (ه s.o.); to pronounce accurately (the ق) II taqalqala to be or get in state of commotion, be shaken, be convulsed, be unsettled, be disturbed, be troubled, 787 be disquieted, be alarmed, be excited, be agitated; to be stirred up, be incited to rebellion, be incensed, be rebellious; to move, budge (من from one’s place), stir; to be shaky, precarious, insecure (situation) قلقلة qalqala pl. قلاقل qalāqil2 unrest, excitement, agitation, commotion; shock, convulsion, concussion; disturbance قلقيلة (eg.) qulqēla pl. -āt clod, lump of earth مقلقل muqalqal in a state of commotion, agitated, shaken, unsettled, etc.; unstable, inconstant, unsteady 1 قلم qalama i (qalm) to cut, clip, pure (هـ nails, etc.), prune, trim, lop (هـ trees, etc.) II do. │ قلم اظفار خصمه (aẓāfira kaṣmihī) to neutralize, disarm one’s opponent قلم qalam pl. اقلام aqlām reed pen; pen; writing, script, calligraphic style, ductus; handwriting; style; office, bureau, agency, department; window, counter; item, entry (com.); (eg.) stripe, streak, line; (eg.) slapin the face │ بقلمه bi-qalamihī written by him; قلم الحبر q. al-ḥibr fountain pen; قلم حبر جاف (jāff) and قلم حبر ناشف ball-point pen; قلم التحرير editor’s office, editing room; قلم الحركة q. al-ḥaraka traffic bureau; قلم الحسابات q. al-ḥisābāt accounting department; قلم الإدارة q. al-idāra administration office, head office; قلم الرصاص q. ar-raṣāṣ pencil; قلم السياحة travel agency; قلم الاستعمالات information bureau; قلم المطبوعات press and information office; قلم القيودات bureau of vital statistics, (G.B.) (general) register office; قلم الكتاب q. al-kuttāb clerical office; O قلم الكوبية q. al-kūbīya indelible pencil, copying pencil; قلم المرور (Eg.) Traffic Control Board قلامة qulāma pl. -āt clippings, cuttings, parings, shavings; nail cuttings مقلمة miqlama pl. -āt pen case تقليم taqlīm clipping, trimming, paring; pruning, lopping (of trees) │ تقليم الأظافر manicure مقلم muqallam clipped, trimmed, pruned; (eg.) striped, streaked │ مقلم الظفر m. aẓ-ẓufr powerless, helpless, weak 2اقلم aqlama to acclimate, acclimatize, adapt, adjust II ta’aqlama to acclimatize (o.s. ) اقليم iqlīm pl. اقاليم aqālīm2 area, region; province; administrative district (Eg. = مديرية ; الأقاليم the country, countryside, provinces (as opposed to the city) اقليمي iqlīmī climatic; regional, local; territorial │ المياه الإقليمية (miyāh) territorial waters, coastal waters قلندار qalandār wandering dervish, calendar قلنس II taqalnasa to wear a cap قلنسوة qalansuwa and قلنسية qulansiya pl. قلانيس qalānīs2 tall headgear, tiara, cidaris; hood, cowl, capuche; cap (قلو and قلي) قلا qalā ū (qalw) and قلى qalā i (qaly) to fry, bake, roast (هـ s.th.); -- قلا qalā u (قلا qilan, قلاء qalā’), قلى qalā i and قلي qaliya a (قلى qilan, قلاء qalā’, مقلية maqliya) to hate, loathe, detest (ه s.o.) قلو qilw, قلى qilan, qily alkali, base, lye (chem.) قلوي qilwī alkaline, basic; القلويات al-qilwīyāt the bases (chem.) قلاية qallāya frying vessel, cooking vessel; see also below مقلى miqlan and مقلاة miqlāh pl. مقال maqalin frying pan تقلية taqliya (eg.) sauce made of garlic, coriander and melted butter and served as a condiment قلوز qalwaza to wind (the turban) قلاووز see under قلوظ 788 قلوظ qalwaza to join with screws, screw together قلاووظ (also قلاووز) qalāwūẓ ship’s pilot; screw 1قلاية qallāya (monk’s) cell; residence of the Coptic Patriarch 2 قليةqillīya (monk’s) cell قم qamma u (qamm) to sweep (هـ s.th.) قمة qimma pl. قمم qimam top, summit, peak, acme, apex │ قمة الرأس q. ar-ra’s crown of the head; O قمة الموجه q. al-mauja wave peak (el.); هو حسن القمة (ḥasan al-q.) he is well-built; من قمة الرأس الى اخمص القدم (akmaṣi l-qadam) or من القمة الى الأخمص from head to toe قمامة qumāma sweepings, rubbish, refuse, garbage │ صندوق القمامة ṣundūq al-q. garbage bin قمائم qamā’im2 sweepings, rubbish مقمة miqamma pl. مقام maqamm2 broom قمؤ qamu’a u (قماءة qamā’a) to be little, lowly, despised, despicable; to feel inferior, feel worthless قميء qamī’ lowly, little, small; insignificant, of little value قماءة qamā’a lowliness, littleness, smallness; insignificance, puniness, inferiority, despicability قمح II to give a portion only, pay an installment (ه to s.o.) IV to put forth ears, ear, ripen (grain) │ اقمح بانفه (bi-anfih`i) to be proud, bear one’s head high قمح qamḥ wheat قمحي qamḥī wheat-colored, wheaten قمحة qamḥa pl. -āt wheat kernel; grain (in Eg. = .04875 g = ¼ قيراط) شهرا قماح šahrā qumāḥ (qimāḥ) the two coldest months of winter قماح qammāḥ grain merchant, corn chandler 1قمر qamara i (qamr) to gamble; -- i u to defeat in gambling (ه s.o.); passs. Qumira to lose in gambling; -- qamira a (qamr) to be or become snow-blind II to toast (هـ bread) III to gamble (ه with s.o.); to .take, risk, hazard (ب s.th.); to bet, speculate (على on) │ قامر على الجواد الخاسر (jawād) to bet on the wrong horse IV to be moonlit (night) VI to gamble with one another قمر qamar snow blindness; -- (pl. اقمار aqmār) moon; satellite (astron.); القمران al-qamarān sun and moon قمر الدين q. ad-dīn a kind of jelly made from apricots finely ground and dried in the sun; قمر كاذب paraselene, mock moon (astron.); حجر القمر ḥajar al-q. selenite (min.) قمرة qamara (n. un.) pl. -āt crescent (as an emblem on a uniform); (eg.) moonlight; (eg.) skylight; see also below قمري qamarī of or pertaining to the moon, moon-shaped, moonlike, lunar │ الأشهر القمرية (ašhur) the lunar months; الحروف القمرية the moon letters (gram.) قمري qumrī (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. قماري qamārīy a variety of turtledove ليلة قمرة laila qamira moonlit night قمرية qamarīya pl. -āt (eg.) skylight, small window قمراء qamrā’2 moonlight قمير qamīr pl. اقمار aqmār fellow gambler, gambling partner, gambler اقمر aqmar2, قمراء qamrā’2 moonlit (night); moon-white, bright, whitish مقمر maqmar and مقمرة maqmara pl. مقامر maqāmir2 gambling house, gambling hell قمار qimār gambling; bet, wager │ آلة لعب القمار ālat la’b al-q. lot machine مقامرة muqāmara gambling 789 مقمر muqammir, مقمر كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) toaster مقمر muqammar (eg.) toast, toasted bread مقامر muqāamir gambler مقمر muqmir moonlit (night) 2 قمرة (It. camera) qamara, qamra pl. –āt berth, bunk, cabin, stateroom قمرق qumrug pl. قمارق qamāriq2 customs (tun.) قمز qamaza u i (qamz) to take with the fingertips (هـ s.th.) قمس qamasa u i (qams) to dip, immerse, soak, steep (في ه s.th. in) قاموس qāmūs pl. قواميس qawāmīs2 ocean; dictionary, lexicon قومس qaumas pl. قوامس qawāmis2 depths of the sea; pl. mishaps, misfortunes, adversities 1قمش qamaša u i (qamš) to pick up, gather up, collect (هـ rubbish) II do. قماش qumāš rubbish, garbage, refuse, offal, trash, junk; (pl. اقمشة aqmiša) fabric, material, cloth │ قماش البيت q. al-bait household effects, furniture; قماش الناس the scum of the earth, riff-raff قماش qammāš draper, cloth merchant 2قمشة qamša (eg.) strap, thong; leather whip, cowhide 2قمص qamaṣa u i (qamṣ, قماص qumāṣ, qimāṣ) to gallop; to spring, jump, leap, bound; to kick II do. قمص qamṣ gallop 2 قمص II to clothe with a shirt (ه s.o.) V to put on or wear a shirt; to be clothed, be vested (هـ with), dress, attire o.s., wrap o.s. (هـ in), cloak o.s. (هـ in the mantle of; fig.); to transmigrate, pass into another body (spirit), materialize (هـ in another body) قميص qamīṣ pl. قمص qumuṣ, اقمصة aqmiṣa, قمصان qumṣān shirt; dress, gown; covering, cover, case, wrap, envelope, jacket; (Chr.) alb, surplice, rochet; incarnation │ قميص افرنجي (ifranjī) day shirt, upper shirt; قميص النوم q. an-naum night-gown تقميص taqmīṣ and تقمص taqammuṣ transmigration of souls, metempsychosis 3قمص qummuṣ pl. قمامصة qamāmiṣa archpriest, hegumen (Copt.-Chr.) قمط qamaṭa u i (qamṭ) to swaddle (ه a baby); to fetter, shackle (ه s.o.); to dress, bandage (هـ a wound) II do. قمط qimṭ pl. اقماط aqmāṭ rope, fetter قمطة qamṭa a kind of kerchief (eg.) قماط qimāṭ pl. -āt, قمط qumuṭ, اقمطة aqmiṭa swaddle, diaper قمطر qamaṭr, qimṭar pl. قماطر qamāṭir2 receptacle for storing books; satchel قمع qama’a a (qam’) to tame, curb, bridle, restrain, check, suppress, repress, subdue (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to hinder, prevent (عن ه s.o. from) II (eg.) to cut off the upper end (هـ of an okra) IV = I قمع qam’ repression, suppression, curbing, prevention; taming, subdual, quelling, subjection قمع qam’, qim’, qima’ pl. اقماع aqmā’ funnel; -- (pl. قموع qumū’) stem (of a fruit); pericarp │ قمع الخياط q. al-kayyāt thimble; قمع السيكارة cigar butt قمقم qamqama and II تقمقم taqamqama to complain, grumble, mutter قمقم qumqum and قمقمة qumquma pl. قماقم qamāqim2 a bulgy, long-necked bottle 790 قمل qamila a (qamal) to be lice-infested, teem with lice V do. قمل qaml (coll.; n. un. ة) louse قمل qamil lousy, lice-infested مقمل muqammal lice-infested 1 قمن V to intend, purpose, propose (هـ to do s.th.) قمن gamin worthy, deserving (ب of s.th.) قمين qamīn worthy (ب of), adequate (ب to), in keeping with (ب); fit(ting), appropriate, suitable (ب for), capable (ب of) مقمن maqman adequate (ل to), appropriate, suited, suitable, fit (ل for) 2قمين qamīn and قمينة qamīna pl. -āt kiln, furnace 1 قن qunn pl. قنان qinān chicken coop, chicken house قن qinn pl. اقنان aqnān, اقنة aqinna slave, serf قنة qinna galbanum (bot.) قنة qunna pl. -āt, قنن qunan, قنان qinān, قنون qunūn mountaintop, summit, peak قنونة qunāna slavery, serfdom قنينة qinnīna pl. قنان qanānin bottle, glass bottle; flask, flacon, vial 2قن II to make laws, legislate; to determine, fix (هـ s.th.) قانون qānūn pl. قوانين qawānīn2 canon; established principle, basic rule, axiom, norm, regulation, rule, ordinance, prescript, precept, statute; law; code; tax, impost; (Tun.) tax on olives and dates; a stringed musical instrument resembling the zither, with a shallow, trapezoidal sound box, set horizontally before the performer │ القانون الأساسي (asāsī) basic constitutional law; statutes; قانون التأسيس statutes, constitution; القانون الجنائي (jinā’ī) criminal law, penal law; قانون الأحوال الشخصية (šakṣīya) personal statute; القانون الدستوري (dustūrī) constitutional law; القانون الدولي (duwalī) international law; قانون المرافعات q. al-murāfa’āt code of procedure (jur.; Eg.); قانون اصول المحاكمات الحقوقية do. (syr.); قانون السلك الإداري q. as-silk al-idārī administrative law; قانون كيماوي (kīmāwī) chemical formula; القانون المدني (madanī) civil law قانوني qānūnī canonical; legal, statutory; lawful, legitimate, licit, accordant with law or regulations, valid, regular; legist, jurisprudent, jurist │ صيدلي قانوني (ṣaidalī) certified and licensed pharmacist; غير قانوني illegal قانونية qānūnīya legality, lawfulness تقنين taqnīn legislation, lawmaking; codification (jur.); regulation by law; rationing مقنن muqannin legislative, lawmaking; lawgiver, lawmaker, legislator مقنن muqannan determined, fixed قانئ qāni’ blood-red, deep-red قنال qanāl canal │ قنال السويس the Suez Canal قنب qanb pl. قنوب qunūb calyx قنب qunnab, qinnab hemp (Cannabis indica; bot.) │ خيط القنب kaiṭ al-q. hemp rope, string, cord, twine, packthread قنبي qinnabī hempen, hemp (adj.) مقنب miqnab pl. مقانب maqānib2 troop of horsemen 1قنبار qunbār (ir.) bast rug, bast runner 2قنبر qunbur (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. قنابر qanābir2 lark (zool.) 3قنبرة qunbura pl. قنابر qanābir2 bomb 4قنبور qunbūr hump, hunch │ ابو قنبور abū qunbūr hunchback 791 قنباز qunbāz pl. قنابيز qanābīz2 (syr.) a long, sleeved garment worn by men, open in front and fastened with a belt 1قنبل qanbal and قنبلة qanbala pl. قنابل qanābil2 troop of horsemen; troop, group, band 2 قنبل qanbala to bomb (هـ s.th.) قنبلة qunbula pl. قنابل qanābil2 bomb, bomb shell; grenade, shell │ قنبلة حارقة incendiary bomb; قنبلة ذرية (darrīya) atomic bomb, A bomb; قنبلة غازية (gāzīya) gas bomb, gas shell; قنبلة مائية (mā’īya) depth charge; قنبلة محرقة (muḥriqa) incendiary bomb; قنبلة منفجرة (munfajira) high-explosive bomb; قنبلة هيدروجينية (haidrōjīnīya) hydrogen bomb, H bomb; قنبلة اليد q. al-yad or قنبلة يدوية (yadawīya) hand grenade طائرة مقنبلة ṭā’ira muqanbila bomber; مقنبلات bombers قنبيط qunnabīṭ cauliflower قنت qanata u (قنوت qunūt) to be obedient, submissive, humble قنوت qunūt obedience to God, humility before God, devoutness, piety قنجة qanja pl. -āt, قناج qināj Nile boat قند qand pl. قنود qunūd hard crystalline mass formed by evaporating or boiling cane sugar, candy مقنود maqnūd and مقند muqannad sweetened with qand قندز qunduz and قندس qundus beaver قندق qandaq pl. قنادق qanādiq2 gunstock, rifle butt قندلفت qandalaft pl. -īya sexton, sacristan (Chr.) قندول qandūl aspalatus (bot.) قنديل qindīl pl. قناديل qanādīl2 lamp; candlestick; candelabrum قنزعة qunza’a, qanza’a, qinzi’a pl. قنازع qanāzi’2 tuft of hair; cock’s comb, crest of a rooster قنص qanaṣa i (qanṣ) and VIII to hunt, shoot, bag (هـ s.th.); to hunt up (هـ s.th.), get hold (هـ of s.th.); to make use, take advantage, avail o.s. (الظروف of the circumstances, الفرصة al-furṣa of the opportunity, and the like) قنص qanṣ hunting, shooting, hunt قنص qanaṣ quarry, bag, game قنيص qanīṣ game, quarry, bag, catch; hunter قناص qannāṣ pl. قناصة qanāṣa hunter قانص qāniṣ pl. قناص qunnāṣ hunter قانصة qāniṣa pl. قوانص qawāniṣ2 gizzard O قانصة qāniṣa pl. -āt tank destroyer (Syr.; mil.) مقنوص maqnūṣ quarry, bag, catch قنصل qunṣul pl. قناصل qanāṣil2 consul │ نائب القنصل and وكيل القنصل vice-consul; قنصل عام (‘āmm) consul general قنصلي qunṣulī consular قنصلية qunṣulīya pl. -āt consulate │ قنصلية عامة (‘āmma) consulate general قنصلاتو qunṣulātō consulate قنط qaniṭa a (qanaṭ), qanaṭa u i (قنوط qunūṭ) and qanuṭa u (قناطة qanāṭa) to despair, despond, become disheartened, be without hope, lose all courage II to drive to despair, dishearten, discourage (ه s.o.) IV do. قنط qanaṯ and قنوط qunūṭ despair, despondency, desperateness, hopelessness قنط qaniṭ and قنوط qanūṭ despairing, desperate, disheartened, discouraged قانط qāniṭ despairing, desperate, despondent, disheartened, discouraged 792 1 قنطر qantara to arch, span, vault (هـ s.th.) قنطرة qantara pl. قناطر qanāṭir2 arched bridge, stone bridge; vault, arch; archway, arcade; arches, viaduct, aqueduct (esp. pl.); dam, weir │ قنطرة موازنة regulator, regulating device (at a canal, esp. in the Egyptian irrigation system); القناطر الخيرية (kairīya) the Barrages, at the entrance of the Nile delta, about 15 miles north of Cairo مقنطر muqanṭar vaulted, arched, arcaded قنطر qanṭara to possess tremendous riches قنطار qinṭār pl. قناطير qanāṭīr2 kantar, a varying weight of 100 رطل raṭl (in Eg. = 44.93 kg, in Tunisia = 53.9 kg, in Syria = 256.4 kg) │ قناطير مقنطرة (muqanṭara) accumulated riches; tremendous sums قنطاريون qinṭārīyūn centaury (Erythrea centauricum; bot.) قنطرمة qanṭarma pl. -āt snaffle, bridoon قنع qani’a a (qana’, قنعان qun’ān, قناعة qanā’a) to content o.s., be content, be satisfied (ب with); to be convinced II to mask (هـ the face); to veil (هـ the face, to a woman); to satisfy, content (ه s.o.), give satisfaction (ه to); to convince (ب ه s.o. of); to persuade (ه s.o.) IV to content, satisfy (ه s.o.), give satisfaction (ه to); to convince (ه s.o.); to induce, persuade (ب ه s.o. to do s.th.), prevail (ب ه upon s.o. to do s.th.) V to mask or conceal one’s face; to veil one’s face, be veiled, wear a veil VIII to content o.s., be content (ب with); to be convinced (ب of) قنع qin‘ pl. اقناع aqnā‘ arms, weapons, armor قنع qana‘ contentment, content, contentedness; frugality, moderation, temperance, abstemiousness قناعة qanā‘a satisfaction; contentment, content, contentedness; frugality, temperance, moderation قنع qani‘ satisfied, content, contented; temperate, moderate, abstemious قناع qinā‘ pl. قنع qunu‘ arms, weapons, armor; -- (pl. اقنعة aqni‘a, also قناعات qinā‘āt) veil, head veil; mask; pericardium │ قناع واق (wāqin) gas mask قنوع qanū‘ pl. قنع qunu‘ satisfied, content (ب with); frugal, modest, temperate مقنع maqna‘ sufficiency │ في ذلك مقنع له that is enough for him, he may content himself with that اقناع iqnā‘ satisfying, satisfaction, contenting (of s.o.); persuasion; convincing, convincement, conviction تقنع taqannu‘ mummery, masquerade اقتناع iqtinā‘ satisfaction, contentment, content, contentedness; conviction (= convincedness) قانع qāni‘ satisfied, content (ب with) مقنع muqanna‘ veiled; masked مقتنع muqtani‘ satisfied, content (ب with); convinced قنفذ qunfud pl. قنافذ qanāfid2 hedgehog │ قنفذ البحر q. al-baḥr or قنفذ بحري (baḥrī) sea urchin (Echinus; zool.); porcupine fish (Diodon; zool.) قنقر qanqar kangaroo قنال look up alphabetically 1قنم qanima a (qanam) to be or become rancid, rank قنومة qannūma sacred fish (Mormyrus oxyrhynchus) 2اقنوم uqnūm pl. اقانيم aqānīm2 hypostasis, person of the Trinity (Chr.); basic element, substance, subsistent principle 793 قنو) and قني) قنا qanā u (قنو qanw, qunūw, قنوة qunwa, قنوان qunwān) to acquire, appropriate, make one’s own (هـ s.th.); to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); -- قنى qanā i (qany, قنيان qunyān) to acquire, gain (هـ s.th.); -- قني qaniya a (قنا qanan) to be hooked, aquiline (nose) II to dig (a canal) VIII to acquire (هـ s.th.); to get, procure, purchase (هـ s.th.) قنو qunw, qinw pl. اقناء aqnā’, قنوان qunwān, qinwān, قنيان qunyān, qinyān bunch of dates قنوة qunwa, qinwa appropriation, acquisition; property in livestock, wealth, fortune, possessions, property قنية qunya, qinya acquisition, property قناة qan`ah pl. قنى qanan, qunīy, قناء qinā’, قنوات qanawāt, قنيات qanayāt spear, (bamboo) lance; shaft; tube, duct, pipe; -- (pl. اقنية aqniya, قنوات qanawāt) canal; stream, waterway │ قناة دمعية (dam‘īya) lachrymal canal; قناة العلم q. al-’alam flagpole; لانت قناته lānat qanātuhū to soften, relent; to yield, give in قناية qanāya pl. -āt small stream, rivulet, runnel, canal O قنية qunayya cannula اقنى aqnā bent, curved, crooked, hooked اقتناء iqtinā’ purchase, acquisition قان qānin pl. قانية qāniya possessor, owner; see also alphabetically مقتنى muqtanan pl. مقتنيات muqtanayāt thing acquired, acquisition قهر qahara a (qahr) to subject, subjugate, conquer, vanquish, defeat (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to subdue, overpower, overwhelm, overcome (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to force, compel, coerce (على ه s.o. to) قهر qahr vanquishing, subdual, subjection, subjugation; compulsion, coercion, force; (eg.) annoyance, trouble, sorrow, grief; قهرا qahran forcibly, by force; perforce, of necessity قهرة quhra compulsion, coercion, constraint, force قهري qahrī compelling, compulsory, mandatory, coercive; forcible, forced │ ابتسامة قهرية forced smile; سبب قهري (sabab) compelling reason قاهر qāhir forcible, cogent, overpowering, irresistible; vanquisher, conqueror, victor; القاهر the planet Mars مصر القاهرة miṣr al-qāhira or القاهرة al-qāhira Cairo قاهري qāhirī Cairene; (pl. -ūn) a Cairene قهار qahhār conquering, vanquishing; القهار the Subduer, the Almighty (God) قهرمان qahramān pl. قهارمة qahārima steward, butler, household manager قهرمانة qahramāna (woman) housekeeper قهقر qahqara to move backward, go back, fall back, retreat, withdraw; to fall behind, lag behind; to recede, retrogress, retrograde, decline, degenerate, deteriorate II taqahqara do. قهقرة qahqara backward movement, recedence, recession, retrogression, fall-back, retreat; decline, retrogradation, degeneration قهقرى qahqarā backward movement, recedence, recession, retrogression, fallback, retreat; decline, retrogradation, degeneration │ عاد القهقرى to fall back, retreat, withdraw تقهقر taqahqur regress, recession, recedence, retrogression, lag, fallback, retreat قهقه qahqaha to laugh boisterously, guffaw قهقهة qahqaha loud burst of laughter, guffaw, horselaugh 794 قهوة qahwa coffee; (pl. qahawāt and □ قهاوي qahāwī) cafe, coffeehouse │ قهوة سادة coffee without sugar قهواتي qahwātī, qahawātī pl. -īya (syr.) coffeehouse owner قهوجي qahwajī coffeehouse owner; coffee cook مقهى maqhan and مقهاة maqhāh pl. مقاه maqāhin cafe, coffeehouse مقهاية maqhāya (yem.) cafe, coffeehouse قهي qahiya a: قهي من الطعام (ṭa‘ām) and IV اقهى من الطعام to have little appetite قاه qāhin supplied with provisions (قوب) قاب qāba u (qaub) to dig; to dig up, burrow, excavate, hollow out (هـ the ground) II do. V to break open, burst open (egg) قاب qāb small distance; short span (between the middle and the end of a bow) │ على قاب قوسين (q. qausain) quite near, very close; imminent; على قاب لمحة (q. lamḥa) in a moment قوب qūb pl. اقواب aqwāb young bird, chick قوباء qūbā’, quwabā’2 and قوبة qūba, quwaba pl. قوب quwab tetter (med.) (قوت) قات qāta u (qaut, qūt, قياتة qiyāta) to feed, nourish, subsist, sustain, support (ه s.o.), provide for the support (ه of) II and IV do. V to be fed, be supported; to feed, livo (ب on s.th.); to eat (ب s.th.) VIII do.; to take in or absorb as nourishment (هـ s.th.) قات qāt kat (Catha edulis Forskàl; bot.); the leaves of this shrub which act as an excitant when chewed │ قات الرعيان q. ar-ru‘yān a variety of lettuce (Lactuca inermis Forsk.; bot.) قوت qūt pl. اقوات aqwāt nutriment, aliment, nourishment, food, viands │ مواد القوت mawādd al-q. foodstuffs تقوت taqawwut nutrition, alimentation المقيت al-muqīt the Feeder, the Nourisher (God) قاح (قوح) qāḥa u (qauḥ) to fester, suppurate, swell (wound); to sweep (هـ the house) II to sweep (هـ the house) III to quarrel, pick a quarrel V to fester, suppurate, swell قاحة qāḥa pl. قوح qūḥ courtyard قاد (قود) qāda u (quad, قياد qiyād, قيادة qiyada, مقادة maqāda) to lead, lead by a halter (هـ s.th.); to conduct, guide, engineer, steer (هـ s.th.); to drive, steer (هـ e.g., an automobile), pilot (هـ an airplane); to pander, pimp IV to cause (ه s.o.) to retaliate VII to be led, be guided; to follow, obey (ل s.o.), yield, submit (ل to s.o.) VIII to lead; to be led X to retaliate قود qaud leadership; pandering, pimping قود qawad retaliation قواد qawwād pander, pimp, procurer قؤود qa’ūd tractable, docile, amenable, manageable; trained (horse) اقود aqwad2 tractable, docile, amenable, manageable قياد qiyād leadership, guidance; leading rope, halter │ سلس القياد salis al-q. tractable, docile, amenable, manageable, pliant; صعب القياد ṣa’b al-q. intractable, unruly, ungovernable قيادة qiyāda leadership, guidance; driving, steering, steerage (of a vehicle); command │ القيادة العليا (العامة) (‘ulyā, ‘āmma) supreme command; عجلة القيادة ‘ajalat al-q. steering wheel (of an automobile) مقود miqwad pl. مقاود maqawid leading rope, leading rein, halter; steering mechanism; steering wheel 795 انقياد inqiyād obedience, compliances, yielding, submission قائد qā’id pl. قواد quwwād, قود quwwad, قادة qāda, قادات qādāt leader; directors, manager; head, chief; commander, commandant; high-ranking officer, senior officer; caïd, native governmental officer heading a caïdate in Tunisia; steersman, helmsman │ قائد الجيش q. al-jaiš commander of an army, general; قائد العام (‘āmm) supreme commander; القائد الأعلى (a’lā) commander-in-chief of the Eg. navy; قائد عام الأساطيل الجوية (‘āmm, jawwīya) lieutenant general of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قائد الأساطيل الجوية (jawwīya) major general of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قائد اسطول الجوي q. usṭūl jawwī colonel of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قائد لواء جوي lieutenant colonel of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قائد فرقة جوية q. firqa jawwīya major of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قائد جناح q. janāḥ wing commander (Eg. 1939); قائد سرب q. sirb captain of the Air Force (Eg. 1939); قادة الفكر q. al-fikr leading thinkers قور II to make a round hole (هـ in s.th.); to gouge, scoop out, hollow out (هـ s.th.); to cut out in a round form, cut round (هـ s.th.) V to coil (snake) VIII اقتار and اقتور iqtawara = II قار qār pitch; tar قارة qāra pl. -āt, قور qūr, قيران qīrān hill; see also qarra under; قر مقورة miqwara gouge تقوير taqwīr gouging, hollowing out تقويرة taqwīra neckline (of a garment) مقور muqawwar cut out in a round form; gouged, hollowed out, scooped out; chiseled out; low-cut, low-necked, décolleté (dress) قورمة qawurma (eg.) mutton or beef cut in small pieces and braised with squash (qar’) or onions and tomatoes قوس qawisa a (qawas) to be bent, curved, crooked II = I; to bend, curve, crook (هـ s.th.); to shoot V = I; to bend قوس qaus m. and f., pl. of اقواس aqwās, قسي qusīy, qisīy bow, longbow; arc (geom.); arch, vault (arch.; of a bridge); violin bows, fiddlestick; semicircular table; قوسان parentheses (punctuation marks); القوس Sagittas, the Archer (sign of the zodiac) │ بين قوسين (qausain) in parentheses; قوس قزح q. quzaḥa rainbow; قوس الندف q. an-nadf teasing bow (for combing or carding cotton); قوس النصر q. an-naṣr triumphal arch; لم يبق في قوس صبري منزع lam yabqa fī q. ṣabrī minz‘ my patience is at an end (lit.: there is no arrow left for the bow of my patience) قواس qawwās bowmaker; bowman, archer; kavass, consular guard قويسة quwaisa sage (bot.) مقوس muqawwas bent, crooked, curved, arched قوش qūš pl. اقواش aqwāš crupper (of the saddle or harness); straps, girth قاووش qāwūš pl. قواويش qawāwīš2 prison cell □ قواص qawāṣ see قواس qawwās قاض (قوض) qāḍa u (qauḍ) to demolish, tear down, wreck, raze (هـ a building), strike (هـ a tent) II do.; to break off (هـ s.th.); to smash (هـ s.th.) V to be demolished, undergo demolition; to collapse, fall in, cave in; to break up, scatter, disperse (crowd); to desist (عن from), give in, give way (عن to) تقويض taqwīḍ wrecking, demolition; destruction, annihilation مقاوضة muqāwaḍa barter, exchange, interchange 1قوط qauṭ pl. اقواط aqwāṭ flock of sheep 796 2القوط al-qūṭ the Goths قوطي qūṭī Gothic 3 قوطة qauṭa small basket for fruit; date basket 4قوطة qūṭa (eg.) tomatoes قاع (قوع) qā‘ pl. قيعان qī‘ān, اقوع aqwu‘, اقواع aqwā‘ plain, lowland; bottom, lowest part; wave trough (phys.); floor (of a mine); gulf, abyss │ قاع النهر q. an-nahr river bed; بلاد القاع the Netherlands قاعة qā‘a pl. -āt paved courtyard; entrance hall, vestibule, corridor; hall; sizable room │ قاعة المحاضرات q. al-muḥāḍarāt lecture hall, auditorium (of a university); قاعة التدريس lecture room, classroom; قاعة الطعام q. aṭ-ṭa‘ām dining room; messhall; قاعة العرش q. al-‘arš throne room; قاعة المطالعة q. al-muṭāla‘a reading room, study hall; قاعة الأفراح banquet hall, ballroom 1قاق (قوق) qāqa u (qauq) to cackle, cluck (hen) II do. قاق qāq pl. قيقان qīqān (syr.) raven │ قاق الماء cormorant (zool.) ام قويق umm quwaiq (eg.) owl (zool.) 2 قاوق and قاووق pl. قواويق look up alphabetically القوقاز al-qauqāz and القوقاس al-qauqās the Caucasus القوقازيون al-qauqāzīyūn the Caucasians قوقع qauqa‘ seashell قوقعة qauqa‘a pl. قواقع qawāqi‘2 snail 1(قول) قال qāla u (قول qaul) to speak, say, tell (هـ s.th., ل to s.o.; في, عن هـ s.th. about or of), utter, voice (هـ s.th.); to speak (عن of), deal (عن with), treat (عن of); to state, maintain, assert, propound, teach, profess, advocate, defend (ب s.th.); to support, hold (ب a view), stand up (ب for), be the proponent (ب of a doctrine or dogma); to allege (ب s.th.); with على: to speak against s.o., speak ill of s.o., tell lies about s.o. │ قال برأسه (bi-ra’sihī) to motion with the head, signal, beckon; قيل في المثل qīla fī l-matal the proverb says; ولا يقال ان (inna) one cannot say that ..., let no one say that …; او قل au qul or, or rather, or say even …; وقل مثل هذه في (wa-qul mitla) or وقل مثله في or وكذلك قل في the same must be said about …, the same can be said of ..., the same applies to ... III to confer, parley, treat, negotiate (ه with s.o.); to dispute, wrangle, argue; to haggle, bargain (ه with s.o., about the price); to make a contract; to conclude a bargain, make a deal (ه with s.o.) V to fabricate lies, spread rumors (على about s.o.); to pretend, allege, purport (هـ s.th.) │ تقول الأقاويل (aqāwīla) to talk foolishly X O to render (voice by radio) قال وقيل qāl wa-qīl and قيل وقال qīl wa-qāl long palaver; idle talk, prattle, gossip قالة qāla speech, talk │ سوء القالة sū’ al-q. malicious gossip, backbiting, defamation قول qaul pl. اقوال aqwāl, اقاويل aqāwīl2 word, speech, saying, utterance, remark; statement, declaration; report, account; doctrine, teaching; pl. اقوال also: testimony (in court); اقاويل sayings, locutions; proverbs │ قولا وعملا qaulan wa-‘amalan or بالقول والفعل (fi‘l) by word and deed; اقوال الشهود testimonies, depositions, evidence; اعطى قوله a‘ṭā qaulahū to make one’s bid (at an auction) قولة qaula (n. vic.) utterance, remark, word; pronouncement, dictum قولة quwala garrulous, voluble, loquacious, talkative, communicative قوال qawwāl garrulous, voluble, loquacious, talkative, communicative; itinerant singer and musician 797 مقول miqwal pl. مقاول maqāwil2 phonograph, gramophone, talking machine مقال maqāl speech; proposition, contention, teaching, doctrine; article; treatise; piece of writing مقالة maqāla pl. -āt article; essay; treatise; piece of writing │ مقالة افتتاحية (iftitāḥīya) editorial, leading article مقاولة muqāwala talk, conversation, parley, conference; dispute; contract; settlement, arrangement, agreement; bargain, deal, transaction, undertaking │ بالمقاولة by the job, by the contract, by piece (work) تقول taqawwul pl. -āt talk, rumor, gossip قائل qā’il pl. قول quwwal saying, telling; teller, narrator; advocate, proponent (ب of s.th.) مقول maqūl pl. -āt that which is said, utterance, saying; word(s), speech │ المقولات العشر (‘ašr) the ten categories (philos.) مقاول muqāwil contractor; building contractor 2قول (Turk. kol) qōl wing of an army, army corps; قول اغاسي (Turk. kol ağası) a military rank intermediate between those of captain and major, adjutant major (Egs.) قولحة qaulaḥa pl. قوالح qawāliḥ2 (eg.) cob (of corn, and the like) قولنج qaulanj colic قولون qolōn colon (anat.) قام (قوم) qāma u (قومة qauma, قيام qiyām) to get up; to stand up, stand erect; to rise (also fig.: voices, noise, wind); قام عليه to rise or turn against s.o., revolt or rebel against s.o., attack s.o.; قام له to rise in honor of s.o.; to rise from the dead, be resurrected; to ascend; to set out, start out; to depart, leave (train); to betake o.s., go (الى to); to stand; to remain standing; to be, exist, be existent; to be located, be situated, lie; to consist (ب in); to rest, be based, be founded (على on, also ب), be built (على on); to have for its (main) theme (على a problem; of a book, and the like); to begin (يفعل to do s.th.), start (يفعل doing s.th.); to make s.th. (ب) one’s business, concern o.s. (ب with), undertake, take upon o.s., perform, do, carry out, execute, accomplish, practice, exercise (ب s.th.); to stand up (ب for), support, advocate, endorse (ب s.th.); to be in charge (على of), manage, run, tend, guard, keep up, preserve (على s.th.); to take care (على of), attend (على to), watch (على over), look after s.th. (على); to cost, be worth (ب so and so much) │ قام البرهان على (burhān) proof had been furnished for; قام بأعباء الحكم (bi-a’bā’i l-ḥukm) to assume the burdens of government, take over power; قام باوده (bi-awadihī) to provide for s.o.’s needs, stand by s.o. in time of need; قام بدور (bi-daurin) to play a part; قام بشأنه (bi-ša’nihī) to take care of s.o., look after s.o., take s.o. under one’s wing; قام بالمصاريف to defray the costs, pay the expenses; قام بالواجب عليه to do one’s duty; قام بوعده (bi-wa‘dihī) to keep one’s word; قامت الحرب على ساق (ḥarb) the war was or became violent, flared up; war broke out; قام الحق (ḥaqq) truth became or was manifest; قامت الصلاة (ṣalāh) the time of prayer has come; قام على قدم وساق (qadamin wa-sāqin) to become fully effective, be in full progress, be in full swing; قاموا قومة رجل واحد (qaumata rajulin) they rose to a man; لم تقم له قائمة بعد lam taqum lahū qā’imatun ba‘du he was no longer able to put up any resistance, he was as good as finished; لا تقوم للأعداء قائمة there is no 798 resistance against the enemies; قامت قيامته (qiyāmatuhū) to get excited, get angry, become furious; all hell broke loose in it; قامت قيامته ل (من) to be upset, be shocked, be violently agitated by s.th.; قام في وجهه (wajhihī) to resist, oppose, defy s.o.; قام مقامه (maqāmahū) to replace s.o., substitute for s.o., deputize for s.o., take s.o.’s place; to serve as or instead of s.th., take the place of s.th., replace s.th.; قام منه مقامه to take the place of s.o. with s.o.; قام وقعد (wa-qa‘ada) to be in a state of great anxiety, be seriously upset, be very agitated; to be very alarmed (ل by s.th.); لا قام ولا قعد not to be lasting and durable II to set upright, lift up, raise (هـ s.th.); to create, shape, form, arrange, set up (هـ s.th.); to straighten, make or put straight (هـ s.th.); to arrange well, do properly (هـ s.th.); to put in order, fix, set going (هـ s.th.); to right, put to rights, rectify, correct, reform, amend (هـ s.th.); O to rectify (el.); to estimate, assess, appraise, value, rate (ب هـ s.th. at) │ لا يقوم بثمن lā yuqawwamu bi-tamanin inestimable, invaluable, priceless III to resist, oppose (ه s.o.); to fight, combat (هـ s.th.); to raise objections, take issue, contend, argue (في ه with s.o. because of s.th.); to withstand (ه s.o.), hold out, hold one’s own (ه against), be on a par (ه with s.o.), equal, match (ه s.o.), measure up (ه to s.o.) │ لا يقاوم lā yuqāwamu irresistible IV to straighten, straighten out, make right or correct, put in order (هـ s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) rise; to resurrect, raise from the dead (ه s.o.); to lift up, elevate (هـ s.th.); to set up, raise, erect (هـ s.th.); to start, originate, found, call into being (هـ s.th.); to fix, determine (هـ s.th.); to appoint, nominate, install (ه ه s.o. as); اقامه على to put s.o. in charge of s.th., commission s.o. with the management of s.th.; to agitate, rouse, excite (هـ s.th.); to make brisk, enliven, animate (هـ the market); to hold (هـ a meeting, a ceremony, etc.), celebrate (هـ a festival), put on, stage, organize (هـ a celebration, a pageant, etc.), give (هـ a reception); to occupy o.s. constantly (على with); to abide, stay, remain, dwell, reside, live (على in); to dwell (على on), persist (على in), keep, stick (على to) │ اقام اوده (awadahū) to provide for s.o.’s needs, stand by s.o. in time of need; to support s.o., furnish s.o. with the means of subsistence; اقام البرهان الجلي على (burhāna l-jalīya) to furnish the unmistakable proof for ..., dearly prove s.th.; اقام الحجة (ḥujjata) to protest, lodge a protest; اقام حسابا ل (ḥisāban) to render account to s.o.; to give one’s mind to s.o. or s.th., make s.o. or s.th. one’s concern; اقام الدليل على ان to prove that ...; اقام الشعائر الدينية (dīnīya) to perform the liturgical rites; اقام الصلاة (ṣalāta) to perform the ritual prayer; اقام العدل (‘adla) to administer justice, handle the law; اقام القداس على (quddāsa) to read the Mass for s.o.; اقام قضية (دعوى) على (qaḍīyatan, da‘wā) to take legal action against s.o., sue s.o.; اقام له وزنا (waznan) to set great store by s.th., attach importance to s.th., make much of s.th.; لا يقام له وزن (yuqāmu, wazn) to be negligible, be of no consequence; اقام مباراة (mubārātan) to stage a contest; اقامه مقامه (maqāmahū) to make s.o. take the place of s.o. else, make s.o. replace s.o. else. substitute s.o. for s.o. else; اقام نفسه مقام الحامي (nafsahū maqama l-ḥāmī) to pose as the protector; اقامه واقعده (wa-aq‘adahū) to upset s.o. seriously, throw s.o. in a state of violent emotion; اقام الدنيا واقعدها (dunya wa-aq‘adahā) to move heaven and earth; to make a stir, create a sensation; لا يقيم له قيامة (qiyāmatan) he forestalls any resistance on his part X to rise, get up, stand up; to straighten up, draw o.s. up; to stand upright, stand erect; to be or become 799 straight; to be right, correct, sound, proper, in order; to keep, stick (في to s.th.) │ استقام له الكلام (kalāmu) he said the right thing about ..., he talked sense about ... قوم qaum pl. اقوام aqwām fellow tribesmen, kinsfolk, kin, kindred; tribe, race, people, nation; people │ عالم الأقوام ethnographer, ethnologist; سيقول قوم ان (inna) people will say ... قومة qauma rising; uprising, revolt قومي qaumī national; ethnic, racial; قوميات national traits; (pl. -īya) “goumier”, member of the native cavalry troops recruited from the local tribes in French North Africa قومية qaumīya nationalism; nationality قامة qāma stature, figure, build, frame (of a person); fathom (measure of length = 6 feet); stand, support, tripod قيم qayyim valuable, precious; straight, right; caretaker, curator, custodian, superintendent; القيمة al-qayyima the true faith │ كتب قيمة (kutub) valuable books قيمة qīma pl. قيم qiyam value, worth; size of an amount, amount, quantity; price │ ذو قيمة valuable; لا قيمة له (qīmata worthless قيمي qīmī relating to the value, by the standard of value, according to the value; nonfungible (Isl. Law) │ مال قيمي nonfungible things, nonfungibles (Isl. Law) قوام qawām upright posture, erect bearing; straightness; stature, physique, build, frame; figure, body (of a person); rightness, properness, proper condition, normal state; strength, vigor, stamina; firmness, consistency; support, stay, prop; livelihood, living قوام qiwām support, stay, prop; basis, foundation; stock, supply; sustenance, subsistence, livelihood │ قوام اهله q. ahlihī the provider, or supporter, of his family قوام qawwām manager, director, superintendent, caretaker, keeper, custodian, guardian (على of s.th.) قوامة qiwāma guardianship قويم qawīm pl. قيام qiyām straight, upright, erect; correct, right, proper, sound, authentic; true (religion); firm, solid قيام qiyām rising, getting up; standing; existence; outbreak (e.g., of a revolt); setting out, leaving, departure (also, esp., of trains); performance. execution, carrying out, consummation, discharge, accomplishment, undertaking (ب of s.th.); support, stay, prop; sustenance, subsistence, livelihood │ الى قيام الساعة till doomsday, forever and ever, in perpetuity, for all time to come; قيام اهله q. ahlihī the provider, or supporter, of his family; القيام بالعمل (‘amal) performance; working, functioning قيامة qiyāma resurrection; tumult, turmoil, upheaval, revolution, overthrow; guardianship │ عيد القيامة ‘īd al-q. Easter; يوم القيامة yaum al-q. the day of resurrection, the day of final judgment; قامت قيامته (qiyāmatuhū) to get excited, get angry, become furious; all hell broke loose in it; (عن) قامت قيامته ل to be upset, be shocked, be violently agitated by s.th. القيوم al-qayyūm the Everlasting, the Eternal (God) اقوم aqwam2 straighter; more correct, sounder; more adequate, more appropriate مقوم miqwam plowtail, plow handle مقام maqām pl. -āt site, location, position; place, spot, point, locality; situation; station; standing, position, 800 rank, dignity; tomb of a saint, sacred place; key, tonality, mode (mus.) │ في هذا المقام on this occasion; مقام ابراهيم small building near the Kaaba, in Mecca (housing a stone with ِAbraham’s foot-prints); مقام الحديث topic of the conversation; المقامات السياسية (الرسمية) (siyāsīya, rasmīya) the political (official) agencies; مقام الكسر m. al-kasr denominator of a fraction; صاحب المقام الرفيع title conferred upon the holder of the order of “Collier Fouad I”, established by Fuad I in 1936; كان عندي في مقام والدي (m. wālidī) he assumed the responsibility of fatherhood for me; cf. also muqām and under قمّ مقامة maqāma pl. -āt sitting, session, meeting; a genre of Arabic rhythmic prose تقويم taqwīm pl. تقاويم taqāwīm2 raising, setting up, erection; appraisal, assessment, estimation, fating, valuation; correction; rectification, amendment, reform, reformation, reorganization, reshaping, modification, adaption; a rectification, detection (el., radio); land survey, surveying; determination of geographical longitude and latitude; geography; stocktaking; almanac; calendar; chronology │ التقويم الجويجوري the Gregorian calendar; تقويم زمني (zamanī) chronology; علم تقويم البلدان ‘ilm t. al-buldān geography مقاومة muqāwama resistance; opposition; fight, struggle, battle (with foll. genit.: against); O resistance (el.) │ O مقاومة جوية (jawwīya) antiaircraft defense; مقاومة سلبية (salbīya) passive resistance; دون مقاومة without resistance, unresistingly اقامة iqāma raising, lifting up; elevation; setting up; erection; establishment (of an institute); execution; performance; holding, convocation (e.g., of a meeting), celebration (e.g., of a festival), putting on, staging (e.g., of a pageant, of a celebration); resurrection (of the dead); stay, sojourn; second call to the salat in a mosque, indicating the imminent beginning of the prayer; (Magr.) residentship, office of resident │ اقامة الشعائر الدينية (dīnīya) performance of the religious ceremonies, celebration of the divine service; اقامة العدل i. al-‘adl administration of justice; محل الإقامة maḥall al-i. (place of) residence, domicile; address استقامة istiqāma straightness; sincerity, uprightness, rectitude, integrity, probity, honesty; rightness, soundness, correctness قائم qā’im pl. قوم quwwam, قيم quyyam, قوام quwwām, قيام quyyām rising, getting up; standing; upright, erect; stand-up; existing, existent; visible, conspicuous; firm, steadfast, staunch, unflinching, unshakable; revolting, rebelling (على against); vertical, perpendicular (على to) │ قائم بالأعمال, قائم بأعمال المفوضية (bi-a. al-mufawwāḍīya) charge d’affaires (dipl.); قائم الذات, قائم بذاته, قائم برأسه (bi-ra’sihī) and بنفسه (bi-nafsihi) self-existent, independent; في قائم حياته (q. ḥayātihi) during his lifetime; قائم الزاوية q. az-zāwiya rectangular, right-angled; الزاوية القائمة right angle قائممقام qā’im-maqām, qā’imaqām administrative officer at the head of a qaḍā’, approx.: district president (Ir., Syr., Leb.); lieutenant colonel (mil.; Tun., formerly also Eg.); commander (naval rank; Eg.) قائممقامية qā’im-maqāmīya, qā’imaqāmīya administrative district headed by a qā’im-maqam, in Iraq = qaḍā’ قائمة qā’ima pl. قوائم qawā’im leg, foot, paw (of a quadruped); leg, foot (of furniture); pale, stake, post, prop, stanchion, pillar; pommel (of a sword’s hilt); stand, base, support; (fig.) main support, pillar; (pl. also -āt) list, roster, 801 register, index, table, schedule; catalogue; invoice, bill │ قائمة الطعام q. aṭ-ṭa‘ām menu, bill of fare; see also قوم I مقوم muqawwim estimator, appraiser, assessor; -- (pl. -āt) formative element, constituent factor; O rectifier, detector (el., radio); pl. مقومات elements, constituents, components, formative agents, basic factors, fundamentals │ مقومات الحياة m. al-ḥayāh means of subsistence; earthly possessions; مقومات الجمال m. al-jamāl cosmetics; العمران m. al-‘umrān cultural factors مقوم muqawwam highly creditable, valuable, valued, treasured, prized; pl. مقومات valuable possessions, valuables; assets, values مقاوم muqāwim resisting, resistent, reluctant, averse, unwilling; opponent, adversary, antagonist مقيم muqim raising, lifting up, setting up, erecting, etc. j remaining, staying, abiding, lingering; permanent, lasting, enduring; persistent; living, residing, resident, domiciled; re8ident (dipl.) │ مقيم بواجباته (bi-wājibātihī) dutiful, conscientious, loyal; مقيم عام (āmm) Resident General (Tun.) مقيمي muqīmī residential مقيمية muqīmīya residentship, residency مقام muqām raised, set up, erected, etc.; pending (legal action); stay, sojourn; abode, habitat, whereabouts; place of residence; duration of stay; see also under قمّ مستقيم mustaqīm upright, erect; straight; dead straight, straight as a die; directed straight ahead; correct, right, sound, proper, in order; even, regular, symmetrical, proportionate, harmonious; honest, straightforward, upright, righteous, honorable; (pl. -āt) a straight, straight line (math.); reotum (anat.) قومسير (Fr. commissaire) qomisēr commissioner قومندان (Fr. commandant) qomandān commander, commandant قونة qūna pl. قون quwan icon; image of a saint قونية qōniya2 Konya (city in Anatolia) قوه II to shriek, scream, yell, cry, shout قوي qawiya a (قوة qūwa) to he or become strong, vigorous, forceful, mighty; to become stronger, increase in power, gain ascendancy; to be able to do s.th. (على in or about s.th.), have influence (على over s.th.); to he able to cope (على with s.th.), be able to manage or tackle (على s.th.); to be superior (على to s.o.); -- (قي qiyy, قواية qawāya) to he depopulated, deserted, forsaken, desolate (place); -- (قوى qawan) to starve, be starved; to be denied, he withheld (rain) II to make strong or vigorous, strengthen, fortify, consolidate, invigorate, brace (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to encourage, hearten, embolden (ه s.o.); to intensify (هـ s.th.) III to vie or compete in strength (ه with s.o.); to equal, match (ه s.o.) IV to be poor; to be empty, deserted, forsaken, desolate (place) V to be or become strong; to intensify, become stronger; to take heart, take courage VIII to claim for o.s. (هـ s.th.) X = V قواء qawā’, qiwā’ and قي qiyy desert, wasteland, desolate country قواء qawā’ and قوى qawan hunger, starvation قوة qūwa pl. -āt, قوى quwan strength; vigor; potency; power, force; intensity; violence, vehemence; courage, pluck; faculty, ability, capability, aptitude; efficacy, efficiency, potential; O (electric) energy, power, capacity, output; armed force, troop; قوات qūwāt armed forces; troops│بالقوة forcibly, by force; 802 inherently, virtually (philos.); بقوة وجلاء bi-qūwatin wa-jalā’in (to speak) loud and distinctly; منسرق القوة munsariq al-q. weakened, debilitated, effete, exhausted, spent; قوة احتياطية (iḥtiyāṭīyaī) reserves (mil.); قوة الإذاعة q. al-idā‘a transmitting power (radio); قوة الإرادة q. al-irāda will power; قوة الاستمرار inertia; قوة حافظة memory; قوة الحدود frontier guard, border guard; قوة خفيفة light, mobile task force (mil.); O قوة دافعة كهربائية (kahrabā’īya) electromotive force, e.m.f.; قوة دفاعية (difā‘īya) total defense potential; O قوة سطحية (saṭḥīya) surface task force (navy); قوة الشراء purchasing power; قوة الصوت q. aṣ-ṣaut volume, intensity (radio) قوة عاقلة intellectual power, faculty of perception; قوة عراك combat force; قوة على العمل (‘amal) working power; output capacity; قوة القانون legal force; قوة قاهرة force majeure; قوة مركزية (markazīya) central power; O قوة مركزية جاذبة centripetal force; O قوة مركزية طاردة centrifugal force; قوة مضادة للطائرات (muḍādda) antiaircraft defense; قوة معنوية (ma‘nawīya) moral strength, morale, spirit; قوة q. an-nabt germinative faculty; قوة نظامية (niẓāmīya) regular army; قوات برية وبحرية وجوية (barrīya wa-baḥrīya wa-jawwīya) ground, sea, and air forces; العاب القوى athletics, specif., track and field قوي qawīy pl. اقوياء aqwiyā’2 strong; vigorous; potent; mighty, powerful, forceful; intense, violent, vehement i firm, solid, robust, hardy, sturdy │ قوى العارضة eloquent, quick, witted اقوى aqwā stronger تقوية taqwiya strengthening; fortification, consolidation; intensification; encouragement □ تقاوي taqāwī (eg.) seed (for sowing) اقواء iqwā’ depopulation; imperfect rhyme (change of the vowel following the rhyme letter) مقو muqawwin strengthening, fortifying, invigorating; corroborant; (pl. مقويات muqawwiyāt) a restorative, tonic, cordial, corroborant; O amplifier (radio) مقوى muqawwan strengthened, reinforced, stiffened, stiff│ورق مقوى (waraq) cardboard, pasteboard قى qiyy see قوى (قىء) قاء qā’a i (قيء qay’) to vomit II to cause (ه s.o.) to vomit (of an emetic) V = I قياء quyā’ vomit, that which is vomited مقيئ muqayyi’ pl. مقيئات muqayyi’āt a vomitive, an emetic│ الجوز المقيئ (jauz) nux vomica قيتار qītār pl. قياتير qayātīr2, قيثار qītār and قيثارة qītāra pl. قياثير qayātīr2, a guitar; lyre (قاح) قيح qāḥa i (qaiḥ) to suppurate, fester, be purulent II and V do. قيح qaiḥ pl. قيوح quyūḥ pus, matter تقيح taqayyuḥ suppuration, maturation, purulence متقيح mutaqayyiḥ suppurative, festering, purulent 1قيد II to bind, tie, fetter, shackle (ب ه s.o. with; also fig.: to bind or tie s.o. to); to limit, restrict, confine, qualify (هـ s.th.); to impose restrictions (هـ, ه on s.o., on s.th.), set bounds (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), curb, check (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to fix, determine, lay down, specify, stipulate (هـ s.th.); to write, write down, note down (هـ s.th.), make a note, take notes (هـ of) ; to enter, book (هـ s.th.) ; to register, record (هـ s.th., also fig., of the eyes); to enroll (ه s.o., in a list or register); to charge (على هـ s.th. to s.o.,s account), debit (على هـ with s.th. s.o.); to place s.th. (هـ) to s.o.’s credit (ل), credit (ل هـ with s.th. s.o.) V pass. Of II; to bind o.s., be bound (ب to, by, e.g., by an obligation); 803 to be limited, restricted; to enroll, have one’s name registered قيد qaid pl. قيود quyūd (also اقيادaqyād) fetter, shackle, chain; bond, tie; strap, thong; recording, record, booking, entering, entry, registering, registration, registry; enrollment (e.g., at matriculation); fixation, determination, specification, stipulation; document; limitation, confinement, restriction, qualification, reservation; condition, proviso; amount, measure, degree; distance│قيد الاسنان gum(s); قيد الانساب genealogical tree; family tree; من غير قيد او روابط without any reservation, without qualification; بلا قيد ولا شرط (šarṯ) without any reservation, without qualification; with no strings attached; unconditional; قلم القيودات qalam al-quyūdāt bureau of vital statistics, (G.B.) (general) register office; بقيد الحياة bi-q. il-ḥayāh or على قيد الحياة (still) alive, living; قيد شعرة qaida ša‘ratin, by a hairbreadth, within 80 hair’s breadth; لا ... قيد انملة la ... qaida unmulatin not one inch, not one iota; على قيد ساعات معدودة (q. sā‘atin) within a few hours; على قيد عشرة كيلومترات at a distance of 1o km; عن قيد البصر (q. il-baṣar) within sight قيد qaida (prep.) under subject to, the object of, in the process of, in the stage of│ المشروع قيد الدرس (dars) the project is being studied, is under consideration; المسألة قيد البحث (mas’ala, baḥt) the affair is subject to investigation, is being investigated قيدى qaidī booking-, registration, (in compounds), e.g., رسوم قيدية booking fees, registration fees تقييد taqyīd pl. –āt, تقاييد taqāyīd2 fattering, shackling, tying, binding; reservation, qualification; limitation, restriction, confinement, curtailment; entry, registry, registration, booking│تقييد النسل t. an-nas1 birth control; رسم التقييد rasm al-t. registration fee تقيد taqayyud pl. -āt a being bound, obligation, tie, bond; restriction, limitation, confinement مقيد muqayyad fettered, shackled, bound, tied, tied down; limited, restricted, confined; booked, registered│غير مقيد unlimited, unrestricted; ملك مقيد (mulk) constitutional monarchy 2قياد and قيادة see قود قير II to tar, pitch (هـ s.th.) قار qār end قير qīr tar; pitch قيراط qīrāṯ pl. قراريط qarārīt2 inch; a dry measure (Eg. = 1/33 قدح = 0.064 l); a square measure (Eg. = 1/24 فدان = 175.035 m2); karat, a weight (Eg. = 1/16 درهم = 0.195 g) قيروان qairawān pl. -āt caravan القيروان al-qairawān Kairouan (city in NE Tunisia) (قيس) قاس qāsa i (qais, قياس qiyās) to measure, gauge, measure out (هـ s.th.), take the measurements (هـ of); to try on (هـ a garment); to weigh, judge (هـ s.th., ب, على by analogy with s.th. else), drew analogous conclusions (على from s.th., هـ for s.th. else); to compare, correlate, bring into relation (على or ب هـ s.th. with, also الى هـ), proportion (على or y هـ s.th. to, also الى هـ)│وقس عليه wa-qis ‘alaihī end so forth II to measure (هـ s.th.) III to compare (بين الشيئين between two things, هـ s.th., الى or ب with or to) VIII to measure (هـ s.th.); to imitate, follow (ب s.o.), take after s.o. (ب) قياس qiyās pl. -āt, اقيسة aqyisa measure, measurement, dimension; scale; exemplar, example; reference, relation; record (athlet.); comparison; analogy; deduction by analogy│قياسا على ذلك by analogy (with it), analogously (to it); correspondingly; بالقياس الى in comparison with, (as) compared to; in proportion to, in relation 804 with; with reference to, with respect to, with regard to; على القياس by analogy; regular; after the model, accordant with the model; بغير قياس illogical; أخذ قياسه to take s.o.’s measure (tailor); متناسب القياس mutanāsib al-q. fitting together, well matched; equal in proportion, commensurate, commensurable; قياس عالمى (‘ālamī) world record; قياس فاسد wrong inference, false conclusion, fallacy, sophism, paralogism; شريط القياس tape measure, tapeline قياسى qiyāsī accordant with analogy, analogous; consistent with the model, pattern, rule, or norm; comparable, by comparison; logical│رقم قياسى (raqm) record (athlet.) قياس qayyās land surveyor, geodesist مقياس miqyās pl. مقاييس maqāyīs2 measure, measurement; amount, quantity, magnitude; measuring instrument, gauge, water gauge, tide gauge; scale (e.g., of a map); standard; standard of judging, criterion; unit of measure; المقياس Nilometer│ تحت المقياس substandard; O مقياس التيار m. at-tayyār ammeter; O مقياس الجهد m. al-jahd voltmeter; O مقياس الحرارة m. al-ḥarāra thermometer; O مقياس الزلزال m. az-zalāzil seismograph, seismometer; O مقياس الزوايا m. az-zawāyā protactor; O مقياس الكهربائية m. al-kahrabā’īya electrometer; O مقياس المطر m. al-maṯar rain gauge, pluviometer, ombrometer, ombrograph; O مقياس المغنطيسية m. al-magnaṯīya magnetometer; مقياس التنفس m. at-tanaffus spirometer; مقاييس الاطوال measures of length, linear measures; مقاييس المسطحات m. al-musaṯṯaḥāt square measures; O مقاييس السطوح do.; مقاييس الحجم m. al-ḥajm cubic measures; مقاييس الكيل m. al-kail measures of capacity, dry measures, liquid measures مقاسmaqās pl. –āt measuring, mensuration; gauging; measurement, dimension, size; pl. مقاساتdimensions مقايسة muqāyasa measuring, mensuration, gauging; comparison; appraisal, valuation, estimation by analogy; (preliminary) estimate (of coots); relation, rate, rates, proportion; detailed listing, specification; itemized list (of services, quantities, prices) قيسرى qaisarī pl. قياسر qayāsir2, قياسرة qayāsira big, large, huge, enormous قيسرية qaisarīya2 Caesarea (ancient seaport in Palestine) قياسرية qayāsirīya pl. قياسر qaysir2 large block of public buildings with stores, workshops, etc., roofed market place, bazaar; qaisarīya2 Caesarea (ancient seaport in Palestine) قايش pl. قوايش look up alphabetically قيشانى qīšānī faience; porcelain, china قيصانة qaiṣāna sunfish, moonfish قيصر qaiṣar pl. قياصر qayāṣir2, قياصرةqayāṣira Caesar; emperor, kaiser; tsar قيصرى qaiṣarī Caesarean; imperial; tsarist│ العملية القيصرية (‘amalīya) Caesarean section (med.) قيصرية qaiṣarīya kaiserdom, Caesarism, imperialism, empire; imperial dignity; tsarism; Caesarean section (med.); large lock of public buildings with stores, workshops, etc., roofed marked place, bazaar; Caesarea (ancient seaport in Palestine) قاض (قيض) qaḍā i (qaiḍ) to break, crack, split, cleave, burst open (هـ s.th); to get broken, crack, burst; to exchange (من هـ s.th. for) II to foreordain, destine (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.; of God); to lead, send (ه s.o., ل to s.o; of God) III to exchange, give in exchange (ب هـ ه to s.o. s.th. for) V and VII to burst, crack, get broken, break; to collapse, fall in, cave in, tumble down 805 قيض qaiḍ eggshell; barter, exchange; article of exchange, barter object, equivalent قياض qiyāḍ barter, exchange مقايضة muqāyaḍa barter, exchange; barter trade, bartering; trading, barter (Isl. Law); compensation, barter transaction, barter deal قيطان see قطن قيطوس qīṯūs Cetus (astron.) قيظ qaiẓ heat of summer; high summer, mid-summer, dog days; lack of rain, drought, aridity│ قيظ النهار q. an-nahār daytime heat مقيظ maqīẓ summer residence قائظqā’iẓ scorchingly hot, midsummery, canicular قيف II to follow (هـ s.o.’s tracks); to study, examine, investigate (هـ s.th.); to criticize (هـ s.th.) قيافة qiyāfa tracking, pursuit (of a track); make-up, guise, costume قيقب qaiqab maple (bot.) 1قال (قيل) qāla i (qail, قائلة qā’ila, قيلولةqailūla, قيل qīl) to take a midday nap; to hold siesta II do. IV to abolish, repeal, annul (هـ s.th.); to cancel, abrogate, rescind, revoke (هـ s.th., esp. a sale); to depose, dismiss, discharge (هـ s.o.; also with من المنصب min al-manṣib from his office); to free, release, exempt (ه s.o., من from an obligation)│اقال الله عثرتك (‘atrataka) may God regard your offence as undone; اقاله من عثرته (‘atratihī) to steady one who has stumbled X to demand the cancellation, seek the abrogation (هـ of a sale); to ask (ه s.o.) for exemption, release, or annulment; to request to be released from office, tender one’s resignation, resign (من or عن from an office); to resign one’s commission, quit the service; to ask s.o.’s (ه) pardon, apologize (ه to s.o.) قيل qail pl. اقيال aqyāl princeling; chief, chieftain قيلولة qailūla siesta; midday nap مقيل maqīl resting place, halting place اقالة iqāla cancellation, abrogation, rescission, revocation (esp. of a sale); abolishment, abolition, repeal, annulment; deposition, dismissal, discharge from an office استقالة istiqāla resignation, withdrawal (from office); retirement قائلة qā’la midday nap; noon, midday مستقيل mustaqīl resigned from office, retired, discharged 2قيلة qīla, قيلة مائية (mā’īya) hydrocele (med.) قيام, قيمة, قيم and قيوم see قوم قين qain pl. قيون quyūn blacksmith قينة qaina pl. -āt, قيان qiyān songstress, singer; lady’s maid مقينة muqayyina lady’s maid ك ك ka (with foll. genit.) as, like; all but, as good as; as, in my (your, etc.) capacity of │ كالأول ka-l-awwali as before, as at the beginning, as from the outset; كهذا ka-hādā such, e.g., رجل كهذا rajulun kahādā such a man, a man like this; هم كالمجمعين على ذلك (ka-l-mujmi‘īna) they are as good as unanimous about it, they are 806 practically agreed on it; انا كمسلم anā kamuslimin I (in my capacity) as a Muslim كأن ka-anna (conj. introducing a nominal clause) as if, as though; it is (was) as if │ كأني بها ka-annī bihā (with imperf.) it is like seeing her before me; I am under the impression that she …, it looks to me as if she ... كذا ka-dā so, thus, that way; so and so, such and such, so-and-so much, so-and-so many │ كذا مكذا so and so, such and such, so-and-so much, so-and-so many; وكذا بمكان كذا bi-makāni k. at such and such a place; عمره كذا سنوات ‘umruhū k. sanawāt his age is so-and-so many years كذلك ka-dālika so, like this, thus; equally; likewise كما ka-mā (conj. introducing a verbal clause) as, just as, as also, as on the other hand; (introducing a main clause) equally, likewise, as well │ كما ان ka-mā anna (introducing a nominal clause) as, just as quite as, as also, as on the other hand; كما هو such as it is; as things are, such being the matter; كما لو كان حاضرا if as if he were present مدينة الكاب madīnat al-kāb Cape Town كئب ka’iba a (كأب ka’b, كأبة ka’ba, كآبة ka’āba) to be dejected, dispirited, downcast, sad (على about, ل because of), be worried (ل by, because of) IV to sadden, aggrieve, distress, worry (ه s.o.); to depress, dishearten, discourage (ه s.o.) VIII to be dejected, dispirited, downcast, sad (على about, ل because of), be worried (ل by, because of); to be gloomy كأب ka’b, كأبة ka’ba, كآبة ka’āba and اكتئاب ikti’āb sorrow, grief, distress, sadness, dejection, depression, gloom, melancholy كئب ka’ib and كئيب ka’īb sad, dispirited, dejected, downcast, depressed, melancholy; gloomy, morose; grave مكتئب mukta’ib sad, dispirited, dejected, downcast, depressed, melancholy; gloomy, morose; grave; dark-colored, blackish, dismal 1كابل (Fr. cable) kabil cable 2كابل kābul2 Kabul (capital of Afghanistan) ابلي kābūlī Kabuli, of Kabul; (eg.) mahogany wood كابين (Fr. cabine) kābīn pl. كبائن kabā’in2, كباين kabāyin2 cabin كاتدرائية kātidrā’īya cathedral كاثوليكي kātūlīkī Catholic; a Catholic; see also كثلك كاخية kākiya pl. كواخ kawākin butler, steward 1كاد kād anacardium (bot.) │ كاد هندي (hindī) cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale; bot.) 2كأد ka’ada a to be sad, distressed, worried كأداء ka’dā’2 sadness, sorrow, distress, grief; fear; dark night │ عقبة كأداء (‘aqaba) insurmountable obstacle كؤود ka’ūd: عقبة كؤود (‘aqaba) insurmountable obstacle كادر (Fr. cadre) kādir cadre (of a military unit, of a governmental agency, of a corporation, etc.), skeleton organization, skeleton unit, skeleton crew (of a naval unit) كادميوم kadmiyom cadmium كار kār pl. -āt work, job, occupation, business; calling, vocation, profession, trade │ ابن كار ibn k. (eg.) artisan, craftsman; ارباب الكارات artisans, craftsmen; عداوة الكار ‘adāwat al-k. professional jealousy, trade rivalry 807 كارتون kartōn cardboard, pasteboard; (pl. -āt) carton كاردينال kardīnāl pl. كرادلة karādila cardinal كارى = كرى karrī curry كاريكاتورية karīkātūrīya caricature, cartoon كاز = غاز gāz gas كازينو kāzīnō pl. كازينوهات kāzīnōhāt casino كأس ka’s f., pl. كؤوس ku’ūs, كئاس ki’ās, كأسات ka’sāt cup; drinking glass, tumbler; goblet; chalice, calix; calyx (bot.) كساتا kāsātā cassata (Italian ice cream) كاغط kāgiṭ (mor.) paper كاف kāf name of the letter ك كافور kāfūr camphor, camphor tree; (eg.) blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Lab.; bot.) كاكنج kākinj, kākanj alkekengi, ground cherry (Physalis alkekengi; bot.) كالو (It. callo) kallō pl. كالوهات corn (on the toes) كالون gālōn gallon; -- (eg.) kālūn and كيلون kailūn pl. كوالين kawālīn2 lock (of a door) كواليني kawālīnī pl. -ya locksmith كامبوديا kambōdiyā Cambodia كامبيو (It. cambio) kombiyō rate of exchange كامخ kāmak, kāmik pl. كوامخ kawāmik2 vinegar sauce, pickle; (mixed) pickles كاميرا kāmērā camera كاميه kāmīh cameo (precious stone) سوق الكانتو sūq al-kantō rag fair, secondhand market كانتين kantīn post exchange, canteen كاهية kāhiya pl. كواه kawāhin chief officer of a كهاية kihāya (Tun.); deputy, vice-, under-, sub- (Tun.) كاوتشق kautšuq rubber, caoutchouc كب kabba u (kabb) to prostrate, throw prostrate (لوجهه li-wajhihī or على وجهه ه s.o.); to overturn, overthrow, topple, upset, capsize, turn upside down, revert, invert (هـ s.th.); to pour out, pour away (هـ a liquid) II to ball, roll or form into a ball, conglomerate (هـ s.th.) IV to throw down, prostrate, bend down, bow down (ه s.o.); to throw o.s. down, prostrate o.s.; to bend, bow, lean (على over s.th.); to apply o.s. eagerly, devote o.s., dedicate o.s. (على to s.th.) VII to fall prostrate (على وجهه); to throw o.s. down, prostrate o.s.; to bend, bow, lean (على over); to apply o.s. eagerly, devote o.s., dedicate o.s. (على to); to nestle (على against); to be reverted, be inverted, be overturned, be upset, be toppled, get knocked over; to be poured away │ انكب على قدميه (qadamaihi) to throw o.s. at s.o.’s feet, prostrate o.s. before s.o. كب kabb prostration; overthrow, overturn, reversal; bending, tilting, inclination كبة kubba pl. كبب kubab ball; clew, hank; ball of thread, hank of yarn; (syr., ir.) a kind of meatballs made of bulgur, onions, minced meat and piñons; (eg.) bubo, plague boil كباب kabāb fried or broiled meat; cabobs, meat roasted in small pieces on a skewer; a kind of meatballs made of finely chopped meat (syr., eg.) │ كباب صيني (ṣīnī; eg.) cubeb (Piper cubeba Tr.; bot.) كبابة kabāba, kubāba cubeb (Piper cubeba; bot.) كبيبة (eg.) kubēba a kind of meatballs, hamburgers │ كبيبة بطاطس (eg.) baked potato dough stuffed with minced meat, meat patties □ كباية kubbāya pl. -āt drinking glass, tumbler 808 مكب mikabb pl. -āt, مكاب makābb2 ball of thread, hank of yarn; reel of thread, bobbin, spool, reel اكباب ikbāb devotion, dedication (على to s.th.); occupation (على with), pursuit (على of) انكباب inkibāb devotion, dedication (على to s.th.); occupation (على with), pursuit (على of) مكب mukibb devoted, dedicated, addicted, given over (على to), intent (على on), wholeheartedly engaged (على in) منكب munkabb devoted, dedicated, addicted, given over (على to), intent (على on), wholeheartedly engaged (على in) كباريه (Fr. cabaret) kabārēh pl. -āt cabaret 1كبت kabata i (kabt) to put down, crush, suppress, repress, stifle, subdue, restrain, curb (هـ s.th.) │ كبت غيظه في جوفه (gaiẓahū fī jaufihī) to suppress one’s anger; كبت انفاسه (anfāsahū) to get s.o. out of breath كبت kabt suppression, repression 2كبوت kabbūt pl. كبابيت kabābīt2 hood, cowl; hooded mantle; top of a carriage or automobile كبتولة kabtūla lump, chunk; ball; pellet مكبتل mukabtal round كبتن (Engl.) kabtan captain (military rank) كبح kabaḥa a (kabḥ) to rein in (هـ a horse); to check, curb, control (هـ s.th.); to hamper, hinder, prevent, detain, restrain, hold back (عن ه s.o. from) │ كبح جماحه (jimāḥahū) to curb s.o.’s defiance, repress s.o. or s.th. كبح kabḥ curbing, checking, subdual, restraint, control; suppression, repression; hindering, prevention O مكبح mikbaḥ brake (of an automobile) كبد kabada u i (kabd) to affect severely, afflict gravely, wear out, wear down (ه s.o.; of pain, losses, etc.) II to cause (هـ ه to s.o. s.th., esp. losses), inflict (هـ ه upon s.o. s.th., esp. losses); to culminate, pass through the meridian (star); to reach its climax III to bear, suffer, endure, undergo, sustain, stand (هـ s.th.) V to bear, suffer, endure, undergo, sustain, stand (هـ losses, hardships, etc.); to have to take upon o.s. (هـ s.th.), be exposed (هـ to); to bear, defray (هـ costs); to take up the center, step into the middle (هـ of a place); to be in the zenith, culminate كبد kabid, kabd, kibd m. and f., pl. اكباد akbād, كبود kubūd liver; interior, heart; middle, center; -- kabid, kabad center of the sky, zenith كباد kubād liver ailment كباد kabbād, kubbād name of several citrus plants (Citrus medica Risso, Citrus Bigaradia Duh., also Zollikoferia spinosa B.; eg.); kabbād (syr.) citron (Citrus medica) 1كبر kabara u (kabr) to exceed in age (ب ه s.o. by), be older (ه than s.o., ب so-and-so much); -- kabura u (kubr, kibar, كبارة kabāra) to be or become great, big, large; to grow, increase, augment, become greater, bigger or larger; to become famous, gain significance, become important; to become too great, too big, toe large (عن for s.th.); to disdain (عن s.th.); to become toe oppressive, too painful, too distressing, too burdensome; to appear intolerable (الى to s.o.); to become too difficult, too hard (الى for s.o.), appear insurmountable (الى to s.o.) II to make great(er), big(ger), large(r), enlarge, magnify, enhance, aggrandize (هـ s.th.); to extend, expand, widen, amplify (هـ s.th.); to increase, augment (هـ s.th.); to intensify (هـ s.th.); 809 to exaggerate, play up (هـ s.th.); to aggravate, make worse (هـ s.th.); to praise, laud, extol, exalt, glorify, celebrate (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to exclaim allāhu akbar III to treat haughtily, with disdain, with contempt (ه s.o.); to seek to excel, try to surpass, strive to outdo (ه s.o.); to contend, vie, strive, contest (ه with s.o.); to oppose, resist, contradict (ه s.o.); to renege, renounce (هـ s.th.), offend (هـ against), act contrary (هـ to); to stickle, insist stubbornly on one’s opinion IV to consider great, deem significant, regard as formidable (هـ s.th.); to praise, laud, extol (ه s.o.); to show respect (ه to s.o.), he deferential (ه toward s.o.); to admire (ها s.th.) V and VI to be proud or haughty, give o.s. airs, swagger; to be overweening, overbearing (على toward s.o.) X to deem great or important (هـ s.th.); to be proud, haughty, display arrogance (على toward s.o.) كبر kibr bigness, largeness, magnitude; greatness, eminence, grandeur; significance, importance; standing, prestige; nobility; pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance كبر kubr greatness, eminence, grandeur; bigness, largeness, magnitude; size, bulk, extent, expanse; power, might; glory, fame, renown, standing, prestige; nobility; main part, bulk كبر kibar bigness, largeness, magnitude; greatness, eminence, grandeur; old age كبرة kabra old age كبير kabīr pl. كبار kibār, كبراء kubarā’2 great, big, large, sizable; bulky, voluminous, spacious; extensive, comprehensive; significant, considerable, formidable, huge, vast, enormous; powerful, influential, distinguished, eminent; important; old │ كبير امراء البحار k. umara’ al-b. Admiral of the Fleet (Eg.); كبيرة الخدم k. al-kadam female head of the houaehold staff; كبير الأساقفة k. al-asāqifa archbishop; كبير السن k. as-sinn old; كبير القضاة k. al-quḍāh chief justice, chief magistrate; ابو كبير (abū) asafetida, devil’s dung (pharm.); كل صغيرة وكبيرة every single detail; كبار الضباط k. aḍ-ḍubbāṭ senior officers; كبار الموظفين k. al-muwaẓẓafīn senior officials; كبار الهيئات k. al-hai’āt the leading personalities of public corporations كبيرة kabīra pl. -āt, كبائر kabā’ir2, كبر kubur great sin, grave offense, Atrocious crime كبار kubār, kubbār very great, very big, huge كبرياء kibriyā’ grandeur, glory, magnificence, majesty; pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance اكبر akbar2 pl. -ūn, اكابر akābir2, f. كبرى kubrā, pl. كبريات kubrayāt greater, bigger, larger; older; senior-ranking │ المفتي الأكبر (muftī) grand mufti; سوريا الكبرى (sūriyā) Greater Syria; أكابر القوم a. al-qaum the leaders of the people; الأكابر والأعيان the grandees and notables تكبير takbīr enlargement, increase, augmentation, magnification; enhancement, aggrandizement; intensification, amplification; exaggeration; augmentative (gram.); praise, laudation, extolment, exaltation, glorification; the exclamation الله اكبر allāhu akbar مكابرة mukābara haughtiness, superciliousness, overweening, overbearingness; self-importance, pomposity; stubbornness, obstinacy, self-will اكبار ikbār admiration; deference, respect, regard, esteem تكبر takabbur and تكابر takābur pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance مكبر mukabbir pl. -āt O amplifier (el.) │ مكبر الصوت m. aṣ-ṣaut or مكبر صوت (ṣautī) 810 loud-speaker (radio); نظارة مكبرة (naẓẓāra) magnifying glass مكبرة mukabbira pl. -āt magnifying glass مكبر mukabbar enlarged, magnified │ صورة مكبرة (ṣūra) enlargement, blowup (phot.); بصورة مكبرة increasingly, on a larger scale, to an increasing degree مكابر mukābir presumptuous, arrogant, supercilious, haughty, overweening; quarrelsome, contentious, cantankerous; self-willed, obstinate, stubborn; stickler متكبر mutakabbir proud, imperious, high-handed, haughty, supercilious, overweening 2كبر kabar capers; caper shrub كبرت kabrata to coat with sulfur (هـ s.th.); to sulfurize, sulfurate (هـ s.th.); to vulcanize (هـ s.th.) كبريت kibrīt sulfur; matches │ عود كبريت ‘ūd k. matches, a match كبريتة kibrīta match, matchstick كبريتي kibrītī sulfureous, sulfurate, sulfurous, sulfuric │ حمام كبريتي (ḥammām) sulfur bath; ينبوع كبريتي (yanbū‘) sulfur spring كبريتات kibrītāt sulfate كبري kubrī or كوبري (from Turk. köprü) pl. كباري kabārī bridge; deck كبس kabasa i (kabs) to exert pressure (على on), press (على s.th. or on s.th.), squeeze (على s.th.); to attack, raid, take by surprise (هـ a place); to intercalate (السنة بيوم as-sanata bi-yaumin a day in a leap year); to preserve (in vinegar, or the like), pickle (هـ s.th.); to marinate (هـ s.th.); to conserve (هـ s.th.) II to press or squeeze hard (هـ s.th.); to massage (ه s.o.) كبس kabs pressure, squeeze, pressing; raid, attack; preservation (esp. in vinegar), pickling; intercalation (of a day; astron.) كبس kabsa (n. vic.) raid, surprise attack كباس kabbas piston; press; ramrod │ O موسى كباس (mūsā) penknife كبيس kabīs preserved (esp. in vinegar), pickled; pickled food, preserves; intercalary, intercalated, interpolated │ سنة كبيسة (sana) leap year كابوس kābūs pl. كوابيس kawābīs2 night-mare, incubus; terrible vision, phantom, bugbear كبس mikbas pl. مكابس makābis2 or مكباس mikbās pl. مكابيس makābīs2 press; piston (of a pump); ramrod │ مكبس القطن m. al-quṭn cotton press; O مكبس الخطابات letter press, copying press; O مكبس مائي (mā’ī) hydraulic press تكبيس takbīs massage O آلة كابسة āla kābisa compressor مكبوس makbūs raided, attacked; pressed; preserved, pickled; مكبوسات canned goods, conserves كبسول kabsūl or كبسولة kabsūla capsule; percussion cap, primer, detonator; snap fastener كبش kabaša u (kabš) to take a handful (هـ of s.th.); to grasp with the hand, clench (هـ s.th.) كبش kabš pl. كباش kibāš, اكباش akbāš ram, male sheep; bellwether; chieftain, chief, head, leader; battering-ram; pile driver; rammer; (pl. كبوش kubūš)buttress, pier, stay, prop, support; mulberry │ كبش التصادم k. at-taṣādum (pl. كبوش) bumper (railroad); كبوش قرنفل k. qaranful cloves كبشة kabša a handful; grasp, grip كبشة kabša ladle, scoop كبشة kubša pl. كبش kubaš hook, clamp, cramp, brace; clasp, brooch 811 كبكب kabkaba to topple, upset, capsize, overturn, turn upside down, revert, invert (هـ s.th.); to spill (هـ s.th.) كبيكج kabīkaj Asiatic crowfoot (Ranunculus Asiaticus; bot.) 1كبل kabala i (kabl) to put in irons, shackle, fetter (ه s.o.); to keep waiting (ه s.o., هـ for s.th., esp. for the payment of a debt) II to put in irons, shackle, fetter (ه s.o.) III to keep waiting (ه s.o., هـ for s.th., esp. for the payment of a debt), defer, put off (الدين ad-daina the payment of a debt) كبل kabl, kibl pl. كبول kubūl leg iron, chain, shackle, fetter كبولي kabūlī and كابولي kābūlī pl. كوابيل kawābīl2 bracket, corbel, console (arch.); lean to roof, pent roof, shed roof (arch.) 2كابل and كابلي look up alphabetically كابين pl. كباين look up alphabetically (كبو) كبا kabā u (kabw, kubūw) to fall forward (لوجهه li-wajhihī on one’s face); to stumble, trip, slip; -- u to empty (هـ a vessel), pour out the contents (هـ of a vessel); to become dim (light); to become dull, fade, lose luster (color); to rise, swirl up (dust) IV to fail, fail to produce a spark (lighter) VII to fail headlong; to stumble, trip, slip كبوة kabwa (n. vic.) fall, tumble, drop; stumble, trip, slip, false step; dust كاب kābin dull, dim, pale, dead, flat; slack, weak, decrepit; see كاب alphabetically كباية see كب كبوت see 2كبت كت katta i (katt) to hum softly كت katt and كتيت katīt soft humming كتالوج katālōg pl. -āt catalogue كتب kataba u (katb, كتبة kitba, كتابة kitāba) to write, pen, write down, put down in writing, note down, inscribe, enter, record, book, register (هـ s.th.); to compose, draw up, indite, draft (هـ s.th.); to bequeath, make over by will (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.); to prescribe (على هـ s.th. to s.o.); to foreordain, destine (ل or على هـ s.th. to s.o.; of God); pass. kutiba to be rated, be foreordained, be destined (ل to s.o.) │ كتب على نفسه ان to be firmly resolved to ..., make it one’s duty to ...; كتب عنه to write from s.o.’s dictation; كتب كتابه (kitābahū) to draw up the marriage contract for s.o., marry s.o. (على to) II to make (ه s.o.) write (هـ s.th.); to form or deploy in squadrons (هـ troops) III to keep up a correspondence, exchange letters, correspond (ه with s.o.) IV to dictate (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), make (ه s.o.) write (هـ s.th.) VI to write to each other, exchange letters, keep up a correspondence VII to subscribe VIII to write (هـ s.th.); to copy (هـ s.th.), make a copy (هـ of s.th.); to enter one’s name; to subscribe (ل for); to contribute, subscribe (ل ب money to); to be entered, be recorded, be registered X to ask (ه s.o.) to write (هـ s.th.); to dictate (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), make (ه s.o.) write (هـ s.th.); to have a copy made (ه by s.o.) كتاب kitāb pl. كتب kutub piece of writing, record, paper; letter, note, message; document, deed; contract (esp. marriage contract); book; الكتاب the Koran; the Bible │ اهل الكتب ahl a1-k. the people of the Book, the adherents of a revealed religion, the kitabis, i.e., Christians and Jews; كتاب الزواج k. az-zawāj marriage contract; كتاب الطلاق k. aṭ-ṭalāq bill of divorce; كتاب تعليمي (ta‘līmī) textbook; كتاب الاعتماد credentials (dipl.); دار الكتب library كتبي kutubī pl. -ya bookseller, book-dealer 812 كتابخانة kitābkāna and كتبخانة kutubkāna library; bookstore كتاب kuttāb pl. كتاتيب katātīb2 kuttab, Koran school (lowest elementary school) كتيب kutayyib booklet كتابة kitāba (act or practice of) writing; art of writing, penmanship; system of writing, script; inscription; writing, legend; placard, poster; piece of writing, record, paper; secretariat; written amulet, charm; pl. كتابات writings, essays; كتابة kitābatan in writing │ بالكتابة written; بدون كتابة bi-dūn k. unwritten, oral; blank; كتابة التاريخ historiography, historical writing; كتابة الدولة k. ad-daula (Magr.) secretariat of stae; كتابة عامة (‘āmma) secretariat general; اسم الكتابة ism al-k. pen name, nom de plume; آلة الكتابة typewriter; لغة الكتابة lugat al-k. literary language; ورق الكتابة waraq al-k. writing paper كتابي kitābī written, in writing; clerical; literary; scriptural, relating to the revealed Scriptures (Koran, Bible); kitabi, adherent of a revealed religion; the written part (of an examination) │ اسلوب كتابي (uslūb) literary style; غلطة كتابية (galṭa) slip of the pen, clerical error; اعمال كتابية clerical work, office work, desk work; الكمال الكتابي (kamāl) literary perfection; لغة كتابية (luga) literary language; موظف كتابي (muwaẓẓaf) clerk, clerical worker (of a government office) كتيبة katība pl. كتائب katā’ib2 squadron; cavalry detachment; (Eg. 1939) battalion, (Ir. after 1922) regiment, (later) battalion, (Syr.) battalion of armored, cavalry, or motorized, unite (mil.); (piece of) writing, record, paper, document; written amulet مكتب maktab pl. مكاتب makātib2 office; bureau; business office; study; school, elementary school; department, agency, office; desk │ مكتب الأخبار and مكتب الأنباء news agency, press agency, wire service; مكتب البريد post office; مكتب البريد الرئيسي (ra’īsī) main post office; مكتب البرق m. al-barq telegraph office; مكتب التحرير editorial room; مكتب التليفونات telephone central office; مكتب السفريات m. as-safarīyāt (syr.) travel agency; مكتب الصحة m. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa board of health; مكتب الاستعلامات information office, information desk; news agency, press agency, wire service مكتبة maktaba pl. -āt, مكاتب makātib2 library; bookstore; desk O مكتاب miktāb typewriter مكاتبة mukātaba exchange of letters, correspondence اكتتاب iktitāb enrollment, registration, entering (of one’s name); -- (pl. -āt) subscription; contribution (of funds) استكتاب istiktāb dictation استكتابي istiktābī: آلة استكتابية dictaphone كاتب kātib pl. -ūn, كتاب kuttāb, كتبة kataba writer; scribe, scrivener; secretary; clerk typist; office worker, clerical employee; clerk, registrar, actuary, court clerk; notary; writer, author │ كاتب الدولة k. ad-daula (Mag.) (under)secretary of state; كاتب السر k. s-sirr private secretary; كاتب قصصي (qiṣaṣī) writer, novelist; كاتب المحكمة k. al-mahkama court clerk; آلة كاتبة typewriter كاتبة kātiba pl. -āt woman secretary; authoress, writer مكتوب maktūb written, written down, recorded; fated, foreordained, destined (ل or على to s.o.); s.th. written, writing; -- (pl. مكاتيب makātīb2) a writing, message, note; letter مكاتب mukātib correspondent; (newspaper) reporter مكتتب muktatib subscriber 813 كتابخانة and كتبخانة see كتب اكتع akta’ pl. كتع kut’ having crippled fingers; one-armed كتف katafa i (katf) to fetter, shackle (ه s.o., esp. by tying his hands); to tie up, bind (هـ s.th.) II to tie the hands behind the back; to cross, fold (هـ hands, arms behind the back or in front of the chest) V and X to cross or fold one’s arms VI to stand shoulder to shoulder; to support one another; to be united in solidarity, stand together كتف katif, katf, kitf pl. اكتاف aktāf, كتفة kitafa shoulder; shoulder blade, scapula; mountain slope; O end support of a bridge; (pl. اكتاف aktāf) buttress, pier │ ما هكذا تؤكل الكتف (tu’kalu) that’s certainly not the way to do it! that’s no way to handle it! كتاف kitāf pl. كتف kutuf shackle, manacle, handcuff كتف aktaf2, f. كتفاء katfā’2, pl. كتف kutf broad-shouldered 1كتكت katkat floss, silk waste 2كتكوت katkūt pl. كتاكيت katākīt2 chicken, chick كتل katala u (katl) and II to agglomerate, conglomerate, gather into a compact mass, press into a lump (هـ s.th.) V to be heaped up, piled up, agglomerated, clustered, clotted, massed, pressed into a compact mass or lump; to agglomerate, cluster, clot, pile up, gather in a mass; to unite in a bloc or group كتلة kutla pl. كتل kutal lump, chunk, clod, clot; bulk, mass; cube; block; bloc; beam, joist, transom, lintel, girder │ كتل بشرية (bašarīya) crowds, throngs, masses; كتلة الجسد kutlat al-jasad bulk of the body, frame; كتلة من الأعصاب (a‘ṣāb) a fearless, husky fellow; الكتلة الوطنية (waṭanīya) the National Bloc مكتل miktal pi. مكاتل makatil2 large basket تكتل takattul formation of blocs (pol.) │ سياسة التكتل policy of blocs (pol.) متكتل mutakattil clotted, lumpy, agglomerate, clustered, massed; concentrated, compact; burly, husky, stocky, heavily built (body) كتم katama u (katm, كتمان kitmān) to hide (هـ s.th., عن from s.o.); to conceal, secrete, keep secret (هـ s.th., عن from s.o.); to suppress, repress, restrain, check, curb, subdue (هـ anger, passion); to hold (هـ one’s breath); to lower, muffle (هـ the voice); to stifle, smother, quench (هـ fire) │ كتم انفاسه to take s.o.’s breath away, drive s.o. out of his senses II to hide, conceal (هـ s.th.) III to hide, conceal, keep, withhold (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.) V to keep silent, hold one’s tongue, keep mum VIII = II X to ask (ه s.o.) to keep (ه a secret); to confide (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) كتم katm and كتمان kitmān secrecy, concealment, secretion, silence; restraint, control, suppression (esp. of an emotion) كتيم katīm shut tight, hermetically sealed, impenetrable, impermeable, impervious كتوم katūm reticent, reserved, secretive, uncommunicative, taciturn, discreet كتام kitām (eg.) constipation تكتم takattum secrecy, secretiveness, reticence, reserve, taciturnity, discretion اكتتام iktitām concealment, secretion, secrecy, silence كاتم kātim: كاتم السر k. as-sirr (private) secretary مكتوم maktūm hidden, concealed, kept, preserved (secret); (eg.) constipated 814 1كتن katina a (katan) to be dirty, soiled, smutty, blackened by soot II to smut, soil (هـ s.th.) كتن katan dirt, smut, soot 2 كتان kattān (kittān) flax; linen كتاني kattānī made of linen, linen (adj.) 3 كتينة (It. catena) katīna (watch) chain كث katta i a (كثث katat, كثاثة katāta, كثوثة kutūta) to be thick or dense (esp. hair) كثث katat thickness, density كث katt and كثيث katīt thick, dense, thick-grown, densely crowded كثب katab nearness, proximity, vicinity │ على كثب من and عن كثب من in the vicinity (or neighborhood) of, near; من (عن) كثب from nearby, at a short distance كثيب katīb pl. اكثبة aktiba, كثب kutub, كثبان kutbān sandhill, dune كثر katara u (katr) to outnumber, exceed in number (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) – katura u (كثرة katra) to be much, many or numerous; to be more (عن than); to happen frequently, occur often; to increase, augment, multiply, grow II to increase, augment, compound, multiply (هـ s.th.) III to outnumber, exceed in number (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to vie in quantity or number (هـ, ه with) IV to do much (من in or of s.th.); to give much or frequently (من ل to s.o. of s.th.); to do constantly, always or frequently (من or في s.th.); to increase, augment (هـ s.th.) VI to band together, form a gang, rally (على against) X = IV; to regard as too much, deem excessive, find exorbitant (هـ s.th.); to regard as too high, as too troublesome (هـ s.th.); to think not worth the trouble (هـ s.th., على with regard to s.o.); to begrudge (هـ على s.o. s.th.); to demand much, ask for a lot │ استكثر بخيره (bi-kairihī) to thank s.o. كثر kutr large quantity, abundance, plenty; major portion, greater part كثرة katra large quantity, great number, multitude, abundance, copiousness, numerousness, frequency, multiplicity, plurality; majority, major portion (من of) │ بكثرة plentifully, abundantly, a lot; جمع الكثرة jam‘ al-k. plural of multitude (gram.) كثير katīr pl. كثار kitār much, many, numerous, abundant, plentiful, copious; frequent; a large portion, a great deal, a great many, a lot; الكثير the most part, most (من of); كثيرا katīran very, much, to a large extent; often, frequently │ كثيرا ما katīran mā often, frequently; بكثير (after a comparative) far, by far; الكثير من, الكثيرون من the majority of, most of; plenty of, a great many, a lot of; كثير على too much for; الشيء الكثير most of it; هذا كثير that’s pretty strong! that’s laying it on thick! في كثير من الأوقات and في احيان كثيرة frequently, often كثيراء katīrā’2 tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer Lab.; bot.); gum obtained from tragacanth اكثر aktar2 more; oftener, more frequently; more numerous; longer; most; major portion, greater part, majority; الأكثرون the majority, most of them │ اكثر فاكثر more and more; على الأكثر at most; latest; اكثر الأمر aktara l-amr at best; اكثر من ذلك besides, moreover اكثرية aktarīya majority مكثار miktār very talkative, garrulous تكثير taktīr increase, augmentation, multiplication. propagation, ample provision, abundant supply اكثار iktār increase, augmentation, multiplication, propagation, ample provision, abundant supply; raising, increase (esp. of the yield) 815 تكاثر takātur growth, increase; multiplication, propagation, proliferation مكثر muktir rich, well-to-do متكاثر mutakātir numerous, extensive; manifold, multifarious, multiple │ متكاثر الرقاع m. ar-riqā‘ patched in numerous places كثف katufa u (كثافة katāfa) to be thick or dense; to thicken, be condensed, become thicker or denser II to make thick or dense, thicken, compress, solidify, concentrate (هـ s.th.); to inspissate, condense (هـ s.th.); O (el.) to increase the capacity V and VI to grow denser, become concentrated; to thicken, become viscous; to be condensed كثيف katīf pl. كثاف kitāf thick; dense; compact; heavy, coarse, crude; viscous, sirupy (e.g., sauce) كثافة katāfa thickness; density; heaviness; solidity, firmness; compactness, fullness, intensity; consistency, degree of density or viscosity; O capacity (el.) │ كثافة السكان k. as-sukkān density of population; O كثافة الصوت k. aṣ-ṣaut sonority, sound intensity تكثيف taktīf compression, concentration, solidification; condensation تكاثف takātuf concentration, consolidation; condensation مكثف mukattif pl. -āt capacitor, condenser │ مكثف متغير (mutagayyir) variable capacitor (radio) مكثف mukattaf condensed متكاثف mutahātif massing, concentrating, gathering, piling up; dense كثلك II takatlaka to become (a) Catholic كثوليكي katūlīkī pl. كثلكة katlaka Catholic; a Catholic الكثلكة al-katlaka Catholicism كثيراء katīrā’2 tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer Lab.; bot.); gum obtained from tragacanth كح kaḥḥa u to cough كحة kuḥḥa cough كحت kaḥata a and II (eg.) to scrape off, scratch off (هـ s.th.) كحكح kaḥkaḥa to cough, cough slightly, hack كحكحة kaḥkaḥa short, dry cough كحل kaḥala u a (kaḥl) and II to rub, paint or smear (with kohl) (هـ the eyes) V and VIII to color (the edges of) the eyelids with kohl │ ما اكتحل غماضا (غمضا) (gamīḍan, gimāḍan, gumḍan) to find no sleep كحل kuḥl pl. اكحال akḥāl antimony; kohl, a preparation of pulverized antimony used for darkening (the edges of) the eyelids; any preparation for coloring the eyelids كحل kaḥal black coloring (of the edges) of the eyelids كحل kaḥil darkened with kohl, dyed black (eyelids) كحلي kuḥlī dark blue, navy blue كحلة kuḥla (eg.) pointing, filling or grouting of the joints (of a wall; masonry) اكحل akḥal2, f. كحلاء kaḥlā’2, pl. كحل kuḥl black (eye); الأكحل the medial arm vein كحلاء kaḥlā’ (eg.) a variety of blueweed (Echium cericeum V.; bot.) كحيل kaḥīl pl. كحائل kaḥā’il2 black, dyed black, darkened with kohl (eyelid); horse of noblest breed كحول kuḥūl alcohol, spirit كحولي kuḥūlī alcoholic, spirituous كحيلي kuḥailī and كحيلان kuḥailān horse of noblest bread 816 كحال kiḥāl antimony powder, eye powder كحال kaḥḥāl eye doctor, oculist (old designation) مكحل mikḥal and مكحال mikḥāl kohl stick, pencil for darkening the eyelids مكحلة mikḥala pl. مكاحل makāḥil2 kohl container, kohl jar; solar quadrant; (syr.) rifle, gun تكحيل takḥīl treatment of the eyes with kohl كاحل kāḥil pl. كواحل kawāḥil2 anklebone كخية kikya and كاخية kākiya pl. كواخ kawākin butler, steward كد kadda u (kadd) to work hard, exert o.s., toil, labor, slave; to fatigue, wear out, overwork, exhaust, weary, tire (ه s.o.) II to chase away, drive away (ه s.o.) VIII and X to urge, drive, rush (ه s.o.); to wear out, overwork, exhaust, weary, tire (ه s.o.) كد kadd trouble, pains, labor, toil, hard work كدود kadūd industrious, hard-working, diligent مكدود makdūd worn out, exhausted, overworked كدح kadaḥa a (kadḥ) to exert o.s., work hard, toil, labor, slave (في in or with s.th.) VIII to earn a living (لعياله li-‘iyālihī for one’s family) كدح kadḥ exertion, toil, labor, drudgery 1كدر kadura u and kadira a (kadar, كدارة kadāra, كدور kudūra, كدور kudūr, كدرة kudra) to be turbid, roily, muddy, roiled (liquid); -- kadira a (kadar, كدرة kudra) to be muddy, cloudy, blackish, dingy, flat, swarthy, grimy (color); (kadar, كدورة kudūra) to be dreary, unhappy (life); to be angry (على with s.o.) II to render turbid, to roil, muddy (هـ s.th.), trouble, disturb, spoil, ruffle (هـ s.th., على for s.o., e.g., s.o.’s peace of mind); to grieve, worry, trouble, vex, irritate, annoy, molest, disturb, distress (هـ s.o.) V to be turbid, roily, muddy, roiled, troubled; to be angry, be sore (من at s.th.), feel offended, be annoyed, be displeased (من by s.th.), be peeved (من at, about) VII to become turbid, muddy, dull, flat; to swoop down (bird) كدر kadar turbidity, muddiness, cloudiness, opaqueness, roiledness; worry, sorrow, grief, distress, vexation, irritation, annoyance كدرة kudra turbidity, muddiness, cloudiness, roiledness, impurity; dingy color, dinginess كدرة kadara clod of dirt, filth كدر kadir and كدير kadīr turbid, muddy, roily, roiled; dull, flat, dingy, grimy (color); worried, troubled, disturbed اكدر akdar2, f. كدراء kadrā’2, pl. كدر kudr dingy, swarthy, dark-colored تكدير takdīr roiling, troubling, ruffling; offending, offense, affront, indignity متكدر mutakaddir angry, sore, peeved (من at), annoyed. Irritated, offended (من by) 2 كادر look up alphabetically كدس kadasa i (kads) and II to pile up, heap up, accumulate, amass (هـ s.th.); to cram together, press together, compress (هـ s.th.) V to be heaped up, be piled up; to pile up, accumulate (intr.); to press together, get crammed up كدس kuds pl. اكداس akdās heap, pile; stack (of grain, hay, etc.) كداس kuddās pl. كداديس kadādīs2 heap, pile; stack (of grain, hay, etc.) كداسة kudāsa heap, pile, stack تكديس takdīs accumulation; stacking 817 كدش kadaša i (kadš) to gain, earn كديش kadīš pl. كدش kudš cart horse, nag, jade كدم kadama a i (kadm) to bite (with the front teeth); to bruise, contuse كدم kadma pl. kadamāt bite; wound caused by a bite; bruise, contusion كدى kadā i (kady) to give little, skimp, stint II to beg IV = I كدية kudya begging, mendicity كذا ka-dā see ك ka كذب kadaba i (kidb, kadib, كذبة kadba, kidba) to lie; to deceive, delude, mislead; to tell (ه or على s.o.) a lie, to lie (ه or على to s.o.) II to accuse of lying, call a liar (ه s.o.), disbelieve s.o., give the lie to s.o. (ه); to disprove, refute, disown, deny (ب or هـ s.th.) │ ما كذب ان فعل he did not hesitate to do so IV to cause (ه s.o.) to lie; to call a liar, prove a liar (ه s.o.), give the lie (ه to s.o.) كذب kidb, kadib and كذبة kadba, kidba lie; deceit, falsehood, untruth │ كذبة ابريل April fool’s joke كذوب kadūb liar كذاب kaddāb liar, swindler; lying, untruthful; false, deceitful اكذوبة ukdūba pl. اكاذيب akādīb2 lie اكذب akdab2 a greater liar, more mendacious, more untruthful, falser │ اكذب من مسيلمة (musailimata) a greater liar than Musailima (proverbially of a liar) تكذيب takdīb denial كاذب kādib liar; lying, untruthful; false, deceptive, fallacious, delusive, specious, sham, make-believe │ امل كاذب (amal) fallacious hope; بلاغ كاذب (balāg) slander, defamation (jur.) مكذوب makdūb false, untrue, fabricated, trumped up كذلك see ك ka 1كرة see 2كرو 2كر karra u (karr, كرور kurūr, تكرار takrār) to turn around and attack (على s.o., s.th.); to return, come back, recur; to withdraw, retreat, fall back; to attack (على s.o.), bear down (على upon); -- a (كرير karīr) to rattle in the throat II to repeat, reiterate, do again, do repeatedly (هـ s.th.); to pose over and over again (هـ a question, على to s.o.), ask (على s.o.) repeatedly (هـ a question); to clarify, filter (هـ s.th.); to rectify, purify (هـ s.th.); to refine (هـ sugar, etc.) V to be repeated, be reiterated, recur; to be rectified, be purified, be refined كر karr attack, charge │ الكر والفر (farr) attack and retreat (in battle); بين كر وفر alternately, intermittently, by fits and starts, by jerks; على كر الدهور and على كر الزمن (k. az-zamn) in the course of time كرة karra attack; return, comeback, recurrence; -- (pl. -āt) one time (= مرة); a hundred thousand; karratan once; sometimes, at times; at a time │ كرة اخرى karratan ukrā a second time, once more; كرة بعد كرة repeatedly, time and again كرار look up alphabetically كرور kurūr return, comeback, recurrence; succession, sequence, order كرير karīr rattle in the throat كرارية kurrārīya pl. -āt (eg.) spool, bobbin, reel مكر makarr pl. -āt reel تكرير takrīr repetition, reiteration; classification, rectification, purification, refinement; refining │ معمل تكرير السكر ma‘mal t. as-sukkar sugar refinery تكرار takrār repetition, reiteration; تكرارا takrāran repeatedly, frequently, quite often │ مرارا وتكرارا (mirāran) repeatedly, time and again 818 مكرر mukarrar repeated, reiterated; following twice (number), bis (after a number); a multiple; rectified, purified, refined │ سكر مكرر (sukkar) refined sugar; ص 37 مكرر page 37b متكرر mutakarrir recurring, recurrent, reiterated, reiterative; repeated, frequent كراج garāž pl. -āt garage (syr.) كرار karār pl. -āt pantry, storeroom; cellar كرافتة karāfatta neoktie, cravat كراكوفيا karākōfiyā Cracow (city in S Poland) كراميل (Fr. caramel) karamēl caramel candy 1كرب karaba u (karb) to oppress, distress, grieve, worry, trouble, fill with concern (ه s.o.); to overburden (هـ a beast of burden) IV to hurry, hasten, rush VII and VIII to be worried, grieved, troubled, distressed, anxious, apprehensive, feel concern, be afraid كرب karb pl. كروب kurūb worry, sorrow, care, grief; apprehension, concern, anxiety, fear; distress, trouble; pain, torment, torture, agony كربة kurba pl. كرب kurab worry, sorrow, care, grief; apprehension. concern, anxiety, fear; distress, trouble; pain, torment, torture, agony مكروب makrūb sad, worried, grieved, sorrowful, distressed; apprehensive, anxious, alarmed, fearful, troubled, scared, confused; see alphabetically مكترب muktarib sad, worried, grieved, sorrowful, distressed; apprehensive, anxious, alarmed, fearful, troubled, soared, confused 2كرب kreb crepe │ كرب ديشين k. dīšīn and كرب شين k. šīn crepe de Chine 3كروب karūb and كروبي karūbī pl. -ūn, كاروبيم kārūbīm cherub, archangel كرباج kurbāj, kirbāj pl. كرابيج karābīj2 whip, lash, riding whip, kurbash كرباس kirbās pl. كرابيس karābīs2 a white cotton fabric كربال kirbāl pl. كرابيل karābīl2 teasing bow (for combing or carding cotton); coarse sieve كربلاء karbalā’2 Karbala (holy city of the Shiites in central Iraq) كربون (Fr. carbon) karbōn coal │ ورق كربون waraq k. carbon paper 1كرات kurāt (eg.) = كراث 2اكرت akrat2 curly, kinky (hair) 1كرتن kartana to put under quarantine, to quarantine (على s.o.) II takartana to be put under quarantine, be quarantined 2كرتون kartūn pl. كراتين karātin2 cardboard, pasteboard; carton كرث karata u i (kart) to oppress, depress, distress, worry, trouble (ه s.o.); to concern, affect, move (ه s.o.) IV do. VIII to care (ل for), heed, bear in mind (ل s.th.), pay attention (ل to), take an interest (ل in) كريث karīt oppressed, depressed, distressed, anguished, worried, troubled, vexed, annoyed كراث karrāt, kurrāt leek (Allium parrum L.; bot.) اكتراث iktirāt attention, notice, concern, interest │ قلة الاكتراث qillat al-ikt. indifference كارث kārit oppressive, grievous, painful كارثة kārita pl. كوارث kawārit2 disaster, catastrophe │ كارثة الأمطار k. al-amṯār natural catastrophe, torrential rains الكرج al-kurj the Georgians كرجي kurjī Georgian (adj and n.) 819 كرح kirḥ pl. اكراح akrāḥ monk’s cell كرخانة karkāna pl. -āt, كراخين karākīn workshop, factory; (eg.) brothel كرخانجي karkānjī artisan, craftsman الكرد al-kurd the Kurds │ بلاد الكرد Kurdistan كردي kurdī Kurdish; (pl. اكراد akrād) Kurd │ جبل الأكراد jabal al-a. the Kurdish mountains, Kurdistan كردان kirdān pl. كرادين karādīn2 necklace كردس kardasa to heap up, pile up (هـ s.th.); to crowd together, cram together (هـ, s.o., s.th.) II takardasa to be heaped up, be piled up; to flock together, crowd together كردون (Fr. cordon) kordōn pl. -āt cordon; ribbon, braid, lace, trimming │ كردون صحي (ṣiḥḥī) sanitary cordon 1كرز karaza i (كروز kurūz) to hide, seek refuge (الى with) 2كرز karaza (karz) to preach, spread (بالإنجيل bi-l-injīl the Gospel) كرز karz and كرازة karāza sermon, preaching of the Gospel │ الكرازة المرقسية (marqusīya) the missionary province of St. Mark, the jurisdiction of the Coptic Patriarchate تكريز takrīz pl. تكاريز takārīz consecration, benediction (Chr.) كارز kāriz preacher 3كرز karaz (coll.; n. un. ة) cherry كرزى karazī cherry-red 1كرس II to lay the foundation (هـ of a building) V to stick together, cohere كرسي kursī pl. كراسي karāsīy, كراس karāsin chair; throne, see; seat; professorial chair; base, pedestal, socle; bearing (techn.) │ كرسي بيل k. bīl and كرسي بلى (billī) hall bearing; كرسي دائر revolving stool, swivel chair; الكرسي الرسولي (rasūlī) the Apostolic See; كرسي طويل chaise longue; deck chair; كرسي الملك k. l-malik royal throne; كرسي المملكة k. l-mamlaka capital, metropolis; كرسي هزاز (hazzāz) rocking chair; استاذ كرسي ustād k. full professor كراسة kurrāsa pl. -āt, karārīs2 quire; booklet; notebook, copy book; sketchbook; brochure; installment, fascicle (of a book) 2 كرس II to consecrate, dedicate, inaugurate, open ceremonially (هـ s.th.; Chr.); to hallow, sanctify (هـ e.g., principles); to dedicate, devote (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.) تكريس takrīs consecration, dedication, ceremonial inauguration (Chr.); devoting, dedication مكرس mukarras consecrated; dedicated │ ماء مكرس holy water (Chr.) كرسوع kursū‘ pl. كراسيع karāsī‘2 carpal end of the ulna, carpal bone, wristbone كرسف karsafa to hamstring, hook (هـ an animal) كرسنة kirsinna, kirsanna variety of vetch (bot.) كرش kariša a (karaš) to be wrinkled, shriveled, crumpled, crinkled, puckered; to shrivel, form wrinkles, be drawn into wrinkle II to wrinkls one’s face, knit one’s brows, frown V = I كرش kirš, kariš f., pl. اكراش akrāš, كروش kurūš stomach (primarily of ruminants = craw); paunch; belly كرشة kirša (eg.) tripe, intestines كريشة (eg.) krēša a thin, crinkled fabric; crepe اكرش akraš2 and مكرش mukriš potbellied, paunchy كرشوني karšūnī Karshuni, Arabic written in Syriac characters 820 كريطة look up alphabetically; كرارط, كرارطي ibid. كرع kara’a and kari’a a (kar’, كروع kurū’) to sip V to wash one’s feet, perform the partial ablution of the legs (in preparation for prayer); to belch, burp, eruct كرعة kar’a (n. vic.) sipping, sip, swallow كراع kurā’ m. and f., pl. اكرع akru’, اكارع akāri’2 foot, trotter (esp. of sheep or oxen); leg; extremity │ اكارع الأرض a. al-arḍ the remotest areas of the earth تكريعة takrī’a belching, eructation كارع kāri’ pl. كوارع kawāri’ foot, trotter; ankle, anklebone; pl. (eg.) dish prepared of sheep’s trotters كرفس karafs celery (Apium graveolens L.; bot.) 1كرك kurk (syr.) fur 2كركة karaka distilling apparatus, distilling flask, retort 3كركي kurkī pl. كراكي karākīy crane (zool.); (سمك) الكراكي (samak) al-k. pike (zool.) 4كراكة karrāka pl. -āt dredging machine, dredge; penitentiary 5كريك look up alphabetically كركب karkaba (eg.) to throw into disorder, upset, confuse, disturb (III s.th.); to make a noise كركبة karkaba disorder, confusion, muddle, jumble كركدن karkaddan, karkadann rhinoceros │ كركدن بحري (baḥrī) narwhal (zool.) كركر karkara to repeat, reiterate, do repeatedly (هـ s.th.); to rumble (stomach); to tickle │ كركر في الضحك (ḍaḥk) to burst into loud laughter, roar with laughter كركرة karkara loud laughter; rumbling (of the stomach) كركم kurkum (bot.) turmeric (Curcuma longa L.; plant and rootstock); curoumin كركند karkand spinel ruby (gem); (eg.) lobster (zool.) كركوز karakūz shadow play كركون karakōn (eg.) police station 1كرم karuma u (karam, كرمة karama, كرامة karāma) to be noble, high-minded, noble-hearted, magnanimous, generous, liberal, munificent; to be precious II to call noble and high-minded (ه s.o.); to honor, revere, venerate, treat with deference (ه s.o.); to exalt (على ه s.o. above another), bestow honor (على ه upon s.o. before others) │ كرم الله وجهه (wajhahū) may God honor him I III to vie in generosity (ه s.o.); to meet reverentially, with deference, politely (ه s.o.) IV to call noble and high-minded (ه s.o.); to honor (ه s.o.): to treat reverentially, with deference, politely, hospitably (ه s.o.), bestow honors (ه upon s.o.); to prove o.s. to he high-minded and generous; to honor, present (ب ه s.o. with), confer (ب ه upon s.o. s.th.) V to feign generosity; to show one’s generous side; to be noble; to be friendly, kind, kindly; to be so kind, have the kindness (ب to do s.th., على with regard to or in behalf of s.o.); to present (على ب s.o. with), graciously bestow (ب على upon s.o. s.th.) كرم karm (coll.) pl. كروم kurūm vine, grapes, grapevines; vineyard; garden, orchard │ بنت الكرم bint al-k. wine كرمة karma grapevine, vine كرم karam noble nature; high-mindedness, noble-mindedness, noble-heartedness, generosity, magnanimity; kindness, friendliness, amicability; liberality, munificence; كرما karaman moat kindly, obligingly, out of kindness │ كرم الأخلاق noble-mindedness, noble character; كرم الحتد k. al-maḥtid noble descent 821 كرمة لك kurmatan laka and كرمانا لك kurmānan laka for your sake, as a favor to you, in your honor كرامة karāma nobility; high-mindedness, noble-heartedness; generosity, magnanimity; liberality, munificence; honor, dignity; respect, esteem, standing, prestige; mark of honor, token of esteem, favor; (pl. -āt) miracle (worked by a saint) │ حبا وكرامة لك (ḥubban wa-karāmatan) for your sake and in your honor; most gladly, with the greatest pleasure; صاحب كرامات worker of miracles كريم karīm pl. كرماء kuramā’2, kirām noble; distinguished, high-ranking, eminent; high-minded, noble-minded, noble-hearted; generous, liberal, munificent, hospitable, beneficent; benefactor; kind, kindly, friendly, amicable, obliging, gracious; respectable, honorable, decent; precious, valuable, costly; thoroughbred; see also alphabetically; الكريمان the two noble things, namely Holy War and the pilgrimage to Mecca │ كريم الأخلاق high-minded, noble-minded, noble-hearted, noble; كريم الأصل k. al-aṣl of noble descent, highborn, highbred; حجر كريم (ḥajar) precious stone, gem; حصان كريم thoroughbred horse; دخل كريم (dakl) a decent income; القارئ الكريم the gentle reader; المعادن الكريمة the precious metals; مرمر الكرام see 1مر marra كريمة karīma pl. كرائم karā’im2 precious thing, object of value, valuable; vital part (of the body; esp. eye); daughter; see also alphabetically; الكريمتان the two eyes │ كرائم المال (الأموال) the most prized possession(s) كرام karrām pl. -ūn winegrower, vinedresser اكرم akram2 pl. اكارم akārim2 nobler more distinguished; more precious, more valuable; moat honorable; very high-minded, very noble-hearted, most generous مكرم makram and مكرم makrama pl. مكارم makārim2 noble trait, excellent quality │ مكارم الأخلاق noble characteristics, noble traits of character مكرمة makruma pl. مكارم makārim2 noble deed تكريم takrīm and تكرمة takrima honoring, tribute, honor (bestowed on s.o.) │ تكريما له (takrīman) in his honor اكرام ikrām honor, respect, deference, tribute; hospitable reception, hospitality; kindness; honorarium │ اكراما له (ikrāman) in his honor اكرامية ikrāmīya pl. -āt honorarium; bonus مكرم mukarram honored, revered, venerated; venerable; المكرمية epithet of Mecca 2كريم and كريمة look up alphabetically كرمش karmaša (eg.) to pucker, be drawn into folds; to crinkle, become wrinkled, shrivel II takarmaša do. كرمش karmaša fold, crease, wrinkle, crinkle, pucker; knitting 2 كرمل: الكرمل al-karmal Mount Carmel (promontory in N Palestine) كرملي karmalī Carmelite 2كرملا karamillā caramel (candy) كراميل look up alphabetically الكرملين al-kremlīn the Kremlin كرنب kurunb (coll.) cabbage كرنبة kurunba (n. un.) head of cabbage كرنتينة kurantīna pl. -āt quarantine كرنيش look up alphabetically 822 كرناف kurnāf pl. كرانيف karānīf2 palm stump كرنافة kunāfa pl. -āt gunstock, rifle butt 1كرنك (Engl.) krank pl. -āt crank, crank shaft 2كرنك karnak a brand of Egyptian cotton (named after الكرنن, a village near Luxor) كرنيش and كورنيش (Fr. corniche) kornīš pl. كرانيش karānīš2 cornice, ledge, molding, shelf; coast road, road skirting the shoreline كره kariha a (karh, kurh, كراهة karāha, كراهية karāhiya) to feel disgust (هـ at), be disgusted (هـ by); to detest, loathe, abhor, hate (هـ s.th.); to dislike (هـ s.th.); karuha u (كراهة karāha) to be repugnant, offensive, hateful, odious, detestable II to make s.o. (على or ه) hate s.th. (هـ), arouse aversion (هـ الى or هـ ه in s.o. to s.th.) IV to force, compel, coerce (على ه s.o. to) V to have an aversion (هـ to), feel disgust (هـ for), loathe, detest (هـ s.th.) X to have an aversion (هـ to), feel disgust (هـ for), loathe, detest (هـ s.th.); to force, compel, coerce (على ه s.o. to) كره karh, kurh hatred, hate; aversion, antipathy, dislike, distaste; detestation, abhorrence, disgust, repugnance, loathing; كرها karhan, kurhan and على كره ‘ala kurhin, على كره منه unwillingly, reluctantly, grudgingly, forcedly; under compulsion, under duress كره karih loathsome, repugnant, offensive كريه karīh unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive, bad, repugnant, repulsive, loathsome, hateful, detestable, abominable, ugly كراهة karāha hatred, hate; aversion, antipathy, dislike, distaste; abhorrence, detestation, disgust, repugnance, loathing كراهية karāhiya aversion, antipathy, dislike, distaste, disgust, repugnance, loathing; incompatibility (as a reason of divorce); baseness, abominableness, reprehensibility (Isl. Law) │ على كراهية unwillingly, grudgingly, forcedly كريهة karīha pl. كرائه karā’ih2 adversity; misfortune, calamity مكره makrah loathsome thing, unpleasant situation مكرهة makraha, makruha hatred, hate, detestation, abhorrence مكاره makārih2 loathsome things; adversities, calamities اكراه ikrāh compulsion, coercion, constraint, force; use of force │ بالإكراه by force اكراهي ikrāhī compulsory, coercive, forced, enforced تكره takarruh aversion, antipathy, dislike, distaste, disgust, repugnance, loathing كاره kārih reluctant, grudging, unwilling, averse مكروه makrūh detested, abhorred, hated, hateful, odious, loathsome, disgusting, distasteful, disagreeable, unpleasant; reprehensible (Isl. Law); مكروه and مكروهة makrūha inconvenience, discomfort, nuisance, adversity; accident, mishap, misadventure مكره mukrah forced, compelled متكره mutakarrih unwilling, reluctant 2كرو) and كري) كرا karā u (karw) and كرى karā i (kary) to dig (هـ s.th.) كرو karw digging, excavation 2كرة kura pl. -āt, كرى kuran globe, sphere; ball │ كرة الأرض k. al-a. and كرة ارضية (arḍīya) terrestrial globe, globe; كرة الثلج k. at-talji snowball; كرة السلة k. as-salla basketball; كرة الطاولة k. al-ṭāwula table tennis; كرة القدم k. al-qadam football, soccer; 823 كرة الكواكب celestial sphere; كرات لحم k. laḥm small meatballs; كرة الماء water polo; كرة اليد k. al-yad (European) handball; نصف الكرة niṣf al-k. hemisphere كرية kurayya globule; pellet │ الكريات الحمراء (الحمر) (ḥamrā’, ḥumr) the red corpuscles, erythrocytes كري kuriy and كروي kurawī globular, globate, globose, ball-shaped, ball-like, spherical كروية kurawīya globosity, sphericity, roundness │ كروية الأرض k. al-arḍ the sphericity of the earth كرواتيا kuruwātiyā Croatia كروان karawān and كيروان a variety of plover (Charadrius cedicnemus L.; zool.) كروب karūb and كروبي karūbī pl. -ūn, كروبيم karūbīm cherub, archangel كروسة (It. carozza) karōsa pl. -āt state carriage, coach كروكي (Fr. croquis) krōkī pl. كروكيات krōkīyāt sketch, draft, croquis كروم krōm chrome, chromium كرويا karawyā caraway (Carum carvi L.; bot.) 1كري kariya a (karan) to sleep, be asleep, slumber; -- karā i (kary) to dig (هـ e.g., a canal) III and IV to rent, lease, let, let out, farm out, hire out (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) V to sleep, be asleep, slumber VIII and X to rent, hire (هـ s.th.); to lease, take on lease (هـ s.th.), take a lease (هـ of s.th.); to hire, employ, engage (ه s.o.), engage the labor or services (ه of s.o.) كرى karan sleep, slumber كراء kirā’ rent, hire, hiring; lease; rental, hire; wages, pay اكراء ikrā’ renting, rent; leasing, letting on lease, farming out اكتراء iktirā’ renting, rent; leasing, taking on lease; hiring مكار mukārin pl. -ūn hirer (esp. one of horses, donkeys, mules, etc.); donkey driver, muleteer مكر mukrin hirer, lessor; landlord مكرى mukran rented, let, hired out, let on lease مكتر muktarin and مستكر mustakrin renter, tenant, lessee │ مكتر ثان (tānin) subtenant, sublessee 2 كرى, كرية see 1 كرو 3 كرىkarrī curry كريت kirīt, كريد kirīd Crete كريطة (Span. carreta) karrīṭa pl. كراريط karārīṭ2 (tun.) cart, wagon, dray كرارطي karariṭī carrier, carter, drayman كريك (Turk. körek) kurīk pl. -āt shovel كري (Fr. crème) krēm cream │ كريم الحلاقة k. al-ḥilāqa shaving cream كريمة (It. crema; eg.) kréma cream; a kind of thick sauce (served as a condiment) كز kazza (1st pers. perf. kazuztu) u (كزازة kazāza, كزوزة kuzūza) to become dry and tough, dry up, shrivel; to be withered, shriveled, shrunk; to contract, shrink; (eg.) to have an aversion (من to), feel disgust (من at), have a distaste (من for); -- (kazz) to contract, shrink, narrow (هـ s.th.); pass. kuzza to have tetanus │ كز على اسنانه (eg.) to gnash one’s teeth كز kazz pl. كز kuzz dry, dried up, withered, desiccated; shriveled, shrunk; tough, inflexible, unyielding, rigid, stiff │ كز اليدينk. al-yadain closefisted, miserly, niggardly 824 كزز kazaz miserliness, niggardliness كزاز kuzāz, kuzzāz tetanus كزازة kazāza dryness; boringness, dullness, tediousness; stinginess, niggardliness; stiffness, rigidity كزبرة kuzbara, kuzbura coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.; bot.) │ كزبرة الثعلب k. at-ta‘lab pimpernel; كزبرة خضراء (kaḍrā’) chervil; كزبرة الصخر k. aṣ-ṣakr hair-cap moss (Polytrichum communis L.; bot.) كزورنة (eg.) kazarāna (from It. casseruola) casserole, cooking vessel كسب kasaba i (kasb) to gain, win, acquire (هـ s.th.); to earn (هـ s.th.); to profit, win, gain; to gather, acquire (هـ knowledge); to obtain, get, attain (هـ s.th.) │ كسب هتافا ل (hutafan) win acclaim for, he applauded for; ما كسبت يداه (yadāhu) what he has earned in the hereafter by his (good and evil) deeds II to make or let s.o. (هـ) gain, win or obtain (هـ s.th.); to let s.o. (ه) share the profit IV to make or let s.o. (ه) gain, win or obtain (هـ s.th.), secure (هـ ه for s.o. s.th.); to impart (هـ هـ or ه to s.o. or to s.th. s.th., also e.g., to the face a certain expression) │ اكسب مناعة ضد (manā‘atan ḍidda) to make immune to ... V to earn (هـ s.th.); to acquire, obtain (هـ s.th.); to gain, win (هـ s.th.) VIII do.; to possess have, own (هـ s.th.); to take on (هـ a new quality, a color, a different aspect, and the like) كسب kasb acquisition; earnings; gain, profit; winnings; s.th. acquired or gained, acquirement; acquired knowledge, learning كسب kusb and كسب kusba oil cake مكسب maksab, maksib and مكسبة maksiba pl. مكاسب makāsib2 gain, profit تكسب takassub earning, gaining; acquisition; earnings; gain, profit اكتساب iktisāb acquisition; gaining, winning │ اكتساب بمرور الزمان (bi-murūr z-zamān) prescription, usucapion, acquisition of property or rights by uninterrupted possession of them for a certain period (jur.) كاسب kāsib winner; earner, provider مكسب muksib profitable, lucrative كسبرة kasbara coriander (bot.; = كزبرة , q.v.) كستاك kustāk see كستك كستبان kustubān pl. كساتبين kasātibīn2 thimble كسكت (Turk. köstek) kustak and كستيك pl. كساتك kasātik watch chain كستلية (It. sastoletta) kustulēta, kustalēta cutlet, chop كستنة kastana chestnut (bot.) كستنائي kastanā’ī maroon, chestnut-colored كسح kasaḥa a (kasḥ) to sweep; to clean, clean out, empty; -- kasiḥa a (kaṣaḥ) to be crippled; to become a cripple II (eg.) to cripple (ه s.o.); to bend, twist, warp (o s.th.) VIII to sweep away (هـ s.th.); to wash away, flush out, remove (هـ s.th.); to overrun (هـ s.th.); to flood, overflow (هـ s.th.), spread, fan out (هـ over s.th.); to plunder, pillage, sack (هـ a captured town); to snatch up, seize (هـ s.th.), take hold (هـ of) كسح kasḥ sweeping; cleaning; clearing; emptying (e.g., of a latrine); lameness, paralysis, palsy كساح kusāḥ rachitis, rickets كساحة kusāḥa sweepings; refuse, garbage, rubbish, trash كسيح kasīḥ lame, palsied, paralyzed; crippled اكسح aksaḥ lame, palsied, paralyzed; crippled 825 مكسحة miksaḥa broom اكتساح iktisāḥ a sweeping away, sweep; removal, elimination; flooding, overflowing, submersion, inundation; rape, seizure, usurpation كاسحة kāsiḥa: كاسحة الألغام k. al-algām mine sweeper مكسح mukassaḥ crippled; cripple; lame person, paralytic كسد kasada and kasuda u (كساد kasād, كسود kasūd) to find no market, not to move, sell badly (merchandise); to be stagnant, dull, listless (business, market) IV to be dull, listless (market) كساد kasād unsalableness of merchandise; economic depression, dullness of the market, stagnation of commerce, recession; slump O مكاسدة mukāsada dumping كاسد kāsid and كسيد kasīd selling badly, little in demand (merchandise); stagnant, dull, listless (market) 1كسر kasara i (kasr) to break, shatter, fracture (هـ s.th.); to break open, force open, pry open (هـ a door, and the like); to break (also fig.: power, resistance); to violate, infringe (هـ a legal duty); to destroy, annihilate, rout (هـ s.th.); to defeat (هـ an army); to fold (هـ s.th.); to provide with the vowel, (هـ a consonant; gram.) │ كسر خاطره to disappoint, disoblige, offend, afront s.o.; كسرت kusirat ir-rīḥu the wind has calmed down; كسر الصمت (ṣamt) to break the silence; كسر العطش (‘aṭaš) to quench the thirst; كسره عن مراده (murādihī) to dissuade or hinder s.o. from carrying out his intention; كسر عينه (‘ainahū) (eg.) to shame s.o., put s.o. to shame; كسر قلبه (qalbahū) to break s.o.’s heart; to discourage s.o.; كسر من حدته (ḥiddatihi) to blunt the edge of s.th., tone down s.th., curb, temper s.th. or s.o. II to break into pieces, fragmentize (هـ s.th.); to shatter, smash (هـ s.th.) V to be broken to pieces, be shattered, be fragmentized; to break, be refracted, be diffracted (also light, rays, phys.); to be refined, civilized VII to get broken; to be defeated, be routed, be broken (force, violence); to break; to be refracted, be diffracted; to abate, subside (e.g., heat), be quenched (thirst) │ انكسرت ساقه (sāquhū) he broke his leg كسر kasr breaking, fracturing; shattering, fragmentation; -- (pl. كسور kusūr) break, breach, fracture; crack, rupture; fracture of a bone; (pl. كسر kusūr, كسورات) fraction (arith.) │ كسر عشري (اعشاري) (‘ušrī, a‘šārī) decimal fraction; وكسور wa-kusūr (after figures) ... and some, a little over ..., e.g., جنيه وكسور one pound and some, a little over a pound كسر kasr, kisr: كسر البيت k. al-bait nook of the house; جثم في كسر بيته to live in seclusion, stay in one’s four walls كسرة kasra defeat, breakdown, collapse; the vowel point for i; nook of the house كسرة kisra pl. كسر kisar, -āt fragment; a small piece; chunk (of bread); slice (of bread) كسير kasīr pl. كسرى kasrā, كسارى kasārā broken, fractured, shattered; defeated; see also كسرى alphabetically O كسارة kassāra nutcracker كسيرة kusaira diopter (phys.) كسر maksir: صلب المكسر ṣulb al-m. hard to break, robust, sturdy, hardy, firm, strong; طيب المكسر ṭayyib al-m. standing the test, proving its value, of excellent quality; لين المكاسر layyin al-makāsir soft, gentle تكسير taksīr breaking, fracturing; shattering, fragmentation │ جمع التكسير jam‘ at-t. broken plural (gram.) 826 تكاسر takassur a being broken, breaking; refraction, diffraction (opt.) │ تكسر الأشعة t. al-aši‘‘a refraction of rays انكسار inkisār (state or process of) being broken, brokenness, breaking; fracture; breach, rupture; fragility; defeat, rout; brokenness in spirit, broken-heartedness, dejection; contrition; refraction, diffraction (phys.) │ انكسار القلب ink. al-qalb dejectedness, despondency, contrition كاسر kāsir breaking, shattering, etc.; (pl. كواسر kawāsir2) rapacious, ferocious, savage (predatory animal) │ كاسر الحجر k. al-ḥajar saxifrage, stonebreak (bot.);طير كاسر (ṭair) bird of prey; كواسر الطير k. aṭ-ṭair predatory birds مكسور maksūr broken, fractured; shattered, fragmented; defeated; unsuccessful, thwarted, frustrated; bankrupt; having a kasra (consonant; gram.) مكسر mukassar fragmented, shattered, smashed; broken (also, e.g., language); مكسرات almonds and nuts │ جمع مكسر (jam‘) broken plural (gram.) 2اكسير iksīr elixir كسرونة kasarōna (eg.) see كزرونة كسرى kisrā pl. اكاسرة akāsira, اكاسر akāsir2 Khosrau; designation of the Persian kings in general كسع kasa‘a a to chase away (ه s.o.); to strike, shove, push, kick (ه s.o. from behind) VIII to put its tail (ب) between its legs كسف kasafa i (كسوف kusūf) to be or become dark, gloomy; to be eclipsed, pass through an eclipse (sun); -- to reprimand, reprove (ه s.o.); to abash, shame, put to shame (ه s.o.) VII to be eclipsed; to be shamed, be ashamed; to blush كسف kasf darkening, occultation, eclipse; dark, darkness, gloominess كسوف 1cuaUf occultation, eclipse, solar eclipse انكساف inkisāf occultation, eclipse, solar eclipse كاسف kāsif dejected, downcast, sad, worried, grieved; gloomy كسكس kaskasa to pound, bray, grind, powder, pulverize; (eg.) to retreat, fall back, withdraw كسكسو kuskusū and كسكسي kuskusī couscous, dish prepared of groats and salt water (staple food in northwest Africa) كسكاس kuskās, kaskās sieve for preparing couscous كسل kasila a (kasal) to be lazy, idle, sluggish, indolent, negligent; to idle, loaf II to make lazy or negligent (ه s.o.) VI = I كسل kasal laziness, sluggishness, idleness, inactivity, loafing, indolence, negligence كسل kasil and كسول kasūl lazy, idle كسلان kaslān f. ة, كسلى kaslā, pl. كسالى kasālā, kusālā, كسلى kaslā lazy, sluggish, slothful, indolent, idle, inactive مكسال miksāl lazybones, sluggard, idler, loafer تكاسل takāsul laziness, sluggishness, indolence متكاسل mutakāsil lazy, sluggish, slothful, indolent كسم kasama i (kasm) to make living (على عياله ‘alā ‘iyālihī for one’s family) II to give form (هـ to s.th.), shape, fashion (هـ s.th.) كسم kasm cut, style (of a dress); clothing, clothes, costume, fashion; form, shape; manner, mode كسيم kasīm duty, rate, tax 827 تكسيم taksīm forming, shaping, fashioning, molding; O milling مكسم mukassam well-shaped, shapely كسو) and كسي) كسا kasā u (kasw) to clothe, dress, garb, attire (هـ s.o. with or in); to hang, drape, face, line, case (ب or هـ هـ s.th. with), incase (ب or هـ هـ s.th. in); to cover (ب or هـ هـ s.th. with), put, slip (ب or هـ هـ over s.th. s.th.) │ كساه صبغة كذا (ṣibgata) to give s.th. the appearance of ..., make s.th. look like ...; -- كسي kasiya a (كسا kasā) to be or get dressed; to dress IV to clothe, dress, garb, attire (هـ ه s.o. with or in) V to be dressed, be clothed, be garbed; to clothe o.s., array o.s., attire o.s. (ب with or in); to cover o.s. VIII do.; to burst into leaf (tree) كسوة kiswa pl. كسى kusan, kisan, كساو kasāwin clothing, clothes, apparel, attire, raiment; dress, garment; suit of clothes; uniform; draping, lining, casing, facing, paneling, wainscoting (e.g., of walls) │ الكسوة (الشريفة) the kiswa, the covering of the Kaaba (black, brocaded carpet covering the walls of the Kaaba, made annually in Egypt and transported with the pilgrimage caravan to Mecca); كسوة التشريفة full-dress uniform, gala uniform كساء kisā’ pl. اكسية aksiya garment; dress تكسية taksiya clothing, dressing; draping, lining, casing, facing, paneling, wainscoting (e.g., of walls); course of stones (of a macadam road) كش kašša i to recoil (من from) كشة kušša lock of hair كشتبان kuštubān, kuštibān pl. كشاتبين kašātibīn2 thimble كشح kašaḥa a (kašḥ): كشح له بالعداوة (bi-l-‘adāwa) to harbor enmity toward s.o., hate s.o.; -- to disperse, scatter, break up (ه a crowd), send away, dismiss, drive away, chase away (ه s.o.) III كاشحة في العداوة (bi-l-‘adāwa) to harbor enmity toward s.o., hate s.o. VII to be dispersed, be scattered; to disperse, scatter, break up; to be dispelled كشح kašḥ pl. كشوح kušūḥ region of the hip, haunch, flank, side, waist; Venus’s-shell, cowrie │ طوى كشح على (ṭawā kašḥahū) to keep s.th. to o.s., keep s.th. secret; طوى كشحه (كشحا) عن to turn from s.o., break with s.o.; ولاه كشحه (wallāhu) to turn one’s back on s.o. كشاحة kušāḥa secret enmity, rancor, grudge, resentment, hate كاشح kāšiḥ secret enemy كشر kašara i (kašr) and II to bare one’s teeth; to grimace; to grin, smile (الى at s.o.); to scowl, glower, bear a grim expression │ كشر عن اسنانه to bare or show one’s teeth; كشر عن نابه (انيابه) do. كشرة kišra grimace تكشيرة takšīra (n. vic.) flash of the teeth هو جاري مكاشري huwa jārī mukāširī he is my nearest neighbor انكشاري look up alphabetically كشط kašaṭa i (kašṭ) to take off (هـ a wrapping, a covering); to pull off (هـ s.th.); to erase (هـ s.th. written); to remove (هـ s.th.); to scratch off, scrape off (هـ s.th., ب e.g., with a knife so as to clean it) مكشط mikšaṭ erasing knife كشب kašafa i (kašf) to pull away, remove, take off, throw open, lift, raise (هـ a covering, a curtain, a veil, etc., عن from); to reveal, disclose, uncover, expose, bare (هـ or عن s.th.); to clear up (هـ or عن s.th.), shed light (هـ or عن on); to show, demonstrate (هـ or عن s.th.); to open up, lay open, lay bare (هـ or عن s.th.); to bring to light (هـ or عن s.th.); to study, scrutinize, 828 investigate, examine (عن s.th.); to examine medically (على s.o.) │ كشف القناع عن to unveil, unmask s.o. or s.th.; كشف عليه طبيا (ṭibbīyan) to examine s.o. medically ; كشفت الحرب عن ساقها (ḥarbu) the war was or become violent, flared up; war broke out III to discuss, reveal, manifest, demonstrate, show (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), evince ( toward s.o. s.th.); to make known (ب or هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), inform (ب or هـ ه s.o. of) │ كاشفه بالعداوة (bi-l-‘adāwa) to manifest open hostility toward s.o. V to be uncovered, be exposed, be laid open, be bared, be disclosed, be revealed, be brought to light; to come to light, become visible, manifest itself, show; to open, be opened up (عن شيء so as to reveal s.th.) │ تكشف الأمر عن لا شيء (amru) the matter turned out to be of no consequence; تكشف عن منتهى العجز (muntahā l-‘ajz) to show o.s. utterly helpless VII to be removed, be lifted, be raised (veil); to be uncovered, be disclosed, be revealed, become manifest (ل to s.o.) VIII to discover (هـ s.th., esp. scientifically); to find out, detect, uncover (هـ s.th.) X to seek to discover (هـ s.th.); to explore (هـ s.th.); to investigate (هـ s.th.), search, inquire (هـ into s.th.); to scout, reconnoiter (mil.); to discover (هـ s.th., scientifically); to detect, spot, seek out, search out, find out (هـ s.th.) كشف kašf uncovering, disclosure; baring, exposure, unveiling; revelation, illumination (mys.); investigation, inquiry, search, quest, study; examination, scrutiny; inspection; boy scout movement; -- (pl. كشوف kušūf, كشوفات kušūfāt) report, account; statement, specification, enumeration; table, schedule, chart; list, roster, index, register, inventory; pl. كشوف discoveries │ كشف طبي ṭibbī) medical examination; كشف الاقتراع muster roll; كشف الحساب bill, invoice كشفي kašfī of or pertaining to boy scouts │ حركة كشفية (ḥaraka) boy scout movement كشاف kaššāf pl. كشافة kaššāfa discoverer, inventor; explorer, reconnoiterer, scout; boy scout │ O كشاف كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) searchlight; مصباح كشاف (miṣbāḥ) and نور كشاف (nūr) pl. انوار كشافة do. كشافة kaššāfa exploration; reconnaissance, reconnoitering, scouting (mil.); boy scout movement, scouting كشافي kišāfī of boy scouts, boy scout (adj.) كشيف kašīf uncovered, open, exposed اكتشاف iktišāf uncovering, disclosure, detection, spotting, location; (pl. -āt) (scientific) discovery استكشاف istikšāf uncovering, clarification, elucidation; discovery; close observation; reconnaissance, reconnoitering, scouting (mil.) │ طائرة الاستكشاف reconnaissance plane; الاستكشاف البعيد المدى (madā) long-range reconnaissance استكشافي istikšāfī explorational, exploratory, of discovery, reconnaissance-, scout- (in compounds) كاشف kāšif pl. كشفة kašafa uncovering, revealing, etc.; serving exploratory purposes, instrumental in reconnaissance, conducive to discovery, detection or disclosure; examiner, investigator, discoverer; supervisor, inspector; (Eg.) head of a muqāṭa‘a, district chief (obsolete); detector (radio); كاشف and كاشفة reagent (chem.) │ ضوء كاشف (ḍau’) pl. اضواء كاشفة and نور كاشف (nūr) pl. انوار كاشفة search-light; O زورق كاشف الألغام (zauraq) mine-locating craft, mine sweeper; كاشف بلوري (ballūrī, billaurī) crystal detector (radio); كاشف المحيط k. al-muḥīṭ periscope; بان بالكاشف (bāna) to manifest itself clearly and unmistakably 829 مكشوف maksūf bared, exposed, uncovered, open, roofless, coverless, unveiled, naked, bare; (mil.) open, undefended, devoid of military installations or fortifications; uncovered (com.) │ مكشوف الرأس m. ar-ra’s, bareheaded, hatless; بالمكشوف or على المكشوف openly, publicly, overtly, for everyone to see مكتشف muktašif discoverer, explorer مكتشفات muktašafāt (scientific) discoveries 1كشك kušk pl. اكشاك akšāk kiosk; summer-house, pavilion, cabin, log cabin; hut, shed, shanty; (telephone) booth; stall, stand, booth (at a fair, etc.) │ كشك الاستحمام bathhouse; beach chair; كشك الاشارات k. al-ilšārāt block station, signal box (railroad); كشك الديدبان k. ad-daidabān sentry box; O كشك محول (muḥawwil) transformer house 2كشك kišk a dough made of bulgur and sour milk, cut into small pieces, dried and need for the preparation of other dishes (so in Egypt; there are several other ways of preparing it) │ (eg.) كشك الماز kišk almāz asparagus كشكش kaškaša to rustle; to flee, run away; (eg.) to pleat كشكش kaškaš pl. كشاكش kašākiš2 seam; hem, edge, border رواية كشكشية riwāya kaškašīya burlesque, popular comedy كشكول kaškūl beggar’s bag; scrapbook; album كشمش kišmiš a kind of currants كشمير kašmīr2 Kashmir (region in NE India); kašmīr cashmere (a soft, twilled woolen fabric) كشنى kušnā lentil tare, slender vetch (bot.) □ كض (for كظ) V to be replete, overfull, overloaded, overburdened VIII to be overfilled, be replete (ب with s.th.), be chock-full تكضكض takaḍkūḍ overexertion, overstrain, overburdening كظ kaẓẓa u (kaẓẓ) to fill, overfill (هـ s.th.); to burden, weight, encumber (هـ s.th.); to overstuff, surfeit, cloy (هـ the stomach)VIII to be crammed full, be jam-packed, be overcrowded (ب with, esp. with people); to sate o.s. eat one’s fill; to be overstuffed, be surfeited, be cloyed (ب with); to be abundant, copious, plentiful كظة kiẓẓa gorging, cloying, overstuffing (of the stomach); surfeit كظيظ kaẓīẓ overfilled, overstuffed, cloyed, surfeited مكتظ muktaẓ overcrowded (ب with, esp. with people), crammed full, jam-packed (ب with), chock-full (ب of) كظر kuẓr suet كظم kaẓama i (kaẓm, كظوم kuẓūm) to conceal or suppress (هـ one’s anger); to be mum, keep silent كظيم kaẓīm filled with anger كعب ka‘aba u i (كعوب ku‘ūb) to be full and round, be swelling (breasts) II to make cubic, to cube (هـ s.th.); to dice (هـ s.th.) كعب ka‘b pl. كعاب ki‘āb, كعوب ku‘ūb knot, knob, node (of cane); joint, articulation; ankle, anklebone; heel (of the fact, of a shoe); ferrule; die; cube; high rank, fame, glory, honor │ كعب الكتاب (pl. كعوب) spine of a book; ارقى كعبا arqā ka‘ban abler, more capable, more qualified, more efficient; رجل عالي الكعب rajul ‘ālī l-k. a distinguished, capable, successful man; علو الكعب ‘ulūw al-k. high rank, outstanding position; ذهب كعبهم their days of glory are past 830 كعب ku‘b breasts, bosom كعبة ka‘ba pl. ka‘abāt cube, cubic structure; الكعبة the Kaaba (in Mecca); (fig.) shrine; object of veneration, focus of interest كعبي ka‘bī cubic كعبة ku‘ba virginity كعاب ka‘āb having swelling breasts, buxom (girl) ابو كعيب abū ku‘aib (eg.) mumps (med.) تكعيب tak‘īb cubing, dicing; raising to the third power, cubing تكعيبة tak‘ība trellis, espalier تكعيبي tak‘ībī cubic كاعب kā‘ib pl. كواعب kawā‘ib2 well-developed, full and round, swelling (bosom); having swelling breasts, buxom (girl); كواعب buxom girls مكعب muka‘‘ab cube-shaped, cubiform, cubic; (pl. -āt) cube │ قدم مكعب (qadam) cubic foot; متر مكعب (mitr) cubic meter كعبرة ku‘bura and كعبورة ku‘būra pl. كعابر ka‘ābir2 knotty excrescence, knot, knob, node; كعبرة radius (anat.) │ عظم الكعبرة ‘aẓm al-k. radius (anat.) مكعبر muka‘bar knotty, knobbed, gnarled كعبل ka‘bala (eg.) to trip up (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) stumble كعك ka‘k (coll.; n. un. ة) cake; designation of various kinds of pastry, also of small baked goods; pretzel (syr.) كعم ka‘ama a (ka‘m) to muzzle (هـ a camel); to gag (ه s.o.); to cap, seal (هـ a vessel) كغم abbreviation of كيلوغرام kīlogrām kilogram كف kaffa u (kaff) to border, edge, hem (هـ a garment); to desist, refrain (عن from), cease, forbear (عن doing s.th.), give up, stop (عن s.th.); to renounce, waive, forgo (عن s.th.), abstain (عن from); to hold back, restrain (عن ه s.o. from); to hinder, prevent (عن ه s.o. from); to avert (عن s.th.); to check, curb, restrict (من s.th.) │ كف بصره kaffa (and pass. kuffa) baṣaruhū to become blind II to hem (هـ a garment) V to beg VII to desist, refrain, abstain (عن from) X to hold out the hand with an imploring gesture, beg, practice begging; to shade one’s eyes with the hand; to coil (snake); to surround (ل or حول s.o., s.th.), flock around s.o. or s.th. (ل, حول) كف kaff desistance, refraining (عن from); abstaining, abstention (من from); cessation, suspension, stop, stoppage, discontinuation (عن of s.th.); -- kaff f., pl. كفوف kufūf, اكف akuff palm of the hand; glove; paw, foot, claw (of an animal); slap; scale (of a balance); handful; quire; bar (of chocolate) │ كف مريم k. mayam (eg.) agnus castus, chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus; bot.); rose of Jericho, resurrection plant (Anastatica hierochuntica L.; bot.); الكف الجذماء (jadmā’) star α in the constellation Cetus; الكف الخضيب star β in Cassiopeia; كف الأسد k. al-asad lion’s-leaf (bot.); وضع حياته على كفه (ḥayātahū) to risk one’s life; استدر الأكف istadarra l-akuffa to secure generous contributions كفة kiffa, kaffa pl. كفف kifaf, كفاف kifāf palm of the hand; scale (of a balance) كفة kaffa: كفة بارود k. bārūd (eg.) cartridge pouch كفة kuffa pl. كفف kufaf edge, seam, hem, border كفاف kafāf sufficiency, sufficient means for a living كفاف kifāf border, edge, fringe, seam, hem 831 كفافة kifāfa hemming; hem كفيف kafīf blind │ كفيف البصر k. al-baṣar blind كافة kāffa totality, entirety; (with foll. genit.) all; the people, the masses, the populace; kāffatan all without exception, one and all; altogether, in the aggregate, collectively مكفوف makfūf pl. مكافيف makāfīf blind كفأ kafa’a a (kaf’) to turn around, turn over, reverse, invert (هـ s.th.); to turn away, turn aside, turn back (من from) III to reward (ه s.o.); to requite, return, repay, recompense (ب هـ s.th. with); to compensate, make up (ب هـ for s.th. with); to be similar, equal (هـ to s.th.), equal (هـ s.th.), be commensurate (هـ with); to measure up, come up (هـ to s.th.), compare favorably (هـ with) IV to turn over, reverse, invert (هـ s.th.) VI to be equal, be on a par; to (counter)balance each other, be perfectly matched VII to be turned away, be turned aside; to be changed, be altered; to recede, change, fade (color); to turn back, withdraw, retreat, fall back, give way; to be inverted, be reversed, be turned around or over; to fall down. tumble, topple كفء kaf’, kif’, kuf’ pl. اكفاء akfā’, كفاء kifā’ equal, alike; adequate, appropriate, suitable, fit (ل for); equal (ل to s.o.), a match (ل for); qualified, capable, able, competent, efficient كفوء kufū’, كفؤ kufu’ equal, comparable (ل to), a match (ل for) كفاء kifā’ an equivalent كفاء kafā’ equality; adequacy, adequateness كفاءة kafā’a equality; adequacy, adequateness; comparableness; fitness, suitability, appropriateness; competence, efficiency, ability, capability; pl. كفاءات qualifications, abilities, capabilities مكافأة mukāfa’a pl. -āt requital; recompense, remuneration; compensation, indemnification, indemnity; reward; stipend تكافؤ takāfu’ mutual correspondence, equivalence; homogeneity, sameness انكفاء inkifā’ retreat, withdrawal مكافئ mukāfi’ equal, (a)like, of the same kind, homogeneous, corresponding, commensurate, equivalent متكافئ mutakāfi’ alike, (mutually) corresponding, commensurate, equivalent, equal كفت kafata i (kaft) to restrain, detain, turn away, prevent, hold back (من ه s.o. from) II to plate (ب هـ s.th. with); to inlay (هـ s.th.) كفت kift cooking pot كفتة kufta meat balls, hamburgers, oblong or round │ سمك كفتة (samak) fried fish cakes; كفتة بطاطس potato dumplings stuffed with meat كفيت takfīt inlaid work, inlay; plating, platework مكفت mukaffat inlaid; coated, overlaid, plated كفح kafḥ a (kafḥ) to face frankly, confront, encounter or meet face to face (ه s.o.) III = I; to combat (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), fight, battle, struggle, contend (ه against); to defend (عن s.th.), fight (عن for) │ كافح اموره (umūrahū) to manage one’s affairs personally كفاح kifāḥ and مكافحة mukāfaḥa opposition, fight, battle, struggle (with genit.: against); contention, strife 1كفر kafara i (kafr) to cover, hide (هـ s.th.); -- (kufr, كفران kufrān, كفور kufūr) to be irreligious, be an infidel, not to believe (بالله in God); كفر بالله also: to blaspheme God, curse, swear; to 632 renege one’s faith. become an infidel; to be ungrateful (ب or هـ for a benefit) II to cover, hide (هـ s.th.); to expiate (عن s.th.); to do penance, atone, make amends (ب عن for s.th. by or with); to grant remission (هـ عن to s.o. of his sins); to forgive (عن or ل هـ s.th. to s.o.), grant pardon (عن or ل هـ for s.th. to s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) an infidel, seduce (ه s.o.), o unbelief; to accuse of infidelity, charge with unbelief (ه s.o.) IV to make (ه s.o.) an infidel; to call (ه s.o.) an infidel, accuse (ه s.o.) of infidelity كفر kafr pl. كفور kufūr small village, hamlet كفر kufr and كفران kufrān unbelief, infidelity │ كفر بالله godlessness, atheism; blasphemy, profanity; كفران بالنعمة (ni’ma) ingratitude, ungratefulness كفار kaffār infidel, unbeliever كفارة kaffāra penance, atonement (عن for a sin), expiation (عن of); reparation, amends; expiatory gifts, expiations (distributed to the poor at a funeral) تكفير takfīr expiation (عن of), atonement, penance (عن for a sin); seduction to infidelity; charge of unbelief كافر kāfir pl. –ūn, كفار kuffār, كفرة kafara, كفار kifār irreligious, unbelieving; unbeliever, infidel, atheist; ungrateful │ كافر بالنعمة (ni’ma) ungrateful 2كافور look up alphabetically كفس kafisa a (kafas) to be bandy-legged VII do. اكفس akfas2, f. كفساء kafsā’2, pl. كفس kufs bandy-legged كفكف kafkafa to hold back (هـ tears) كفل kafala u (kafl, كفالة kafāla) to feed, support (ه s.o.), provide (ه for s.o.; عائلة ‘ā’ilatan for a family); -- kafala u i, kafila a and kafula u (kafl, كفول kufūl, كفالة kafāla) to vouch, answer, go bail, be guaranty, be or stand sponsor, be responsible, liable, answerable (ب for); to guarantee, sponsor (ه s.o.); to be legal guardian (ه of s.o.); to secure; to warrant, ensure (هـ s.th.); to guarantee (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.); O to cover, back (currency with gold) II to feed, support (ه s. o.), provide (ه for); to admit as security sponsor or bail (ه s.o.); to name sponsor, ask to be security or to go bail, appoint security or bail (ه s.o.) III to conclude an agreement, make a contract (ه with s.o.) IV to appoint as security, sponsor or bail (ه s.o.), make (ه s.o.) go bail V to be security, go bail, vouch, be or become responsible, answerable or liable (ب ل to s.o. for), be sponsor (ب ل of s.o. for s.th.), guarantee (ب ل to s.o. s.th.); to obligate o.s. pledge o.s. (ب ل to s.o. to do s.th.); to undertake, take upon o.s. (ب s.th.) VI to vouch for each other, guarantee each other كفل kafl guaranty, warranty كفل kafal pl. اكفال akfāl, كفول kufūl rump, buttocks; croup of a horse كفالة kafāla bail, guaranty, security, sponsorship; pledge, deposit, surety, collateral │ كفالة مالية (mālīya) surety, security; bail; caution money; كفالة بالنفس (nafs) bail (esp. for due appearance of a person in court; Isl. Law); في كفالة فلان under the protection or tutelage of s.o., in s.o.’s custody كفيل kafīl pl. كفلاء kufalā’2 responsible, liable, answerable; bail, bailsman, security, surety, sponsor, bondsman; guarantor (ب of s.th.); vouching (ب for s.th.), guaranteeing (ب s.th.); protector; legal guardian │ كفيل بالنفس (nafs) bail, bailsman (esp. one guaranteeing the due appearance of a person in court; Isl. Law) 833 تكافل takāful mutual or joint responsibility; solidarity; mutual agreement كافل kāfil pl. كفل kufal breadwinner, supporter, provider; bail, bailsman, security, surety, sponsor, bondsman; protector; legal guardian مكفول (به) makfūl (bihī) guaranteed; covered, backed (banknotes in circulation) كفن kafana i (kafn) to cover with a winding sheet, to shroud, dress for the grave (هـ the deceased) II do.; to wrap (ب هـ s.th. in), cover (ب هـ s.th. with) كفن kafn saltless كفن kafan pl. اكفان akfān shroud, winding sheet كفهر IV kafhara (اكفهرار ikfihrār) to be dark, grow dark, darken, be or become gloomy اكفهرار ikfihrār darkness, dark; dusk, gloom, gloominess مكفهر mukfahirr dim, dusky, gloomy; clouded, overcast; grave, sullen, melancholy كفى kafā i (كفاية kifāya) to be enough, sufficient (ه for s.o.), suffice (ه s.o.); to meet all requirements; to protect (ه ه s.o. from s.o., هـ ه s.o. from s.th.); to save, spare (هـ ه s.o. a trouble) │ وكفى wa-kafā and that’s all! enough of that! that’s enough! كفى الل عنك may God give satisfaction in your stead, or, may God make up for your shortcoming (said to s.o. making a mistake, or showing himself inadequate); كفى بالله وكيلا (wakīlan) God is the best protector; كفى حزنا ان (ḥazanan) it is sad enough that ...; كفاه مؤنة كذا (mu’nata) to save s.o. the trouble of ... III to be sufficient, enough (ه for s.o.), suffice (ه s.o.); to requite, repay, recompense, reward (ب ه s.o. with) VIII to be content, content o.s. (ب with s.th.) كفاية kifāya sufficient amount, degree, extent, etc., sufficiency; that which suffices for performing a duty, a task, etc.; capability, capacity, ability, qualification; appropriateness, suitability, fitness; competence, efficiency, skill │ بالكفاية sufficiently, enough; كفاية القتال fighting power; عدم الكفاية الجنسية ‘adam al-k. al-jinsīya sexual impotence; في هذا كفاية enough of that, that’s enough كفي kafīy sufficient, enough مكافاة mukāfāh reward; gratification اكتفاء iktifā’ contentedness, contentment كاف kāfin pl. كفاة kufāh sufficient, enough, adequate; appropriate, suitable, suited, fit; capable, able, qualified, skilled, skillful, competent, efficient مكتف muktafin contented, content 1كلا kilā, f. كلتا kiltā; كلي kilai, f. كلتي kiltai (with dependent genit. or suffix) both (of); see also alphabetically 2كل kalla i (kall, كلة killa, كلال kalāl, ; كلالة kalāla, كلول kulūl, كلولة kulūla) to be or become tired, fatigued, weary, exhausted, weak; to be dim, dull, languid, expreosionless, (glance, eyes); to become blunt (sword) │ لا يكل indefatigable, untiring II to crown (ه s.o., also fig. هـ s.th.); (Chr.) to perform the marriage ceremony (priest); to become dull, obtuse, expressionless (face); to become blunt (sword) │ كلل بالنجاح kullila bi-l-najāḥ to be crowned by success IV to make languid or tired, to weary, tire, fatigue, exhaust, wear out, harass, torment (ه s.o.); to dim (هـ the glance) V to be crowned; to wear a crown; (Chr.) to be married كل kall weariness, tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion; dimness, dullness; dull, dim, feeble (glance, mind) 834 كلة killa pl. -āt, كلل kilal thin veil, drape, curtain; mosquito net كلل kalal, كلال kalāl and كلالة kalāla weariness, tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion; dimness, dullness كليل kalīl exhausted, tired, weary, faint, languid; weak, feeble; dull, blunt اكليل iklīl pl. اكاليل akālīl2, اكلة akilla crown; diadem; chaplet, wreath, garland, festoon; tonsure (Chr.); wedding, marriage ceremony (Chr.); umbel (bot.) │ اكليل الجبل i. al-jabal rosemary (bot.); اكليل الشوك i. aš-šauk crown of thorns; اكليل الملك i. al-malik yellow sweet clover, melilot (Melilotus officinalis L.; bot.) تكليل taklīl coronation, crowning كال kāll tired, fatigued, faint, languid مكلل mukallal adorned with a wreath, crowned; married (Chr.) 3كل kull totality, entirety; everyone, each one, anyone; (with foil. def. noun) whole, entire, all; (with fall. indef. noun) every; الكل the whole. all, everything │ بالكل on the whole, in the aggregate, taken altogether, in bulk; الكل بالكل everything, all-embracing, all-comprehensive, all-powerful; كل من فلان وفلان وفلان (kullun min) A as well as B as well as C; على كل ‘alā kullin in any case, at any rate; كله kulluhū he entirely, all of him, it entirely, all of it; كل ذلك kullu dālika all that; كل البيت kullu l-baiti or البيت كله al-b. kulluhū the whole house; كل الرجال or الرجال كلهم all men; الحقيقة كل الحقيقة (kullu l-ḥ.) the whole truth, nothing but the truth; السر كل السر (sirr) a very great secret; الخير كل الخير (kair) true or complete happiness; كل رجل kullu rajulin every man; كل شيء k. šai’in every thing, everything, all; كل احد k. aḥadin and كل واحد k. wāḥidin every (single) one, each one; كل من kullu man everyone who, whoever, whosoever; كل ما kullu mā all that …, whatever, whatsoever; كل ما في الأمر ان k. mā fī l-amri anna there is no more to it than ..., it’s nothing but ...; كل وقت kulla waqtin at any time, always; في كل سبعة ايام fī kulli sab‘ati ayyāmin in each seven days, every seven days; لكل الف li-kulli alfin per (one) thousand كلما kullamā whenever; the more ..., in the same measure as … │ كلما – كلما the more -- the more كلي kullī total, entire, all-round, overall, sweeping, comprehensive, complete; absolute, universal كلية kullīya totality, entirety; integrity, wholeness, entireness, completeness; (pl. -āt) faculty, school (of a university); college; institute of higher learning, academy, secondary school; كليات the complete works (of an author); الكليات the five logical predicates or general conceptions (philos.); kullīyatan wholly, entirely, totally, absolutely │ بالكلية on the whole, in the aggregate, altogether; لا -- بالكلية not at all, absolutely not; بكليته in its entire being, completely, totally, entirely, wholly; كلية التجارة commercial college; كلية حربية (ḥarbīya) military academy 4كلة kulla pl. كلل kulal bullet; cannon ball; shell, grenade; a marble كلا kallā not at all, on the contrary; by no means! certainly not! never! no! (see also 1كل │ كلا ثم كلا (tumma) a thousand times no! not at all! كلأ kala’a a (كلء kal’, كلاء kilā’, كلاءة kilā’a) to guard, preserve, watch, protect (ه s.o.) VIII to find no sleep (eye) كلأ kala’ pl. اكلاء aklā’ grass, herbage, pasture كلوء kalū’: كلوء العين k. al-‘ain sleepless, awake 835 كلاسكي kilāsikī classic(a1) كلاكس kalāks pl. -āt horn of an automobile كلب kaliba a (kalab) to be seized by hydrophobia; to become mad, crazy; to covet greedily (على s.th.) VI to rage, rave, storm; to fan, pounce, rush in (على upon), assail (على s.o.); to assail each other, rush against each other X to be raging, raving, rabid, furious, mad, frenzied, possessed كلب Icalb pl. كلاب kilāb dog │ الكلب الأكبر the constellation Canis Major with its main star Sirius; الكلب الأصغر the constellation Canis Minor with its main star Procyon; كلب البحر k. al-baḥr shark; كلب الماء otter; beaver كلبة kalba pl. -āt bitch كلبي kalbī canine (adj.) كلب kalab rabies, hydrophobia; burning thirst; greed (على for) كلب kalib affected with rabies, rabid; mad; greedy كلاب kullāb and كلوب kallūb pl. كلاليب kalālīb2 hook; cramp كلابة kullāba pl. -āt (pair of) pincers, tongs كليب kalīb pl. كلبى kalbā affected with rabies, rabid, raging تكالب takālub fierce struggle, dogfight, free-for-all, melee, brawl; avidity, greed مكلوب maklūb rabid, frenzied, crazed, possessed كلبش kalabš manacles, handcuffs كلت kalata i to pour, pour out (هـ s.th.) كلح kalaḥa a (كلاح kulāḥ, كلوح kulūḥ) to frown, scowl, look gloomy IV and V do. كلحة kalaḥa zone around the mouth, mien, facial expression كالح kāliḥ grave, austere, somber, gloomy; fallow, livid, dull grey; turned colorless, faded كلخ kalk giant fennel (Ferula communis L.; Ferula sinaica B.; bos.); -- (eg.) kalak ammoniac الكلدان al-kaldān the Chaldeans كلداني kaldānī Chaldean (adj. and n.); astrologer 1كلس II to plaster with lime, whitewash (هـ s.th.); to calcine, calcify (هـ s.th.) كلس kils lime كلسي kilsī calcic, limy, lime- (in compounds) │ حجارة كلسية limestone كلاسة kallāsa limekiln مكلس mukallas calcified 2 كلسة (It. calza) kalsa pl. -āt stocking كواليس see كوليس كلسون (Fr. caleçon) kalsūn pl. -āt (pair of men’s) drawers كلسيطة (It. calzeta) kalsīṭa pl. كلاسط kalāsiṭ2 stocking كلسيوم kalsiyōm calcium كلف kalifa a (kalaf) to become brownish red (face); to become freckled, be covered with freckles; to like (ب s.th.), be intent, bent, set. keen (ب on), be very attached (ب to s.o. or s.th.), be very fond (ب of s.o. or s.th.); to be in love, fall in love (ب with s.o.) II to commission, charge, entrust (ه s.o., ب or هـ with), assign (ب or هـ ه to s.o. a task, a job); to cost (هـ ه s.o. a certain amount) │ كلف خاطره (kāṭirahū) (eg.) to take the trouble, go to the trouble, bother; to put s.o. to the trouble, bother s.o.; كلفه شططا (šaṭaṭan) to overtask s.o., expect or demand too much of s.o.; (مشقة ... or مؤونة ...) كلف نفسه عناء ... 836 (‘anā’a, ma‘ūnata, mašaqqata) to take the trouble to ..., to bother to ..., go to the trouble of …; كلفه ثمنا باهظا (tamanan) to cost s.o. dearly; مهما كلفه الأمر (mahmā, amr) whatever it may cost him, at any cost V to burden o.s., be burdened (هـ or ب with s.th.); to take upon o.s. (هـ a job, a task, coats, an office, etc.); to take over, defray, have to bear (هـ s.th., e.g., expenses); to do reluctantly or unwillingly, do in a studied or affected manner, simulate, feign, affect (هـ s.th.); to force o.s. (هـ to do s.th.). do s.th. (هـ) with difficulty, e.g., تكلف الضحك (ḍaḥk) to force a laugh; to be affected, mannered, unnatural, stiff, formal, ceremonious, punctilious, stand on ceremony; to employ (هـ e.g., care), spend (على هـ an amount for); to cost (على s.o., هـ so-and-so much) كلف kalaf (coll.; n. un. ة) freckles │ كلف الشمس k. aš-šams sunspots كلف kalif very much in love (ب with), very attached (ب to), very fond (ب of) كلفة kulfa pl. كلف kulaf discomfort; trouble, inconvenience; nuisance; ceremonial, ceremony, formality, ceremoniousness, affectedness of behavior, affectation, mannerism, pose; costs, expenses, expenditure, outlay; trimmings, fittings, accessories, notions, ornaments (buttons, buckles, clasps, braiding, lace, etc.); lady’s maid │ الكلف الشمسية (šamsīya) the sunspots كلاف kallāf stable hand, hostler, groom كلافي kallāfī hirer of donkeys اكلف aklaf2, f. كلفاء kalfā’2, pl. كلف kulf brownish red, russet; freckled; spotted تكليف taklīf pl. تكاليف takālīf2 burdening, bothering, troubling, inconveniencing; commissioning, charging, authorization; commandment (of God); burden, annoyance, nuisance, bother; trouble, inconvenience, discomfort; fuss, ado; formality, ceremonial of courtesy, ceremony; expenses, expenditure, outlay, costs, charges, overhead; prime cost; taxes, imposts, duties; taxation, encumbrance with a tax; legal capacity (Isl. Law) │ بلا تكليف informal(ly), unceremonious(ly), without (standing on) ceremony; كشف التكليف kašf at-t. terrier; تكاليف المعيشة t. al-ma‘īša cost of living تكلف takalluf constraint, unnaturalness of manner; mannerism, airs, affectation, affected behavior; studied, unnatural manner; dissimulation, hypocrisy مكلف mukallaf commissioned, authorized, charged (ب with); obligated, under obligation, liable (ب to do s.th.), responsible (ب for); bound, obliged (ب to do s.th.); subject to taxation, taxable; taxpayer; obligated to observe the precepts of religion (Isl. Law); legally capable, sane in mind, compos mentis (Isl. Law) │ مكلف بالشؤون chargé d’affaires, diplomatic envoy مكلفة mukallafa pl. -āt (eg.) terrier متكلف mutakallaf formal, ceremonial, ceremonious; affected, studied, forced, outward., sham, false, artificial │ ضحكة متكلفة (ḍahka) forced laugh كلك kalak pl. -āt (ir.) raft of inflated skins كلكتا kalkattā Calcutta (city in NE India) كلاكيع kalākī‘2: كلاكيع العظام k. al-‘iẓām bone fragments كلكل kalkala and II takalkala to become callous (skin) كلكل kalkal pl. كلاكل kalākil2 chest, thorax │ تحت كلاكله, تحت كلكله under the 837 oppressive burden of s.th.; بكلكله to oppress s.o. gravely, weigh heavily upon s.o. كلكلة kalkala callosity, callus مكلكل mukalkal callous (skin) كلم II to address (ه s.o.), speak, talk (ه to or with s.o.) III to speak, talk, converse (ه with s.o.) V to speak, talk (مع with or to s.o., عن or على about, of); to utter, express, voice, say (ب or هـ s.th.) كلم kalm pl. كلوم kulūm, كلام kilām wound, cut, slash كلمة kalima pl. -āt (coll. كلم kalim) word; speech, address; utterance, remark, saying; aphorism, maxim; brief announcement, a few (introductory) words; short treatise; importance, weight, influence, authority, ascendancy, powerful position │ كلمة فكلمة kalimatan fa-kalimatan word by word, literally; بكلمة اخرى (ukra) in other words; القى كلمة alqā kalimatan to make a speech, give a public address; لي كلمة معك I’ve got to talk to you; جمعوا كلمتهم على (jama’ū kalimatahum) they decided unanimously to ..., they were unanimous about ...; اجتمعت كلمتهم ijtama’at kalimatuhum they united, joined forces, came to an agreement; اجتمعت كلمتهم على they were agreed that ...; توحيد الكلمة or جمع الكلمة jam’ al-k. union, joining of forces, unanimity; اتحاد الكلمة ittiḥād al-k. concord, agreement, harmony; تقسيم الكلمة dissension, variance, disunion; اعلى كلمته (a’lā) to raise the prestige of s.o.; علو الكلمة ‘ulūw al-k. and الكلمة العليا (‘ulyā) supremacy, hegemony; قال كلمته he said what he had to say, he had his say; كلمة الله the word of God, the Holy Scriptures; O كلمة المرور password, watchword, parole; الكلمات العشر (‘ašr) the ten Commandments; كلمة تمهيدية (tamhīdīya) preface; كلمة السر k. as-sirr, (ir.) كلم السر kalim as-sirr parole, watch-word, countersign كلام kalām talking, speaking; speech; language, mode of expression, style; talk, conversation, discussion; debate, dispute, controversy; words, word, saying, utterance, statement, remark; aphorism, maxim, phrase, idiom, figure of speech; (gram.) sentence, clause │ بالكلام orally, verbally; فتح فمه بالكلام (famahū) to open one’s mouth in order to say s.th., prepare to say s.th.; كلام فارغ idle talk, prattle, poppycock, bosh, nonsense; طريق الكلام manner of speaking, diction; علم الكلام ‘ilm al-k. scholastic theology (Isl.); كثير الكلام talkative, loquacious, garrulous; لغة الكلام lugat al-k. colloquial language, everyday speech كلامي kalāmī of or pertaining to speech or words, speech-, word- (in oompounds), verbal; spoken, oral; scholastic, theological │ مشادة كلامية (mašādda) battle of words, dispute, altercation كليم kalīm pl. كلمى kalmā wounded, injured; sore; -- (pl. كلماء kulamā’) person addressed; speaker, spokesman, mouthpiece │ كليم الله epithet of Moses كليم see also alphabetically كلماني kalmānī, kalamānī, killimānī eloquent; fluent speaker تكلام tiklām, tikillām and تكلامة tiklāma, tikillāma eloquent; good talker, conversationalist; talkative, loquacious, garulous مكالمة mukālama talk, conversation, discussion │ مكالمة تليفونية telephone conversation تكلم takallum speaking; talk, conversation; speech متكلم mutakallim speaking (act. part.); speaker, spokesman; first person (gram.); Muslim theologian, scholastic 838 كلما kullamā see 2كل كالون look up alphabetically كلية kulya and كلوة kulwa pl. كلى kulan, □ كلاوى kalāwī kidney كلوي kulwī of or pertaining to the kidneys, renal, nephric, nephritic, nephro- (in compounds) │ التهاب كلوي inflammation of the kidneys, nephritis; مغص كلوي (magṣ) renal colic كليشيه kilīšēh pl. -āt cliché كليم kilīm pl. اكلمة aklima kilim, carpet, rug (usually long and narrow) 1كم kam (interrogative and exclamatory particle with foll. noun in acc.) how much? how many! how much! │ كم ولد لك (waladan) how many sons do you have? كم مرة (marratan) or كم من مرة how many times? how often? how often! كم بالحري (ḥarīy) how much more ...! how much rather ...! بكم for how much? how much (is it)? 2كم kamm amount, quantity │ نظرية الكم naẓariyat al-k. quantum theory (phys.) كمي kammī quantitative كمية kammīya pl. -āt amount, quantity, magnitude 3كم kamma u (kamm) to cover, cover up, conceal, hide, cloak (هـ s.th.); to plug up, stop up (هـ s.th.); to muzzle (هـ s.o.) │ كم فمه (famahū) to stop s.o.’s mouth, silence s.o. II to muzzle (هـ s.o.); to muffle s.o.’s (ه) mouth; O to spike (هـ a cannon); to provide with sleeves (هـ a garment) IV to provide with sleeves (هـ a garment) كم kumm pl. اكمام akmām, كممة kimama sleeve كم kimm pl. اكمام akmām, اكمة akimma, كمام kimām, اكاميم akāmīm2 calyx (bot.); perianth (bot.) كمام kimām muzzle كمامة kimāma pl. -āt, كمائم kamā’im2 muzzle; cloth for muffling the mouth; mask; O gas mask; perianth, calyx كمء kam’ pl. اكمؤ akmu’ truffle; mushroom كمأة kam’a (pl.) truffles كما ka-mā see ك ka كمان kamān violin, fiddle كمانجي kamānjī player of a كمنجة (q.v.) كمب (Engl.) kamb camp كمبيالة (It. cambiale) kambiyāla pl. -āt bill of exchange, draft كمبريت kambarīt batiste, cambric كمبيو (It. cambio) kambiyō exchange, money exchange; rate of exchange كمت kamata u (kamt) to suppress (هـ one’s anger) كميت kumait (m. and f.) reddish-brown, chestnut, bay, maroon كمثرى kummatrā (coll.; n. un. كمثراة kummatrāh pl. كمثريات kummatrayāt) pear كمح kamaḥa a (kamḥ) to pull up, rein in (هـ an animal) IV do. 1كمخ kamaka a (kamk) with بانفه bi-anfihī to turn up one’s nose, be haughty IV = I كماخ kumāk pride, haughtiness, overweening, self-conceit 2كامخ kāmak, kāmik pl. كوامخ kawāmik2 vinegar sauce, pickle; (mixed) pickles 3كمخا kamkā silk fabric, damask كمد kamida a (kamd) to be sad, grieved, distressed, heartsick; to be smutty, swarthy, dull, flat (color); to fade, lose color, become discolored II to apply a hot compress, a hot pack (هـ to a limb) IV to sadden, grieve, worry, make heartsick (ه s.o.) X to become smutty, swarthy, dull, flat; to darken, become dark (color) 839 كمد kamd, kamad and كمدة kumda dull, swarthy color; dullness, duskiness, swarthiness; sadness, grief كمد kamid and كميد kamld aad, grieved. worried. heartaick; gloomy. dark كمد kimād and كمادة kimāda compress, pack اكمد akmad2 dark-colored, blackish, swarthy تكميد takmīd application of hot compresses, fomentation كامد kāmid sad, grieved, worried, heartsick; gloomy, dark; swarthy, dark-colored مكمد mukammad and مكمدة mukammada pl. -āt compress, pack 1كمر kamar pl. اكمار akmār belt كمرة kamara pl. -āt beam, girder, specif., iron girder; arm, jib │ كمرة حمالة (ḥammāla) and كمرة تحميل قضبان الونش (quḍbān al-winš) beam, bridge (of a traveling crane) 2مكمور makmūr (eg.) dish of chopped meat and vegetables كمرك (syr.) gumrug pl. كمارك gamārig2 customs; customhouse كمركي gumrugī customs-, tariff- (in compounds) كمساري kumsārī pl. كمسارية kumsārīya (eg.) (streetcar, railroad, etc.) conductor كمش kamaša u (kamš) to seize, grasp, grip, clutch (هـ s.th.) V to become wrinkled, to wrinkle; to shrink; to contract; to recoil within o.s. cower, quail VII to become wrinkled, to wrinkle; to shrink; to contract; to tighten, become cramped, be convulsed; to recoil within o.s., cower, quail; to withdraw within o.s., become or be preoccupied with o.s. be self-absorbed; to collect one’s thoughts, gather one’s strength, concentrate (also with على نفسه) كمشة kamša a handful كمش kamiš, كميش kamīš adroit, skillful, skilled │ كميش الإزار k. al-izār do.; efficient, active, diligent, industrious كماشة kammāša pl. -āt (pair) of pincers انكماش inkimāš absorption, preoccupation, self-absorption منكمش munkamiš shrunk; cramped, clenched, convulsed; absorbed, preoccupied, self-absorbed, introverted كمع III to sleep (ه with s.o.), embrace (ه s.o.), have sexual intercourse (ه with s.o.) كميع kamī’ bedfellow كمل kamala, kamula u and kamila a (كمال kamāl, كمول kumūl) to be or become whole, entire, integral, perfect, complete; to be finished, done, completed, accomplished; to be concluded, come to a close II and IV to finish, wind up, conclude, complete, consummate (هـ s.th.); to carry out, execute (هـ s.th.); to perfect, round out, complement, supplement (هـ s.th.) VI and VIII to be perfect, consummate, integral, be or become complete, finished, done, accomplished, concluded; to reach completion, fulfillment or perfection, to mature, ripen; to be perfected X to complete (هـ s.th.); to perfect (هـ s.th.); to round out, complement, supplement (. s.th.); to carry out, meet, fulfill (هـ s.th., e.g., conditions) كمال kamāl pl. -āt perfection; completeness; completion, consummation, conclusion, termination, windup; maturity, ripeness │ بكماله in its full scope, completely, entirely, wholly, totally كمالي kamālī luxury, luxurious, de luxe; كماليات luxuries; luxury كمالة kamāla (colloq.) that which fills up or completes a weight or number, a complement; addition, supplement 840 اكمل akmal 2 more complete, more perfect │ باكمله entirely, wholly, totally; لندن باكملها all London تكميل takmīl completion, complementing, perfecting, perfection; conclusion, termination, windup; consummation, execution تكميلي takmīlī completing, complementing, complementary, supplementary │ انتخاب تكميلي by-election تكملة takmila supplement, complement اكمال ikmāl completion, complementing, perfecting, perfection; conclusion, termination; windup; consummation, execution تكامل takāmul integration; unification to a perfect whole │ O حساب التكامل integral calculus تكاملي takāmulī integrative; all-including and unifying to form a perfect whole اكتمال iktimāl completion; maturity, ripeness استكمال istikmāl conclusion, termination, finishing كامل kāmil pl. كملة kamala perfect, consummate; genuine, sterling; complete, full, plenary, full-strength; completed, concluded; whole, entire, total, integral; name of a poetic meter; folio format (paper) │ بكامله wholly, entirely, totally, altogether, in its entirety; O لبن كامل (laban) unskimmed, full-bodied milk متكامل mutakāmil perfect; integrative; complete, integral كمن kamana u and kamina a (كمون kumūn) to hide; to be hidden, concealed, latent; to have its secret seat (في in); to ambush, waylay (ل s.o.) V to lie in wait (ل for s.o.), ambush, waylay (ل s.o.) X to hide, lie concealed كمنة kumna black cataract (med.) كمان look up alphabetically كمون kammūn cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.; bot.) │ كمون اسود black caraway, black cumin (Nigella sativa L.; bot.); كمون بري (barrī) do.; كمون حلو (ḥulw) anise, aniseed كمين kamīn pl. كمناء kumanā’2 hidden, lying in ambush; ambush, secret attack │ دبر كمينا (dabbara) to hatch a plot; نصب له كمينا to set a trap for s.o. مكمن makman pl. مكامن makāmin2 place whore s.th. is hidden; ambuscade; ambush, hiding place │ هنا مكمن السر hunā m. as-sirr that’s where the secret lies كامن kāmin hidden, concealed, latent; secret; pl. كوامن kawāmin2 underlying factors, hidden background, latent depths كمنجا kamanjā and كمنجة kamanja oriental stringed instrument having one or two strings; (Western) violin, fiddle كمه kamah blindness (from birth) اكمه akmah2, f. كمهاء kamhā’2, pl. كمه kumh blind, born blind كمي kamīy pl. كماة kumāh, اكماء akmā’ armed and ironclad, in full armor; brave, valiant, courageous كميون (Fr. camion) kamiyōn pl. -āt truck, lorry كن kanna u (kann, كنون kunūn) to hide (هـ s.th.); to conceal, cover, cloak (هـ s.th.); to shelter, ensconce, contain (هـ s.th.); to harbor (ل هـ friendship toward); to calm down, subside, abate (wind) II to hide, conceal, secrete, keep secret (هـ s.th.); to calm, quiet, still, assuage (هـ s.th.) IV to hide, conceal, secrete, keep secret (هـ s.th.) VIII to be hidden, be concealed X to be hidden, be concealed; to seek shelter; to lie comfortably, nestle, cuddle, snuggle; to calm down 841 كن kann, kinn pl. اكنان aknān, اكنة akinna place where one is sheltered; cover, shelter, retreat, refuge; nest; home, house, hut; arbor, bower كنة kanna pl. كنائن kanā’in2 daughter-in-law; sister-in-law كنة kinna shelter, cover, covering كنة kunna pl. -āt, كنان kinān shed roof, pent roof, awning كنان kinān pl. -āt akinna shed roof, pent roof, awning كنانة kināna pl. كنائن kanā’in2 quiver (for arrows) │ ارض كنانة arḍ kināna, الكنانة Egypt (land of the Kinana tribe) كانون kānūn pl. كوانين kawānīn2 stove كانون kānūn: كانون الأول k. al-awwal December (Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.); كانون الثاني k. at-tānī January (Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) كنين kanīn hidden, concealed; well-kept مكنون maknūn hidden, concealed; well-kept; hidden content 1كنار kanār edge, rim, border, fringe, hem, selvage 2كناري kanārī canary 1كنب kanab callocity, callus كنب kanib and مكنب muknib callous (skin) 2كنبه or كنبيه (Fr. canapé) kanabēh pl. -āt sofa الكنج al-kunj the Congo كنجرو kangarū kangaroo (eg.) 1كنود kunūd ingratitude كنود kanūd ungrateful 2كندا kanadā Canada كندي kanadī Canadian 1كندر kundur frankincense 2كندرة kundura pl. كنادر kanādir2 (syr.) (Western-style) shoe كندش kunduš magpie كنار look up alphabetically كنز kanaza i (kanz) to bury (في الأرض in the ground, هـ a treasure); to pile up, heap up, lay up, accumulate, amass, collect, gather, save, hoard (هـ s.th.) VIII to be firm, compact, sturdy, strapping; to accumulate, amass, gather (هـ money, treasures); to hide (هـ money, treasures) كنز kanz pl. كنوز kunūz treasure كنز kaniz firm, compact (flesh); sturdy, strapping (body) اكتناز iktināz strong, sturdy build, sturdiness, compactness, stoutness (of the body) مكتنز muktaniz firm, compact (flesh); sturdy (body); compressed, pinched (lips); massive, strong; -- muktanaz accumulated, amassed; hidden, buried كنس kanasa u (kans) to sweep (هـ the house) II do. كنس kans sweeping, cleaning الكنسة al-kansa visit of the ulema to the tomb of the Imam al-Shāfi‘ī where they sweep away the dust كناس kannās sweeper; street sweeper, street cleaner كناسة kunāsa sweepings, refuse, garbage, offal كنيس kanīs nose bag كنيس kanīs synagogue كنيسة kanīsa pl. كنائس kanā’is2 church (Chr.); synagogue, temple (Jud.) كنسي kanasī and كنائسي kanā’isī ecclesiastic(al); clerical 842 مكنسة miknasa pl. مكانس makānis2 broom; O sweeper, street sweeper (machine) │ مكنسة كهربائية (kahrabā’īya) vacuum cleaner مكناس miknās2, مكناسة miknāsa2 Meknes (city in N Morocco) كناش kunnāš, كناشة kunnāša scrapbook; كناشات fundamentals, principles كنصول (Fr. console) kunṣōl pl. -āt console كنعان kan‘ān Canaan كنغر kangar kangaroo كنف kanafa u (kanf) to guard, protect (ه s.o.); to fence in, hedge, provide with an enclosure (هـ s.th.); to surround (هـ s.th., ه s.o.); to help, assist (ه s.o.) III and IV to shelter, protect, help, assist (ه s.o.) VIII to surround (on both sides), enclose, embrace (هـ s.th.) كنف kanaf pl. اكناف aknāf side, flank; wing; shadow, shelter, pale, fold; bosom │ في كنف under cover of ..., in an atmosphere of ...; في اكنافه under his protection, under his sponsorship كنافة kunāfa pl. -āt vermicelli baked in sugar, melted butter and honey كنيف kanīf pl. كنف kunuf water closet, toilet; public lavatory مكتنف muktanaf surrounded, enclosed (ب by) كنفاش (Engl.) kanfāš canvas كنكة kanaka (= تنكة eg.) pl. -āt coffee pot 1كنكن kankana to stay at home; to settle down, make o.s. at home; to nestle, snuggle, cuddle up 2كنكينا kanakīnā quinine كنه VIII to fathom, probe, sound, investigate, explore (هـ s.th.), look (هـ into s.th.); to get to the bottom (هـ of s.th.); to understand thoroughly, grasp in its entirety (هـ s.th.) X to seek to explore or find out (هـ s.th.); to fathom, discover, find out, grasp, understand (هـ s.th.) كنه kunh utmost degree, extreme; core, essence, substance, true nature, essential being │ يعرفه كنه المعرفة ya‘rifuhū kunha l-ma‘rifa he understands it most thoroughly, he grasps its very essence تكنهات takannuhāt = تكهنات اكتناه iktināh and استكناه istiknāh fathoming, penetration, exploration كنهور kanahwar cumuli كنو) and كنا (كني kanā u and كنى kanā i (كناية kināya) to use metonymically ( ب عن s.th. for); to allude (عن ب with s.th. to); -- كنى kanā i (كنية kunya) and II to call (ه s.o.) by the surname of (ب) V and VIII to be known by the surname of (ب), call o.s. by the surname of (ب) كنية kunya pl. كنى kunan surname, agnomen (consisting of abū or umm followed by the name of the son) كناية kināya indirect expression, metonymy; allusion; indirect declaration of (legal) intent (Isl. Law) │ بالكناية indirect, not clear and unequivocal (as opposed to صريح); هو كناية عن it is tantamount to ..., it means ..., it stands for ..., it consists in ...; كناية عن kināyatan ‘an tantamount to; in lieu of, instead of مكني عنه maknīy ‘anhu metonymically expressed مكنى mukannan surnamed كهرب kahraba to electrify, electrize (هـ s.th.); to ionize (هـ s.th.) II takahraba to be electrified, be electrized, become electric; to be charged with electricity; to be ionized كهربة kahraba electrization, electrification; electricity 843 كهرب kahrab pl. كهارب kahārib2 electron كهيرب kuhairib pl. -āt electron كهيربي kuhairibī electronic, electron- (in compounds) │ المجهر الكهيربي (mijhar) electron microscope كهاربي kahāribī electronic, electron- (in compounds) كهرباء kahrabā’ and كهربا kahrabā amber; electricity; الكهرباء (eg.) the street-car, the trolley كهربائي kahrabā’ī and كهربي kahrabī electric(al); electrician │ تيار كهربائي (ṭayyār) electric current; جامعة كهربائية storage battery, secondary battery, accumulator; مصباح كهربائي (miṣbāḥ) electric lamp, lightbulb; علاج كهربائي diathermy; عالم كهربائي electrophysicist; مغنطيس كهربائي (magnaṭīs) electromagnet; مغنطيسية كهربائية electromagnetism; نور كهربائي (nūr) electric light كهربائية kahrabā’īya and كهربية kahrabīya electricity مكهرب mukahrab electrically charged, electrized, electrified; O electrically conductive, conducting, ionized; O electrically ignited, provided with electric ignition كهرطيسي kahraṭīsī electromagnetic كهرمان kahramān amber كهف kahf pl. كهوف kuhūf cave, cavern; depression, hollow, cavity │ كهف رئوي (ri’awī) pulmonary abscess, vomica (med.); اصحاب الكهف the Seven Sleepers كهل kahala a (كهول kuhūl), kahula u (كهولة kuhūla) and VIII to be middle-aged, be at the height of one’s life كهل kahl pl. كهل kuhhal, كهال kihāl, كهول kuhūl, كهلان kuhlān middle-aged, man of mature age كهل kuhūla maturity of age كاهل kāhil pl. كواهل kawāhil2 upper part of the back; withers │ ثقل كاهله taqqala kāhilahū to load, burden, encumber s.o. or s.th., e.g., ثقل كاهل الميزان (k. al-mīzān) to burden the budget; تخفيف العبء عن كاهله (t. al-‘ib’) unburdening, disencumbrance of s.o. or s.th. كهامة kahāma dullness, bluntness; lassitude languor, weakness 1كهن kahana a u (كهانة kahāna) to predict the future, tell the fortune (ل of s.o.), prophesy (ل to s.o.) V to predict, foretell, presage, prophesy (ب s.th.) كهانة kahāna prediction; prophecy كهانة kihāna divination, soothsaying, fortunetelling كهنوت kahnūt, kahanūt priesthood │ رجال الكهنوت the clergy, the ministry كهنوتي kahanūtī priestly, sacerdotal, ministerial, clerical, ecclesiastic(al) مكهن makhan (place of an) oracle تكهن takahhun pl. -āt prediction, prophecy; conjecture, surmise كاهن kāhin pl. كهان kuhhān, كهنة kahana diviner, soothsayer, prognosticator, fortuneteller; priest رئيس الكهنة and كبير الكهنة high priest متكهن mutakahhin diviner, soothsayer, prognosticator, fortuneteller 2كهنة kuhna rags, shreds, scrap, junk; ragged, tattered كهنجي kuhnajī ragman, rag picker كهاية kihāya administrative district in Tunisia كاهية kāhiya pl. كواه kawāhin chief officer of a كهاية; deputy, vice-, under-, sub- (Tun.) كوة kūwa pl. -āt, كوى kuwan, كواء kiwā’ aperture; small window, attic window, skylight; peephole 844 كواليني kawālīnī pl. -ya locksmith كوب kūb pl. اكواب akwāb drinking glass, tumbler, (ir.) cup كوبة kūba drinking glass, tumbler; hearts (in a deck of cards) كوبرته (It. coperta) kūbarta deck (of a ship) كوبري (Turk. köprü) kūbrī pl. □ كباري kabārī bridge (eg.) كوبنهاج (Fr. Copenhague) Copenhagen كوبنهاجن kōbinhāgin Copenhagen كوبيا (It. copia) kōbiyā copy │ قلم كوبيا qalam k. copying pencil, indelible pencil كوبيل (Engl. cobble) cobbled pavement, cobblestones كوبيه (It. copia) kōbiya copy الكويت al-kuwait Kuwait كوتر (Engl. cutter) kōtar pl. كواتر kawātir2 (eg.) cutter, yawl كوثة kauta fertility; abundance, profusion كوثر kautar much, ample, abundant, plentiful, large quantity; الكوثر al-kautar name of a river in Paradise كوثل kautal stern (of a ship) مكوجي see 1كوى 2كوخ kūk pl. اكواخ akwāk hut 2كاخية look up alphabetically 1كاد (كود) kāda (1st pers. perf. kidtu) imperf. يكاد yakādu to be on the point (ان of doing s.th.), be about (ان to do s.th.), (with imperf.) it wouldn’t have taken much more ..., he (it) all but ..., he (would have) almost ... │ كاد يموت he almost died; كدت اذهب kidtu adhabu I almost went; يكاد يكون في حكم العدم (ḥukmi l-’adam) it is almost as good as nonexistent; (with neg. corresponding to Engl. “hardly, scarcely, barely; no sooner ..., as soon as ...”:) ما كاد يقوم no sooner had he got up ...; لا تكاد ترى (tarā) you will hardly ever see, or, you barely see, or, the moment you see …; لم يكد يراها lam yakad yarāhā no sooner had he seen her, the moment he saw her; لم يكد – حتى and ما كاد -- حتى no sooner – than, as soon as he -- he ..., the moment he – he … كاد kād: بالكاد almost, nearly; see also alphabetically 2كود II to heap up, pile up (هـ s.th.) كودة kauda pl. اكواد akwād heap, pile 3كودية زار (eg.) kudyit zār woman leader of the Zar ritual 1كور II to roll, roll up, coil, roll into a ball (هـ s.th.), to wind (هـ the turban); to make round, ball-shaped (هـ s.th.); to clench (قبضته qabḍatahū one’s list) V to become round, be or become ball-shaped, globular, spherical, to curl up (in a lying position); to conglomerate, form or gather into a ball كور kūr pl. اكوار akwār, اكور akwur, كيران kīrān camel saddle; forge, furnace, smelting furnace, bellows كورة kūra pl. كور kuwar district, rural district, small town, village, ball (= كرة) كورى see below, alphabetically كوارة kuwāra pl. كوائر kawā’ir2 beehive كوروي kūrawī ball-shaped, globular, spherical مكور mikwar and مكورة mikwara turban مكور mukawwar ball-shaped, globular, round 2كار look up alphabetically بالكورجة bi-l-kauraja in the bulk, wholesale, in the lump كوردون (Fr. cordon) kordōn pl. -āt cordon; ribbon, braid, lace, trimming 845 كورس (Engl.) kōras chorus (also fig.); choir كورسيه (Fr. corset) korsēh pl. كورسيهات korsēhāt corset كورك, كوريك (Turk. kürek) kūrēk forced labor (eg.) كورنيش (Fr. corniche) see كرنيش كورريا kōriyā Korea كوري kōrī Korean كوريك see كريك and كورك كوز kūz pl. اكواز akwāz, كيزان kīzān small jug of clay or tin; mug, tankard │ كوز الذرة k. ad-dura (eg.) corncob 1كوس kūs pl. -āt small drum 2كاس kās pl. اكواس akwās = كأس 3كويس kuwayyis (eg.) nice, fine, pretty, comely, handsome, beautiful اكوس akwas2 more beautiful, prettier, nicer كوسا or كوسى kūsā (coll.; n. un. كوساة kūsāh, □ كوساية kūsāya) (eg., syr.) zucchini; see also under كيس كوسج kausaj swordfish (Xiphias gladius) كوشة kūša pl. كوش kuwaš kiln (specif., limekiln) كوع kū’ and كاع kā’ pl. اكواع akwā’, كيعان kī’ān projecting carpal end of the radius, wristbone; elbow (anat.); kū’ elbow, angle, bend (of a pipe); curve, turn, bend (of a road) │ كوع الماسورة kneepiece or elbow of a pipe; لا يعرف الكوع من البوع (ya’rifu) he doesn’t know his knee from his elbow (proverbially of a stupid person) كوف V to band together, throng together, gather in a crowd الكوفة al-kūfa Kufa (town in Iraq) كوفي kūfī Kufic; Kufic writing; الكوفيون the Kufic (school of) grammarians كوفية kūfīya pl. -āt kaffiyeh, square kerchief diagonally folded and worn under the ‘iqāl as a headdress كوك (Engl.) kōk coke كوكب kaukab pl. كواكب kawākib2 star (also, fig., of screen, stage, etc.); leucoma, white opacity in the cornea of the eye │ كوكب سينمائي (sīnamā’ī) film star كوكبة kaukaba star; group, troop, party; (pl. كواكب kawākib2) (Syr.; mil.) squadron (of armored units, of cavalry) كوكبي kaukabī star-shaped, stelliform, starlike, stellular, stellate, stellar; starry, starred; astral كوكتيل koktēl cocktail كولان kaulān, kūlān papyrus (Cyperus papyrus; bot.) كولومبو kolombō Colombo (capital of Ceylon) كولومبيا kolombiyā Colombia كولونيا kolōniyā Cologne; Eau de Cologne كوليرا (Fr. choléra) kōlīrā cholera كوليس kūlīs pl. كواليس kawālīs2 side scene, coulisse, backdrop │ وراء الكواليس behind the scene, backstage (also fig.) كوالين pl. of كالون, which see (alphabetically); كواليني ibid. كوم II to heap, pile up, stack up (هـ s.th.) V to be piled up; to pile up; to accumulate; to sink to the ground, crumple, collapse in a heap كوم kaum pl. اكوام akwām, كيمان kīmān heap, pile; hill; pl. كيمان kīmān esp. garbage piles, refuse dump كومة kauma, kūma pl. -āt, كوم kuwam, اكوام akwām heap, pile; mass │ كومة الحطب k. al-ḥaṭab pyre, stake كوماندان kom6ndan commBndant, commander 846 كومساري see كمساري كومسيوجي kūmisyōjī commission merchant كومودينو (It. coomidino) komudīnū bedside table كوميديا kōmīdiyā comedy 1كان (كون) kāna u (kaun, كيان kiyān, كينونة kainīna) to be; to exist; to happen, occur, take place; with acc. of the predicate: to be s.th.; with foll. perf. denoting the pluperfect; with foll. imperf. expressing duration in the past = Engl. progressive past: was doing (often corresponding to Engl. “used to ...”, “would ...”); with ل: to belong to, be one’s own (كان له بيت he had or owned a house); with ل and s.th.: to be the right man for, be qualified for; with من: to belong to, pertain to; with على: to be incumbent on, be the duty of; with الى: to be assigned to, be the lot or share of, be left to, be due (s.o.) │ ما يكون foll. the elative: على اتم ما يكون (atammi) in the moat perfect manner conceivable, as perfect(ly) as possible; اقوالهم اقرب ما تكون الى الصواب (ṣawāb) what they said came quite close to the truth: لم يكن ل (lam yakun) or ما كان ل (with foll. subjunctive) he is (or was) not the right man for, he was not capable of, he was not in a position to ...; it is (or was) not apt to ...; لم يكن ليصعب عليه ان (li-yaṣ’uba) it wouldn’t have been difficult for him to …, there was no reason why he couldn’t have ...; ما كان منه الا ان (or لم يكن) (illā an) he had no other choice but to ..., there was nothing for him to do but to ...; he did no more than ...; ما كان له ان it is (or was) impossible for him to ...; he is (or was) unable to ...; اصبح في خبر كان aṣbaḥa fī kabari k. to disappear, become dated, belong to the past; كان وكان a popular form of poem consisting of quatrains II to make, create, produce, originate, bring forth, bring into being, form, shape, fashion (هـ s.th.) V to be created, be formed; to come into existence, form, arise, develop; to consist, be composed, be made up (من of), be formed (من by) X to become lowly, humble, miserable; to submit, yield, surrender, humble o.s., abase o.s., eat humble pie; to abandon o.s., give o.s. over (الى to s.th.) كون kaun pl. اكوان akwān being, esse; existence; event, occurrence, incident; الكون the existent, the existing, reality; the world; the cosmos, the universe │ الكون الأعلى (a‘lā) the Supreme Being, God; with foll. genit. or suffix of the logical subject and acc. of the predicate: the fact that s.o. or s.th. is ..., لكونه مجنونا li-kaunihī majnūnan because he is mad, مع كونه مجنونا although he is mad كوني kaunī of or relating to the universe or cosmos, universal, cosmic, cosmo- (in compounds) │ O الأشعة الكونية (aši‘‘a) cosmic rays; نظام كوني cosmic system كيان kiyān being, esse; existence; essence, substance; nature اليكون al-yakūn the sum total مكان makān pl. امكنة amkina, اماكن amākin2 place where one is or stands; place, site, spot, location; passage (in a book); locality, locale; seat, place (e.g., in a railroad compartment); position, standing, rank, dignity; importance, consequence, weight; space (philos.); presence; situation, conditions, circumstances; مكان makāna in the place of, in lieu of, instead of │ لو كنت مكانك lau kuntu makānaka if I were in your place, if I were you; مكانه makānahū on the spot, at once; مكانك makānak stop! في كل مكان everywhere; اخلى مكانا (aklā) to make room; احتل مكانا مكينا (ihtalla) to have or hold a strong, powerful position; هو من الشجاعة بمكان (šajā‘a) he is 847 extremely brave; ذلك من الأهمية بمكان (ahammīyah) that is of considerable importance; هاته النظرية من الضعف بمكان (naẓarīya, ḍu‘f) this theory is rather weak; مكان الشيء من نفسه (nafsihī) the importance of s.th. for s.o., the place that s.th. has in s.o.’s mind; مكان الحديث site of action, scene of the crime, locus delicti; ظرف المكان ẓarf al-m. adverb of place (gram.); اماكن وعرة (wa‘ra) difficult terrain, rugged country مكانة makāna pl. -āt place; location, situation; position, office; standing, authority, influence, rank, dignity │ مكانة الصدر m. aṣ-ṣadr first place, precedence, priority مكاني makānī local مكانية makānīya spatiality (philos.) تكوين takwīn forming, shaping, formation, creation, origination; (pl. تكاوين takāwīn2) formation (of rock; geol.) │ جميل التكوين well-shaped, shapely; سفر التكوين sifr at-t. the Genesis تكون takawwun genesis, birth, nascency, origin, incipience, rise, development; formation استكانة istikāna yielding, submission, resignation, passivity كائن kā’in being; existing, existent; situated, located; a being, entity, creature, creation; (pl. -āt) thing; s.th. existing, an existent │ الكائن المطلق (muṭlaq) the Absolute Being, God; الكائنات the created things, the universe, the world; كائنا من كان (man) whoever it may be; كائنا ما كان be it what it may, whatever it may be مكون mukawwin creator; -- mukawwan made, created; consisting, composed, made up (من of), formed (من by) مستكين mustakīn humiliated, oppressed, resigned, submissive 2كيوان look up alphabetically كونتراتو (It. contratto) kontrātō agreement, accord, treaty, contract كونكرداتو (It. concordato) konkurdātō settlement, composition (between debtor and creditors) كونياك konyāk cognac □ مكوه for مكوى see 1كوى 1كوى kawā i (كي kayy) to burn (هـ s.th.); to sear (هـ s.th.); to cauterize, treat with a cautery (ه s.o.; med.); to brand (ه s.o.); to bite, burn (acid); to sting (scorpion); to press, iron (هـ laundry, and the like) VIII to be burned, be seared; to be cauterized; to be pressed, be ironed; to burn o.s., burn one’s skin كي kayy burning; cauterization, cautery; pressing, ironing │ حجر الكي ḥajar al-k. lunar caustic, silver nitrate; O الكي الكهربائي (kahrabā’ī) diathermy كية kayya a burn, a brand كواء kawwā’ slanderer, calumniator; ironer, presser كواية kawwāya ironing woman, ironer كوية kawīya (syr.) press, crease (in trousers) مكواة mikwāh and مكوى makwan pl. مكاو makāwin flatiron; hot iron (for cauterizing), cautery (med.) │ مكواة الشعر m. aš-ša‘r curling iron مكوى makwan ironing establishment □ مكوجي makwajī ironer, presser; laundryman كاو kāwin caustic 2كوى kuwan see كوة 1كي kai, لكي li-kai so that, in order that, in order to │ كي لا and لكي لا in order not to, lest 848 كيما kai-mā, لكيما li-kai-mā that, so that, in order that, in order to 2كي kayy and كية kayya see 1كوى 1كيت kīt Indian dress material 2كيت وكيت kaita wa-kaita, kaiti wa-kaiti so and so, such and such, thus and thus 1كاد (كيد) kāda i (kaid, مكيدة makīda) to deceive, dupe, outwit (ه s.o.); to harm by artful machinations (ل s.o., s.th.), lay snares (ل for s.o.), plot s.o.’s (ل) downfall, conspire (ل against s.o.) III to deceive, dupe, outwit (ه s.o.); to seek to double-cross (ه s.o.) كيد kaid pl. كياد kiyād ruse, artifice, stratagem; craftiness, slyness, cunning, subtlety; deception, deceit; artful plot; trick, dodge مكيدة makīda pl. مكايد makāyid2 ruse, artifice, trick; smart action, clever approach, shrewd policy; stratagem; plot, conspiracy, machinations, schemes, intrigues 2كاد look up alphabetically كير kīr pl. اكيار akyār, كيران kīrān bellows كيروسين (Engl.) kirūsīn kerosene كاس (كيس) kāsa i (kais, كياسة kiyāsa) to be smart, clever, intelligent; to be nice, fine, pretty, comely, handsome, attractive, chic II to refine, make elegant كيس kais smartness, cleverness, intelligence; subtlety, finesse, gracefulness, elegance كيس kais m. and f., pl. اكياس akyās, كيسة kiyasa, sack; bag; pouch; purse; Turkish towel │ كيس الوسادة pillowcase, pillow slip; كيس الصفراء k. aṣ-ṣafrā’ gall, bile; على كيسه at his expense كيس kayyis pl. اكياس akyās, كيسى kaisā, f. كيسة kayyisa, pl. كياس kiyās sly, smart, astute, shrewd, sagacious; adroit, dexterous, skillful; nice, fine, elegant, stylish, chic, attractive, comely, pretty, handsome كياسة kiyāsa adroitness, dexterity, skill; cleverness, smartness, astuteness, shrewdness, slyness, sagacity, subtlety, finesse; courtesy, civility, politeness; gracefulness, grace; elegance, chic, stylishness اكيس akyas2, f. كيسى kīsā and كوسى kūsā, pl. كيس kīs smarter, slier; more skillful; more stylish, more chic, nicer مكيس mukayyis and □ مكيساتي mukayyisātī (eg.) bath attendant, masseur مكيس mukayyas shrewd, subtle, astute, smart, sly كيف II to form, shape, fashion, mold (هـ s.th.); to fit, condition, modify, conform, adjust, adapt (هـ s.th., نفسه o.s.); to regulate (هـ s.th.); to put in high spirits, exhilarate, amuse, delight (هـ s.o.); to intoxicate slightly, dope, stupefy (ه s.o.; of a narcotic) Y to be shaped, be formed; to assume a form, take on a shape; to adapt o.s., adjust o.s., conform; to be in high spirits, be cheerful, gay; to amuse o.s., enjoy o.s., have a good time, have fun; to revel; to be slightly intoxicated, be tipsy, fuddled; to smoke (tobacco, etc.) كيف kaifa (interrogative and exclamatory particle) how? how ...! │ كيف حالك (ḥāluka) how are you? كيف لا و ... why shouldn’t it be so since ...! فكيف ب just imagine how much more (or less) ...! and how much more ...! and how much less …! كيفما kaifamā however, howsoever │ كيفما كان الحال whatever the case may be, be that as it may; in any case, at any rate كيف kaif state, condition; mood, humor, state of mind, frame of mind; pleasure, delight, well-being, good humor, 849 high spirits; discretion, option. will; (pl. كيوف kuyūf) narcotic, opiate │ على كيفك at your discretion, as you please; as you wish, as you like; اصحاب الكيف bons vivants, epicures كيفي kaifī arbitrary, discretionary, optional; qualitative كيفية kaifīya manner, mode, fashion; property, quality; nature, state, condition; particulars, particular circumstances (e.g., of an event) │ كيفية العمل k. al-‘amal operation (e.g., of a machine); كيفية الاستعمال directions for use تكييف takyīf forming, shaping, fashioning; formation; a.daptation, adjustment, conditioning, modification; regulation; descriptive designation, qualification; air conditioning, = تكييف الهواء t. al-hawā’ تكيف takayyuf adaptation, adjustment, conformity مكيفة mukayyifa, مكيفة الهواء m. al-hawā’ pl. -āt air-conditioning installation, air conditioner مكيفات mukayyifāt narcotics, opiates 1كيكة kaika pl. كياكي kayākī egg 2كيكة kīka, كيكا kīkā (eg.) hide-and-seek كال (كيل) kāla i (kail, مكال makāl, مكيل makīl) to measure (هـ s.th.); to weigh (هـ s.th.); to compare by measuring (ب هـ s.th. with), measure s.th. (هـ) by the standard of (ب); to measure out, mete out, allot, apportion (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.) │ كال له الشتائم to heap abuse on s.o.; كال له اللطمات (laṭamāt) to give s.o. a beating, spank, thrash s.o. II to measure (هـ s.th.) III to return like for like, repay in kind (ه to s.o.) كيل kail pl. اكيال akyāl measure; dry measure for grain; holding capacity كيلة kaila pl. -āt kilah, a dry measure (Eg. = 16.72 l; Pal. = 361) كيلي kailī and مكيل makīl (volumetrically) measurable, volumetric(al) كيال kayyāl corn measurer; one who metes out, who determines the right measure, muter, lord مكيال mikyāl pl. مكاييل makāyīl2 and مكيل mikyal, مكيلة mikyala pl. مكايل makāyil2 measure; dry measure for grain │ الموازين والمكاييل the weights and measures كيلو kīlō and كيلوجرام kilogrām pl. -āt kilogram كيلوسيكل (Fr. kilocycle) kīlōsikl pl. -āt kilocycle (radio) كيلومتر kīlōmitr pl. -āt kilometer كيلوواط kīlōwāṭ kilowatt كيلون = كالون look up alphabetically كيما kai-mā see 1كي كيموس kaimūs gastric juice كيمياء kīmiyā’ chemistry; alchemy │ الكيمياء الاحيائية (aḥyā’īya) biochemistry; كيمياء التربة k. at-turba agricultural chemistry كيمي kīmī chemical كيميائي kīmiyā’ī, كيماوي kīmāwī chemical; -- (pl. -ūn) chemist; alchemist; كيماويات kīmāwīyāt chemicals (كين) كان kāna i (kain) to humble o.s., abase o.s., eat humble pie, submit, resign o.s. X do. كينا kīnā quinine │ خشب الكينا kašab al-k. cinchona, china bark, Peruvian bark كينين kīnīn quinine كيهك kiyahk, kīhak the fourth month of the Coptic year كيوان kaiwān the planet Saturn كيوبيد (Engl.) kiyūbīd Cupid 850 ل 1ل la (intensifying particle) truly, verily; certainly, surely; frequently after ان inna, introducing the predicate: ان ربي لسميع الدعاء inna rabbī la-samī’ d-du’ā’ truly, my Lord hears the prayer; also as a correlative of لو lau and لولا lau-lā: لو كنت تفعل هذا لكان انفع (la-kāna anfa’a) if you did this it would be more useful; لولا تاب لهلك lau-lā tāba la-halaka if he had not repented he would have perished; (particle of oath) لعمرك la-’amruka by your life! 2ل li 1. (prep.) for; on behalf of, in favor of; to (of the dative); because of; for the sake of; due to, owing to; for, for the purpose of; at the time of, when, as; by (designating the author or originator); occasionally substituting for الى; as to ل paraphrasing the genit. and acc. see grammar │ لي عليه مال he owes me money; ما له وما علبه his right and his duty; his credit and his debit, his assets and his liabilities; له ان he has a right to ..., he is entitled to ..., he may ...; it is possible for him to ..., he is able to ..., he can ...; ليس لي ان I have no right to ... , it does not behoove me to ...; لك هذا or لك ذلك you can have that! it’s up to you; it’s all right with me! all right! O.K.! agreed! هل لك في or الك في would you like ...? do you want ...? do you feel like ...? قرأت له كتابا I read a book by him, I read one of his books; لا تدوم له حال (tadūmu) no state is of any permanence with him, he is never the same for a very long timeقاموا لمعاونتنا (li-mu’āwanatinā) they set out in our support; لسبع ليال خلون من شعبان li-sab’i layālin kalauna min ša’bāna when seven nights of Shaban had passed; للمرة الأولى li-l-marrati l-ūlā for the first time; لأول وهلة li-awwali wahlatin at first sight, at once; اخوه لأبيه وأمه li-abīhi wa-ummihī his brother on the paternal and maternal side, his brother-german, his full brother 2. (conj. with the subjunctive) that, so that, in order that, in order to; (with apoc.) expressing an order. an invitation: ليكتب li-yaktub he shall write, let him write (with preceding و wa or ف fa contracted to wal- ... or fal ... with elision of the i) لأجل li-ajli (with foll. genit.) because of, on account of, for لأن li-an (conj. with the subjunctive) that, so that, in order that, in order to; (with لا) لئلا li-allā in order not to, lest لأن li-anna (conj.) on the grounds that; because; for لذلك li-dālika therefore, hence, that is why, for that reason لكي li-kai and لكيما li-kai-mā (conj. with the subjunctive) that, so that, in order that, in order to لما li-mā (shortened لم li-mā) why? wherefore? for what reason? لماذا li-mā-dā why (on earth)? لهذا li-hādā therefore, hence, that is why, for that reason لا lā (particle) not, no! with apoc. expressing negative imperative: لا تقل lā taqul don’t say! with indef. acc. expressing a general negation; there is not, there is no ..., e.g., لا اله الا الله lā ilāha illa llāh there is no god but Allah; لا خير فيه (kaira) there is no good in it, it’s no good; لا بد منه (budda) there is no escape from it, it is inevitable; لا جرم lā jarama certainly, surely; لا شك 851 lā šakka no doubt, doubtless; لا سيما lā siyyamā especially. particularly; الا a-lā see أ; بلا bi-lā without; ولا wa-lā (with preceding neg.) nor, ... either; not even, also حتى ولا ḥattā wa-lā, e.g., لم يعطني حتى ولا قرشا (lam yu‘ṭinī, qiršan) he did not give me even a piaster, he did not give me as much as a piaster; لا – ولا neither -- nor لا ابالية lā-ubālīya indifferent attitude, indifference لا أدرية lā-adrīya skepticism; agnosticism اللا أنا al-lā-anā the nonego (philos.) لا أنانية lā-anānīya selflessness, unselfishness لا جنسية lā-jinsīya statelessness, being without nationality لا ديني lā-dīnī antireligious, irreligious, without religion لا دينية lā-dīnīya irreligion, godlessness لا سامي lā-sāmī anti-Semitic; anti-Semite لا سامية lā-sāmīya anti-Semitism لا سلكي lā-silkī wireless, radio (adj.); radio, broadcasting; radio message │ اشارة لا سلكية (išāra) radio message اللاشعور al-lā-šu‘ūr the unconscious, unconscious mind, unconsciousness لاشعوري lā-šu‘ūrī unconscious, unaware لا شيء lā-šai’ nothing, nonentity, nil لا شيئية lā-šai’īya nonexistence, nothingness; nullity, nihility لامبالاة lā-mubālāh and لامبالية lā-mubālīya indifferent attitude, indifference لامركزية lā-markazīya decentralization لامسؤولية lā-mas’ūlīya irresponsibility لا نظام lā-niẓām lack of system, confusion اللانهاية al-lā-nihāya the infinite لانهائي lā-nihā’ī infinite اللاتين al-lātīn the (ancient) Latins لاتيني lātīnī Latin │ الحي اللاتيني (ḥayy) the “Quartier latin” (in Paris) اللاتينية al-lātīnīya the Latin language, Latin لادن lādan, lādin laudanum لازورد lāzuward, lāzaward lapis lazuli; azure لازوردي lāzuwardī azure-blue, azure, sky-blue, cerulean لازوردية lāzuwardīya azure, blue of the sky لاسيه (Fr. lacet) lāsēh lace, cord 1 لأكIV to send as a messenger (الى ه s.o. to) ملأك mal’ak and ملك malak pl. ملائك malā’ik2, ملائكة malā’ika angel; messenger, envoy ملائكي malā’ikī angelic(al); heavenly 2لائكي look up alphabetically لاكن lākin, lākinna however, yet, but لألأ la’la’a (لألأة la’la’a) to shine, flash, glitter, glisten, sparkle, gleam, shimmer, glimmer, beam, radiate; to wag (بذنبه bi-danabihī the tail) II tala’la’a to shine, glitter, glisten, sparkle, gleam, shimmer, glimmer, beam, radiate لألأة la’la’a shine, glow, brightness, brilliancy, radiance, flash, glitter, twinkle لألاء la’lā’ glitter, flash; light, glow, gleam; perfect joy, unruffled gaiety; dealer in pearls لؤلؤ lu’lu’ (coll.; n. un. ة) pl.: لآلي la’ālī2 pearls │ زهر اللؤلؤ zahr al-l. daisy; عرق اللؤلؤ ‘irq al-l. mother-of-pearl, nacre لؤلؤى lu’lu’ī pearly; pearl-colored, whitish │ شعير لؤلؤي pearl barley 852 تلألؤ tala’lu’ shining, radiance, brilliancy متلألئ mutala’li’ shimmering, glistening, glittering, flashing, sparkling لأم la’ama a (la’m) to dress, bandage (هـ a wound); to repair, mend (هـ s.th.); to solder, weld; -- لؤم la’uma (lu’m, لآمة la’āma, ملأمة mal’ama) to be ignoble, lowly (of character and birth); to be base, mean, vile, evil, wicked III to agree (ه with s.o.); to suit, fit (garment; ه s.o.); to be adequate, appropriate (هـ to s.th.), be suitable, fit, proper, convenient, favorable, propitious (هـ for s.th.); to be adapted (هـ to), be in harmony (هـ with), match (هـ s.th.); to agree (climate, food; ه with s.o.), be wholesome (climate, air, food; ه for s.o.); to bring about a reconciliation, make peace (بين between), reconcile (بين – و s.o. with); to make consistent or congruous, reconcile, harmonize, bring into harmony (بين different things) IV to act ignobly, behave shabbily VI to be mended, be repaired, be corrected; to go well (مع with); to act meanly VIII to be mended, be repaired, be corrected; to be joined, be connected, be patched up, be soldered, be welded; to match, fit together, harmonize, be in harmony, agree, go together, be congruous, conformable, consistent; to be tuned or geared to each other (fig.); to unite, combine; to cohere, stick together; to heal, close (wound); to gather, assemble, convene (persons); to meet (committee, congress, council, etc.) لأم la’m dressing, bandaging (of a wound); joining, junction, connection; repair لؤم lu’m ignoble mind, baseness, meanness, vileness, wickedness; niggardliness, miserliness; sordidness; iniquity لئم li’m peace; concord, agreement, union, unity, unanimity; conformity, consistency, harmony لأمة la’ma cuirass, pair of cuirasses لئيم la’īm pl. لئام li’ām, لؤماء lu’amā’, لؤمان lu’mān, ignoble, lowly, low, base, mean, evil, vile, wicked, depraved; sordid, filthy, dirty; niggardly, miserly ملاءمة mulā’ama adequacy, appropriateness, properness, suitability, fitness; peacemaking, (re)conciliation; concord, union, agreement, harmony ملائم mulā’im adapted, suited, appropriate (ل to), suitable, fit, proper, convenient, favorable, propitious (ل for); agreeing, harmonizing, in conformity, consistent (ل with) لام lām name of the letter ل لامي lāmī lām-shaped, resembling the letter ل لاما lāmā llama (zool.) لانش (Engl.) lanš pl. -āt launch, motorboat, small steamer لاهاي lāhāy The Hague (city in SW Netherlands) لاهوت lāhūt godhead, deity; divine nature, divinity │ علم اللاهوت ‘ilm al-l. theology لاهوتي lāhūtī theological; theologian اللاهوتية al-lāhūtīya theology لاهور lāhūr2 Lahore (city in W Pakistan) لأواء la’wā’ 2 severe distress, hardship لأي la’y slowness, tardiness; tediousness, tiresomeness │ بعد لأي after great difficulties, in the end, finally, after all لائكي (from Fr. laïque) lā’ikī layman; secular, laic, lay لائكية lā’ikīya laicism 853 لب labba u (labb) to remain, abide, stay (ب in a place); -- (1st pers. perf. labibtu) a (لبب labab) and (1st pers. perf. labubtu) u (لبابة labāba) to be sensible, reasonable, intelligent II to kernel, ripen into kernels, produce kernels (grain, nuts) V to gird o.s. prepare o.s. (ل for) لب lubb pl. لبوب lubūb kernels, core (of fruits); the innermost, marrow, pith; core, gist, essence; prime, best part; -- (pl. الباب albāb) heart; mind, intellect, reason, understanding لبة labba pl. -āt upper part of the chest; throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering لبة libba (eg.) golden necklace لبب labab pl. الباب albāb upper part of the chest; throat of an animal, spot where its throat is slit in slaughtering; breast collar (of a horse’s harness); martingale لباب lubāb marrow, pith, core, quintessence, gist, prime, beet part │ لباب الخشب l. kašab cellulose لبيب labīb pl. الباء alibbā’ understanding, reasonable, sensible, intelligent تلبيب talbīb pl. تلابيب talābīb2 collar │ اخذ بتلابيبه to collar s.o., seize s.o. by the collar لبؤة labu’a pl. -āt lioness لبتة labta carp (zool.) لبث labita a (labt, lubt, labat, لباث lubāt) to hesitate, tarry, linger; to abide, remain, stay (ب in a place); (with imperf.) to persist in an activity, keep doing s.th. │ ما لبث (لم يلبث) أن (حتى) it did not take long before he …, presently he ..., he lost no time in …; لبث يفعله he did it for a while V to hesitate, tarry, linger; to abide, remain, stay لبث labt, lubt, labat hesitation, tarrying, delay; stay, sojourn لبثة lubta short delay, brief respite; pause; temporary stay or stop, stopover لبخ labk, labak (coll.; n. un. ة) a variety of acacia (Mimosa lebbec L.), also lebbek tree (Albizzia lebbek Bth.; bot.) لبخة labka pl. labakāt cataplasm, poultice; soft mass, mush; emollient plaster, emollient لبيخ labīk fleshy, corpulent لبد labada u (لبد lubūd) to stick, adhere, cling (ب to s.th.), get stuck (ب on); to abide, remain, stay (ب in a place) II to cause to adhere and mat together, to felt, mat (هـ wool); to line with felt (هـ s.th.); to beat down, weigh down (هـ s.th., e.g., the hail -- grass); to full (هـ s.th.) IV to cling firmly, adhere, stick (ب to s.th.) V do.; to stick together; to become felted, matted, entangled, interwoven; to be compressed; to become clouded; to become overcast (بالغيوم with clouds; sky); to become gloomy (face) لبد libd pl. لبود lubūd, الباد albād felt │ لبود من الغمائم thick masses of clouds لبد labad wool لبد labid coherent; compact لبد lubad the seventh vulture of Luqmān (whose death ended Luqmān’s life; metaphor of longevity) لبدة libda pl. لبد libad mane (of a lion); (eg.) skullcap of felt, worn under or without a tarboosh; felt hat (of the dervishes) لبدة lubda pl. لبد lubad matted and pressed wool or hair, felt لباد labbād feltmaker; felt لبادة lubbāda pl. -āt horse blanket, saddle blanket; -- (pl. لبابيد labābīd 2) felt cap 854 ملبد mulabbad: ملبد بالغيوم (bi-l-guyūm) overcast, heavily clouded (sky) متلبد mutalabbid: متلبد بالغيوم overcast, heavily clouded (sky) لبس labisa a (lubs) to put on, wear (هـ a dress, garment); to dress (هـ in), clothe o.s. garb o.s. (هـ in or with) II to dress (هـ ه s.o. in), clothe, garb, attire (هـ ه s.o. with); to cover, envelop, overlay, coat (ب هـ s.th. with. layer); to drape, line, face, case (ب هـ s.th. with); to inlay (e.g., wood with ivory); to suffuse (ه s.o., e.g., pallor), seize (ه s.o., e.g., so tremor); to make obscure, unclear, abstruse, involved, complicated (على هـ s.th. for s.o.); to deceive, dupe (على s.o.) III to be on intimate terms, associate closely, hobnob (ه with s.o.); to be in close contact (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.); to surround (ه s.o.; environment, milieu, conditions) IV to dress (هـ ه s.o. in), clothe, garb, attire (هـ ه s.o. with); to drape, envelop, coat, overlay, cover, face, line, case (هـ s.th.) V to dress, get dressed (ب in), clothe o.s. (ب in or with); to be dressed, clad, attired; to be covered (ب with), be enveloped, wrapped (ب in); to get involved (ب in s.th.), be drown (ب into s.th.); to meddle, bother (ب with), go into s.th. (ب); to be obscure, incomprehensible, dubious, equivocal, ambiguous (على for s.o.) VIII to be obscure, dubious, equivocal, ambiguous (على for s.o.); to get mixed up (ب with); to mistake (هـ s.th., ب for) لبس labs, lubs and لبسة lubsa tangle, muddle, confusion, intricacy, obscurity, uncertainty, abstruseness, ambiguity │ كان في لبس من امره to be uncertain about s.o.; to have doubts about s.o. لبس libs pl. لبوس lubūs clothes, clothing, dress, apparel; costume لبسة libsa manner or style of dressing, costume لباس libās pl. -āl, البسة albisa clothes, clothing; costume; apparel; garment, robe, dress; (eg., syr.) (men’s) drawers │ لباس الرأس l. ar-ra’s headdress, headgear; لباس التقوى l. at-taqwā decency, modesty; لباس رسمي (rasmī) and لباس عسكري (‘askarī) uniform; لباس السهرة l. as-sahra evening gown, evening clothes, formal dress; لباس وطني (waṭanī) national costume; البسة جاهزة ready-made clothes لبيس labīs worn; worn clothes, secondhand clothes; Nile carp (Cyprinus niloticus: zool.) لبوس labūs clothing, clothes; suppository (med.) │ لبوس رسمي (rasmī) uniform ملبس malbas pl. ملابس malābis2 garment, dress, robe, apparel, suit; pl. also: clothing, clothes, costume │ O ملبس الوقاية protective clothes; ملابس التشريفة dress uniform; ملابس داخلية وخارجية (dākilīya wa-kārijīya) underwear and outer clothes; ملابس رسمية (rasmīya) livery, uniform; O ملابس الميدان m. al-maidān field uniform; محل الملابس maḥall al-m. ready-made-clothes store تلبيس talbīs clothing, dressing, garbing; draping, lining, facing, casing; overlaying, coating; wall facing, wall plaster, paneling; inlay work; deception, deceit, fraud تلبيسة talbīsa suppository (med.) ملابسة mulābasa intercourse, intimate association, close relations; ملابسات relations, connections; concomitants, accompanying phenomena; surrounding conditions, environment الباس ilbās clothing, dressing, garbing تلبس talabbus: قضايا التلبس qaḍāyā t-t. (jur.) cases of “flagrante delicto”, criminal cases in which the perpetrator was caught in the act التباس iltibās confusion, tangle, intricacy, obscurity, ambiguity, dubiousness, 855 doubt │ رفع الالتباس raf‘ al-ilt. correction, rectification, clarification; احاط به الالتباس (aḥāṭa) to be wrapped in obscurity, be completely ambiguous ملبوس malbūs worn, used (clothes); (eg.) possessed, in a state of frenzy or religious ecstasy; pl. ملبوسات articles of clothing, clothes ملبس mulabbas involved, intricate, obscure, dubious; inlaid, coated, incrusted; sugar-coated, candied; (pl. -āt) bonbon, candy; dragée متلبس mutalabbis: متلبسا بالجريمة (he was caught, and the like) redhanded, in the act, flagrante delicto ملتبس multabis involved, intricate, ambiguous, equivocal; dubious, doubtful, uncertain, unclear لبط labaṭa II (labṭ): لبط به الأرض (arḍ) to throw s.o. to the ground, fell s.o.; -- i to kick; to gallop about (animal) لبق labaqa II (لباقة labāqa) to be clever, slick, adroit, skilled, skillful, versatile, suave, elegant, have refined manners; -- labiqa a (labaq) do.; to fit, suit, become (clothes; ب s.o.) II to fit, adapt, adjust (هـ s.th.) لبق labaq cleverness, smartness, slyness, subtlety; skill, adroitness, slickness, ingenuity; seemliness, propriety, decency, decorum لباقة labāqa cleverness, smartness, slyness, subtlety; skill, adroitness, slickness, ingenuity; seemliness, propriety, decency, decorum; elegance, refined manners, suavity, gracefulness لبق labiq clever, smart, sly, subtle; slick, adroit, skilled, skillful, versatile; elegant, suave, of refined manners; fitting, proper, becoming, seemly لبيق labīq clever, smart, sly, subtle; skillful, adroit; elegant, suave, refined لبك labaka u (labk) and II to mix. Mingle, intermix (هـ s.th.); to confuse, mix up, muddle, jumble (هـ s.th.); -- labika a, V and VIII to get confused, be thrown into disorder, be disarranged, become disorganized لبك labk and لبكة labka mixture; confusion, muddle, jumble لبيك see لبي لبلب lablaba to fondle, cares (ب her child; mother) لبلب lablab, lublub affectionate, tender لبلاب lablāb English ivy (Hedera helix; bot.); (eg.) lablab, hyacynth bean (Dolichoe lablab; bot.) لبلوب lablūb (eg.) pl. لباليب labālīb2 young shoot, sprout, vine لبن II to make brick VIII to suck milk لبن libn, labin (coll.) unburnt brick(s), adobes لبنة labina (n. un.) pl. -āt brick, adobe لبن laban pl. البان albān, لبان libān milk; (syr.) leban, coagulated sour milk; pl. البان dairy products, milk products │ لبن الخض l. al-kaḍḍ buttermilk; شرش اللبن širš al-l. whey; O ميزان اللبن mīzān al-l. lactoscope; فرع الألبان far‘ al-a. dairy department لبني labanī lactic, milk (adj.); milky, milklike, lacteous, lacteal لبنية labanīya a dish prepared of milk لبنات labanāt lactate │ لبنات الجير l. al-jīr calcium lactate لبان labān breast لبان lubān frankincense, olibanum │ لبان جاوي (jāwī) benzoin; لبان ذكر dakar (eg.) olibanum, oriental frankincense (resin of Boswellia carteri; bot.); لبان شامي (eg.) a pitchy resin used as a depilatory 856 (resin of Pinus Brutia Ten.); لبان العذراء al-‘adrā’ magnesia, Epsom salts, bitter salt لبان libān sucking, nursing; (eg.) towline لبان labbān brickmaker; milkman لبانة lubāna pl. -āt, لبان lubān wish, desire, object, aim, goal, end; business, undertaking, enterprise لبانة libāna selling or production of milk products, dairy لبنة labina, لبون labūn, لبونة labūna pl. لبان libān, لبن lubn, lubun, لبائن labā’in milk, giving milk │ حيوان لبون (ḥayawān) mammal لبنى lubnā storax tree لبنان lubnān2 Lebanon لبناني lubnānī Lebanese (pl. -ūn) a Lebanese ملبن malban a sweet made of cornstarch, sugar, mastic and pistachios ملبنة malbana dairy لبوة labwa pl. labawāt lioness لبى II to follow, obey (هـ a call, an invitation), respond, accede (هـ to), comply (هـ with a request), carry out (هـ an order) │ لبى نداء ربه (nidaā’a rabbihī) to be called away by the Lord, pass away لبيك labbaika here I am! at your service! تلبية talbiya following, obeying, observance, accedence, response, compliance │ تلبية ل (talbiyatan) in compliance with; تلبية لدعوته (li-da‘watihī) upon his invitation لبيريا libēriyā Liberia لت latta u (latt) to pound, bray, crush (هـ s.th.); to mix with water (هـ flour); to knead (هـ dough); to roll (ب s.th. in), coat (ب هـ s.th. with); (eg.) to prattle, chatter │ لت وعجن في مسألة (wa-‘ajana, mas’ala) not to tire of raising a problem anew, discuss a question back and forth لت latt (eg.) idle talk, prattle لتات lattāt (eg.) prattler, chatterbox, windbag لتر litr pl. -āt liter لتموس (Engl.) litmūs litmus لتوانيا lituwāniyā Lithuania التي allatī see الذي (alphabetically) لثة see لثو لثغ latiga a (latag) to pronounce defectively (esp. the lingual r), lisp (ث for س) │ لثغ بالسين (sīn) to lisp the s لثغة lutga defective pronunciation, lisping الثغ altag2, f. لثغاء latgā’2, pl. لثغ lutg having a speech defect, lisping لثم latama i (latm) to kiss (هـ s.th.); to strike, hit, wound, injure (هـ s.th.) II to veil (هـ the face) with the li/dm (q.v.); to veil, cover (هـ s.th.) V and VIII to veil one’s face; to cover o.s., wrap o.s. up, muffle o.s. لثمة latma kiss لثام litām veil (covering the lower part of the face to the eyes); cover, wrapping ملثم mutallam and متلثم mutalattim veiled لثة lita pl. -āt, لثى litan gums لثوي litawī gingival, alveolar, of or pertaining to the gums │ الحروف اللثوية the interdental sounde ث, ذ and ظ; (phon.) لج lajja (1st pers. perf. lajijtu) a and (1st pers. perf. lajajtu) i (لجج lajaj, لجاج lajāj, لجاجة lajāja) to be stubborn, obstinate, unyielding, relentless; to persist, persevere (في in); to insist (في on); to continue (في s.th.), keep doing s.th. (في); to importune, 857 pester, trouble, bother, inconvenience (على s.o.); to bear down (ب on s.o.), hit hard, wear out, weaken, exhaust (ب s.o., e.g., battle), torment, harass (ب s.o., e.g., hunger) III to argue or dispute obstinately (ه with s.o.) VIII to be noisy, uproarious, tumultuous; to roar, storm, rage لج lujj and لجة lujja pl. لجج lujaj, لجاج lijāj depth of the sea; gulf, abyss, chum, depth لجي lujjī fathomless, of tremendous depth (sea) لجة lajja clamor, din, noise, hubbub لجاجة lajāja stickling, disputatiousness; obstinacy, stubbornness; insistence, persistence لجوج lajūj and لاج lājj obstinate, stubborn, unyielding, relentless, insistent, troublesome, importunate, obtrusive, officious لجأ laja’a a (لجء laj’, لجوء lujū’) and لجئ laji’a a (لجأ laja’) to take refuge (الى in), resort, have recourse (الى to), fall back (الى on); to seek information (الى from), refer (الى to) II to coerce, force, compel (الى ه s.o. to) IV do.; to shelter, protect, guard (ه s.o.); to entrust, commit (امره الى amrahū one’s cause, one’s affairs to) VIII to flee (الى to), take refuge (الى in), resort, have recourse (الى to) ملجأ malja’ pl. ملاجئ malāji’2 (place of) refuge, retreat; shelter; sanctuary, asylum; home; base; pillbox, bunker, dugout │ ملجأ الأطفال day nursery, nursery school, children’s home; ملجأ الأيتام orphanage; ملجأ الشيوخ home for the aged; ملجأ العميان m. al-‘umyān institution for the blind; ملجأ العجزة m. al-‘ajaza infirmary; O ملجأ مضاد للغارات الجوية (muḍādd, jawwīya) air-raid shelter التجاء iltijā’ resorting, recourse (الى to), seeking refuge (الى in, with) لاجئ lāji’ one seeking refuge; refugee; emigrant; inmate of an asylum ملتجئ multaji’ one seeking refuge, a refugee لجب lajab noise, uproar, tumult; huge, boisterous army لجب lajib uproarious, tumultuous, noisy, clamorous لجلج lajlaja and II talajlaja to repeat words`in speaking; to stammer, stutter لجلجة lajlaja stutter; stammering, stammer لجلاج lajlāj stutterer, stammerer ملجلج mulajlaj constantly repeated, reiterated لجم lajama u (lajm) to sew (هـ s.th.) II and IV to bridle, rein in (هـ a horse); to restrain, curb, hold down, silence (ه s.o.); to put the bridle (ه on s.o.) VIII to be bridled, be curbed, be tamed, be harnessed (e.g., energies) لجام liillm pl. الجمة aljima, لجم lujum bridle, rein ملجوم maljūm and ملجم muljam bridled, curbed, harnessed لجن lajina a (lajn) to cling, adhere, stick (ب to) لجنة lajna pl. -āt, لجان lijān, لجن lijan board, council, commission, committee │ لجنة التحقيق investigating committee; لجنة ادارية (idārīya) administrative board, committee of management; لجنة الامتحان board of examiners, examination board; لجنة الانضباط disciplinary board; لجنة تنفيذية (tanfīdīya) executive committee; لجنة صلحية (ṣulḥīya) arbitration committee, board of arbitration; لجنة فرعية (far‘īya) subcommittee; لجنة قارة (مستديمة) (qārra, mustadīma) standing committee, 858 permanent committee; لجنة المراقبة l. al-mūrāqaba board of directors لجين lujain silver لجيني lujainī silvery لح laḥḥa (laḥḥ) to be close (relationship) IV to implore, beseech, request with urgency; to insist (في on); to beسet, importune, pester, harass (على s.o.); to urge, press (ب or في على s.o. to do s.th.) لحح laḥiḥ and لاح close, narrow لحوح laḥūḥ obstinate, stubborn, persistent ملحاح milḥāḥ obstinate, stubborn, persistent; importunate, obtrusive الحاح ilḥāḥ urging, pressing, urgency, insistence; emphasis; urgent solicitation, earnest request │ بإلحاح or في إلحاح insistently, earnestly, urgently ملح muliḥḥ pressing, urgent; persistent; insistent, emphatic; importunate, obtrusive لاحب lāḥib open, passable (road); o electrode لحج laḥaj2 Lahej (sultanate and city in the Aden Protectorate) لحد laḥada a (laḥd) to dig a grave; to bury, inter (ه s.o.); to deviate from the right course, digress from the straight path; to abandon one’s faith, apostatize, become a heretic; to lean, incline, tend (الى to) IV = I; VIII to deviate, digress; to abandon one’s faith, apostatize, become a heretic or unbeliever; to be inclined, lean, incline, tend (الى to) لحد laḥd pl. لحود luḥūd, ألحاد alḥād grave, tomb; (ancient meaning: charnel vault with a niche for the corpse in the lateral wall) لحاد laḥḥād gravedigger إلحاد ilḥād apostasy; heterodoxy, heresy إلحادي ilḥādī of or pertaining to godlessness ملحد mulḥid heretical, unbelieving; -- (pl. -ūn, ملاحدة malāḥida) apostate, renegade; heretic لحس laḥasa a (laḥs) to eat away (هـ s.th., esp. a moth the wool), devour (هـ s.th.); -- laḥisa a (laḥs, لحسة laḥsa, luḥsa, ملحس malḥas) to lick (هـ s.th.); to lick up, lap up, lick out (هـ s.th.) ملحوس malḥūs licked; (eg.) imbecilic لحظ laḥaẓa a (laḥẓ, لحظان laḥaẓān) to regard, view, eye (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), look (هـ, ه at); to notice, see, perceive, observe (هـ s.th., ان that) III to regard, view, eye (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), look (هـ, ه at); to see, behold (ه s.o.), catch light (ه of); to notice, perceive, observe (ان that, هـ s.th.); to remark, say, make the remark (ان that); to consider, bear in mind, observe, heed, take into consideration (هـ s.th.); to pay attention (هـ to); to supervise, superintend (هـ s.th.) │ لاحظ عليه شيئا to observe or notice s.th. in s.o.; مما يلاحظ ان mimmā yulāḥaẓu anna it will be noticed that ..., obviously ..., evidently ... لحظ laḥẓ pl. الحاظ alḥāẓ look, glance لحظة laḥẓa pl. laḥaẓāt (quick or casual) look, glance, glimpse; moment, instant │ اللحظة الراهنة the present moment, the immediate present; في لحظة in a moment, instantly; في هذه اللحظة at that moment; لحظات laḥaẓātin for a few moments لحظتئذ laḥẓata’idin at that moment ملاحظة mulāḥaẓa pl. -āt seeing, noticing, perception; observation; remark, comment, casual statement, note; observance, heed, notice, attention, consideration; supervision, superintendence, surveillance, control │ ذو ملاحظة considerable, notable 859 لاحظة lāḥẓa pl. لواحظ lawāḥiz2 eye; look, glance ملحوظ malḥūẓ noted, noteworthy, remarkable ملحوظة malḥūẓa pl. -āt observation; remark; note ملاحظ mulāḥiẓ director, superintendent; overseer, supervisor, foreman ملاحظ mulāḥaẓ: والملاحظ ان obviously ..., evidently ... لحف laḥafa a (laḥf) to cover, wrap (ه s.o.) IV do.; to request or demand urgently V and VIII to wrap o.s. (ب in), cover s.o. (ب with) لحف liḥf foot of a mountain لحاف liḥāf pl. لحف luḥuf (also الحفة alḥifa) cover, blanket; bedcover, counterpane, coverlet, quilt, comforter, wrap ملحف milḥah and ملحفة milḥafa pl. ملاحف malāḥif2 cover, blanket; wrap الحاف ilḥāf importunity (of a petitioner) ملتحف multaḥif wrapped (ب in), covered (ب with) لحق laḥiqa a (laḥq, لحاق laḥaq) to catch up (ب or ه with s.o.), overtake (ب or s.o.), to reach (هـ, ب s.th.); to catch, make (هـ, ب e.g., a train), to touch (ب s.th.); to cling, adhere, attach o.s., stick, hang on, keep close (ب to s.o.), to join (ب s.o.), come along (ب with s.o.), to follow, succeed (ب s.o.), to unite (ب with); to betake o.s., go (ب to), to enter (بمدرسة bi-madrasatin a school, بخدمة bi-kidmatin a service, لحق بخدمته to take up a position with s.o., enter the services of s.o.), to overcome, befall, affect, afflict (ه s.o.; disease, fear, loss, and the like), come, descend (ه upon s.o., calamity, etc.), to be incumbent (ه upon s.o.), be imperative (ه for) III to follow (ه s.o.); to go after s.o. (ه), trail, pursue, chase (ه s.o.) IV to attach, affix, join, subjoin, append, annex, add (ب هـ s.th. to). enclose (ب هـ s.th. in); to connect (ب هـ s.th. with); to increase, augment (هـ ب s.th. by), to take in all a member, admit (ب ه s.o. to an organization, and the like), enroll (ب ه s.o. in), to inflict (هـ ب upon s.o. or s.th. s.th.), cause (هـ ب s.o. or s.th. s.th., esp. damage); pass. ulḥiqa to be admitted (ب to an organization, a society, etc.), become a member (ب of), enter (ب a service) VI to follow in close succession; to pursue or chase each other, to blend into a continuous sequence, pass insensibly into each other VIII to reach (ب s.th. or s.o.); to catch up (ب with), overtake (ب s.th. or s.o.); to join (ب s.o.), go or come along (ب with), to enter (ب a service, a school, a university), join (ب an army, an organization, etc.), become a member (ب of), to matriculate (ب at a university), enroll (ب in a faculty), to take up (ب a position, a job), to be attached (ب to), be connected, be affiliated (ب with), to be attached, devoted, loyal │ التحقبالحكومة to go into government service X to annex (هـ s.th.) لحق pl. الحاق alḥāq cultivable alluvial soil left behind by a flood لحقي laḥaqī: مواد لحقية (mawādd) detritus (geol.), alluvium, alluvial residues لحاق liḥāq accession (ب to), entry, entrance (ب to, into), joining (ب of), enrollment (ب in), membership (ب in) ملاحقة mulāḥaqa pl. -āt pursuit, chase; legal prosecution الحاق ilḥāq joining, junction, subjunction, attachment, appending, affixation, affixture, addition, annexation; admission (ب to an organization, and the like), enrollment (ب in an association, and the like), political annexation التحق iltiḥāq entering (ب of), entry, entrance (y to office. into a school. etc.), 860 joining (ب of), affiliation (ب with); accession (ب to) استلحاق istilḥāq annexation; avowal of paternity (jur.) لاحق lāḥiq reaching; overtaking; subsequent, following; added, affixed, appended, subjoined, attached, joined, connected │ سابقا – لاحقا sābiqan – lāḥiqan previously -- later on, at first -- subsequently لاحقة lāḥiqa pl. لواحق lawāḥiq2 appendage, appurtenance, adjunct; pl. acceasories, appurtenances, adjuncts, dependencies ملحق mulḥaq added, affixed, appended, attached, subjoined (ب to s.th.), enclosed (ب in s.th.); adjoining, adjacent, contiguous; written or printed in the margin, marginal; appertaining, appurtenant, incident, pertinent, accompanying; incorporated, annexed; supplement; -- (pl. -āt, ملاحق malāḥiq2) appendix; addition, addendum, postscript; supplement, extra sheet (of a newspaper, periodical, book); enclosure (in a letter); appendage; pendant, locket; tag, label; trailer (of a truck, etc.); annex, subsidiary building, wing or addition to a building; -- (pl. -ūn) attaché; assistant; pl. ملحقات also: annexed provinces, dependent territories, dependencies │ ملحق بحري (baḥrī) naval attaché; ملحق تجاري (tijārī) commercial attaché; ملحق جوي (jawwī) air attaché; ملحق عسكري (‘askarī) or ملحق حربي (ḥarbī) military attaché; ملحق صحفي (ṣuḥufī) press attaché; ملحق فخري (fakrī) titular attaché متلاحق mutalāḥiq successive, consecutive, uninterrupted. continuous │ متلاحق الحركة m. al-ḥaraka in continuous motion لحم laḥama u (laḥm) to mend, patch, weld, solder (up) (هـ s.th.); -- laḥima a to get stuck II to solder (هـ s.th.) VI to join in battle, engage in a mutual massacre; to cling together, cleave together, stick together, hang together, cohere; to hold firmly together; to be joined, united VIII to adhere, cleave, stick (ب to); to be in immediate contact (ب with); to cling (ب to), fit closely (ب s.th.); to grapple, fight, struggle (in a clinch or in close combat); to cling together, cleave together, cohere; to stick together; to be interjoined, intermesh, be closely united; to close, heal up, sear over, cicatrize (wound) لحم laḥm pl. لحوم luḥūm, لحام liḥām flesh; meat │ بلحمه وشحمه (šaḥmihī) in his real human form; لحما ودما (daman) dyed in the wool, inveterate لحمة laḥma (n. un.) a piece of flesh or meat لحمة laḥma, luḥma pl. لحم luḥam woof, weft (of a fabric); decisive factor, motif; luḥma relationship, kinship لحمية laḥmīya conjunctiva لحم laḥm fleshy, corpulent; carnivorous لحام liḥām pl. -āt soldering; welding; soldered seam, soldered joint; solder لحام laḥḥām butcher; solderer; welder لحيم laḥīm fleshy لحامة laḥāma fleshiness, corpulence ملحمة malḥama pl. ملاحم malāḥim2 bloody fight, slaughter, massacre, fierce battle شعر ملحمي ši‘r malḥamī heroic poem التحام iltiḥām close union; cohesion; conjunction, union, connection, coherence; adhesion (phys.); grapple, struggle, fight, close combat ملتحمة multaḥima conjunctiva لحن laḥana a (laḥn, لحون luḥūn, لحانة laḥāna) to speak ungrammatical Arabic (interspersed with barbarisms); -- laḥina a 861 to be intelligent II to chant, psalmodize; to intone, strike up a melody; to set to music, compose (هـ s.th.) لحن laḥn pl. الحان alḥān, لحون luḥūn air, tune, melody; grammatical mistake, solecism, barbarism لحن laḥin intelligent, understanding, sensible تلحين talḥīn pl. تلاحين talāḥīn2 musical composition, musical arrangement تلحيني talḥīnī singable ملحون malḥūn incorrect, ungrammatical (language); (magr.) poetry in colloquial language ملحن mulaḥḥin composer (لحو and لحي) لحا laḥā (laḥw) and لحى laḥā a (laḥy) to insult, abuse, revile (ه s.o.) VI to call each other names, heap abuses on each other VIII to grow a beard لحو laḥw and لحي laḥy insult, abuse, invective, vilification, defamation لحي laḥy, dual: لحيان laḥyān, pl. الح alḥin, لحي luḥīiy jawbone لحية liḥya pl. لحى luḥan, liḥan beard, whiskers (on cheeks and chin), full beard │ اطلق لحيته aṭlaqa liḥyatahū to let one’s beard grow; لحية التيس l. at-tais salsify (Tregopogon porrifolium; bot.) لحية luḥayya2 Luhaiya (town in NW Yemen, on Red Sea) لحاء liḥā’ bast الحى alḥā long-bearded ملتح multaḥin bearded, having a beard, e.g., ماتح بلحية سوداء (bi-liḥya saudā’) a black-bearded man لخص II to abridge (هـ s.th.); to summarize, sum up, epitomize, condense, compress (هـ s.th.); to excerpt (هـ s.th.), make an excerpt or extract (هـ of); to give the essence of s.th.; to sketch, outline (هـ s.th.); pass. يلخص yulakkaṣu it can he summed up (في ان to the effect that) V to he summarized, be epitomized, be condensed, be summed up (في in), amount briefly (في to), be in its essence (في s.th.), narrow down (في to) تلخيص talkīṣ abridgement; condensation; summary, resume; epitome, abstract, synopsis, outline; brier, abort report ملخص mulakkaṣ abridged, excerpted, summarized, condensed; (pl. -āt) extract, excerpt, essence, gist لخلخ laklaka to shake, shake off (هـ s.th.) II talaklaka to shake, totter ملخلخ mulaklak shaky, unsteady, tottering لخمة lakama, lukama sluggish; gauche, awkward, clumsy لخن lakan putrid stench لخن alkan2, f. لخناء laknā’2, pl. لخن lukn stinking; uncircumcized (as an abusive term) 1لدة lida see ولد 2اللد al-lidd Lydda (city and international airport in W Israel) 3لد ladda a (ladd) to dispute violently, have a fierce quarrel (ه with s.o.) II to defame, slander (ب s.o.); to bewilder, perplex, nonplus V to turn helplessly right and left, be bewildered, perplexed, confused; to be headstrong, recalcitrant لدد ladad vehement quarrel, violent dispute لدود ladūd, الد aladd2, f. لداء laddā’2, pl. لد ludd, لداد lidād, الداء aliddā’2 fierce, grim, dogged, tough │ عدو الد (‘adūw) mortal enemy, archenemy, foe; عدو لدود do. متلدد mutaladdid obstinate, recalcitrant, headstrong, rebellious 862 لدغ ladaga u (ladg) to sting, bite (snake, s.o.); to taunt, hurt, offend (ه s.o.) لدغة ladga sting; bite لديغ ladīg pl. لدغاء ludagā’2, لدغى ladgā stung; bitten 1لدن laduna u (لدانة ladāna, لدونة ludūna) to be soft, supple, pliant, flexible, resilient, elastic II to soften (هـ s.th.); to mollify, attenuate, temper, ease, mitigate, alleviate (هـ s.th.) لدن ladn pl. لدن ludn, لدان lidān soft, gentle; pliant, pliable, flexible, supple, resilient, elastic; plastic لادن lādan, lādin laudanum لدانة ladāna and لدونة ludūna softness, pliability, flexibility, suppleness, plasticity, resilience, elasticity لدائن ladā’in2 plastics 2لدن ladun (prep.) at, by, near, close to; in the presence of, in front of, before, with; in possession of; من لدن from, on the part of; since; -- (conj.) since, from the moment when; لدن ان do. لدني ladunī (i.e. من لدن الله) mystic; العلم اللدني (‘ilm), العلوم اللدنية knowledge imparted directly by God through mystic intuition (in Sufism) لدى ladā (prep.) at, by (place and time); in the presence of, in front of, before, with │ لدى الحاجة in case of need, if necessary; لديه ladaihi he has; ما لديك the condition you are in, your state of mind; ليس لدينا غيرما ... (gairu) we know no more than what ... لذ ladda (1st pers. perf. ladidtu) a (لذاذ ladad, لذاذة ladāda) to be sweet, delicious, delightful, pleasant, gratify the senses II and IV to please, gratify, delight (ه s.o.); to give pleasure (ه to s.o.) V and VIII to be pleased, delighted (ب at), delight, revel, take pleasure (ب in), be gratified (ب by); to find (هـ s.th.) delicious or pleasant, take delight (هـ in), enjoy, savor, relish (هـ s.th.) X to find delicious or pleasant (هـ s.th.); to find delightful (هـ s.th.); to take pleasure (هـ in) لذة ladda pl. -āt joy, rapture, bliss; pleasure, enjoyment, delectation, delight; sensual delight, lust, voluptuousness لذيذ ladīd pl. لذ ludd, لذاذ lidād delicious, delightful; pleasant; beautiful, wonderful, splendid, magnificent; sweet لذاذة ladāda pl. لذائذ ladā’id2 sweetness; charm; bliss; rapture; enjoyment, delectation; pleasure, delight ملذة maladda pl. -āt, ملاذ malādd2 joy, pleasure, amenity, comfort; delightfulness, enjoyment, delectation; voluptuousness متلذذ mutaladdid epicure لذع lada‘a a (lad‘) to burn (هـ s.th.); to brand, cauterize (ه s.o.); to hurt (with words), insult, offend (ه s.o.) V to burn لذع lada‘ burning, combustion; conflagration, fire │ لذع البنادق rifle fire لذاع laddā‘ burning; very hot, scorching; pungent, acrid, sharp; biting (words) لوذع lauda‘ and لوذعي lauda‘ī sagacious, ingenious, witty, quick-witted, quick at repartee لوذعية lauda‘īya sagacity, ingenuity, esprit, wit, quick-wittedness, mental alertness لاذع lādi‘ burning; pungent, acrid, biting; sharp لاذعة lādi‘a pl. لواذع lawādi‘2 gibe, taunt اللاذقية al-lādiqīya Latakia, the ancient Laodicea (seaport in W Syria) 1لذي ladiya a (ladan) to adhere, cleave (ب to) 2الذي look up alphabetically 863 لز lazza (1st pers. perf. lazaztu) u (lazz, لزز lazaz, لززاز lizāz) to tie (ب ه s.th. to), connect or join firmly, unite (ب ه s.th. with), make (هـ s.th.) stick (ب to) II to connect or join firmly, press together (هـ s.th.); to cram together; to urge, press, coerce (الى ه s.o. to) VI to be crammed together; to lie close together V and VIII to be united, joined, connected (ب with); to adhere, cleave, stick (ب to) لز lazz and لزة lazza U bolt, staple, cramp ملزز mulazzaz crammed together; closely united; firm, solid, compact لزب lazaba u (لزوب luzūb) to be firm, be firmly fixed, hold fast; to adhere, cleave, cling (ب to); to stick (ب to); -- laziba a (lazab) to cohere, cleave together, stick together لزب lazib pl. لزاب lizāb little لزبة lazba pl. لزب lizab misfortune, calamity لازب lāzib sticking, adhering, clinging; firm, firmly fixed │ صار ضربة لازب (ḍarbata l.) to become necessary, indispensable; ضرب ضربة لازب (ḍuriba) to meet with grave misfortune, be stricken by disaster لزج lazija a (lazaj, لزوج luzūj) to be sticky, ropy, gluey, viscid; to stick, cling, get stuck (ب to) لزج lazij sticky, gluey, ropy, viscid; adhesive لزوجة luzūja stikiness, glueyness, ropiness, viscidity لزق laziqa a (لزوق luzūq) to adhere, cling, cleave, stick, (ب to) II to affix, post (هـ s.th.); to stick on, paste on (هـ s.th.); to paste together (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to palm off, foist (هـ ل s.th. on s.o.) IV to Palte on, stick on, affix (هـ s.th.) VIII = I لزق lizq adjoining, adjacent, contiguous │ لزقه lizqahū or بلزقه close to his side, cose by لزق laziq sticky, gluey لزقة lazqa compress, stupe; plaster لزاق lizāq adhesive, agglutinant, glue, cement, paste لزوق lazūq and لازوق lāzūq compress, stupe; plaster, adhesive plaster, court plaster لزم lazima a (لزوم luzūm) to cling, adhere, belong (هـ to), attend, accompany (هـ s.th.); to persist, persevere (هـ in), stick, keep (هـ to), keep doing (هـ s.th.);to adhere, be attached, keep close, stick (ه to s.o.); to be inseparable (هـ, ه from s.o., from s.th.); to stay permanently (هـ in); to be necessary; to be requisite, imperative, indispensable (ه for s.o.); to be incumbent (ه upon s.o.), be s.o.’s (ه) duty │ لزم داره (فراشة) to stay at home (in bed); لزم الصمت (ṣamta) to keep went, maintain silence III to attend, accompany (هـ s.th.); to adhere, stick, keep (هـ to); to pursue or practice incessantly (هـ s.th.); to be constantly with s.o. or in s.o.’s company (ه), be constantly around s.o. (ه) to be assigned (ه to), accompany, attend (ه s.o.); to be inseparable (ه, هـ from s.th., from s.o.); to keep doing (هـ s.th.), persist, persevere (هـ in); to work with perseverance, display sustained activity (هـ for) IV to force, compel (هـ ه s.o. to); to force, press (هـ ه, also ب ه upon s.o. s.th.); to enjoin, impose as a duty (هـ ه, also ب ه on s.o. s.th.), obligate (هـ ه, also ب ه s.o. to or to do s.th.) │ الزمه الحجة (ḥujja) to force proof on s.o., force s.o. to accept an argument; الزمه الفراش to confine s.o. to bed, compel s.o. to my in bed (of a disease); الزمه المال (or بالمال) to impose the payment of a sum on s.o. VI to be attached or devoted to each other, be inseparable VIII to 864 adhere, stick, keep, hang on (هـ to); to keep doing (هـ s.th.), persist, persevere (هـ in), keep up, maintain preserve (هـ s.th.), abide (هـ by); to take upon o.s. (هـ s.th.); to make a rule (هـ of s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) one’s duty, impose upon o.s. (هـ s.th.); to assume as a duty (ب or هـ s.th.); to undertake, obligate o.s., bind o.s., pledge (ب or هـ to do s.th.); to be in duty bound, be obligated or under obligation, be or become liable (ب or هـ to do s.th.); to be forced, be compelled (ب or a to do s.th.); to be responsible (ب or هـ for); to take over the monopoly (هـ of s.th.), monopolize, farm (هـ e.g., the levying of tax..) X to deem necessary (هـ s.th.); to necessitate, make necessary or requisite (a s.th.); to require, need (هـ s.th.), call (هـ for), be in need (هـ of s.th.) لزمة lazma pl. -āt official concessions, license, franchise لزوم luzūm necessity, exigency, requirement; need, want │ حسب اللزوم ḥasaba l-l. as required, as the occasion demands; عند اللزوم in case of need, when (if) necessary, if need be; بسكويت لزوم السفر بالبحر (l. as-safar bi-l-baḥr) biscuit for the voyage لزام lizām necessary, requisite; necessity, duty, obligation │ كان لزاما عليه ان to be s.o.’s duty to ..., be necessary for s.o. that he ... الزم alzam2 more necessary, most necessary ملزمة malzama pl. ملازم malāzim2 section, signature (of a book, = 16 octavo sheets) ملزمة milzama pl. ملازم malāzim2 vise; press ملازمة mulāzama adhesion, clinging, sticking; remaining, staying, dwelling; close attachment; dependence; inseparableness, inherence, intrinsicality; following, pursuit, pursuance; perseverance, assiduity, zeal الزام ilzām coercion, compulsion الزامي ilzāmī forced, compulsory, obligatory, required التزام iltizām pl. -āt necessity; duty, obligation, commitment, liability; engagement (philos. ); contract; farming of taxes, farmage; concession, license, franchise; monopoly; التزاما iltizāman by contract, by the job │ قام بالتزاماته to meet one’s obligations لازم lāzim inherent, intrinsic, inseparable, indissoluble; necessary, requisite, imperative, indispensable, unavoidable, inevitable, inescapable; incumbent, binding, obligatory; intransitive (gram.); legally binding, irrevocable (Isl. Law) │ كالازم as it must be, comme il faut, properly لازمة lāzima fixed attribute, inherent property; standing phrase (of s.o.) لوازم lawāzim2 (pl.) necessary, inseparable attributes or manifestations; necessities, exigencies, requirements; necessaries, requisites; necessaries, fixtures ملزوم malzūm obligated, under obligation, liable │ ملزوم بالأداء (adā’) liable for taxes, taxable ملزومية malzūmīya duty, obligation, commitment, liability ملازم mulāzim tenacious (with foil. gen. it.: of), clinging, keeping, sticking (with foll. genit.: to); persevering, persisting, remaining, abiding; inseparable; closely connected, or attached; attending, accompanying; adhering; adherent, follower, partisan; second lieutenant (U.A.R., Tun.) │ ملازم اول (awwal; U.A.R., Leb., Jord., Ir.) first lieutenant; ملازم ثان (tānin; Leb., Jord., Ir., formerly also Eg., syr.) second lieutenant 865 ملتزم multazim engaged, committed, under obligation; holder of a concession or monopoly; tax farmer; concessionaire, concessionary; contractor ملتزم multazam pl. -āt requirement مستلزمات mustalzamāt requirements, prerequisites, requisites; necessary or inevitable consequences لستك lastik and لستيك lastīk rubber; eraser لسع lasa‘a a (las‘) to sting (ه s.o.); to burn (هـ s.th., e.g., the mouth); to hurt (with words; ه s.o.) لسعة las‘a sting, bite; biting words لسيع lasī‘ pl. لسعى las‘ā, لسعاء lusa‘ā’2 stung لاسع lāsi‘ stinging; burning; biting, acrid, pungent, sharp لسن lasina a (lasan) to be eloquent II to point, taper, sharpen (هـ s.th.) لسن lasan eloquence لسن lasin and السن alsan2, f. لسناء lasnā’2, pl. السن alsun eloquent لسان lisān m. and f. , pl. السنة alsina, السن alsun tongue; language; mouthpiece (fig.), organ (esp., of a newspaper; = لسان الحال see below) │ على لسان from his mouth, through him; على لسان الصحف (l. iṣ-ṣuḥuf) through the organ of the press; قيل على لسانه ما (qīla) things were ascribed to him which ..., he was rumored to have said things which ...; لسان رسمي (rasmī) official organ; متحدث بلسان وزارة الخارجية (mutaḥaddit) a spokesman of the Foreign Ministry; باللسان or لسانا lisānan orally, verbally; دار على السن الخاص والعام (a. il-kāṣṣ wa-l-‘āmm) to be the talk of the town, be on everyone’s lips; لسان الثور l. at-taur borage (Borago officinalis; bot.); لسان الحال the language which things themselves speak, silent language, mute expression (as distinguished from the spoken word); organ (of a party or political movement; a newspaper); ولسان حاله يقول while he seemed to say ..., with an expression as if he wanted to say ...; لسان الحمل l. al-ḥamal plantain (Plantago major L.; bot.); لسان العصفر l. al-‘uṣfur common ash (Fraxinus excelsior; bot.); لسان القفل l. al-qufl bolt of the lock; لسان القوم l. al-qaum spokesman (of a crowd); لسان الكلب l. al-kalb hound’s-tongue (Cynoglossum; bos.); (eg.) also a variety of scorpion’s tail (Scorpiurus muricatus L.; bot.), having circinately coiled pods; لسان المفتاح l. al-miftāḥ bit of the key; ذو لسانين dū lisanain double-tongued, deceitful, insincere, two-faced لساني lisānī oral, verbal ملسون malsūn liar لشبونة lišbōna2 Lisbon (capital of Portugal) (لشى *; from lā šai’a:) III to suppress, crush, destroy, ruin, annihilate (. s.th.) VI to be suppressed, be crushed, be destroyed, be annihilated; to come to nothing, be ruined, be frustrated, fail; to disappear, vanish, dwindle, wane, fade ملاشاة mulāšāh annihilation, destruction تلاش talāšin annihilation, ruin, failure, frustration; disappearance, evanescence, vanishing, waning, decline متلاش mutalāšin coming to nothing, dwindling, waning; destructible; evanescent, transient, ephemeral لص laṣṣa u (laṣṣ) to do stealthily or secretly (هـ s.th.); to rob, steal (هـ s.th.) V to become a thief; to act stealthily لص liṣṣ pl. لصوص luṣūṣ, الصاص alṣāṣ thief, robber لصوصية luṣūṣīya thievery, theft, robbery متلصص mutalaṣṣiṣ behaving like a thief, thievish │ اتى متلصصا الى (atā) to steal to, sneak up to 866 لصق laṣiqa a (laṣq, لصوق luṣūq) to adhere, cleave, cling, stick (ب to) II to paste together, stick together (هـ s.th.) III to adjoin (هـ s.th.), be next (هـ to s.th.), be contiguous (with), abut (هـ on), touch (هـ s.th.); to be in touch, in connection, in contact (ه with s.o.) IV to attach, affix, stick, paste, glue (ب هـ s.th. to); to connect (ب هـ s.th. with), join ( s.th. to); to bring (هـ s.th.) close (ب to); to press (ب هـ s.th. against) │ الصق لوحة (lauḥa) to post a placard; الصق به تهمة (tuhma) to raise an accusation against s.o. VI to cleave together, cling together, cohere, stick together; to agglomerate, conglomerate, cake, frit together; to blend, pass into each other VIII = I; to hang on (ب to), get stuck (ب to, on); to fit closely (ب s.th.), cling (ب to) لصق liṣq adhering, clinging, cleaving │ لصق close to him (or it); هو بلصقي (لصقي) he and I are inseparable لصق laṣiq sticky, gluey, glutinous; adhesive, agglutinant; tenacious لصيق laṣīq one who cleaves or clings (ب to); adjoining, adjacent, bordering, neighboring, abutting, contiguous; close-fitting, skintight (dress) لصق laṣūq plaster ملاصقة mulāṣaqa junction, conjunction, connection, contact, union; adjacency, contiguity; O adhesion, cohesion (phys.) الصاق ilṣāq poster, bill تلاصق talāṣuq and التصاق iltiṣāq cohesion, adhesion; contiguity, contact; coherence ملاصق mulāṣiq adjoining, adjacent, abutting, contiguous, bordering, neighboring, in close contact; companion; neighbor; adherent ملصق mulṣaq attached, affixed; stuck on, pasted on, glued on; fastened; brought close; connected, joined; (pl. -āt) poster, bill, placard متلاصق mutalāṣiq cohering, sticking together; blending, passing into each other ملتصق multaṣiq attached, affixed, adhesive, sticking; adjoining, adjacent, bordering, neighboring; contiguous, connected, meeting or touching each other, in contact; in the immediate proximity (ب of), close to (ب) ملضوم malḍūm de (row), close (rank) لطخ laṭaka a (laṭk) to stain, blot, sully, soil, spatter, splash (ب هـ s.th. with) II do. V to he soiled or stained لطخة laṭka pl. laṭakāt smear, blotch, spot; stain, blemish, blot, disgrace لطخة luṭaka pl. -āt and لطيخ liṭṭīk ass, dolt, fool لطس laṭasa u (laṭs) to strike, hit (ه s.o.) ملطاس milṭās pl. ملاطيس malāṭīs2 pickax لطش laṭaša u (laṭš) to strike, hit (ه s.o.) لطع laṭa‘a a (laṭ‘) to strike, hit (ه s.o.); to strike out, erase (هـ s.th.) لطعة laṭ‘a blot, stain لطف laṭafa u (luṭf) to be kind and friendly (ب or ل to, toward s.o.); -- laṭufa u (لطافة laṭāfa) to be thin, fine, delicate, dainty; to be graceful; to be elegant; to be nice, amiable, friendly II to make mild, soft, gentle, soften (هـ s.th.); to mitigate, alleviate, ease, soothe, allay, palliate, assuage, extenuate (هـ s.th.; also من); to moderate, temper, lessen, diminish, reduce (هـ s.th.; also من); to tone down (هـ s.th.; also من) III to treat with kindness, with benevolence (ه s.o.); to be civil and polite (ه to, toward s.o.); to be complaisant, obliging, indulgent, compliant (ه toward s.o.), humor (ه s.o.); to flatter (ه s.o.), fawn (ه upon); to caress, fondle, pet (ه s.o.) │ لاطفه على كتفه 867 (katifihī) to pat s.o. on the shoulder V to be mitigated, be tempered, be moderated; to be civil and polite, show o.s. friendly and kind, be so kind as to do s.th. (ب); to bestow most kindly, have the kindness to give (ب s.th., also, e.g., advice. على to s.o.); to be tender, affectionate, nice (ب to s.o.); to win (ب s.o.) over by subtle means, by favors, by tricks; to go about s.th. (في or ب) gently, carefully, with caution; to do secretly, covertly, without being noticed (ب with verbal noun: s.th.) VI to show o.s. friendly and kind; to be polite, courteous, civil, nice X to find (هـ s.th.) pretty, sweet, nice; to like, find pleasant or charming (هـ s.th.) لطف lutf pl. الطاف alṭāf kindness, benevolence, friendliness; gentleness, mildness; civility, courteousness, politeness; daintiness, cuteness, gracefulness; delicateness, delicate grace (e.g., of the limbs) │ بلطف gently, softly لطافة laṭāfa thinness fineness, delicateness; gracefulness, loveliness, charm; kindness, benevolence; friendliness; politeness, esprit, intellectual refinement, sophistication; suavity, urbaneness لطيف laṭīf pl. لطاف liṭāf, لطفاء luṭafā‘2 thin; fine; delicate, dainty; little, small, insignificant; gentle, soft, light, mild; pleasant, agreeable; amiable, friendly, kind, nice; civil, courteous, polite; affable, genial; pretty, charming, lovely, graceful; intellectually refined, full of esprit, brilliant, witty; elegant; اللطيف the Kind (one of the attributes of God) │ يا لطيف O my God! good heavens! for goodness sake! الجنس اللطيف (jins) the fair sex لطيفة laṭīfa pl. لطائف laṭā’if2 witticism, quip; joke, jest; subtlety, nicety │ لطائف الحيل l. al-ḥiyal subtle tricks; لطائف النكات l. an-nukāt nice jokes الطف alṭaf2 finer; more delicate; kinder, nicer, more elegant ملاطفة mulāṭafa amiable treatment, amiability; civility, courteousness, politeness; friendliness; benevolence, kindness; caress; pl. -āt caresses تلطف talaṭṭuf friendliness (ب toward s.o.), amiability; favoring, favoritism; civility, courteousness, politeness ملطفات mulaṭṭafāt sedatives لطم laṭama i (laṭm) to strike with the hand (هـ the face, with despair, in lamentation); to slap (ه s.o.); to jolt; to eject; to bump, strike (هـ against s.th.); to hit (هـ s.th.) VI to exchange blows, fight, brawl, battle (hostile armies); to collide, clash (waves) VIII to collide, clash لطمة laṭma pl. laṭamāt blow; slap, box on the ear; jolt, thrust لطيم laṭīm parentless ملطم malṭam cheek متلطم multaṭam clash (esp., of waves), tumult, turmoil (of a battle, and the like), melee لظي laẓiya a (لظى laẓan) to burn brightly, flare, flame, blaze, be ablaze; to burn with rage V and VIII do. لظى laẓan blazing fire, blaze, flame لعب la‘aba and la‘iba a (la‘b) to slaver; to slobber, drool (baby); -- la‘iba a (lu‘b, li‘b, la‘ib, تلعاب tal‘āb) to play (ب with s.th.; على an instrument); to toy ( with); to dally (ب with); to trick, cheat, deceive, dupe (على s.o.) │ لعب الأوراق (aurāqa) to play cards; لعب دورا (dauran) to play a part or role; لعب الموسيقى to make music; لعب بالشطرنج (šaṭranj) to play chess; لعبت به الهموم he became the sport of sorrows; لعب في عقله (‘aqlilhī) to turn s.o.’s head II to make (هـ s.th.) play, set (هـ s.th.) going; to wag (هـ the tail) III to play (ه with s.o.); to 888 have fun, play around, jest, dally, trifle (ه with s.o.) IV to make play, cause to play (ه s.o.) V to play, act playfully VI to play (ب with s.th.); to make fun (ب of s.o.), mock (ب at s.o.); to pull s.o.’s (ب) leg; to playa trick; to act fraudulently لعب la‘b, li‘b, la‘ib pl. العاب al‘āb play; game, joke, jest; (un, amusement, diversion, pastime, sport │ لعب القمار gambling, gamble; الألعاب الاولمبية the Olympic Games; ألعاب رياضية (riyāḍīya) athletics, sports; ألعاب سحرية (siḥrīya) legerdemain, sleight of hand, magic; العاب القوى a. as-quwā athletics, specif., track and field; العاب نارية (nārīya) fireworks; ساحة الألعاب athletic field; مدرس الأتعاب mudarris al-a. athletic coach, athletics instructor لعب la‘ib funny, amusing, merry, gay لعبة la‘ba (n. un.) game; trick لعبة lu‘ba pl. لعب lu‘ab plaything, toy; doll; butt for mirth or derision, sport, laughingstock لعبة lu‘ba, لعاب la‘‘āb and لعيب li‘‘īb very playful لعاب lu‘āb saliva, spittle; slaver, drivel │ لعاب الشمس l. aš-šams gossamer, air threads; سال لعابه على his mouth watered for … لعابي lu‘ābī salivary; mucous, slimy لعيبة lu‘aiba pl. -āt (little) doll لعوب la‘ūb flighty, coquettish, flirtatious (woman); playful, dallying, trifling العوبة ul‘ūba pl. الاعيب alā‘īb2 plaything, toy; play, sport, dalliance; fun; prank; trick ملعب mal‘ab pl. ملاعب malā‘ib2 playground; athletic field, stadium; playhouse, theater; scene; circus ring; pl. ملاعب malā‘ib matches, contests, events (in sports) ملعبة mal‘aba plaything, toy تلاعب talā‘ub game (e.g., of a speculator, of a gambler), gamble; free play │ مجال التلاعب (majāl) free play, free scope, elbow-room; latitude, margin; clearance لاعب lā‘ib playing; player; sportsman; athlete; gymnast │ لاعب الجنباز l. al-jumbāz gymnast, athlete ملعوب mal‘ūb pl. ملاعيب malā‘īb2 covered with spittle; slobbering, driveling, drooling; prank, trick, ruse, artifice ملاعب mulā‘ib fellow player; playmate, playfellow; fraudulent لعثم II tala‘tama to hesitate; to falter, stutter, stammer لعثمة la‘tama and لعثم tala‘tum hesitation; stuttering, stutter متلعثم mutala‘tim and متلعثم اللسان m. al-lisān stammering, stuttering لعج la‘aja a (la‘j) to hurt, be sore, burn III to oppress, distress, agonize (ه s.o.) لعجة la‘ja pain لاعج lā‘ij pl. لواعج lawā‘ij2 ardent, burning (esp., love); pl. لواعج ardent love, ardor (of love) العس al‘as2, f. لعساء la‘sā’2 red-lipped لعق la‘iqa a (la‘q, لعقة la‘qa, lu‘qa) to lick (هـ s.th.) لعقة la‘qa spoonful لعوق la‘ūq electuary ملعقة mil‘aqa pl. ملاعق malā‘iq2 spoon │ ملعقة شاي teaspoon 1لعل la‘l garnet (min.) 2لعل la‘alla see 2عل لعلع la‘la‘a to resound, reverberate, clang, roar, boom II tala‘la‘a to shimmer, glimmer, gleam, flicker; to be starved; 869 to be parched with thirst; to be exhausted لعلع la‘la‘ pl. لعالع la‘āli‘2 vibration of fata morgana لعن la‘ana a (la‘n) to curse, damn, execrate (ه s.o.), utter imprecations (ه against s.o.) III to utter the oath of condemnation (لعان li‘ān, q.v.) VI to curse each other لعن la‘n cursing, execration, malediction لعنة la‘na pl. la‘anāt, لعان li‘ān curse; execration, imprecation │ لعنة الله عليه God’s curse upon him! لعنة lu‘na damned, cursed, confounded; execrable, abominable لعان li‘ān oath of condemnation; sworn allegation of adultery committed by either husband or wife (Isl. Law) لعين la‘īn and ملعون mal‘ūn pl. ملاعين malā‘īn2 cursed; confounded; damned; outcast, execrable; detested, abhorred, abominable; اللعين the Evil One, the Devil متلاعن mutalā‘in cursing each other, hostile, inimical لعا لك la‘an laka call to one who has stumbled: may you rise again! لغوب lugūb, lagub exhaustion, lassitude, fatigue, weariness; great pains, trouble, toil لاغب lāgib pl. لغب luggab languid, fatigued, weary, tired لغد lugd pl. الغاد algād, لغود lugūd and لغدود lugdūd pl. لغاديد lagādīd2 flesh at the throat and under the chin لغز lagaza u (lagz) to speak in riddles; to equivocate III and IV do. لغز lugz pl. الغاز algāz riddle, puzzle; enigma; conundrum; mystery, secret │ O لغز الكلمات المتقاطعة l. al-kalimāt al-mutaqāṭi‘a crossword puzzle ملغز mulgaz puzzling, enigmatic, cryptic, mysterious; dark, obscure, ambiguous, equivocal لغط lagaṭa a (lagṭ, لغاط ligāṭ) to be clamorous and noisy; to raise a din; to shout, clamor II and IV do. لغط lagṭ, lagaṭ, pl. الغاط algāṭ noise, din; clamor, shouting; lamentation (عن over or for s.th.) i uproar, turmoil, tumult 2لغم lagama to mine, plant with mines (هـ s.th.) لغم lugm, lagam pl. الغام algām mine لغم lagm and الغام ilgām mining (e.g., of a harbor, of a road, etc.) 2 لغمIV to amalgamate, alloy with mercury لغام lugām foam, froth الغام ilgām amalgamation لغمط lagmaṭa (eg.) to smear, sully, soil لغا (لغو) lagā u (lagw) to speak; to be null; -- لغا lagā u (lagw) and لغي lagiya a (لغا lagan, لاغية lāgiya, ملغاة malgāh) to talk nonsense; to make mistakes (in speaking) sV to render ineffectual (هـ s.th.); to declare null and void or invalid, invalidate, nullify, annul, abolish, abrogate, eliminate (هـ s.th.), do away (هـ with s.th.); to cancel (هـ a project); to withdraw (هـ permission, a motion) لغو lagw foolish talk; nonsense; null, nugatory, ineffectual; mistake, blunder, ungrammatical language لغة luga pl. -āt language; dialect; idiom; vernacular; lingo, jargon; word; expression, term; اللغة classical Arabic │ لغة اجنبية (ajnabīya) foreign language; لغة عامية (‘āmmīya) popular language; لغة الكناية literary language; لغة المحادثة l. al-muḥādata colloquial language; لغة المهنة l. al-mihna professional jargon, slang; لغة المولد l. al-maulid mother 870 tongue; اهل اللغة ahl al-l. philologists, lexicographers; علم اللغة ‘ilm al-l. lexicography, philology, linguistic science, linguistics لغوة lagwa dialect, idiom, vernacular لغوي lugawī linguistic; philologic(al); lexicographic(al); philologist, lexicographer, linguist; لغويات linguistic matters, philologica إلغاء ilgā’ abolishment, abolition, abrogation, repeal, elimination, cancellation, revocation, rescission; annulment, nullification, quashing; countermand لاغ lāgin abrogated, repealed, annulled, canceled, invalid, ineffective, null and void لاغية lāgiya grammatical mistake, incorrect usage ملغى mulgan abrogated, repealed, annulled, canceled, invalid, void; abolished; expired; suppressed; negligible لف laffa u (laff) to wrap up, roll up, fold up (هـ s.th.); to wind, coil, spool, reel (هـ s.th.); to wind (على هـ s.th. on; على هـ s.th. around), twist, wrap, fold (على هـ s.th. around); to envelop (ب or في هـ s.th. in or with), cover, swathe, swaddle (هـ s.th. ب or في in or with), wrap, infold (ب or في هـ s.th. in); to connect (ب هـ s.th. with), join, attach (ب 0 s.th. to); to grow densely, be overgrown, form a tangled mass; to make a round of calls (على on), visit (على people); (eg.) to go around s.th. (هـ), go about s.th. (هـ) in a roundabout way, make a detour, beat about the bush │ لف لفه (laffahū) to do just like s.o., be of the same kind as s.o., belong to the same sort as s.o. II to wrap up or infold tightly V to wrap o.s. up (في in), cover o.s. (في with) VIII do.; to wind, twist, coil; to turn, make a turn (automobile, etc.); to intertwine, grow in a tangled mass; to gather, assemble, rally (حول around); to clasp, enclose, encircle, embrace (ب s.th.) لف laff winding, coiling; wrapping, enfolding; rolling, folding; (eg.) circumambience, circumvention, detour, roundabout way, subterfuge, dodge, excuses; pl. الفاف alfāf swaddling clothes, diapers │ اللف والدوران (dawarān) detours and evasions; لف ونشر (našr) folding and unfolding; involution and evolution (rhet.); من غير لف without much ado, without ceremony لف liff pl. الفاف alfāf densely growing trees; pl. thicket, scrub, undergrowth, brushwood لفة laffa pl. -āt turn, rotation, revolution; coil, twist, convolution, whorl, spire; winding; roll, scroll; pack, packet, package, bundle, bale; turban │ لفة بريدية (barīdīya) postal package; لفات من الرق (raqq) parchment scrolls لفافة lifāfa pl. -āt, لفائف lafā’if wrapping, covering, cover, envelope; wrapper, wrap; altar cloth, cloth covering the paten and chalice (Copt.-Chr.); bandage; swaddling band; puttee; cigarette (also لفافة من التبغ min at-tibg); pl. لفائف (fig.) guise (of s.th.) لفيف lafīf gathered, assembled; crowded, thronging; multitude, crowd, swarm, body, cluster, group (من of people); mixed company │ لفيف الناس mob, rabble, riffraff; اللفيف الأجنبي (ajnabī) the Foreign Legion لفيفة lafīfa bundle; package, pocket, pack; cigarette الف alaff2 f. لفاء laffā’2 stout, plump (figure, body) ملف milaff pl. -āt reel, spool; coil (el.); winding; wrapping, covering, casing; blanket, sleeping blanket; cover, wrapper, jacket (of a book, etc.); (letter) envelope; folder, portfolio; letter file; 871 dossier │ O ملف التأثير induction coil (el.); O ملف ابتدائي (ibtidā’ī) primary coil (el.); O ملف خانق choking coil, choke (el.) ملفاف milfāf wrapping, covering, cover تلفيف talfīf pl. تلافيف talāfīf2 winding; coil, twist, convolution, whorl, spire; pl. تلافيف expletive after في, e.g., في تلافيف سويدائها (suwaidā’ihā) in the depth of her heart; في تلافيف الظلام (ẓalām) in the dark; بين تلافيفه in it, inside it, around in it التفاف iltifāf turn; bypassing, outflanking, sank movement, envelopment, surrounding ملفوف malfūf wound, coiled; wrapped up (في in); rolled up, rolled together, convolute; twisted, wound (على around); fastened, attached (على to); swathed (ب in or with); plump, stout (body); (syr.) cabbage ملتف multaff winding, twisting, coiling; wound, coiled; rolled up, rolled together, convolute; spirally wound; intertwined, interwoven, entwined; gathered, assembled, grouped (حول around); clasping, enclosing, embracing, encircling (ب s.th.) لفت lafata i (laft) and IV to turn, bend, tilt, incline, direct (الى هـ s.th. to or toward), focus (الى هـ s.th. on); to turn sway, avert (عن هـ s.th. from) │ لفت نظره الى (naẓarahū), الفت نظره الى to turn one’s eyes or one’s attention to; to direct s.o.’s eyes to, call s.o.’s attention to; لفت النظر to catch the eye, attract attention; to be impressive, stately, imposing; الفت النظر do.; لفت الناس to attract, interest, or captivate people V to turn, turn around, turn one’s face (الى to); to look around, glance around; to peer around │ تلفت حوله (ḥaulahū) to look around, glance around; تلفت يمنة ويسرة (yamnatan wa-yasratan) he looked to the right and left VIII to turn, turn around, turn one’s face (الى to); to wheel around, turn around; to address o.s. (الى to); to pay attention, attend (الى to), heed, observe, bear in mind, consider, take into account, take into consideration (الى s.th.); to take care (الى of), care (الى for) │ التفت حوله (ḥaulahū) to look around, glance about X to attract (هـ the eye, attention); to claim, arouse, awaken (هـ the interest, the attention, من of s.o.) │ استلفت نظره (or انظاره) to arouse or attract s.o.’s attention, catch s.o.’s eye لفت lift turnip (Brassica rapa L.; bot.) لفتة lafta (n. un.) turnabout, about-face; (pl. lalatāt) turn, turning; gesture; sideglance, glance, a furtive, casual, or quick, look لفات lafāt and لفوت lafūt ill-tempered, surly, sullen الفت alfat2, f. لفتاء laftā’2, pl. لفت luft left-handed التفات iltifāt turn, inclination, turning (الى to, toward); attention, notice, heed; regard, consideration; care, solicitude; sudden transition (styl.) │ بدون الالتفات bi-dūn l-ilt. inattentive(ly); بدون الالتفات الى inconsiderate of, without consideration for; عدم الالتفات ‘adam al-ilt. inattention; نظر اليه بعين الالتفات (bi-‘ain l-ilt.) to give s.th. sympathetic consideration استلفاتة istilfāta (n. vic.) a turning (الى to, toward); turn of the face or eyes; side-glance, glance استلفات istilfāt stimulation of attention لافتة lāfita sign (bearing an inscription) ملفت mulfit: ملفت للنظر (naẓar) attracting attention, striking, conspicuous ملتفت multafit turning around, looking (الى at); regardful; attentive; heedful, careful; considerate لفح lafaḥa a (lafḥ, لفحان lafaḥān) to burn, scorch, sear (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); -- (lafḥ) to 872 strike lightly; to touch, brush (هـ s.th., e.g., of the breath) لفحة lafḥa pl. lafaḥāt fire, heat (esp., of fever) لفوح lafūḥ and لافح lāfiḥ pl. لوافح lawāfiḥ2 burning, scorching, searing لفاح luffāḥ mandrake (Mandragora officinarum; bot.) لفظ lafaẓa i (lafz) to emit (ب, هـ s.th.); to spit out (ب, هـ s.th.); to eject (ب, هـ s.th.); to throw (ه s.o.) out (من of); to speak, enunciate, articulate; to pronounce, utter, express, voice, say (ب, ه s.th.) │ لفظ النفس الأخير (nafas) to breathe one’s last, die, expire; to be in the throes of death; لفظ انفاسه (anfāsahū) to be in the throes of death, breathe one’s last; لفظه لفظ النواة (lafẓa n-nawāh) to spit s.th. out like a date pit, brush s.th. aside, reject s.th., dismiss s.th. V to pronounce, enunciate, articulate (ب s.th.) لفظ lafẓ pl. الفاظ alfāẓ sound-group, phonetic complex; expression, term; word; wording; formulation; articulation, enunciation, pronunciation; لفظا verbatim, literally │ لفظا ومعنى (ma‘nan) in letter and spirit; أخطأ اللفظ (akṭa’a) to mispronounce لفظي lafẓī of or pertaining to words, verbal; literal; pronounced; oral لفظة lafẓa pl. lafaẓāt word; utterance, saying لفيظ lafīẓ ejected, emitted; pronounced, uttered تلفظ talaffuẓ pronunciation, enunciation, articulation ملفوظ malfūẓ ejected, emitted; pronounced, uttered لفع lafa‘a a (laf‘): لفع الشيب رأسه l. š-šaibu ra’sahū grey hair covered his bead II to cover (هـ s.th., ب with) │ لفع الشيب رأسه l. š-šaibu ra’sahū = I; V and VIII to wrap o.s. up (ب in) ملفع milfa‘ head shawl, muffler لفق II to invent, fabricate (هـ s.th.); to concoct, contrive, devise, think out (هـ s.th.); to falsify (هـ s.th.); to trump up (هـ s.th.); to patch up, piece together (الى a s.th. with) تلفيق talfīq invention, fabrication, concoction, fibbing; falsification تلفيقة talfīqa pl. -āt invented story, fib, yarn ملفق mulaffaq invented, fabricated, trumped up, fake, fictitious; concocted, contrived, devised; patched up, pieced together; embellished with lies لفلف laflafa to wrap up, envelop, cover (a s.th.) II talaflafa to wrap o.s. up (في, ب in) لفو IV to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) VI to put right, to right, repair, correct (هـ s.th.); to make good (هـ a deficiency), eliminate, remove (هـ a danger); to remedy (هـ s.th.); to redress (هـ a loss, and the like), make up (هـ for a loss) ملافاة mulāfāh correction, adjustment, elimination (of a deficiency) تلاف talāfin repair, correction; elimination, removal (of a deficiency, of a danger); remedy; redress, reparation لقب II to call, surname (ب ه s.o. by an agnomen or title) V to be surnamed (ب by an agnomen or title) لقب laqab pl. القاب alqāb agnomen; nickname; title, honorific; last name, surname, family name (as opposed to اسم given name, first name) │ لقب البطولة title of champion (in sports) ملقب mulaqqab surnamed, nicknamed, called (ب by the laqab ...) 873 لقح laqaḥa a (laqḥ) and II to impregnate, fecundate, pollinate (هـ s.th.); to graft, bud (هـ a tree); to inoculate, vaccinate (ه s.o.) VI to cross-pollinate لقح laqḥ impregnation, fecundation, pollination لقاح laqāḥ seed, semen, sperm; pollen; infective agent, virus; vaccine │ لقاح الجدري l. al-judarī variolovaccine; O لقاح الوقاية serum تلقيح talqīḥ impregnation, fecundation, pollination, grafting, budding; inoculation, vaccination │ تلقيح الجدرى t. al-judarī vaccination (against smallpox) دقيق اللواقح daqīq al-lawāqiḥ2 pollen ملقح mulaqqaḥ inoculated, vaccinated لقس laqis: لقس النفس l. an-nafs annoyed, cross لقط laqaṭa u (laqṭ) to gather, collect, pick up from the ground, glean (هـ s.th.) II = I V to gather, glean (هـ s.th.); to pick up (هـ s.th., also, e.g., with the ear) VIII = I; to receive (هـ radio waves, a radio message; to take (هـ a picture; phot.) │ التقط صورة (ṣūra) to make a picture لقط laqaṭ that which ill picked up or gathered, leftovers, gleanings لقطة luqṭa that which ill picked up or gleaned, gleanings; article or thing found; (lucky) find; (eg.) bargain, pickup لقاط luqāṭ and لقاطة luqāṭa that which is picked up or gleaned; leftover ears of grain, gleanings; offal, refuse لقيط laqīṭ pl. لقطاء luqatā’2 picked up, found; foundling لقيطة laqīṭa (female) foundling ملقط milqaṭ pl. ملاقط malāqiṭ2 (pair of) tongs, pincers; (pair of) tweezers, pincette; (pair of) pliers │ ملقط الجنين forceps; ملقط النار fire tongs التقاط iltiqāt gathering, collection, gleaning; taking up, picking up; reception (radio) │ جهاز الالتقاط jahāẓ al-ilt. receiver (radio) لاقط lāqiṭ receiving (radio set); gleaner; gatherer │ O لاقط الصوت l. aṣ-ṣaut pickup (of a phonograph); phonograph; O لاقطة الألغام mine sweeper ملتقط multaqiṭ finder لقع laqa‘a a (laq‘) to throwaway, discard (هـ s.th.) لقف laqifa a (laqf, لقفان laqatan) to seize quickly, grab, snatch (هـ s.th.); to catch (هـ s.th.); to snatch up, take over (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.) V and VIII do.; to seize (هـ on), rob, usurp (هـ s.th.) لقلق laqlaqa to clatter (stork); to babble, chatter, prattle لقلق laqlaq and لقلاق laqlāq pl. لقالق laqāliq2 stork لقلقة laqlaqa clatter (of a stork); babble, chatter, prattle; (eg.) gossip 1لقم laqama u (laqm) to clog up, obstruct, block (هـ s.th.); -- laqima a (/aqrn) to eat, devour. gobble, swallow up (هـ s.th.) II to feed bit by bit (ه s.o.); to load (هـ a weapon; syr.) │ لقم القهوة (qahwa) to stir ground coffee into hot water IV to make (ه s.o.) swallow; to feed bit by bit (ه s.o.) VIII to devour, swallow up (هـ s.th.) لقمة luqma pl. لقم luqam bite; bit, mouthful; little piece, morsel │ لقمة سائغة titbit, choice morsel: جعله لقمة سائغة ل (ja‘alahū) to make s.o. an easy prey of ...; لقمة القاضي pastry of fine flour, fried in oil like doughnuts and sprinkled with sugar or honey لقيمة luqaima pl. -āt snack, bit, morsel ملقم mulaqqim pl. -ūn (syr.; mil.) assistant gunner, loader, cannoneer no. 1 2لقمي laqmī or لاقمي (magr.) palm wine 874 3 لقمان luqmān2 Lokman, a legendary sage and author of numerous fables │ بقيت دار لقمان على حالها (baqiyat) everything has remained as before لقن laqina a (لقانة laqāna, لقانية laqāniya) to understand, grasp (هـ s.th.); to gather, infer, note (هـ s.th.) II to teach (هـ ه s.o. s.th.), instruct (هـ ه s.o. in); to dictate (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to instill, infuse, inculcate, inspire (هـ ه in s.o. s.th.), insinuate, suggest (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to whisper (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), prompt (ه s.o.) V = I; to learn, receive, get (من هـ s.th. from), be informed (من هـ of s.th. by) لقانة laqāna and لقانية laqāniya quick understanding, grasp تلقين talqīn instruction, direction; dictation; dictate; inspiration, insinuation, suggestion; suborning of a witness (Isl. Law) ملقن mulaqqin prompter; inspirer; a faqīh who instructs the deceased at his grave what to tell the two angels of death لقوة laqwa facial paralysis لقي laqiya a (لقاء liqā’, لقيان luqyān, لقي luqy, لقية luqya, لقى luqan) to encounter (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), meet (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.); to meet (ه s.o.); to come across s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), light upon s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to find (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to experience, undergo, suffer, endure (III s.th.), meet with s.th. (هـ); to fall to s.o.’s (ه) lot or share III to meet, come to meet (ه s.o.); to encounter (ه s.o.), have an encounter (ه with); to come across s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), light upon s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to experience, undergo, suffer, endure (هـ s.th.). meet (هـ with s.th.); to receive, get, obtain, achieve (هـ s.th.) │ لاقى آذانا صاغية (ṣāgiyatan) to find willing ears IV to throw, cast, fling (هـ s.th.); to throw off, throw down. drop (هـ s.th.); to throw away, discard (هـ s.th.); to put or lay (هـ s.th.) before s.o. (على), submit (على هـ s.th. to s.o.), pose (على هـ a question to s.o.); to report (على or الى هـ on s.th. to s.o.), set forth (على or الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to recite, play, sing (هـ a song, a musical composition); to present (هـ s.th., e.g., a broadcast); to give (هـ a lecture), hold (هـ a class), make, deliver (هـ a speech); to extend (هـ a greeting, الى to s.o.); to impose, lay (على هـ s.th. on s.o.), burden (هـ على with s.th. s.o.) │ القى باله الى, القى بالا ل to pay attention to; القى بيانا عن (bayānan) to make a statement about or on; القى البيض (baiḍ) to lay eggs; القى بزمامه الى (bi-ẓimāmihī) or القى مقاليد امره الى فلان (m. amrihī) to lay one’s rate in s.o.’s hands, entrust one’s fate to s.o.; القى بنفسه (binafsihī) to throw o.s. into, plunge into; القى بنفسه في احضانه (aḥḍānihī) to throw o.s. into s.o.’s arms; القى بيده (bi-yadihī) to surrender to s.o., give o.s. up to s.o.; القى الحبل على الغارب (ḥabl) to give froe rein, give a free hand, impose no restraint; القى خطابا على to make a public address to; القى الدرس (dars) to recite the lesson; القى الرعب في قلبه (ru‘b, qalbih`i) to strike terror to s.o.’s heart, frighten, alarm s.o.; القى السلاح to lay down one’s arms, capitulate, surrender; القى المع اليه (sam‘) to lend one’s ear to s.o., listen to s.o.; القوا اليه اسماعهم (asmā‘ahum) they lent him their ears, they listened to him; القى عليه سؤالا (suālan) to put a question to s.o., ask s.o. a question; القى على عاتقه شيئا to impose s.th. on s.o., hold s.o. responsible for; القى علوما to teach sciences; القى القبض على (qabḍ) to arrest s.o.; القى القنابل على to drop bombs on s.th., bomb s.th.; القى عليه القول (qaul) to dictate to s.o.; to direct, instruct s.o., give s.o. instructions; القى عليها كلمة الطلاق (kalimata ṭ-ṭalāq) he pronounced the formula of divorce against her; القى محاضرة (muhāḍara) to give a lecture, hold a class; القى المسؤولية عليه 875 (mas’ūlīya) to place the responsibility on s.o., saddle s.o. with the responsibility V receive (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to take, accept (هـ s.th.); to get, obtain (هـ s.th.); to learn (عن هـ of s.th. from), be informed (عن هـ of s.th. by); to learn (على or عن هـ s.th. from s.o.), take lessons (عن from s.o.), be taught, be instructed, be coached (عن by s.o.) │ تلقى امرا (amran) to receive an order, have orders (soldier); تلقى الأوامر to take orders (com., and the like); تلقاه بالتسليم والقبول (qabūl) to agree wholeheartedly to s.th., submit willingly to s.th.; تلقى دروسا في to take lessons in (some field, ort, science, eto.); تلقى العلوم في الجامعة to study at the university VI to meet, join each other, come together, get together VIII do.; to encounter, meet (ب s.o.) X to throw o.s. down; to lie down, lie لقى laqan pl. القاء alqā’ offal, discard لقية luqya encounter, meeting; luqya, laqīya s.th. found, a find لقيا luqyā encounter, meeting لقاية liqāya encounter, meeting; s.th. found, a find القية ulqiya riddle, conundrum تلقاء tilqā’a (prep.) opposite; in front of │ من تلقاء نفسه min tilqā’i nafsihī or من تلقاء ذاته by o.s., of one’s own accord, spontaneously, automatically تلقائي tilqā’ī automatic; spontaneous; تلقائيا spontaneously, automatically ملقى malqan pl. ملاق malāqin meeting place, rendezvous; junction, crossing, intersection; road or street intersection, crossroads لقاء liqā’ encounter; meeting; get together; reunion; liqā’a (prep.) in exchange for, in return for, for, on │ الى كفالة (kafāla) on bail; الى اللقاء good by! so long! au revoir! ملاقاة mulāqāh encounter, meeting, get-together, reunion; reception القاء ilqā’ throwing, casting, throw, cast, fling; delivery, diction; dictation; recitation, recital │ علم الإلقاء ‘ilm al-i. elocution تلق talaqqin receipt, reception, acceptance; acquisition (also of a skill, of knowledge, eto.); learning (of an art, skill, eto.); pursuit (of studies) │ تلقى العلوم في studies at (e.g., at a university) تلاق talāqin meeting, encounter التقاء iltiqā’ meeting, reunion (مع with) ملق mulqin: ملقيات الألغام البحرية mulqiyāt al-a. al-baḥrīya mine layers ملى mulqan thrown, cast, discarded ملتقى multaqan pl. ملتقيات multaqayāt meeting place, rendezvous; gathering point, collecting center; intersection, junction, confluence, crossroads │ الى الملتقى good-by! so long! au revoir! 1لك lakka u (lakk) to hit with the fist, to cuff, buffet, pommel (ه s.o.) VIII to be pressed together, thickly set, crammed, jammed, crowded; to crowd together, gather in a mass; to make mistakes or blunders, speak ungrammatically 2لك lakk pl. الكاك alkāk, لكوك lukūk lac, one hundred thousand (specif., 100,000 rupees) 3لك lukk, lakk resin; lao; sealing wax لكأ laka’a a (لكء lak’) to strike, hit; -- لكئ laki’a a (لكأ laka’) to abide, remain, stay (ب at a place) V to be tardy, dilatory, slow, to dawdle, tarry, hesitate (في in s.th.); to loiter, loaf, hang about │ تلكأ في الأداء (adā’) to be in default, fail to meet one’s financial obligations لكأة luka’a hesitant, tardy, dilatory, sluggish, slow; behindhand, in arrears, defaulting 876 لكز lakaza u (lakz) to strike with the fist; to kick (ه s.o.), to thrust (ه s.o.) لكز lakiz miserly, stingy لكاز likāz pin, nail; peg لكيع lakī‘ pl. لكعاء luka‘ā’ moan, base, ignominious, disgraceful, wicked, depraved; silly, foolish لكاعة lakā‘a meanness, baseness, disgracefulness, wickedness, depravity لكم lakama u (lakm) to strike with the fist, box, punch III to engage in a fiat fight, box (ه with s.o.) لكمة lakma pl. lakamāt blow with the fist, punch ملكمة milkama boxing glove ملاكمة mulākama fist fight, boxing matoh ملاكم mulākim boxer, pugilist, prize fighter 1لكن lakina a (lakan, لكن lukna, لكونة lukūna, لكنونة luknūna) to speak incorrectly, barbarously; to stammer لكنة lukna stutter, stammer; incorrect usage, ungrammatical language; incorrect pronunciation لكانة lakāna: لكانة في الكلام (kalām) speech defect, faltering way of speaking الكن alkan2, f. لكناء laknā’2, pl. لكن lukn speaking incorrectly; stammering, stuttering 2 لكنlakan pl. الكان alkān basin, copper basin 3لكن lākin, lakinna see لاكن لكي li-kai, لكيما li-kai-mā see ل li 2لم lam (particle, with foll. apoc.) not │ لم يكتب lam yaktub he did not write; الم a-lam not ... though? الم اقل لكم (aqul) haven’t I told you, though? لم -- الا lam -- illā only, nothing but, just, not till, not before 2 لم lima = لما li-mā, see ل li 3لم lamma u (lamm) to gather, collect, assemble (هـ s.th.); to reunite (هـ s.th.); to arrange, settle, put in order (هـ s.th.); to repair (هـ s.th.), pass. lumma to suffer from or be stricken by a slight mental derangement │ لم شعثه (ša‘atahū) to put s.th. in order again, straighten s.th. out, put s.th. right; to recover, pick up; to help s.o. get back on his feet, لم شمل القطيع (šamla l-q.) to round up the herd IV to befall, overcome (fatigue, fear, weakness, adversities, etc.; s.o.); to pay (ب s.o.) a short visit, call ( on s.o.), stop, stay (ب at s.o.’s house); to have sexual intercourse (ب with s.o.); to broach (ب a topic), .peak (ب about). discuss (ب s.th.), to give a survey (ب of), outline, state briefly (ب s.th.), to touch briefly (ب on a subject), to be acquainted or familiar (.... with s.th.), to get to know (ب s.th.), to familiarize o.s., acquaint o.s. (ب with s.th.), to commit, perpetrate (ب a crime), to take, consume (ب food, drink) VIII to gather, assemble, rally; to unite; to visit (s.o.), call (ه on) لمة lamma pl. لمام limām collection; gathering, assembly; visit, call; misfortune, calamity, slight mental derangement, touch of insanity لمة limma pl. لمم limam curl, ringlet, lock لمة lumma traveling party; group, troop, body (of people) لمم lamam slight mental derangement لماما limāman occasionally, from time to time, rarely, seldom لمام lammām wild thyme (bot.) المام ilmām knowledge, cognizance (ب of s.th.); acquaintance, familiarity, conversance (ب with); (pl. -āt) survey, outline, summary, resume لامة lāmma evil eye 877 ملموم malmūm collected, gathered, assembled; concentrated at one point; slightly insane ملم mulimm completely familiar, conversant (ب with); expert, connoisseur │ ملم بالقراءة والكتابة literate ملمة mulimma pl. -āt misfortune, calamity, disaster 1لما li-mā see ل li 2لما lammd (conj.) when, as, after; since, whereas; (particle; with foll. apoc.) not, not yet لمباجو (Engl.) lambāgō lumbago لمبة lamba pl. -āt lamp; tube (radio) لمج V to take a snack لمجة lumja appetizer, hors d’oeuvre, relish, snack لمح lamaḥa a (lamḥ) to glance (الى or ه at s.o.); to see, sight, behold, notice (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to become aware (ان that); -- (lamḥ, لمحان lamaḥān, تلماح talmāḥ) to flash, sparkle, glisten, shimmer II to insinuate, intimate, give to understand (الى s.th.), hint (الى at), allude, refer (الى to) III to cast a casual or furtive glance (ه at s.o.) IV to glance casually or furtively (الى or ه at s.o.) لمح lamḥ quick look, glance; moment, instant │ لمح البصر l. al-baṣar glance of the eye; في لمح البصر, كلمح البصر, دون لمح البصر, في اقل من لمح البصر (aqalla) like lightning, in a trice, instantly, in no time لمحة lamḥa pl. lamaḥāt quick, casual look, glance; wink; glow of light, light, brightness, flash (of lightning) │ فيه لمحة من ابيه (abīhi) he looks like his father لماح lammāḥ shimmering, gleaming, shining ملامح malāmiḥ2 features, lineaments; traits; outward appearance, looks │ فيه ملامح من ابيه (abīhi) he looks like his father; ملامح وظلال (ẓilāl) lights and shades (in painting) تلميح talmīḥ pl. تلاميح talāmīḥ2 allusion, intimation, insinuation, hint, reference; تلميحا by way of suggestion, indirectly لمز lamaza u i (lamz) to give (ه s.o.) a wink; to speak ill (ه of s.o.), carp (ه at s.o.), find fault (ه with s.o.), criticize, blame, censure, backbite, slander, defame (ه s.o.) لمزة lumaza and لماز lammāz fault-finder, captious critic, caviler, carper 1لمس lamasa u i (lams) to touch, handle, feel with the hand, finger (هـ s.th.), pass one’s hand (هـ over s.th.); to seek (هـ s.th.), look, search, ask (هـ for); to perceive, notice (هـ s.th., الى that), become aware (هـ of s.th., ان that) │ لا يلمس (yulmasu) intangible, impalpable; لمس الحقائق to take thing, as they are, face the facts III to be in touch or contact (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.); to touch, feel, finger, palpate (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) V to feel out, finger, palpate (هـ s.th.); to fumble, grope about; to grope, fumble (هـ for s.th.); to look, search (هـ for); to ask (هـ for) VI to touch each other, be in mutual contact VIII to request (هـ من s.th. from s.o., ل for s.o.), ask (من هـ for s.th. s.o.), solicit (ل ه s.th. for); to beg (هـ for), request urgently (هـ s.th.); to seek (هـ s.th.), look, search (ه, هـ for s.th., for s.o.) لمس lams feeling, groping; touching, touch │ حاسة اللمس ḥāssat al-l. sense of touch لمسى lamsī tactual, tactile, of or pertaining to the sense of touch لمسية lamsīya (tun.) date which has not attained full ripeness لمسة lamsa (n. vic.) touch; (pl. -āt) retouch 878 لميس lamīs soft to the touch ملمس malmas pl. ملامس malāmis2 place of touch, spot touched, point of contact; O feeler, tentacle (of insects); touch; contact │ ناعم الملمس soft to the touch ملمسي malmasī tactual, tactile ملامسة mulāmasa touching, touch, contact; feeling, fingering, palpation; sexual intercourse تلمس talammus search, quest التماس iltimās request, solicitation; application, petition ملموس malmūs touched, felt; palpable, tangible; ملموسات things perceptible to the touch, tangible things ملتمس multamas pl. -āt request, petition, application 2الماس look up alphabetically لمص lamaṣ u (lamṣ) to rail (ه at s.o.); to make faces (ه at s.o.) لمظ lamaẓa u (lamẓ) to lick one’s lips; to smack one’s lips V do. │ تلمظ بذكره (bi-dikrihī) to speak ill of s.o., backbite s.o. لمع lama‘a (lam‘, لمعان lama‘ān) to gleam, glitter, twinkle, flash, sparkle, glisten, shimmer, shine │ لمع بسيفه (bi-saifihī) to brandish the sword; لمع بيده (bi-yadihī) to wave one’s hand; لمع في رأسه خاطر (kāṭirun) a thought flashed through his mind II to cause (هـ s.th.) to shine, gleam, or twinkle; to shine (هـ s.th.), give brightness (هـ to s.th.); to polish (هـ s.th.); to burnish (هـ s.th.) IV to wave (one’s hand); to point out, give to understand, intimate, insinuate (الى s.th.), hint (الى at), allude (الى to) VIII to flash, radiate, glow, shine; to sparkle, glitter, gleam لمع lam‘ and لمعان lama‘ān luster, sheen, shine; shimmer, gleam, glow, brightness, light لمعة lum‘a pl. لمع luma‘, لماع limā‘ shimmer, gleam, glow, flash, sparkle, glitter, brilliancy, radiance, beam; gloss, luster, burnish, polish; some, a little لماع lammā‘ bright, brilliant, lustrous, sparkling, flashing, glistening, shining, radiant; O glossy, glazed, burnished, polished, satined, calendered (tech.) │ جلد لماع (jild) patent leather المع alma‘2 and المعي alma‘ī sagacious, smart, shrewd, clever, bright, intelligent; -- المع alma‘ more lustrous, shinier المعية alma‘īya sagacity, smartness, shrewdness, cleverness, brightness, intelligence تلميع talmī‘ polishing, polish الماعة ilmā‘a allusion, hint لامع lāmi‘ pl. لوامع lawāmi‘2 brilliant, lustrous, shining, gleaming, shimmering لامعة lāmi‘a fontanel (anat.); (pl. لوامع lawāmi‘2) gloss, shine متلمع mutalammi‘ radiant, brilliant, shining, lustrous لملم lamlama to gather, gather up (هـ s.th.) ململمة mulamlama trunk, proboscis (of the elephant) لن lan (conj.; with foll. subj.) not (referring to the future) جديد لنج (eg.) gad`id lang brand-new لندرة landra London لندن landan London لنش (Engl.) lanš pl. -āt launch, small steamer, motorboat لنينغراد leningrād Leningrad لهب lahiba a (lahb, lahab, لهاب luhāb, لهيب lahīb, لهبان lahabān) to flame, burn, blaze II and IV to kindle, light, set on fire, ignite, inflame (هـ s.th.); to excite, stir 879 up, provoke (هـ s.th.) V to flame; to be aflame, be ablaze, burn (also fig.: cheek, anger, thirst, etc.) VIII = V; to catch fire, flare up; to be inflamed (also med.) لهب lahab, lahīb and لهاب luhāb flame, blaze, flare لهبان lahbān, f. لهبى lahbā, pl. لهاب lihāb parched with thirst الهاب ilhāb kindling, lighting, ignition, inflammation التهاب iltihāb burning; inflammation (also med.); in compounds corresponding to Engl. “-it is” │ التهاب الشعب ilt. aš-šu‘ab bronchitis التهابي iltihābī inflammatory; inflammable ملتهب multahib burning, flaming, blazing, aflame, ablaze; inflamed; heated, excited, glowing, aglow │ قطن ملتهب (quṭn) guncotton لاهوت look up alphabetically لهث lahata a (laht, لهاث luhāt) to loll one’s tongue with thirst or fatigue; to pant, gasp, be out of breath; to breathe heavily لهاث luhāt panting, pant, gasp │ لهاث الموت l. al-maut death rattle, agony of death لهثان lahtān f. لهثى lahtā panting, gasping, out of breath; thirsty لهج lahija a (lahaj) to be devoted, dedicated (ب to s.th.), be attached (ب to s.o., to s.th.), be very fond (ب of), be in love (ب with); to be bent. be intent, be keen (ب on), be eager (ب for), be mad (ب about, after); to do (ب s.th.) constantly or fervently│ لهج بالثناء عليه (tanā’) to extol s.o. fervently; لهج بذكره (bidikrihī) to speak constantly of s.o., mention s.o.’s name continually with praise; لهج بشكره (bi-šukrihī) to launch forth into profuse thanks or praises; لهج بالضراعة (ḍarā‘a) to resort to humble pleas IV causative: الهج لسانه بالشكر (lisānahū, šukr) to elicit profuse thanks from s.o. XI الهاج ilhājja to curdle, coagulate (milk) لهجة lahja tip of the tongue; tongue; manner of speaking; tone; dialect, vernacular; language │ بلهجة العاتب in a reproachful tone, reproachingly; شديد اللهجة in violent language, sharply worded لهج luhja appetizer, hors d’oeuvre لهد lahada a (lahd) to overburden, over-exert (ه s.o.) لهذم lahdam sharp, pointed لهط lahaṭa a (lahṯ) to slap لهف lahafa a (lahaf) to sigh (على for s.th. lost); to regret, deplore, lament (على s.th.); to grieve (على for), fret, worry (على shout) V do.; to be eager, yearn (على for, also ل), pant (على after, also ل) لهف lahf regret, grief, sorrow │ يا لهف yā lahfa and يا لهفا yā lahfā oh, what a pity! too bad! alas! يا لهف (with foll. genit. of pers.) oh, how unfortunate he is! يا لهفي عليك (lahfī) oh, how sorry I feel for you! لهفة lahfa sigh, lament; anxiety, apprehension, concern, worry, sorrow, grief; yearning, longing, hankering, desire, impatience لهفان lahfān2 f. لهفى lahfā, pl. لهافى lahāfā, لهف luhuf sighing; regretful; sad, sorry, worried, sorrowful, grieved; longing, yearning لهيف lahīf pl. لهاف lihāf regretful, sorry, sad, worried, sorrowful, grieved لاهف lāhif worried, troubled, sorrowful, grieved, full of regret ملهوف malhūf worried, troubled, depressed; apprehensive, concerned, anxious; 880 covetous, eager (الى or على for), desirous (الى or على of); longing. yearning متلهف mutalahhif yearning, longing, hankering; anxious, eager, impatient لهق lahiqa a to be snow-white لهلق lahlaqa to loll one’s tongue with thirst لهم lahima a (lahm, laham), V and VIII to devour, gobble, swallow up (ه s.th.); to consume, destroy (ه s.th.; fire) IV to make (ه s.o,) swallow (ه s.th.); to inspire (ه هـ s.o, with) X to ask (ه s.o.) for inspiration or advice; to seek to find out (هـ s.th.), try to get (هـ s.th.); to pray, turn (ه هـ to God for) لهم lahim and لهوم lahūm greedy, covetous, voracious, gluttonous الهام ilhām pl. -āt inspiration; instinct ملهم mulham inspired (لهو and لهي) لها lahā u (lahw) to amuse o.s., distract o.s., divert o.s., pass or kill time (ب with s.th,); to play, toy, dally, trifle; to fritter away, trifle away, prattle away (بوقته bi-waqtihī one’s time); to enjoy o.s., have fun, have a good time; to delight, take pleasure (الى or ب in); to enjoy, savor, relish (ب s.th.); -- (لهي luhiy, لهيان lihyān) to turn one’s attention (عن from); to try to forget, forget, give up, renounce (عن s.th.), become oblivious (عن of); -- لهي lahiya a (لها lahan) to like, love (ب s.th.), be very fond (ب of), be in love, be infatuated (ب with), be mad (ب about, after); to turn one’s attention (عن from), become oblivious (عن of), forget, give up, renounce (عن s.th,); to pay no attention (عن to), be heedless (عن of) II to delight, amuse, divert, distract (ب ه s.o. with), divert s.o.’s (ه) attention (عن from), make (عن s.o.) oblivious (عن of); to keep, divert (عن s.o. from), take s.o.’s (ه) mind away (عن from) III to approach, be near (ه s.o.) IV = II; V and VI to amuse o.s., pass the time (ب with s.th,), take pleasure, delight (ب in); to seek distraction (ب عن in s.th. from) VIII do.: to play, toy, trifle (ب with s.th.) لهو lahw amusement, entertainment, diversion, distraction, passtime, pleasure, sport, fun, play │ دور اللهو dūr al-l. and اماكن اللهو places of entertainment. amusement centers لهاة lahāh pl. لهوات lahawāt, لهيات lahayāt, لهي luhiya, lihīy, لها lahan, لهاء lahā’ uvula لهوى lahawī velar (adj.) الحرفان اللهويتان al-ḥarfān al-lahawīyatān the velars q and k ملهاة malhāh object of delight; comedy │ ملهاة عامية (‘āmmīya) popular farce ملهى malhan pl. ملاه malāhin place of entertainment, amusement center; amusement, entertainment, fun, diversion, distraction │ ضريبة الملاهي admissions tax, entertainment tax ملهى milhan pl. ملاه malāhin plaything toy; pl. musical instruments, also آلات الملاهي تلهية talhiya distraction, diversion, amusement لاه lāhin (with عن) heedless, inattentive, inadvertent, oblivious, forgetful مله mulhin amusing, entertaining, diverting, pleasant لو lau (conj.) if (as a rule, introducing hypothetical conditional clauuses) │ لو ان lau anna (introducing nominal clauses) if; لولا laulā if not; لولانا if it weren’t (hadn’t been) for us; فيما لو fī-mā lau in case that; ولو wa-lau although, though; even if; (optative particle) if only ...! would that ...! I wish ...! لو يعلم I wish he knew! if he only knew! 881 لوبيا lūbiyā bean (bot.) │ لوبيا بلدي(baladī) (eg.) cowpea (Vigna Binenais Endl.; bot.); لوبيا عافن (eg.) hyacinth bean, lablab (Dolichos lablab L.; bot.) لوبيا lūbyā Libya لوبي lūbī Libyan 1لات (لوت) (lāta: لات حين مناص l. hīnu manāṣin it’s too late to escape 2لوت lūt (eg.) maigre (Sciaena aquila) لاث (لوث) lāta u (laut) and II to stain, tarnish, soil, sully (هـ s.th.); -- lawita a (lawat) to be dilatory, tardy, slow; to hesitate, tarry, linger V to be or get stained, blotted, tarnished, soiled, sullied (ب with) VIII to be dilatory, tardy, slow; to be obscure, confused, complicated (على for s.o.) لوثة lauta stain, blot, spot لوثة lūta languor, lassitude, fatigue, faintness; passion, weakness (في for, also with foll. genit.: for) │فيه (به) لوثة he is a little crazy, he has a bee in his bonnet ملوث mulawat stained, blotted, tarnished, soiled, sullied, unclean; stricken with cholera, pestilence, etc. ملتاث multāt mentally confused لوج (Fr. loge) lōj pl. -āt, الواج alwāj (theater) box, loge; (masonic, etc.) lodge لاح (لوح) lāḥa u (lauḥ) to appear, show, loom, emerge, come in sight; to become visible (ل to s.o.); to break, begin to show (dawn); to shine, gleam, glint, flash, shimmer, glimmer, sparkle; to seem, appear; to wither, singe, parch, scorch; to tan (ه s.o.; sun) │يلوح لي ان it seems to me that ...; على ما يلوح as it seems, apparently II to make a sign, beckon, wave (ب ل or الى to s.o. with); to signal; to allude (ب to), hint (ب at), intimate, insinuate (ب ل to s.o. s.th.), give (ب ل s.o. s.th.) to understand; to flourish, brandish, swing, wave (ب s.th.); to turn grey (هـ the head; of old age); to burn, tan (ه s.o.; sun); to plank, lay with planks (هـ the floor) │لوح بيديه (biyadaihi) to wave with the hands IV to appear, show, come in sight; to shimmer, glimmer, glint, flash, sparkle; to wave, brandish, flourish, swing (هـ s.th.) لوح lauḥ pl. الواح alwāḥ, alwāḥ board, blackboard; slate; tablet; slab; plate, sheet; pane; plank, board; panel; small board, signboard; shoulder blade, scapula │لوح اردواز (arduwāz) slab of slate, slate; O لوح مجعد (muja‘‘ad) corrugated iron; لوح الجليد block of ice; لوح حديد sheet iron; لوح زجاج zujāj sheet of glass, pane; O لوح متحرك (mutaḥarrik) spring-board (in sports); لوح معدني (ma‘dinī) metal plate, metal sheet; لوح النافذة windowpane لوحة lauḥa pl. -āt, الواح alwāḥ board; blackboard; slate; tablet; slab; plate, sheet; pane; panel; plaque; plane, surface; screen; placard, poster; picture, painting │لوحة الاسم l. al-ism doorplate, name plate; لوحة التوزيع switchboard (el., tel.); لوحة الداما checkerboard; لوحة زيتية (zaitīya) oil painting; لوحة سوداء (saudā’) blackboard; bulletin board; لوحة الشطرنج l. aš-šaṭranj chessboard; لوحة الكتابة slate; writing tablet; blackboard لواح lawwāḥ withering, singeing, parching, scorching لوح talwīḥ pl. -āt beckoning, waving, flourishing, brandishing; sign, signal, wink, wave; allusion; hint, intimation, insinuation; metonymy; pl. hints, references; remarks, annotations, marginal notes لائحة lā’iḥa pl. -āt لوائح lawā’iḥ2 program, project; bill, motion (esp., in parliament); order, decree, edict; ordinance; regulation, rule; pl. لوائح outward appearance, looks, outward sign│882 لائحة قانونية, لائحة القانون bill, draft law; لائحة السفر l. as-safar timetable, train schedule, railroad guide; لائحة الطعام l. aṯ-ṯa‘ām (syr.) menu, bill of fare ملوحة mulawwiḥa signal, semaphore (railroad) ملتاح multāḥ sun-tanned, sunburned (لوذ) lāda u (laud, لواذ liwād, lawād, luwād, لياذ liyād) to take refuge, seek shelter (ب with s.o., in s.th.), have recourse, resort (ب to); to keep close (ب to), observe religiously (ب s.th.) ملاذ malād refuge, protection; shelter; asylum, sanctuary; protector لائذ lā’id one seeking shelter or protection, refugee لوذع and لوذعي see لذع لور lūr lyre لورد (Engl.) lord pl. -āt lord لورى (Engl.) lorry, truck لوز II to stuff with almonds (هـ s.th.); (eg.) to form bolls (cotton) لوز lauz almond(s) (coll.), (eg.) patch (on a shoe) │ لوز القطن l. al-quṭn cotton bolls; دودة اللوز dūdat al-l. boll weevil لوزة lauza pl. -āt almond; اللوزتان the tonsils (anat.) │ التهاب اللوزتين ilt. al-lauzatain tonsillitis لوزى lauzī almond-shaped, almond (adj.) لاس (لوس) lāsa u (laus) to taste لات (لوص) lāṣa u (lauṣ) to peep, peer, pry (through a chink in the door, or the like) III do. (ه for s.o.); to stare, gaze (هـ or الى at s.th.), to look firmly, unflinchingly (هـ or الى at s.th.); to dupe, cheat, deceive (ه s.o.) ملاوص mulāwiṣ sly, cunning, wily لاط (لوط) lāṯa u (lauṯ) to stick, cling, adhere ( to); to coat with clay, to plaster ( a wall) لوط lūṯ Lot (Biblical name) لوط lūṭī sodomite, pederast لواط liwāṭ and لواطة liwāṭa sodomy, pederasty لاع (لوع) lā‘a u (lau‘) to he or heoome restive, impatient; to become ill j to seize vehemently, overwhelm, torment, make sick (ه s.o.; love); to tan (ه s.o.; sun) II to torture, torment, agonize VIII to be burning, inflamed, languishing (with love, longing); to feel burning anxiety (على for s.o.) لوعة lau‘a ardor of love, amorous rapture, lovesickness; pain, grief, anguish, anxiety, torment, torture, agony التياع iltiyā‘ burning, enrapturedness, burning anxiety. anguish; agony, pain, suffering ملاوع mulāwi‘ cunning, artful, wily, crafty, sly لوغاريتمات lūgāritmāt logarithms 1لاف (لوف) lāfa u (lauf) to eat, chew (هـ s.th.) 2لوف lūf luffa, dishcloth gourd (Luffa cylindrical Roem; bot.) ملوق milwaq pl. ملاوق malāwiq2 spatula 1لاك (لوك) lāka u (lauk) to chew (هـ s.th.); to talk constantly about s.th. (هـ), to bring into discredit (سمعته sum‘atahū s.o.’s reputation) │لاك الكلام (kalām) to be inhibited in one’s speech, stammer, express o.s. imperfectly, السؤال الذي تلوكه الألسنة (alsina) the question which is on everyone’s lips; ما تلوكه الألسن (alsun) what people say, what is generally rumored 883 2لائكي and لائكية look up alphabetically لوكانده (It. locanda) and لوكنده lōkanda pl. -āt inn; hotel لولب laulab pl. لوالب lawālib2 screw; spiral; spiral spring, coil spring, extension spring; spring; axle; (fig.) mainspring, pivot point لولبي laulabī screw-shaped; spiral, helical │ O لولبيات زهرية (zuharīya) spiroohetes, syphilogenous bacteria; درج لولبي (daraj) spiral staircase 1لام (لمس) lāma u (laum, ملام malām, ملامة malāma) to blame, censure, rebuke, chide, scold, reproach (في or على ه s.o. for) II to censure sharply, reprove, reprimand (ه s.o.) IV = I; V to blame o.s. ; to tarry, linger, take one'. time (في or على in or with s.th.), procrastinate, temporize, hedge VI to blame each other VIII to be censured, he blamed X to deserve blame, be blameworthy, reprehensible لوم laum and لومة lauma censure, rebuke, reproof, blame, reproach لومة luwama and لوام lawwām severe censurer, stem critic; censorious ملام malām and ملامة malāma pl. ملاوم malāwim2 censure, rebuke, reproof, blame, reproach تلويم talwīm censure, rebuke, reproof لائم lā’im pl. لوم luwwam, لوام lawwām, ليم luyyam censurer, critic, accuser لائمة lā’ima pl. لوائم lawā’im2 censure, rebuke, reproof, blame, reproach ملوم malūm, مليم malīm and ملام mulām censured, blamed; blameworthy, reprehensible لومان lūmān penitentiary, penal servitude لومانجي lūmānjī convict, inmate of a penitentiary لون II to variegate, dapple, make colorful (هـ s.th.); to color, tint, tinge, paint, daub (هـ s.th.); to make up, rouge (هـ the face, etc.) V to be colored or tinted; to color, change color, become discolored; to he colorful, variegated; to be fickle لون laun pl. الوان alwān color; coloring, tint, tinge, hue, shade; complexion; kind, sort, specimen, species; dish, course; pl. (with foll. genit.) all kinds of │ الوان الأطعمة a. al-aṭ‘ima all kinds of food; مختلف الألوان muktalif al-a. variegated, multicolored, motley, varied, various; جلى الوانه jallā alwānahu to bring out the different aspects of s.th., point up s.th., make s.th. stand out لوني launī colorful, colored, color- (in compounds), chromatic تلوين talwīn coloring ملون mulawwan colored, tinted, colorful, many-colored, variegated, kaleidoscopic متلون mutalawwin colored, tinted; many-colored, multicolored; iridescent, opalescent, scintillating; changeable, inconstant, unsteady; whimsical, capricious, fickle لونجي (eg.) lawingī and لاونجي lāwingī attendant, bath attendant لونجية lawingīya housekeeper, woman attendant, servant, housemaid لوندا (It. lavanda) lawandā lavender │ ماء اللوندا lavender water لوى lawā i (لي layy, لوي lawīy) to turn (هـ s.th.); to crook, curve (هـ s.th.); to bend, flex, bend up, down, back or over (هـ s.th.); to twist, contort, wrench, warp (هـ s.th.); to distort, pervert (هـ s.th.); to turn (هـ the head), turn away, avert (هـ the face); to turn around, turn (على to s.o., to s.th.), face (على s.o., s.th.); to 884 think back (على on), recall (على s.th.); to care, bother (على about), pay attention or heed (على to) │ لوى فيه اللسان (lisān) to speak ill of s.o., backbite s.o.; لا يلوي على شيء not to care about anything, be utterly reckless; -- (لي layy, ليان layyān) to conceal, keep secret (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.); -- lawiya a (لوى lawan) to be crooked, curved, bent; to writhe, twist; to wind, coil II to bend, bow, incline, tilt, twist, wrench, contort, turn, crook, curve (هـ s.th.); to pervert, distort, complicate (هـ s.th.) IV to turn, twist, bend, crook, curve (ب or هـ s.th.); to avert (عن هـ s.th. from); to wave (بيده bi-yadihī one’s hand); to hoist (هـ a flag); to take away, put away, remove (ب s.th.) │ الوى عنان الشيء to avert, prevent, restrain s.th. (عن from), check, curb s.th. V to be twisted, winding, tortuous, sinuous, bent, crooked; to be turned, be twisted; to turn, twist, wind, meander, coil; to writhe, wriggle, squirm; to display shrewdness and cunning VIII to be curved, crooked, bent; to be turned, be twisted; to twist, warp, get contorted, get bent out of shape; to turn off, turn away; to turn one’s back (or on s.th.); to be or become difficult, involved, intricate, complicated (على for s.o.) لي layy bending, twist(ing), turn(ing) │ لي الشيشة (eg.) the flexible tube of the narghile; لا يعرف الحي من اللي (ya‘rifu l-ḥayya) he doesn’t know enough to come in out of the rain, he wouldn't know a snake from a garden hose لية Iayya pl. لوى liwan bend, fold, flexure, twist, tortuosity, sinuosity, turn, curve لوى lawan pl. الواء alwā’ gripes, colic; agony, pain, hardship │ قاسى الألواء واللأواء (la’wā’) to die a thousand deaths لوى liwan pl. الواء alwā’, الوية alwiya curvature لواء liwā’ pl. الوية alwiya, الويات alwiyāt banner, flag, standard; brigade (mil.; U.A.R., Leb., Ir.); major general (mil.; U.A.R.); rear admiral (Eg.); province, district (Ir.; the country is subdivided into 14 لواء │ امير اللواء brigadier general (Ir.); لواء جوي (jawwī) air-force brigade; عقد لواء شيء (liwā’a š.) to found, start, originate, produce, cause, arouse, provoke s.th.; البارحة المعقود لواؤها للأميرال ... (liwā’uhā) the admiral’s flagship ...; عقد له لواء المجد (النصر) ‘uqida lahū l. ul-majd (un-naṣr) approx.: he was awarded the laurel of fame (of victory) لواء lawwā’ wryneck (zool.) ملوى milwan pl. ملاو malāwin spanner, wrench; O peg (of stringed instruments) التواء iltiwā’ curvedness, curvature; bend, twist, tortuosity, sinuosity, curve; crookedness, wryness; perverseness, absurdity │ التواء الأرض ilt. al-arḍ unevenness of the terrain التواءة iltiwā’a (n. vic.) pl. -āt a bending, flexing, twist (e.g., of the body in dancing) لاو lāwin pl. لواة luwāh turning, twisting │ غير لاو على reckless of, without regard for ملوي malwī crooked, curved, bent; twisted, warped, contorted; winding, meandering, tortuous, sinuous; perverted, wrong, absurd ملتو multawin = ملوى ملتوى multawan pl. -āt turn (of the road), curve; curvature 1لي and لية see لوى 2لياء liyyā’ mackerel shark, porbeagle (zool.) ليبريا lībaryā Liberia 885 ليبيا lībiyā Libya; ليبي lībī Libyan ليت laita and يا ليت yā laita (particle, with foll. noun in acc. or personal suffix) would God! if only ...! │ ليتني مت لأجلك laitanī muttu li-ajlika would God I had died for you! ليته كان هنا I wish he were here! if only he were here! يا ليت كان يذهب (yadhabu) I wish he had gone! ليت شعري (ši‘rī) I wish I knew ...! ليترجية līturjīya pl. -āt liturgy ليتوانيا lītuwānīya Lithuania ليتواني lītuwānī Lithuanian ليث lait pl. ليوث luyūt lion لياذ see لوذ ليرا līrā and ليرة līra pl. -āt pound (as a monetary unit) │ ليرة انكليزية (ingilīzīya) pound sterling 1ليس laisa (without imperf.) not to be (with ب or acc. s.th. or s.o.); not to exist; (= intensified لا) not │ ليس الا (illā) terminating a sentence: only, and no more, and nothing else; ليس – سوى (siwā) nothing but, only, merely; ليس على شيء من الحقيقة there is not a grain of truth in it; ليس – فقط -- بل (faqaṭ, bal) not only -- but also; ليس ل not to have, not to possess; ليس لنا شيء we don’t have anything; ليس له ان he has no right to ..., he mustn’t ...; ليس من not to belong to …, have nothing to do with ...; اليس كذلك a-laisa ka-dālik? Isn’t it so?; (with ب and participle) to be unable to, لست بفاعل lastu bi-fā‘ilin I can’t do it 2ليس layisa a (layas) to be valiant, brave, courageous اليس alyas2, f. ليساء laisā’2, pl. ليس līs valiant, brave, courageous ليسانس (Fr. licence) līsans the academic degree of a licentiate ليف II to rub with palm fibers (هـ s.th.) V to form fibers, become fibrous ليف līf (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. الياف alyāf fibers, fibrils, bast │ ليف هندي (hindī) coco fibers, coir; اليف الكتان a. al-kattān flax fibers ليفة līfa (n. un.) fiber, fibril; tuft of palm fibers used as a brush │ ليفة الاستحمام bath هـsponge, luffa ليفي līfī and ليفاني līfānī fibered, fibrous تليف talayyuf fibration, fibrillation; cirrhosis (med.) (ليق) لاق lāqa i (laiq) to befit, become (ب s.o.), be proper, seemly (ب for s.o.), be suitable (ب to s.o.), be worthy (ب of s.o.); to be suited, appropriate, fit (ب for s.th.); to fit (garment) ليقة līqa pl. ليق liyaq tuft of cotton or silk threads which is inserted in an inkwell; putty; clay; mortar لياقة liyāqa propriety, seemliness, suitableness; decorum, decency; capability, skill; efficiency, competence; worthiness, merit, desert; correct behavior, blameless conduct, good manners │ مخل باللياقة (mukill improper, unseemly, unbecoming اليق alyaq2 more suitable, more appropriate, more proper, fitter (ب for) لائق lā’iq suitable, appropriate, proper, befitting, becoming, seemly; suited, adapted, fit; worthy, deserving ليل lail (usually m.) nighttime, night (as opposed to نهار daytime); pl. □ ليالي layālī (syr.) a certain vocal style; ليلا lailan at night │ ليل نهار laila nahāra day and night ليلة laila pl. -āt, ليال layālin, ليائل layā’il2 night (u opposed to يوم); evening; soirée; الليلة al-lailata tonight I 886 بين ليلة وضحاها (wa-ḍuḥāhā) overnight; ليلة امس lailata amsi last night; yesterday evening; ليلة خيرية kairīya) charity soirée, benefit performance; ليلة الدخلة l. ad-dukla wedding night; ليلة راقصة soirée dansante, evening dance; ليلة زهرةا glamorous evening party; ليلة شادية (šādiya) soirée of vocal music; ليلة ليلاء (lailā’2) dark night; في ليلة ليلاء in the dark of night, under cover of the night; ليلة القدر l. al-qadr or ليلة القضاء l. al-qaḍā’ the night in which, according to sura 97, the Koran was revealed, celebrated between the 26th and 27th of Ramadan; ليلة المعراج l. al-mi‘rāj the night of the 27th of Rajab in which the Prophet made his journey through the seven heavens; ليلة نصف شعبان l. niṣf aš-ša‘bān the night between the 14th and 16th of Shaban, when, according to popular belief, the heavenly tree of life is shaken, shedding the leaves of those who will die next year; ليلة النقطة l. an-nuqṭa the night of June 17th (the 11th day of the Coptic month Ba’ūna) when, according to popular belief, a miraculous drop falls from heaven, thus causing the annual rise of the Nile ليلتئذ lailata’idin (in) that night; (on) that evening ليلي lailī nocturnal, nightly; of night, night- (in compounds); evening (adj.) ليلى lailā a woman’s name │ كل يبكي (يغني) على ليلاه kullun yabkī (yugannī) ‘alā lailāhu everyone sings his own tune, does as he pleases, follows his own fancy; كل يدعي وصلا بليلاه (yadda‘ī waṣlan) everybody claims to be the chosen one, every-one brags in his own way ليلاء see ليلة ليلك (Engl.) lailak lilac ليمان līmān pl. -āt harbor, port; penitentiary ليمون laimūn, līmūn (n. un. ة) pl. -āt lemon │ ليمون حامض lime; شراب الليمون šarāb al-l. lemonade 1لان (لين) lāna i (līn, ليان layān) to be or become soft, tender, gentle, mild, pliable, flexible, supple; to yield, give way; to soften, relent, calm down; to become milder, friendlier │ لا يلين inflexible, unbending; لانت قناته (qanātuhū) to show o.s. compliant, yield, relent, give in II and IV to soften, relax, (هـ s.th.); to placate, soothe, allay, mitigate, assuage, temper, moderate (هـ s.th.) ill to be gentle, kind, friendly (ه to s.o.); to treat with kindness and leniency (ه s.o.) لين līn softness; tenderness; tender treatment; gentleness; flexibility, pliableness, suppleness; yieldingness, compliance, tractability; pliancy, smoothness, diarrhea │ لين العظام softening of the bones, osteomalicia (med.); لين القيادة tractability, docility; حروف اللين the “soft” letters ا, و, ي لين layyin pl. -ūn, اليناء alyinā’2 and lain pl. -ūn soft; flabby, feeble; tender; gentle; flexible, pliable, yielding; pliant, supple, resilient, elastic, tractable │ لين العريكة l. al-‘arīka mild-mannered, gentle-hearted; لين القياد tractable, manageable, docile, obedient; بطنه لين (baṭnuhū) he suffers from diarrhea ليونة luyūna softness; tenderness; gentleness; flexibility, pliability, suppleness │ ليونة الجانب sociability, companionableness, compliance, yieldingness, tractability ملاينة mulāyana friendliness, kindness ملين mulayyin softening, emollient; dissolvent, diluent; aperient, cathartic, laxative; ملينات laxatives 2 ليانsee لوى 887 م ش . م . م . (= شركة مسئولية محدودة) Inc., Ltd. م ma for ما what? after prepositions: الى م ilā ma whereto? Where? which way? whither? بم bi-ma with what? Wherewith? لم li-ma why? wherefore? حتى م ḥattā ma how far? to which point? ما mā 1. (interrogative pronoun) what │ لما li-mā why? wherefore? for what reason? ماذا mā-dā what (on earth)? لماذا li-mādā why (on earth)? ما لك what’s the matter with you? what is it? ما لي, ما لك etc., (with foll. verb) why? wherefore? what ... for? why should I, should you, etc.? ما انت وذاك mā anta wa-dāka what’s that to you? what has this to do with you? what do you know about that? ما اجمله mā ajmalahū how handsome he is! ما افضل عمر mā afḍala ‘umara! how excellent Omar is! -- 2. (relative pronoun) that which, what; something which; whatever, all that ... │ ما شاء الله see شاء; كثيرا ما katīran mā not seldom, as often as not, very often; بما فيه bi-mā fīhi including ..., ... inclusive; ما كان من امضاء المعاهدة (imḍā’i l-mu’āhada) the fact that the agreement has been signed, the agreement having been signed; -- 3. (indefinite pronoun) foll. an indefinite noun: some, a certain │ لأمر ما li-amrin mā because of something or other, for some reason or other; يوما ما yauman mā some day, sometime in the future; -- 4. (negation) not │ ما ان (in) not (intensified); ما ان -- حتى mā an – ḥattā no sooner had he ... than ..., he had hardly … when ...; وما هي الا ان wa-mā hiya illā an or وما هو الا ان (with foll. verb in perfect) before long he ..., presently ...; then, thereupon; وما هي الا ان -- حتى wa-mā hiva illā an – ḥattā no sooner had he ... than he had hardly when ...; -- 5. (conjunction) as long as │ ما دمت حيا mā dumtu ḥayyan as long I live; ما لم mā lam so long as ... not, unless; -- 6. whenever; as far as, to the extent or degree that │ ما واتتني الفرص (wātatnī l-furaṣ) (whenever opportunities came my way, i.e.) whenever I had a chance ما بين mā-bain antechamber, anteroom (of the Turkish Sultan); chief chamber-lain’s office (in Ottoman Turkey) ماء and مائي see موه ماتينيه (Fr. matinée) mātīnēh matinee ماجريات see جري ماجستير mājistēr master, schoolmaster ماخور mākūr pl. مواخير mawākīr2 house of ill repute, brothel مار mār Mar, lord (Chr., preceding the names of saints), saint مارس mars March (month) مارستان māristān lunatic asylum مارش marš march (mus.) مارشال mārišāl marshal, field marshal │ مارشال جوي (jawwī) air marshal (formerly, a rank reserved exclusively for the King; Eg.) مارشالية mārišālīya marshalcy, rank or position of a marshal مارك mark pl. -āt mark (monetary unit) ماركسي marksī Marxist ماركسية marksīya Marxism ماركة marka pl. -āt mark, sign, token │ ماركة تجارية (tijārīya) trade-mark 888 ماروني mārūnī pl. موارنة mawārina Maronite (adj. and n.) مازوت māzūt mazut (residue in oil distillation, used as a fuel), heavy oil ماس mās and ماسة māsa (for الماس) diamond ماسي māsī diamond (used attributively) ماسورة māsūra pl. مواسير mawāsīr2 pipe, tube; hose; pipestem; water pipe, water main; gun barrel; conduit, conduit pipe; pipeline (esp., for oil) ماسون (Fr. maçon) māsōn Freemason ماسوني māsōnī freemasonic, masonic ماسونية māsōnīya Freemasonry ماشك māšik pl. مواشك mawāšik2 tongs, fire tongs مئق ma’iqa a (مأق ma’aq) to sob مأق ma’q pl. مآق ma’āqin inner corner of the eye مأقة ma’qa sobbing, sob موق mūq pl. آماق āmāq inner corner of the eye ماكياج (Fr. maquillage) mākiyāiii face painting, make-up ماكينة mākīna pl. -āt, مكائن makā’in2 machine مالطة malṭa Malta مالطي malṭī Maltese (adj. and n.) مالنخوليا mālinkōliyā or ماليخاليا mālīkōliyā melancholia مأمأ ma’ma’a to bleat (sheep) مأن ma’ana a (ma’n) to sustain, supply with provisions, provision, victual (ه s.o.) مأنة ma’na pl. ma’anāt, مؤون mu’ūn navel, umbilicus; umbilical region مؤنة mu’na and مؤونة ma’ūna pl. مؤن mu’an provisions, food.; store, stock; supply; burden, encumbrance, inconvenience; trouble, pains, effort │ مؤن حربية (ḥarbīya) war material مئني see مائة below مانجو mangō mango, mango tree (bot.) مانجوست mangost mongoose, ichneumon (zool.) المانش (Fr. la Manche) al-mānš the English Channel مانوليا mānūliyā magnolia (bot.) مانوي mānawī Manichaean مانوية mānawīya Manichaeism, doctrines of Manes مانيفاتورة mānīfātūra manufactured goods, dry goods, textiles مانيفستو mānīfistō manifest, list of a ship’s cargo مانيكان mānīkān, (also مانوكان mānūkān) pl. -āt mannequin, fashion model ماهية māhīya pl. -āt quality, quiddity, essence, nature; salary, income; pay (mil.) مايسترو (It. maestro) māyistrō maestro, conductor مائة or مئة mi’a pl. مئون mi’ūn, مئات mi’āt hundred │ في المائة per cent مئوي mi’awī and مئيني mi’īnī centesimal, centigrade; percentile, percentual │ عيد مئوي (‘īd) 100th anniversary, centennial; نسبة مئوية or نسبة مئينية (nisba) percentage; درجة مئوية (daraja) centigrade (thermometer) 1مايو māyū May 2مايو (Fr. maillot) māyō and مايوه māyōh tights مت matta u (matt) to spread, extend, stretch (هـ s.th.); to seek to establish a link (الى to s.o., ب by marriage), enter into relations (الى with); to be related, become 889 related by marriage (الى to), marry into the family of (الى); to belong (الى to); to be associated, be connected (الى with) │ بصلة الى (bi-ṣilatin) to have close ties with s.o., be related (by marriage) to s.o.; to be connected with s.th., have to do with s.th.; مت له باقرب الصلة (bi-aqrabi ṣ-ṣila) to be most intimately connected with s.o. ماتة mātta close ties; family ties, kinship متح mataḥa a (matḥ) to draw from a well (هـ water) متر mitr pl. امتار amtār meter (measure of length) متري mitrī metric(al) متراليوز (Ft. mitrailleuse) mitrāliyōz machine gun متع mata‘a a (mat‘, متعة mut‘a) to carry away, take away (ب s.th.); -- (متوع mutū‘) to be strong, firm, solid │ متع النهار (nahār) it was broad daylight, the sun was high II to make (ه s.o.) enjoy (ب s.th.); to furnish, equip, supply (ب ه s.o. with); to give as compensation (هـ ها to a divorced woman s.th.) │ متعه الله God grant him enjoyment throughout his life; متع البصر (baṣara) to gratify the eye IV to make (ه s.o.) enjoy (ب s.th.); to have the usufruct (ب of s.th.) V and X to enjoy, savor, relish (ب s.th.) متعة mut‘a pl. متع muta‘ enjoyment, pleasure, delight, gratification; recreation; compensation paid to a divorced woman (Isl. Law); (also نكاح المتعة) muta, temporary marriage. usufruct marriage contracted for a specified time and exclusively for the purpose of sexual pleasure (Isl. Law) │ اماكن المتعة recreation centers متاع matā‘ pl. امتعة amti‘a enjoyment, pleasure, delight, gratification; object of delight; necessities of life; chattel, possession, property; goods, wares, commodities, merchandise; furniture; implements, utensils, household effects; baggage, luggage, equipment, gear; useful article, article of everyday use; things, objects, stuff, odds and ends │ متاع العين m. al-‘ain delight of the eyes; سقط المتاع saqaṭ al-m. scrap, waste, discard, refuse; الأمتعة الشخصية (šakṣīya) personal belongings; متاع المرأة m. al-mar’a cunnus (anat.) امتع amta‘ more enjoyable, more delightful; recreative, recreational امتاع imtā‘ pleasure, delight, gratification (which s.th. affords) تمتع tamattu‘ enjoyment │ اسهم تمتع ashum t. participating certificates, shares entitling the bolder to participation in the net profit without the right to vote استمتاع istimtā‘ enjoyment; love of pleasure, epicureanism ماتع māti‘ long ممتع mumatti‘ pleasant, delicious, enjoyable, delightful, gratifying ممتع mumatta‘ enjoying (ب s.th.), in position (ب of) ممتع mumti‘ pleasant, delicious, enjoyable, delightful, gratifying; interesting متن matuna u (متانة matāna) to be firm, strong, solid II to make firm or strong (هـ s.th.); to strengthen, consolidate, fortify (هـ s.th.) متن matn pl. متون mutūn, متان mitān half, or side, of the back; back (esp., of animals, but also fig.); main thing, main part; body (e.g., of a document or journal, aside from footnotes, annotations, etc.), text (of a tradition, as distinguished from the isnād; of a book, as distinguished from the commentary; also, in general, linguistic or literary text); middle of the road, roadway, pavement; surface; desk of a ship │ على متن aboard (a ship or airplane); 890 على متن البحر (m. il-baḥr) by sea, sea-borne; على متن الهواء (m. il-hawā’) through the air, air-borne متن matn and متن firm, strong, solid متانة matāna firmness, strength, solidity, hardiness; will power, strength of will, determination, backbone, firmness of character, fortitude; succinctness, conciseness of style تمتين tamtīn strengthening, consolidation متى matā s. (interrogative particle) when? at what time? │ الى متى and حتى متى till when? how long? -- 2. (conjunction) when, whenever │ متى ما whenever مثاث matāt cream, cosmetic مثل matala u (مثول mutūl) to resemble (ه s.o.), be or look like s.o. (ه), boar a likeness (ه to); to imitate, copy (ه s.o.); to compare, liken (ب ه s.o. to); to represent, mean, signify (هـ s.th.), stand for (هـ); to stand erect (بين يديه baina yadaihī before s.o. in audience), appear before s.o.; to present o.s. to s.o.; to present itself to the eye, be on view; to plant o.s., stand; to step forth, come forward, enter, appear, make one’s appearance (esp. of an actor, on the stage) │ مثل بين يدي الملك (b. yadayyi l-malik) to have an audience with the king, be received in audience by the king; -- u (matl) to maim, mutilate (ب s.o.); -- u (matl, مثلة mutla) to make an example (ب of s.o.); -- matula u (مثول mutūl) to stand, appear (بين يديه baina yadaihi before s.o. in audience) II to make (هـ s.th.) like s.th. else (ب), make (هـ s.th.) similar. analogous (ب to); to assimilate (biol.); to give or quote as an example (ب ل s.th. of, also هـ s.th. على of), exemplify (ل ب with s.th. s.th.), use as a simile (ب هـ s.th. for); to compare, liken (ب هـ, ه s.o. s.th. to); to punish severely, treat harshly (ب s.o.); to maim, mutilate (ب s.o.); to represent pictorially or graphically, show (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), picture, depict, describe (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to portray, paint (ه s.o.), sculpture a bust or statue (ه of s.o.); to represent (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to act (on stage or screen), appear as an actor; to play, act (دورا dauran a part or role), star (دورا in a role); to stage, perform (هـ a play); to form, constitute (chem.) │ مثل به اشنع تمثيل (ašna‘ t.) to make a dreadful example of s.o., punish s.o. with utmost cruelty III to resemble (ه s.o., هـ s.th.), be or look like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه), be similar, bear a likeness (هـ, ه to); to correspond, be analogous (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.); to compare, liken (ب ه s.o. to) V to make o.s. similar, assimilate o.s. (ب to s.o.); to become similar (ب to), become like s.o. or s.th. (ب), follow (ب s.o. s.th.), take after s.o. or s.th. (ب); to take on the shape of s.o. (ب); to assimilate, absorb (هـ s.th.); to do likewise, imitate, copy (ب s.o., s.th.); to imagine, fancy (ب s.th., with ه and verb; s.o. to do s.th.); to get an idea (هـ of); to give or quote as an example, use as a simile (ب s.th.); to quote, cite (ب a verse); to present itself, be represented, be visible, find visual expression (في in); to embody, personify, (im)personate, typify (هـ s.th.); to stand erect, appear (بين يديه baina yadaihi before s.o.) VI to resemble each other, be alike, go together, agree, match; to recover (من from) │ الى الشفاء or تماثل للشفاء (šifā’) to be on the way to recovery VIII to take as a model or an example, imitate, copy, follow (هـ s.th.); to submit, subject o.s. (ل to s.o., to s.th.); to obey (هـ an order) مثل mitl pl. امثال amtāl s.th. similar, s.th. of the same kind; resemblance, similarity, similitude, likeness; image; equivalent; 891 (with foll. genit. or suffix) s.o. like ..., one like ...; s.th. like ...; مثل mitla (prep.) and كمثل ka-mitli similar to, like, just as; one like; s.th. like; the same as; (just) as much as │ هم مثله hum mitluhū they are like him, they are of his kind; بالمثل in the same manner, likewise, equally, also, too; مثل ما mitla mā just as, as well as; بمثل ما bi-mitl mā in the same manner as; اجر المثل ajr al-m. adequate payment or wages; عامله بالمثل (‘āmalahū) to repay s.o. like for like, treat s.o. in like manner; مبدأ المعاملة بالمثل (mabda’ al-mu‘āmala) principle of reciprocity; مقابلة المثل بالمثل (muqābalat al-m.) retaliation, reprisal; امثاله amtāluhū people like him, people of his kind; امثال ابي بكر people like Abū Bakr; الى ثلاثة امثاله up to three times as much مثلما mitlamā (conj.) as مثلي mitlī replaceable; fungible (Isl. Law) مثلى mutlā see امثل amtal مثل matal pl. امثال amtāl likeness; metaphor, simile, parable; proverb, adage; example; lesson, similar case; ideal, model; مثلا matalan for example, for instance, e.g. │ مثل كمثل he is comparable to ..., he is like ...; مثل اعلى (asmā) or مثل اعلى (a‘lā) ideal; ضرب الأمثال see ضرب; الأمثال السائرة proverbs; على رأي المثل (ra’yi l-m.) as the proverb says مثال mitāl pl. امثلة amtila, مثل mutul s.th. equal; s.th. similar; simile, parable, allegory; example; pattern, standard; exemplary punishment; model; image, picture │ على مثال ... in the manner of ...; after the pattern or model of ...; مثال اعلى (a‘lā) pl. مثل عليا (‘ulyā) ideal; مثل عالية (‘āliya) ideals مثالي mitālī parabolic; allegoric; typical, representative; model; exemplary; ideal │ مثال النزعة m. n-naz‘a idealist مثال mattāl pl. -ūn sculptor مثالة exemplariness, perfection, superiority; (pl. -āt, مثائل matā’il2) lesson, task, assignment مثيل matīl pl. مثل mutul like, similar, analogous; equal, match │ مثيله f. مثيلتها of his (its) kind, of her kind; لا مثيل له (matīla), ليس له مثيل, لم يسبق له مثيل (yasbiq) incomparable, matchless, unrivaled, unparalleled مثول mutūl standing erect; appearance; presentation; audience امثولة umtūla pl. -āt, اماثيل amātīl2 example; deterrent example, warning, lesson; proverb; assignment, lesson امثل amtal2, f. مثلى mutlā, pl. اماثل amātil2 closer to perfection, coming nearer the ideal; ideal; model, exemplary, perfect │ السبيل المثلى ل the ideal way to ... تمثال timtāl pl. تماثيل tamātīl2 sculptured image; statue │ تمثال نصفي (niṣfī) bust تمثيل tamtīl pl. تماثيل tamātīl2 quotation of examples, exemplification; likening, comparison; assimilation; portrayal, picturing, depiction, description; representation; diplomatic representation; dramatic representation, acting, playing (of an actor); performance, show; dramatic art; exemplary punishment │ تمثيل تجاري (tijārī) commercial agency; تمثيل فلان (in motion-picture announcements) starring so-and-so; بدل التمثيل badal at-t. allowance for representation, allowance for professional expenditure, expense allowance; دار التمثيل theater, playhouse, opera house; فن التمثيل fann at-t. dramatic art, theater; sculpture; على سبيل التمثيل for the purpose of illustration تمثيلي tamtīlī of or pertaining to the theater or stage, theatrical, histrionic; dramatic │ ملعب تمثيلي (mal‘ab) theater, playhouse تمثيلية tamtīlīya: تمثيلية غنائية (ginā’īya) opera 892 مماثلة mumātala resemblance, similarity, similitude, likeness, correspondence; analogy; exact equivalence (Isl. Law) تمثل tamattul assimilation (biol.) تماثل tamātul matching, agreement, correspondence, resemblance, similarity, similitude, likeness, recovery, convalescence امتثال imtitāl obedience, compliance, consent ماثل mātil standing, standing forth; placed, set down; displayed, on display; emerging, arising, cropping up, appearing, presenting itself │ ماثل امام عينيه (amāma ‘ainaihi) present before s.o.’s eyes; ماثل للعيان (li-l-‘iyān) visible, conspicuous, evident, obvious; ماثل في حضرته (ḥaḍratihī) in front of s.o., in s.o.’s presence ماثلة mātila lamp, chandelier ممثل mumattil representing, representative, representational; -- (pl. -ūn) representative (also, e.g., diplomatic), deputy, agent; performer, player, stage player, actor; comedian │ ممثل تجاري (tijārī) commercial agent ممثلة mumattlila pl. -āt actress ممثلية mumattilīya representation, agency │ ممثلية سياسية (siyāsīya) diplomatic representation ممثل mumattal depicted, portrayed; represented; assimilated (biol.) مماثل mumātil resembling, similar, like, comparable; corresponding, analogous متماثل mutamātil resembling each other, similar, of the same kind, homogeneous; mutually corresponding, homologous; identical; assimilating, assimilative ممتثل mumtatil obedient, submissive, compliant مثانة matāna pl. -āt (urinary) bladder مج majja u (mail) to spit out, disgorge, eject, emit, discharge (هـ s.th.); to reject, dismiss, discard (هـ s.th.) II to become ripe, ripen, mellow مجاج mujāj and مجاجة mujāja spittle, saliva; juice مجد majada u (majd) and majuda u (مجادة majāda) to be glorious, illustrious, exalted II and IV to praise, extol, laud, glorify, celebrate V to be extolled, be glorified, be lauded, be praised; to bout, glory مجد majd pl. امجاد amjād glory; splendor, magnificence, grandeur; nobility, honor, distinction مجدي majdī laudable, praiseworthy, glorious مجيد majīd glorious, illustrious; celebrated, famous; glorified. exalted; praiseworthy, laudable, admirable, excellent, splendid; noble │ الكتاب المجيد the Koran مجيدي majīdī medjidie, a Turkish silver coin of 20 piasters coined under Sultan Abdul-Medjid; (of money) Turkish امجاد amjād (pl. of مجيد) people of rank, distinguished people امجد amjad2 pl. اماجد amājid2 more glorious, more illustrious; more distinguished تمجيد tamjīd praise, glorification, exaltation, idolization 1مجر majara u (majr) to be thirsty, feel thirsty, to thirst مجر majr numerous (army) ماجور mājūr pl. مواجير mawājīr2 (eg.) round earthen trough or tub used for making dough; tall, bulging earthen vessel with a wide mouth 2 المجر al-majar the Hungarians; Hungary مجري majarī Hungarian 893 3مجر majar a small weight 18 قيراط = 3.61 g (Eg.) ماجريات see جرى مجريط majrīṭ2 Madrid مجوس look up alphabetically مجلة majla pl. مجال mijāl, (coll.) مجل majl blister; see also under جل jalla ماجل mājil pl. مواجل mawājil2 (tun.) cistern ممجمج mumajmaj indistinct, scribbled, illegible 1مجن majana u (mujn, مجون mujūn, مجانة majāna) to joke, jest; to scoff, mock, jeer III to jeer, scoff, gibe (ه s.o.), mock, poke fun (ه at s.o.), joke, jest (ه with s.o.), make fun (ه of s.o.), play wild jokes (ه on s.o.) V to make insolent jokes VI to mock at each other مجانة majāna buffoonery, clowning; (pl. -āt prank; antic مجان majjān, impudent, insolent, unrestrained, wanton, shameless; jester; prankster, wag, buffoon; free, free or charge, gratuitous; مجانا majjānan or بالمجان bi-l-majān free of charge, for nothing, gratis مجاني majjānī free, free of charges, gratuitous مجانية majjānīya gratuitousness, exemption from fees, remission of fees مجون mujūn buffoonery, clowning; shamelessness, impudence مجوني mujūnī brazen sarcast, cynic ماجن mājin pl. مجان mujjān impudent, shameless, brazen, insolent, saucy; joker, jester, wag, buffoon 2ماجن mājin pl. مواجن mawājin2 (= ماجل) (tun.) cistern مجنيزيوم magnīzīyom magnesium مجوس majūs Magi, adherents of Mazdaism مجوسي majūsī Magian; Magus, adherent of Mazdaism مجوسية majūsīyya Mazdaism مح maḥḥ worn off, threadbare, shabby مح muḥḥ the best, choicest part, pith, gist, quintessence; egg yolk محص maḥaṣa a (maḥṣ) to render clear, clarify, purify (هـ s.th.) II do.; to rectify, put right (هـ s.th.); to put to the test (هـ s.th.); to test, examine closely (هـ s.th.) IV to reappear, re-emerge, come out again V do.; to be clarified. be purified VII to he clarified, he purified محيص maḥīṣ shiny, flashing (sword) تمحيس tamḥīṣ pl. -āt clarification; testing, thorough examination محض maḥaḍa a (maḥḍ) to he sincere (هـ ه toward s.o. in), show or manifest sincerely (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.; e.g., love, affection); -- maḥuḍa u (محوضة muḥūḍa) to be of pure descent; to be pure, genuine, unmixed, unadulterated IV to be sincere (هـ ه toward s.o. in) V to devote o.s. exclusively (ل to s.th.), he solely dedicated (ل to s.th.) محض maḥḍ of pure descent, pureblood; pure, unmixed, unadulterated; genuine; sheer, downright, outright (e.g., lie, nonsense, etc.); محضا maḥḍan only, merely, exclusively, solely │ بمحض اختياره bi-maḥḍi kt. entirely of his own accord; لمحض صالحها li-maḥḍi ṣāliḥihā solely in her own interest, only for her own good امحوضة umḥūḍa sincere advice محق maḥaqa a (maḥq) to efface, blot out, strike out, erase (هـ s.th.); to eradicate, exterminate, annihilate, destroy (هـ s.th.) IV to wane, become invisible (moon); to 894 perish V, VII (انمحق or امحق immaḥaqa) and VIII to be or become effaced; to be annihilated, be destroyed, perish محق maḥq effacement, obliteration; eradication, extermination, annihilation, destruction محاق maḥāq, muḥāq, miḥāq waning of the moon محك maḥuka a (maḥk) and maḥika a (maḥak) to be quarrelsome, contentious, cantankerous, quarrel, wrangle, bicker; to dispute stubbornly III to pick a quarrel, quarrel, wrangle, have an argument (ه with s.o.) IV and V = I محك maḥik quarrelsome, contentious, cantankerous, disputatious, bickering; quarrelsome person, bickerer; wrangler مماحكة mumaḥaka quarrelsomeness, disputatiousness, petulance; quarrel, row, wrangle, dispute; (pl. -āt) chicanery; bickering, wrangling ماحك māḥik and مماحك mumāḥik quarrelsome, contentious, cantankerous, disputatious; quarrelsome person, bickerer, wrangler محل maḥala a, maḥila a (maḥl, محول muḥūl) and maḥula u (محالة maḥāla) to be barren (land, year); -- maḥāla, maḥila a and maḥula u (محال miḥāl) to plot, scheme, intrigue (ب against s.o.) IV to be barren and arid; to render barren (هـ the soil); to be overdue, be withheld, fail to set in (rains) V to seek to attain by cunning or through intrigues (هـ s.th.), strive cunningly (هـ for); to seek a pretext; to propagandize or advertise (ل s.th.) artfully or with unfair means) │ تمحل العذر (‘udr) to use a pretext, make an excuse محل maḥl barrenness, aridity, drought; dearth, famine; cunning, craft, deceit; (see also under حل ḥalla) محالة maḥāla pl. محال maḥāl pulley, block and tackle; (see also حول) محال muḥāl slyness, cunning, craft, insidiousness ماحل māḥil barren, sterile; bare, bleak ممحل mumḥil barren, sterile محن maḥana a (maḥn) and VIII to try, try out, test, put to the test, subject to a test (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to afflict, subject to a trial or trials (ه s.o.); to examine (ه s.o.) محنة miḥna pl. محن miḥan severe trial, ordeal, tribulation; affliction; hardship, distress, suffering, misfortune امتحان imtiḥān pl. -āt test, experiment; examination │ امتحان الدخول entrance examination; امتحان نهائي (nihā’ī) final examination ممتحن mumtaḥin tester; examiner ممتحن mumtaḥan examined; tried, tested; examinee, candidate محا (محو) maḥā u (maḥw) to wipe off, rub out, scratch out, erase, strike out (هـ s.th.); to efface, obliterate, blot out (هـ s.th.); to wipe out, eradicate, exterminate, extinguish (هـ s.th.); to eliminate, abolish (هـ s.th.) │ لا يمحى lā yumḥā ineffaceable, indelible II to wipe out, extinguish, exterminate, extirpate (هـ s.th.) V, VII (انمحى and امحى immaḥā) and VIII to be effaؤed, obliterated, extinguished, wiped out, exterminated; to disappear, vanish محو maḥw effacement, obliteration, blotting out; erasure, deletion; elimination; abolition, abolishment, annulment O ممحاة mimḥāh and محاية maḥḥāya eraser امحاء immiḥā’ extinction, extermination, extirpation ماحية māḥiya eraser 895 مخ mukk pl. مخاخ mikāk, مخاخة mikāka brain; marrow, medulla; core, essence; purest and choicest part مخي mukkī brain- (in compounds), cerebral المخا al-mukā Mocha (seaport in SW Yemen) 1مخر makara a (makr, مخور mukūr) to plow; to move, out, shear, cleave (هـ through s.th.); (of a ship) to plow, traverse (هـ the sea) ماخر mākir plowing the sea (ship) ماخرة mākira pl. مواخر mawākr2 ship 2ماخور mākūr pl. مواخير mawākīr brothel مخق makraqa to brag, tell fibs; to swindle, cheat مخض makaḍa a u i (makḍ) to chum (هـ milk); to shake violently (هـ s.th.); -- makiḍa a (مخاض makāḍ, mikāḍ) to be parturient, be in labor V = I makiḍa; to bear, produce, bring forth, effect, bring about (عن s.th.); to be churned (milk) مخاض makāḍ labor pains مخيض makīḍ buttermilk مخاضة makkāḍa and ممخضة mimkaḍa pl. مماخض mamākiḍ churn مخط makaṭa a u (makṭ, مخوط mukūṭ) and V to blow one’s nose مخاط mukāṭ nasal mucus, snot │ مخاط الشمس m. aš-šams and مخاط الشيطان m. aš-šaiṭā gossamer مخاطي mukāṭī snotty; mucous; slimy, ropy مخيط mukaiṭ (eg.) sebésten (Cordia myxa L.; bot.) مخطر II tamakṭara to walk with a graceful, swinging gait 1مخل mukl pl. امخال amkāl, مخول mukūl lever, pinch bar, crowbar 2 □مخلة mikla (= مخلاة) pl. مخل mikal, مخالي makālī nosebag مخمض makmaḍa to rinse the mouth مد madda u (madd) to extend, distend, expand, dilate (هـ s.th.); to stretch, stretch out (هـ s.th.), crane (هـ the neck); to draw out, protract (هـ s.th.); to spread out (هـ s.th.); to layout (هـ s.th.), lay (هـ tracks, pipeline); to spread (هـ a net); to lengthen, elongate, prolong (هـ s.th.); to grant a respite or delay; to rise (flood, river); to help, aid, assist (ه s.o.), support (ب ه s.o. by or with), supply, provide (ب ه s.o. with); to reinforce (هـ an army); to fertilize, manure (هـ the soil) │ مد عمره (‘umrahū) to prolong s.o.’s life (of God); مد البصر الى (baṣara) to turn one’s eyes, direct one’s glance to; مد جذرا في الأرض (jidran, arḍ) to strike roots (tree); مد الحبالة له to lay a snare for s.o.; مد رجله بقدر كسائه (rijlahū bi-qadri kisā’ihī) to cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth, make the beet of it, adjust o.s. to the circumstances; مد رجليه بقدر لحافه (rijlaihi bi-gadri likāfihī) do.; مد سمعه (sam‘ahū) to prick up one’s ears; مد المائدة to set the table; مد في المشي (mašy) to take long strides; مد المواسير to lay pipe; مد اليه يده (yadahū) to extend one’s hand to s.o. II to extend, distend, expand, dilate (هـ s.th.); to stretch out (هـ s.th.); to spread, spread out (هـ s.th.); to lengthen, elongate, protract, prolong (هـ s.th.); to discharge pus, suppurate, fester III to delay, defer, procrastinate; to put off from day to day (ه s.o.) IV to help, aid, assist (ه s.o.), support (ب ه s.o. with), provide, supply, furnish (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. with); to lend, impart (ب ه to s.th. s.th.); to reinforce (. an army); to postpone, delay, grant a respite; to suppurate, fester │ امد بأجله (bi-ajalihī) to grant s.o. another respite in this life (of God) V to be spread, spread out, extended, stretched out; to extend, stretch, spread; 896 to lengthen, expend, distend, dilate; to stretch o.s., stretch out, sprawl (on a bed, end the like) VIII to be extended, distended, stretched; to be laid (wires, pipeline); to extend or reach (الى to s.th.), stretch, spread (الى to s.th., over a distance); to lengthen, become drawn out, become protracted or prolonged; to be long; to develop, grow (الى into) X to take, get, draw, derive, borrow (من هـ s.th. from), provide o.s. with (هـ); to ask for help (ه s.o.) مد madd pl. مدود mudūd extension; distension, dilation, expansion; stretching; spreading; lengthening, elongation, prolongation, protraction; drawing out of the voice over long vowels (in Koran recitation); rising, rise (of water, of the flood); supply (ب with) │ مد البصر m. al-baṣar range of vision; madda l-b. as far as the eye can see; مد النظر m. an-naẓar farsightedness, foresight; حروف المد the “literae productionis” ا و ي (gram.) مدة madda sign over alif (آ) denoting initial long a (’ā) مد mudd pl. امداد amdād, مداد midād mudd, a dry measure (Pal. = 18 l, Tangier = 46.6 l) مدة midda pus, purulent matter مدة mudda pl. مدد mudad period (of time), space of time, interval; while; duration; limited or appointed time, term; مدة muddata within, in the course of, during │ في مدة ... within, in the course of, during; مدة من الزمان (zaman) period (of time), space of time, interval, while; muddatan min az-z. for a while, for some time مدد madad pl. امداد amdād help, aid, assistance, support, backing, reinforcement; pl. resources; auxiliaries مداد midād ink; lamp oil; fertilizer, manure, dung; pattern, style │ سجله بمداد الفخر sajjalahū bi-m. il-fakr to inscribe s.th. with golden letters; على مداد واحد after the same pattern مديد madīd pl. مدد mudud extended, outstretched, stretched, elongated; long, prolonged, protracted; tall, big; slender, high, towering; المديد name of a poetical meter │ زمان مديد (zamān) or مدة مديدة (muda) long time; عمر مديد (‘umr) greet age; مديد البصر m. al-baṣar farsighted, farseeing مداد maddād a creeping plant امدة amidda warp of a fabric تمديد tamdīd pl. -āt lengthening, elongation, prolongation, extension امداد imdād help, aid, assistance, support, sustentation, maintenance, provisioning; supply (mil.); pl. -āt auxiliaries, reinforcements, supplies تمدد tamaddud extension, spreading, expansion; stretching, distention, dilation, dilatation, widening امتداد imtidād stretching, stretch, extension, extensity; extensibility, dispensability; expansibility; widening, distention, dilation, dilatation, lengthening, elongation, prolongation; expanse; length; size, extent, spread, compass, range, scope │ على امتداد along, alongside of استمداد istimdād procurement of support, bringing up of reinforcements; supply (mil.) ماد mādd stretching, expanding, extending, spreading; trailing, creeping (plant) مادة mādda pl. مواد mawādd2 stuff, matter; material possession; substance; material; component, constituent, ingredient; fundamental constituent, radical, chemical element, base; subject, theme, topic; school subject, field of study; discipline, subject matter, 897 curricular subject; article, paragraph (e.g., of a law, treaty or contract); stipulation, contractual term j pl. material, materials; agents, elements │ مادة اصلية (aṣlīya) root of a word; مواد اولية (awwalīya) primary elements; raw materials; مواد تجارية (tijārīya) articles of commerce, commodities; مواد التجميل cosmetics; مواد جنائية (jinā’īya) criminal cases (jur.); مواد حربية (ḥarbīya) war material; مواد خام raw materials; مواد الصباغة dyestuffs, dyes; مواد صلبة (ṣulba) solid constituents, solids (e.g., of milk); O مواد مصنوعة manufactured goods, ready-made goods; O مواد التطيب medicaments, drugs; مواد الإعاشة m. al-i‘āša, مواد المعيش m. al-ma‘īš food-stuffs, food; مواد غذائية (gidā’īya) foodstuffs, victuals, food, nutritive substances; fodder; مواد اللغة m. al-luga vocabulary of a language; O مواد مضادة للحيويات (muḍādda li-l-ḥayawīyāt antibiotics; مواد ملتهبة (multahiba) combustible materials, inflammable matter; fuel; مواد مدنية (madanīya) civil cases (jur.); مواد النسيج textiles مادي māddī material; corporeal, physical; materialistic; (pl. -ūn) materialist; objective (as opposed to شخصي) مادية māddīya materialism │ الماديات والمعنويات (ma‘nawīyāt) material and ideal things ممدود mamdūd extended; outstretched; elongated; prolonged, protracted, drawn out; extensive, great, large; provided with madda (gram.) ممدد mumaddad spread, outspread, outstretched; stretched out, sprawling, lying; extended, elongated, long ممتد mumtadd extended, outstretched; spread, outspread, laid out; extending, stretching, spreading; extensive, wide, large, comprehensive مستمد mustamadd taken, derived (من from) مداليه madāliya pl. مداليات madāliyāt medal مداليون madaliyōn medallion, locket, pendant مدح madaḥa a (madḥ, مدحة midḥa) to praise, commend, laud, extol (ه s.o.); to eulogize, celebrate in poems (هه s.o.) II do. V to be commended, be praised, be lauded; to boast (ب of s.th.), glory (ب in), pride o.s. (ب on), be proud (ب of) VIII = I مدح madḥ commendation, laudation, praise; extolment, glorification; panegyrical litsrature; acclaim │ المدح في الله the glorification of God مديح madīḥ pl. مدائح madā’iḥ2 praise, laudation, commendation; panegyrical poem, panegyric; eulogy, encomium, tribute امدوحة umdūḥa pl. اماديح amādīḥ2 praise, laudation, commendation; panegyrical poem; eulogy, encomium, tribute تمدح tamadduḥ extolment, glorification; self-praise, vainglory, ostentation, swaggering مادح mādiḥ and مداح maddāḥ panegyrist, encomiast, eulogist 1مدر madar (coll.; n. un. ة) clods of earth or mud, loam, clay │ اهل الوبر والمدر ahl al-wabar wa-l-m. the tent-dwellers and the city-dwellers, the nomads and the sedentary population مدن madara clod of earth or mud; small hump of the ground 2مدراء mudarā’2 pl. of مدير mudir, see دور مدراس madrās2 Madras (state and city in S India) مدريد madrīd2 Madrid مدلن (Engl.) midlin middling, of medium quality (com.) مدن II to found or build cities; to civilize, urbanize, humanize, refine V تمدن 898 tamaddana to be or become civilized; تمدين tamadyana do.; to enjoy the comforts; of civilization, the amenities of life مدينة madīna pl. مدن mudun, مدائن madā’in2 town, city │ مدينة النبي or المدينة (usually followed by the epithet المنورة al-munawwara) Medina (city in W Saudi Arabia); مدينة السلام m. as-salām Baghdad (capital of Iraq); مدينة الكاب Cape Town; المدن الكبرى (kubrā) the big cities مدني madanī urban, urbanized, city-dwelling, town-dwelling; civilized, refined, polished; civilian (as opposed to military), civil, civic; secular; town dweller, townsman, city dweller, urbanite, citizen, civilian; of Medina, Medinan (adj. and n.) │ دعوى مدنية (da‘wā) civil action, civil suit, civil proceeding (jur.); الطيران المدني (ṭayarān) civil aeronautics; قانون مدني civil law مدنية madanīya civilization تمدين tamdīn civilizing, civilization, advancement in social culture, humanization, refining, raising of moral standards تمديني tamdīnī civilizing, civilizatory, civilizational تمدن tamaddun and تمدين tamadyun civilization; refinement of social culture تمدني tamaddunī civilized متمدن mutamaddin civilized; sophisticated, refined, educated متمدين mutamadyin civilized, provided with the comforts of civilization مدى III to grant a respite or delay (ه to s.o.) IV do. VI to persist, persevere (في or ب or على in), keep, stick, adhere (في or ب or على to); to continue (في s.th.), keep or go on (في doing s.th.); to go far, go to extremes (في in); to continue, last, draw out مدى madan extension, expanse, stretch, spread, compass, range, scope, space, latitude, reach; distance, interval, interspace; extent, degree, measure, scale, proportion; utmost point, extreme, limit; space of time, duration, period; (prep.) مدى mad4 for the duration of, during, in a (given) period of, in the course of │ مدى البصر m. l-baṣar range or field of vision, visual range; مدى الحياة m. l-ḥayāh lifetime; for life; المدى الحيوي (ḥayawī) lebensraum; مدى الدوران m. d-dawarān continually, constantly, perpetually; مدى الصوت m. ṣ-ṣaut roach of the voice, calling distance; مدى العمر m. l-‘umr lifetime; مدى m. l-ayyām throughout the days, continually; الى مدى بعيد at a great distance; على مدى عشر امتار (‘ašri amtār) at a distance of 10 meters; بعيد المدى far-reaching, مدفع بعيد المدى (midfa‘) long-range gun; في المدى الأخير after all, when all’s said and done, in the last analysis مدية madya, mudya, midya pl. مدى mudan, midan, مديات mudyāt, mudayāt butcher’s knife; knife مدوي madawī, mudawī, midawī cutler تماد tamādin: مع التمادي, مع طول التمادي in the long run مديل (Fr. modèle) modēl pl. -āt model مدين II tamadyana see مدن مذ mud since (= منذ mundu) مذر madira a (madar) to be addle (egg), become rotten II to scatter, disperse, spread or sprinkle about (هـ s.th.) V = I شذر مذر šadara madara scattered here and there مذر madir spoiled, rotten, putrid مذق madaqa u (madq) to mix with water, dilute مذق madq watered wine 899 مذيق madīq diluted, mixed with water, watered, watery مذاق madāq and مماذق mumādaq insincere, hypocritical مذل madila a (madl, مذال madāl) to reveal, disclooe (ب s.th. secret) مذهب II tamadhaba see ذهب 1مر marra u (marr, مرور murūr, ممر mamarr) to pass (ب or على s.o., s.th. or by s.o., by s.th.), go, walk, saunter, or stroll by or past (ب, على); to march past s.o. (امام), pass in review (امام before s.o.; mil.); to pass, elapse, go by, run out (time); to come, go, walk, or pass along s.th. (ب or على), skirt (ب or على s.th.); to pass, go, walk, move, march, travel (ب or من or على through), cross, traverse (من a place, a country, a room); to flow through, run through; to fly through; to lead, run, out (في through an area; border), pass (في over), cross (في an area); to go or pass (ب through a stage or phase), undergo (ب a state or phase); to cross (على a border, s. line, mountains, etc.); to fly (فوق over an area; airplane); to depart, go away, leave; to continue (يفعل to do s.th.), keep, or go on, doing s.th. │ مر ذكره (dikruhū) it has been discussed, it has been mentioned above; كما مر بنا as it has passed before us, as we have already mentioned; مر بالامتحان to pass the examination; مر بسلام (bi-salām) to turn out well, go off without mishap; مر عليه ببصره (bi-baṣarihī) to scan s.th., peruse s.th. hastily; مر مر البرق (marra l-barq) to pass swiftly, flash past, flit past; مر مر الكرام (marra l-k.) to pass as if nothing had happened, brush past; مر به (عليه) مر الكرام to overlook s.th. generously, pass over s.th. with dignity, treat s.th. with disdain II to let pass (هـ s.th.); to convey, carry or take through (هـ s.th.); to pass (هـ the ball, in soccer) │ مرر سفينة في القناة (qanāh) to pass or take a ship through the canal IV to let (ه s.o.) go by or past s.o. or s.th. (على or ب); to let (ه s.o.) pass (على or ب s.th.); to make (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) go through s.th. (على or ب), lead, take or send (ه s.o.) through (على or ب), pass,stick (على or ب هـ s.th. through); to insert (على or ب هـ s.th. in) │ امر نظره على (naẓarahū) to pass one’s glance over, let one’s eyes wander over X to last, endure, continue, go on; to remain, stay; to continue (على or في s.th., يفعل to do s.th.), persist, persevere (على or في in s.th.), keep (على or في to s.th., يفعل doing s.th.), go on (يفعل doing s.th.), stick, adhere (على or في to s.th.) مر marr passing, going by; passage, transit; transition; crossing; progression, process, lapse, course (of time); iron shovel, spade; rope │ على مر الزمان (m. iz-zamān) in the course of time مرة marra pl. -āt, مرار mirār time, turn; مرة marratan once; مرتين marrataini twice; ماتة marrātin repeatedly; several times, quite often; مرارا mirāran several times, more than once, quite often; at times, now and then, occasionally, sometimes │ مرة ما marratan mā or ذات مرة dāta marratin once, one time, one day; مرة اخرى marratan ukrā or مرة جديدة (jadīdatan) once again, once more, anew, مرة بعد مرة or مرة عن مرة time and again, again and again; المرة تلو المرة (tilwa) time after time, time and again; مرة واحدة (wāḥidatan) at once, at one time; eventually, finally, at last; اكثر من مرة (aktara) more than once, several times; بالمرة at all, absolutely, entirely; (with neg.) not at all, never, by no means; غير مرة gaira marratin or غير ما مرة repeatedly, several times, more than once; كم مرة kam marratan how often? how many times? للمرة السادسة for the sixth times; لآخر مرة li-ākiri marratin or للمرة الأخيرة for the time; لأول مرة li-awali marratin for the first time; مرارا عديدة (‘adīdatan) frequently, often; مرارا وتكرارا 900 (wa-takrāan) time and again, again and again مرور murūr passing; parade, march past (امام); passage, march, journey, or trip through (ب, من, على), transit; flowing through, flow; crossing, traversal; flying over (فوق); uninterrupted sequence; traffic (street, tourist, shipping); progression, process, course, lapse (of time); (eg.) inspection │ مرور الزمان m. az-zamān expiration of the deadline; تذكرة المرور tadkirat al-m. permit, pass, laissez-passer; passport; حركة المرور ḥarakat al-m. through traffic; شرطة المرور šurṭat al-m traffic police, highway patrol; نظام المرور traffic regulations ممر mamarr passing, going by; elapsing; lapse, expiration (of time); transition; crossing; access, approach; (pl. -āt) aisle, passage, passageway, corridor; ford; (mountain) pass │ ممر سفلي (suflī) underpass; على ممر العصور in the course of centuries امرار imrār passing through, insertion استمرار istimrār duration, permanence, continuity, continuance, continuation, continued existence, survival; persistence │ باستمرار continually, constantly; دواما واستمرارا (dawāman) constantly, continuously, incessantly, without interruption; قوة الاستمرار qūwat al-ist. inertia, vis inertiae مار mārr passing; going, walking, riding, etc., past or by; (pl. -ūn, مارة mārra) passer-by, pedestrian, walker, stroller │ المار ذكره (dikruhū) the above-mentioned, what has already been discussed مستمر mustamirr lasting, permanent, enduring, constant, continual, uninterrupted, unceasing, incessant; continuous, unbroken │ تيار مستمر (tayyār) direct current (el.); موجات مستمرة (maujāt) continuous waves (phys.) 2مر marra u a (مرارة marāra) to be or become bitter II to make bitter, embitter (هـ s.th.) IV to be or become bitter; to make bitter (هـ s.th.) VI to fight, contend, dispute (with each other) X to think bitter, find bitter (هـ s.th.) مر murr pl. امرار amrār bitter; severe; sharp; painful; bitterness; myrrh │ مر الصحاري m. aṣ-ṣaḥārī colocynth (bot.) مرة mirra pl. مرر mirar gall. bile; (pl. امرار amrār) strength, power مرارة marāra pl. مرائر marā’ir2 bitterness; gall, gall bladder; innermost, heart │ انشقت مرارته غيظا (inšaqqat, gaiẓan) he burst with anger مرير marīr pl. مرائر marā’ir2 strong, firm, stubborn, tenacious, dogged, persistent, deep-seated, deep, profound (esp., of feelings) مريرة marīra pl. مرائر marā’ir2 firmness; detention, resoluteness; vigor, energy, tenacity, doggedness; steadiness, constancy امر amarr2 firmer, stronger; bitterer │ الأمران the two bitter things (i.e., poverty and old age); قاسى الأمرين qāsā l-amarrain to go through the worst, be exposed to greatest hardships ممرور mamrūr bilious; foolish, crazy; fool مرأ mara’a, مرئ mari’a a and مرؤ maru’a u (مراءة marā’a) to be wholesome, healthful, palatable (food); -- مرؤ maru’a u (مروءة murū’a) to be manly; -- مرؤ maru’a u (مراءة marā’a) to be healthy and salubrious (climate) X to find wholesome and tasty (هـ food); to enjoy, savor, relish (هـ s.th.); to be able to digest (هـ s.th.; also fig.); to take to s.th. (هـ), take a liking (ب to), derive pleasure (هـ from) امرء, امرأ imra’ and امرؤ imru’ (with definite article المرء al-mar’) a man; 901 person, human being; المرء frequently for Engl. “one”, as يظن المرء (yaẓunnu) one would think امرأة imra’a (with def. article المرأة al-mar’a) pl. see نسو, woman, wife │ المرأة المسلسلة (musalsala) Andromeda (astron.) مروءة murū’a and مروة murūwa the ideal of manhood, comprising all knightly virtues, esp., manliness, valor, chivalry, generosity, sense of honor مريء marī’ manly, virile; healthful, salubrious, healthy, wholesome │ هنيئا مريئا (hanī’an) approx.: may it do you much good! I hope you will enjoy it (i.e, food)! مريء marī’ pl. امرئة amri’a, مروء murū’ esophagus, gullet مراكش marrākuš2, marrākiš2 Marrakech (city in W Morocco); Morocco مراكشي marrākušī, marrākišī Moroccan (adj. and n.) مرث marata u (mart) to suck, bite (هـ one’s fingers); to soften, crush, squash, mash (هـ s.th.); to macerate, soak (in water; هـ s.th.) 1مرج marj pl. مروج murūj grass-covered steppe; pasture land; meadow هرج ومروج harj wa-marj confusion, jumble, tumult, hubbub مرج maraj disorder, confusion, jumble 2مرجان marjān, murjān (coll.; n. un. ة) small pearls; corals │ سمك مرج samak m. goldfish مرجاني marjānī coralline, coral, coralli- (in compounds), corallike, coral-red │ جزيرة مرجانية atoll; شعاب مرجانية coral reefs مرجح marjaḥa to rock II tamarjaḥa to swing back and forth, pendulate, dangle; to be in suspense, be pending, be in abeyance مرح mariḥa a (maraḥ) to be gay, merry, cheerful, in high spirits, hilarious, exuberant, lively; to be glad, happy, delighted; to rejoice, exult │ سرح مرح (sariḥa) to do as one likes, proceed arbitrarily مرح maraḥ joy, cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, mirth, hilarity, merriment, liveliness مرح mariḥ pl. مرحى marḥā, مراحى marāḥā joyful, gay, happy, merry, cheerful, lively, romping, hilarious, exuberant مراح mirāḥ jollity, hilarity, exuberance مريح marīḥ joyful, gay, happy, merry, cheerful, lively, romping, hilarious, exuberant مرحى marḥā well done! bravo! │ مرحى ب bravo to ... ممراح mimrāḥ of cheerful disposition, gay-tempered, blithe; gay, jovial person مرحب marḥaba to welcome (ه s.o.) مرخ marak a (mark) to oil, anoint,rub, embrocate (هـ the body) II do. V to rub one’s skin with a liniment, oil o.s., anoint o.s. مرخ marik soft; slack, flabby, flaccid مروخ marūk liniment; salve, unguent, ointment مريخ mirrīk Mars (astron.) مرد marada u (مرود murūd) and maruda (مرادة marāda, مرود murūda) to be refractory, recalcitrant, rebellious; to revolt, rebel (على against) II to strip (هـ a branch) of its leaves; to plaster, mortar, face (هـ a building) V to be refractory, recalcitrant, to revolt, rebel (على agaist); to be insolent, arrogant, overbearing مردى murdī pl. مرادى marādīy (punting) pole, boat hook 902 مراد marād, marrād pl. مراريد marārīd2 nape, neck مريد ma.rid pl. مرداء muradā’ refractory, recalcitrant, rebellious تمراد timrād pl. تماريد tamārīd2 dovecot امرر amrad2, f. مرداء mardā’2, pl. مرد mard beardless; leafless (tree); dry, withered تمرد tamarrud refractoriness, recalcitrance, disobedience, insubordination; uprising, insurrection, mutiny, revolt, rebellion مارد mārid pl. -ūn, مردة marada, مراد murrād refractory, recalcitrant, defiant; rebel, insurgent; demon, evil spirit, devil; giant متمرد mutamarrid refractory, recalcitrant, disobedient, insubordinate, mutinous, rebellious مردقوش mardaqūš marjoram مرزبان marzubān pl. مرازبة marāziba vicegerent, provincial governor, satrap (in ancient Persia) مرزجوش marzajūš, مرزنجوش marzanjūš مردقوش مرس marasa u (mars) to soak (in water), macerate (هـ s.th.) III to exercise, pursue, practice (هـ s.th., esp., a profession); (intr.) to practice, have or operate a practice; to carry out, execute (ب an action); to apply o.s. (0 to s.th.), go in for (هـ); to try V to rub o.s. (ب with, against); to have trouble, be at odds (ب with); to exercise (ب an office), pursue, practice (ب a profession); to work (ب with), be in practical contact, have actually to do (ب with s.th.); to have to cope or struggle (ب with s.th.) VI to fight, struggle, contend with each other مرس mars game which is won by getting all the tricks مرس maris pl. امراس amrās seasoned, practiced, experienced, veteran مرسة marasa pl. امراس amrās rope, cord, line; cable, hawser مراس mirās and مراسة marāsa strength, power │ سهل المراس sahl al-m. tractable, manageable, docile, compliant; شديد المراس or صعب المراس (ṣa’b al-m. intractable, unruly, refractory; صعوبة المراس intractability, unruliness, refractoriness, recalcitrance مريسة marīsa a kind of beer مريسي marīsī hot south wind (eg.) ممارسة mumārasa pursuit, exercise, practicing (of a profession); execution, implementation; practical application; practice; experience, routine; negotiation تمرس tamarrus practicing, practice (ب of an activity, of a profession) مرسيليا marsīliyā Marseille (seaport in SE France) مرسين marsīn myrtle (myrtus; bot.) مرش maraša u (marš) to scratch (هـ s.th.) مرشال maršāl (field) marshal مرص murṣ Morse (code) مرض mariḍa a (maraḍ) to be or become lick; to fall ill, be taken ill II to make ill or sick (ه s.o.); to nurse, tend (ه a sick person) IV to make ill or sick (ه s.o.) V to be infirm, ailing, sickly, weak VI to feign illness, malinger مرض maraḍ pl. امراض amrāḍ disease, malady, ailment; illness, sickness │ مرض البياض الدقيقي m. al-bayāḍī ad-daqīqī mildew; مرض عصبي (‘aṣabī) nervous disease, neuropathy; مرض عقلي (‘aqlī) mental disease; مرض فحمي (faḥmī) blight, blast (of grain); مرض فرنجي (firanjī) syphilis; مرض معد (mu‘din) contagious disease; امراض باطنية (bāṭinīya) internal diseases; امراض سرية 903 (sirrīya) venereal diseases; امراض صدرية (ṣadrīya) diseases of the chest, pulmonary diseases مرض murḍin see رضي مرضى maraḍī relating to disease, morbid, pathological, patho- (in compounds) مريض marīḍ pl. مرضى marḍā, مراضى marāḍā sick, ill, ailing; diseased; unwell, indisposed; sick person, patient │ مريض نفسي (nafsī) psychopath ممراض mimrāḍ sickly, in poor health, ailing تمريض tamrīḍ sick-nursing ممرض mumarriḍ (male) sick nurse, hospital attendant; ambulance man, first-aid man; doctor’s assistant ممرضة mumarriḍa sick nurse, nurse (f.) متمرض mutamarriḍ sickly, in poor health, ailing مرط marṭa u (marṭ) to tear out, pull out, pluck out (هـ hair) II do. V to fall out (hair) مريط marīṭ and امرط amraṭ, f. مرطاء marṭā’, pl. مرط murṭ hairless مرع mara‘a a (mar‘) to rub over, anoint (هـ s.th.) مرع mar‘ pl. امرع amru’, امراع amrā‘ pasture مرعة mur‘a grease, oil مريع marī‘ fertile, productive (soil) ممراع mimrā‘ thriving, flourishing, prosperous (city) مرغ II to roll (in the dust) (هـ s.th.); to rub over (هـ s.th.); to rub (هـ s.th.) IV to soil, sully, make dirty (هـ s.th.) V to roll, wallow (esp., in the dust); to waver irresolutely مرغرين margarīn margarine مرفين murfīn morphine مرق maraqa u (مروق murūq) to pierce, penetrate (من s.th. or s.o.; esp., of an arrow), go or pass through (من); to dart, rush, shoot, or fly past, pass swiftly; to hurry away, scamper away; to stray (e.g., of an arrow); to digress, deviate; to renege, renounce (esp. من الدين the true faith) │ مرق السهم (sahmu) (lit.: the arrow hal passed through, i.e.) the matter is finished, done with. settled II to sing مرق maraq and مرقة maraqa broth, bouillon; gravy مروق murūq straying, deviation; apostasy, defection, desertion, disloyalty مروقي murūqī (tun.) nickname of professional Koran reciters in Tunis; (tun.) pallbearer مارق māriq pl. مراق murrāq, مرقة maraqa straying; apostate, renegade, defector, turncoat, deserter; heretic ممارق mumāriq insolent, impudent مركز II tamarkaza to concentrate (في on, at, in); to settle, establish o.s. gain a footing, take root; to consolidate one’s position; to gravitate (to) مركز, مركزية etc., see ركز مركيز look up alphabetically تمركز tamarkuz concentration; consolidation (of a position) مراكش marrākuš2, marrākiš2 Marrakech (city in W Morocco); Morocco مراكشي marrākišī, marrākišī Moroccan (adj. and n.) مركيز markīz marquis مرمتون (Fr. marmiton) marmatōn and مرمطون pl. -āt kitchen boy, scullery boy 1مرمر marmara to be or become bitter; to become angry II tamarmara to murmur, mumble; to grumble 904 2مرمر marmar marble مرمري marmarī marble (adj.) مرمط marmaṭa (eg.) to spoil, damage (هـ s.th.) مرمطون see مرمتون مرميس mirmīs rhinoceros 1مرن marana u (مرانة marāna, مرون murūn, مرونة murūna) to be pliant, flexible, ductile, elastic; -- (مرون murūn, مرانة marāna) to be or become accustomed, get used (على to) II to train, drill (ه s.o.); to accustom, condition, season, inure (على ه s.o. to), make (ه s.o.) get used (على to); V to become accustomed, get used (على to); to exercise, practice (على s.th.), train (على in), be practiced, trained, experienced (على in); to be drilled, drill مرن marin pliant, pliable, flexible, bending; elastic; plastic; supple, limber, lithe; ductile, extensible; yielding, compliant مرانة marāna and مرونة murūna pliancy, pliability, flexibility; elasticity; ductility; plasticity; agility, nimbleness; resilience تمرين tamrīn pl. -āt, تمارين tamārīn2 exercise, practice, training; military training, drill; practical experience; expertness, skill; preparatory training, (period of) probation, apprenticeship, traineeship │ تمرين ابتدائي (ibtidā’ī) basic training; تمارين جندية jundīya) or تمرينات عسكرية (‘askarīya) military exercises, maneuvers; O تمرين الزيادة coaching, tutoring; extra drill (mil.); تمرينات رياضية (riyāḍīya) gymnastic exercises; تحت التمرين undergoing preparatory training, engaged on probation (official, employee) مران mirān expertness, skill; exercise, practice, drill, training; habituation, habit; accustomedness; practical experience; routine تمرن tamarrun exercise, practice, training ممرن mumarrin trainer, coach; instructor; drill sergeant ممرن mumarran practiced, seasoned, experienced, trained, skilled (على in); accustomed, used (على to) متمرن mutamarrin practiced, seasoned, experienced, trained, skilled (على in); accustomed, used (على to); probationer, undergoing probation, probationary 2ماروني pl. موارنة look up alphabetically 1مرو marw Merv (present-day Mary, town in Turkmen S.S.R.) مروي marwī, marawī native of Merv 2مرو marw (coll.; n. un. ة) pebble; flint 2مروة see مروءة 2مرى III to wrangle, argue, dispute (ه with s.o.; to resist, oppose (ه s.o.); to contest (في s.th.) VIII to doubt (في s.th.) مرية murya, mirya doubt, quarrel, wrangle, argument, dispute مراء mirā’ quarrel, wrangle, argument, dispute; doubt │ بلا مراء (bi-lā) or لا مراء (mirā’a) incontestable, indisputable, unquestionable, undisputed, uncontested; لا مراء في ان it is an incontrovertible fact that ..., unquestionably … 2مرايا pl. مرآة see رأى مريم maryam2 Mary, Maria مريمية maryamīya sage (bot.) مزmazza u (mau) to suck مز muzz sourish, acidulous مزة mazza pl. -āt and مازة māzza (eg.) relishes, appetizers (taken with drink) مزج mazaja u (mazj, مزاج mizāj) to mix, mingle, blend (بين different things, ب ه 905 s.th. with) III to form a mixture or compound, be mixed, be blended, mix, mingle, blend, combine (هـ with s.th.); to adapt o.s. (ه to s.o.), humor (ه s.o.) VI to intermix:, intermingle, interblend, be intermixed, be intermingled VIII to be mixed, be mingled, be blended, mix, mingle, blend (ب with) مزج mazj mixing, blending مزاج mizāj pl. امزجة amzija mixture, medley, blend; temperament, temper, nature, disposition; frame of mind, mood, humor, vein; physical constitution; condition, (state of) health │ مزاج دموي (damawī) sanguine temperament; مزاج سودوي (saudawī) melancholic temperament; مزاج صفراوي (ṣafrāwī) choleric (or bilious) temperament; مزاج بلغمي (balgamī) phlegmatic temperament; المزاج العام (‘āmm) popular taste; مزاج لطيف delicate nature, weakly constitution; محرور المزاج hot-tempered; منحرف المزاج munḥarif al-m. unwell, indisposed, out of sorts; هذا لا يوافق مزاجي (yuwājiqu) this is not to my taste مزيج mazīj compounded, blended (من of); mixture, medley, blend (من of); combination, compound, alloy تمازج tamāzuj intermixing, intermingling, interblending. intermixture امتزاج imlizāj mixture, blend مزح mazaḥa a (mazḥ) to joke, jest, make fun III to joke, make fun (ه witb s.o.) مزح mazḥ, مزاح muzāḥ, mizāḥ and مزاحة muzāḥa joking, joke, jest, fun مزاح mazzāḥ and مازح māziḥ joker, jester, buffoon, wag مزر mizr a kind of beer مزع maza‘a a (maz‘) to run, bound, tear along, gallop along; to tear apart (هـ s.th.); to tear, rip (من هـ s.th. off) II to pick, pluck (ه wool or cotton); to tear to pieces (هـ s.th.) مزعة muz‘a, miz‘a pl. مزع muza‘, miza‘ piece, bit, bite; flock of wool مزق mazaqa i (mazq) to tear, rend, rip apart (هـ s.th.) II to tear, rend, rip apart (هـ s.th.); to tear up, tear to pieces, shred (هـ s.th.) V to get torn, be rent; to be in shreds, get torn to pieces; to burst open, tear, break, snap مزق mazq tearing, tearing up, rending; tear, rent, rupture مزقة mizqa pl. مزق mizaq piece torn off, shred تمزيق tamzīq tearing, rending, shredding, fragmentation مزمز mazmaza to sip مزن muzn (coll.; n. un. ة, pl. مزن muzan) rain clouds مزية mazīya pl. مزايا mazāya and مازية māziya pl. -āt advantage; privilege, prerogative; excellence, superiority; merit, virtue مس massa a (mass, مسيس masīs) to feel, finger, handle, palpate (ه s.o., III s.th.); to touch (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to violate (هـ s.th. sacred), infringe (هـ upon); to cohabit (هـ with a woman); to hit, befall (ه s.o.; damage, calamity) │ مسه بأذى (bi-adan) or مسه بسوء (bi-sū’in) to harm, wrong, hurt s.o.; مس بسوء الشيء to be injurious, damaging to s.th., hurt, impair, prejudice s.th.; مست الحاجة الى (ḥājatu) circumstances require ..., (it) is necessary, urgently needed; مس لغما (lugman) to hit a mine III to touch (ه s.o.); to be in touch, be in contact (ه with s.o.) VI to touch each other, be in mutual contact مس mass touching, touch; contact; misfortune, calamity; attack, fit (of a disease) j insanity, madness, frenzy, possession │ مس الحمى m. al-ḥummā attack of 906 fever; اصابه مس من الجنون (aṣābahū) he has gone crazy مسة massa (n. vic.) touch مساس masās touching, feeling, handling, fingering, palpation; violation (عن of), infringement, encroachments (ب e.g., upon a right); connection, relation, contact │ له مساس ب it is connected with ..., it touches upon ..., it concerns; فيما له مساس ب concerning ..., regarding ... مسيس masīs touching, touch │ عند مسيس should the necessity arise, if (or when) necessary; هو في مسيس الحاجة الى he is in urgent need of ... مماسة mumāssa touching, tangency; adjacency, contiguity; contact تماس tamāss (mutual) contact ماس māss tangent; touching, (ب s.th., also fig., upon s.th.); adjacent, adjoining, contiguous; urgent, pressing, important │ حاجة ماسة urgent need, exigency; الحاجة ماسة اليه it is urgently needed; ماس كهربائي (kahrabā’) short circuit ممسوس mamsūs touched; palpable, tangible; mentally deranged, insane مماس mumāss tangent (math.) مسترده (It. mostarda) mustarda mustard مستكه mistika = مصطكاء مستلة (It. mastello) mastilla pl. -āt tub 2مسح masaḥa a (masḥ) to stroke with the hand (هـ s.th.); to wipe off, wipe away (هـ s.th.); to rub off (هـ s.th.); to wash, wash off (هـ s.th.); to wipe out, blot out, erase (هـ s.th.); to clean, polish (هـ s.th.); to smooth, smooth with a plane, to plane (هـ s.th.); to rub (ب ه s.o. with); to anoint (ب ه s.o. with); to deprive, dispossess (من ه s.o. of), take away, withdraw (من ه from s.o. s.th.); -- (masḥ, مساحة misāḥa) to survey (هـ land, estate, etc.), make a cadastral survey (هـ of) 0 to wipe off (هـ s.th.); to rub, anoint (ه s.o.); to cajole, coax, wheedle, persuade (ه s.o.); to Christianize (ه s.o.) III to cajole, coax, wheedle, persuade (ه s.o.) V to wipe o.s., wash o.s.; to provoke (ب s.o.), pick a quarrel (ب with) مسح masḥ wiping, wiping off; cleaning; robbing, embrocation; anointing, anointment, (extreme) unction; land survey مسح misḥ pl. مسوح musūḥ coarse woolen fabric, haircloth, sacking; pl. hair shirt, monastic garb, monk’s frock │ لبست المسوح labisat il-musūḥa to take the veil, become a nun مسحة masḥa (n. vic.) a rubbing, embrocation; anointing, anointment; unction; tinge, shade, air, appearance, veneer (fig.); trace. touch (of s.th.) │ مسحة الأرض extreme unction; مسح المريض بالمسحة to administer extreme unction to a sick person مساح massāḥ land surveyor; bootblack, shoeblack, shoeshine مساحة misāḥa pl. -āt plane, surface; area; acreage; floor space; surface extent; terrain sector (mil.); surveying, survey; geodesy; cadastre │ مساحة الأراضي m. al-arāḍī land surface; area, acreage; مساحة مائية (mā’īya) area of water; مصلحة المساحة maṣlaḥa al-m. survey department, land registry office مسيح masīḥ pl. مسحاء musaḥā’2, مسحى anointed; wiped, clean, smooth; المسيح the Messiah, Christ مسيحي masīḥī Christian, Messianic; (pl. -āt) a Christian │ الدين المسيحي (dīn) the Christian faith, Christianity المسيحية al-masīḥīya Christendom; Christianity, the Christian faith ممسح mimsāḥ and ممسحة mimsaḥa pl. مماسح mamāsīḥ2 dust cloth, dish rag, floor rag; doormat; scraper 907 ماسح masḥ bootblack, shoeblack, shoeshine ممسوح mamsūḥ wiped, wiped off, wiped clean; cleaned; smoothed, planed; polished; smooth; anointed; abraded, worn (coin) │ ممسوح من المعنى (ma‘nā) senseless, meaningless, inane 3تمساح timsāḥ pl. تماسيح tamāsīḥ crocodile (zool.) مسخ masaka a (mask) to transform (من – الى ه s.o. from -- into), transmute, convert (هـ s.th.); to falsify, distort (هـ s.th.); to mar, spoil (هـ s.th.) مسخ mask transformation, metamorphosis; transmutation, conversion; falsification, distortion, misrepresentation; metempsychosis مسخ mask, misk pl. مسوخ musūk transformed into an animal; misshapen, deformed, disfigured; ugly, misshapen midget; freak, monstrosity; monster مسخة maska (eg.) buffoon, harlequin, clown مسيخ transformed; disfigured, defaced, deformed, ugly; tasteless, insipid, stale ممسوخ mamsūk transformed; marred, spoiled; disfigured, defaced, deformed, ugly مسخر maskara to ridicule, mock, deride (ه s.o.) II tamaskara to make fun (على of), laugh (على at) مسد II to massage (اعضاءه a‘ḍā’ahū s.o.’s limbs) مسد masad (coll.) pl. مساد misād, امساد amsād palm fibers, raffia تمسيد tamsīd massage 1 ماسورة look up alphabetically 2 مسرىmasrā the 12th month of the Coptic calendar مسطرة (It. mostra) masṭara pl. مساطر masāṭir2 sample, specimen; see also سطر مسقط masqaṭ Masqat (seaport and capital of Oman) 12مسك masaka u i (mask) to grab, grasp, clutch, clasp, seize (ب or هـ s.th.), take hold ب or هـ of); to hold, hold fast (ب or هـ s.th.); to stick, cling, cleave, adhere, hang on (ب to) │ مسك الحسابات (ḥisābāt) to keep the books, keep the accounts; مسك (daffata l-u.) to be at the helm, be in charge; مسك لسانه (lisānanahū) to keep one’s tongue in check II to scent with musk (هـ s.th.); to have (ه s.o.) seize or hold IV to seize, grip, grasp, clasp, clutch, hold (ب or هـ s.th.); to hold fast, grab (ب or هـ, ه s.o., s.th., من ه s.o. by his hair, and the like); to hold back, keep, detain, restrain (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., عن from); to withhold, not to expend (هـ s.th.); to refrain, abstain, keep, desist (عن from), forbear, cease, stop (عن doing s.th.), keep away, remain aloof (عن from); to keep, retain (على نفسه هـ s.th. for o.s.) │ امسك عليك (amsik) keep ...! امسك نفسه واقفا waqifan) to hold o.s. upright; امسك بيده (bi-yadihī) to take s.o. by the hand; امسك يده (yadahū) to take s.o.’s hand; امسكت عن الصدور to stop publication, fold up (newspaper); امسك لسانه (lisānahū) to keep one’s tongue in check; امسك البطن (baṭna) to constipate (med.) V to hold on, hold fast (ب to), clutch (ب s.th.); to stick, cling, cleave (ب to); to hang on (ب to), persist (ب in); to keep, adhere (ب to s.th.); to rise (prices), harden, firm up (quotations) │ تمسك باهدافه (bi-ahdābihī) to be most devoted to s.o., be at s.o.’s beck and call, be under s.o.’s thumb; تمسك بأهداب الشيءto adhere, cling to s.th.; تمسك برأيه (bi-ra’yihī) to stick to one’s opinion VI to hold together, be firmly connected, be interlocked; to compose o.s., pull o.s. together; to remain undaunted, remain calm, be 908 composed; to stay on one’s feet; to be in full possession of one’s strength; to refrain, abstain, keep (عن from) X to keep, stick, cling, adhere (ب to); to grab, seize (ب s.th.); to refrain, abstain, keep (عن from) مسك mask seizure, grip, hold; detention │ مسك الدفاتر bookkeeping; مسك الحسابات m. al-ḥisābāt keeping of accounts, accountancy مسك maska pl. masakāt grip, hold مسك misk (m. and f.) musk │ مسك الجن m. al-jinn a variety of goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys; bot.); مسك الختام m. al-kitām lit.: the concluding musk (i.e., with which, originally, a letter was finally perfumed), the best following in the end, the crowning touch مسكة miska a little, a touch, a glimpse, a whiff (من of) مسك musuk and مسكة musaka grasping, greedy, avaricious مسكة muska pl. مسك musak handle; hold; grip; handhold, support │ مسكة الأمل m. al-amal that to which hope clings مسكة muska, musuka and مساكة masāka, misaka avarice مسكان muskān earnest money, pledge مساك misāk dam, weir; hem, border مسيك masīk tenacious; avaricious, miserly; watertight, waterproof امساك imsāk seizure; restraint, detention, check; stop, cessation; abstinence; avarice; constipation (med.); time of the day which marks the beginning of the Ramadan fast امساكية imsākīya calendar of fasting during the month of Ramadan تمسك tamassuk adherence; devotedness, devotion, attachment; written commitment, IOU; firming-up, or consolidation, of the market, hardening of quotations │ قانون التمسك legal moratorium, moratory law (jur.) تماسك tamāsuk holding together, cohesiveness; coherence; cohesion (phys.); firmness, solidity; tenacity استمساك istimsāk adherence, loyalty (ب to) ممسك mumassak musky, musk-scented, perfumed ممسك mumsik holding, clutching, grabbing; checking, restraining. withholding; economical, thrifty; grasping, greedy, avaricious متمسك mutamassik holding fast, hanging on, clinging, adhering; tenacious; firm, solid متماسك mutamāsik holding together, coherent, cohesive, hanging together, firmly connected, interlocked; continuous, uninterrupted; firm, solid; tenacious مستمسك mustamsik composed, calm (mind) 2مسكاتي muskātī muscatel (wine) مسكن II tamaskana to become poor, be reduced to poverty; to pretend to be poor; to feign poverty or humility; to be submissive, servile, slavish, fawning مسكنة maskana poverty, misery; humbleness, humility, submissiveness مسكين miskīn pl. -ūn, مساكين masākīn2 poor, miserable; beggar; humble, submissive, servile مسو II to wish (ه s.o.) a good evening │ مساك الله بالخير massāka llāhu bi-l-kair good evening! III see صبح III; IV to enter into evening; to be or become in the evening; to be, become │ يفعله اذا اصبح ويفعله اذا امسى (aṣbaḥa) he does so in the morning and in the evening 909 مساء masā’ pl. امساء amsā’, امسيات amsīyāt evening; masā’an in the evening │ مساء امس masā’a amsi yesterday evening, last night; مساء الخير m. al-kair or مساؤكم بالخير good evening! صباح مساء ṣabāḥa masa’a mornings and evenings, in the morning and in the evening مسائي masā’ī evening (adj.) │ الأخبار المسائية the evening news امسية umsīya pl. اماسي amāsīy evening مسورة = ماسورة look up alphabetically مسي masā i (masy) to make lean, cause to lose flesh, emaciate (هـ livestock; of the heat) مسيو (Fr. Monsieur) misyū Mr.; sir مش mašša u (mašš) to suck the marrow (هـ from a bone); to macerate, soak in water (هـ s.th.) مش mišš whey مشوش mašūš napkin مشيج māšīj gamete, germ cell مشح mašaḥa a (mašḥ) to administer extreme unction (ه to s.o.) مشحة mašḥa extreme unction مشط mašaṭa u i (mašṭ) to comb II do. V and VIII to comb one’s hair مشط mušṭ pl. amšāṭ, مشاط mišāṭ comb; rake; bridge (of stringed instruments); O (mil.) cartridge clip │ مشط الرجل m. ar-ril metatarsus, instep (anat.); مشط اليد m. al-yad metacarpus (anat.) مشطي mušṭī toothed, indented, jagged, dentate; comblike, pectinate تمشيط tamšīṭ combing, carding (of wool) ماشط māšiṭ barber, hairdresser ماشطة māšiṭa lady’s maid; (woman) hairdresser ممشط mumallal combed, carded (wool) مشق mašaqa u (mašq) to draw out, stretch, extend (هـ s.th.); to comb (هـ s.th.); to tear, tear up, shred (هـ s.th.); to whip, lash (هـ s.o.) V to be or get tom or shredded VIII to snatch away, whip away (من هـ s.th. from s.o.); to draw, unsheathe (هـ the sword) مشق mašq pl. امشاق amšāq model, pattern (esp., one to be copied in writing) مشق mišq slender, slim, svelte مشقة mišqa pl. مشق mišaq flock of wool or cotton; rag, clout, shred; scrap of carding wool; scrap of hemp, oakum مشيق mašīq slender, slim, svelte مشاق mušāq scrap of flax or hemp; oakum, tow مشاقة mušāqa scrap of flax or hemp; oakum, tow │ مشاقة حرير floss امتشاق imtišāq slenderness ممشوق mamšūq slender, slim, svelte │ ممشوق كالحسام (ka-1-ḥusām) slender as a wand ماشك look up alphabetically مشلوز mišlauz sweet-kerneled apricot مشمش mišmiš (coll.; n. un. ة) apricot; apricot tree │ مشمش كلابي (kilābī) bitter-kerneled apricot; مشمش لوزي (حموي) (lauzī, ḥamawi) sweet-kerneled apricot مشملا mušmullā, mišmilla medlar (bot.) مشملة mušmula, mišmila medlar (bot.) المشهد al-mašhad Meshed (city in NE Iran) (مشو and مشي) مشى mašā i (mašy) to go on foot, walk; to go; to pace, stride; to move along, proceed; to march │ مشى بالنميمة to scatter slanderous rumors II to let or make (ه s.o.) go or walk; to adapt, adjust, fit, accommodate (مع هـ s.th. to) III to keep pace, keep in step (ه with s.o.); to go along, keep up, keep abreast (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.), keep to s.o.’s (ه) 910 side; to be likeminded (في ه with s.o. in s.th.), be guided by the same consideration or principles (في ه as s.o. in s.th.), act in unison (في ه with s.o. in s.th.) IV = II; to have an aperient effect (ه on s.o.; med.) V to go on foot, walk; to take a walk, to stroll, promenade; to walk slowly, saunter; to pass, move along, stride along; to keep step, keep up, keep abreast, go along, agree, harmonize, be compatible, be -consistent, be in accordance, be in keeping (مع with), fit, suit (مع s.th.), be appropriate, correspond, come up (مع to s.th.); to proceed (على in accordance with a principle or method); to follow, observe (على a principle) │ تمشى في اوصاله approx.: to perfuse s.o.’s limbs (of a sensation); تمشى جيئة وذهابا (jī’atan wa-dahāban) to walk back and forth, pace up and down مشو mašw a laxative, aperient مشى mašy going, walking; walk مشية mišya manner of walking, gait, pace, step, bearing, carriage مشاء mašā’ pl. -ūn good walker; walker (athlet.) مشاية mašāya pl. -āt long, narrow carpet, runner; O baby walker, gocart; hallway, corridor; footpath, path(way) ممشى mamšā pl. مماش mamāšin hallway, corridor, passageway, passage; aisle; footpath, path(way), alley; promenade; crossing, overpass, bridge; bridge of a ship; runner, small rug تمشيا مع tamaššiyan ma‘a (or على) in conformity with, in accordance with, according to ماش māšin pl. مشاة mušāh going, walking; pedestrian; foot soldier, infantryman; المشاة the infantry; ماشيا māšiyan on foot ماشية māšiya pl. مواش mawāšin livestock, cattle مص maṣṣa (1st pers. perf. masistu) a and (1st pers. perf. maṣaṣtu) u (maṣṣ) to suck, suck up, soak up, suck in, absorb (هـ s.th.); to sip, lap, lap up, lick up (هـ s.th.); to suck out (هـ s.th.) V to sip gradually, drink in small sips (هـ s.th.) VIII to suck, suck up, suck in (هـ s.th.); to sip, lap, lap up, lick up (هـ s.th.); to soak up, absorb, swallow up (هـ s.th.) مص maṣṣ sucking, suction, suck, sucking up, soaking up, soak, soakage, absorption │قصب المص qaṣab al-m. sugar cane مصة maṣṣa (n. vic.) sucking, suck, suction; sip مصاص maṣāṣ one who sucks, sucker; cupper; bloodsucker, extortioner, usurer مصاصة muṣāṣa that which one sucks, s.th. to suck │ مصاصة القصب m. al-qaṣab sugar-cane refuse مصاصة maṣṣāṣa screech owl; vampire مصيص maṣīṣ moist, damp (ground) مصيص miṣīṣ string, twine, packthread ممص mimaṣṣ suction pipe, sucker; O siphon امتصاص imtiṣāṣ sucking, suck, suction; sucking up, soaking up, soak, soakage, absorption │ قوة الامتصاص qūwat al-imt. suction ممصوص mamṣūṣ soaked up; drained, exhausted; emaciated, very lean, skinny ممتص mumtaṣ soaking up, absorbing; absorbent, absorptive مصر II to found, build, settle, civilize, colonize (هـ a place); to Egyptianize, make Egyptian (هـ s.th.) V to become a populated, civilized area, become a big city, a metropolis; to Egyptianize, adopt Egyptian ways; to become an Egyptian مصر miṣr pl. امصار amṣār big city; metropolis, capital; -- miṣr2, (colloq.) 911 maṣr Egypt; Cairo │ مصر القاهرة Cairo; مصر الجديدة Heliopolis (section of modern Cairo) مصري miṣrī Egyptian; Cairene; (pl. -ūn) an Egyptian; a Cairene, a native of Cairo مصرية miṣrīya Egyptianism, Egyptian national character; (pl. -āt) Egyptian woman or girl مصير pl. امصرة amṣira, مصران muṣrān, مصارين maṣārīn2 gut; pl. bowels, intestines, guts, tripe; see also under صير تمصير tamṣīr settling, settlement, colonization, civilization; Egyptianization متمصر mutamaṣṣir Egyptianized, naturalized in Egypt مصطكاء maṣṭakā’, muṣṭakā’ and مصطكى maṣṭakā mastic, resin of the mastic tree (Pistacia lenticus); liquor distilled from mastic │ شجرة المصطكاء šajarat al-m. mastic tree (Pistacia lenticus; bot.) مصل maṣala u to curdle (milk); to strain, filter (هـ s.th.) مصل maṣl whey; (pl. مصول muṣūl) serum (med.) │ علم المصول ‘ilm al-m. serology مصلي maṣlī serous (med.) مصمص maṣmaṣa to suck(هـ s.th.); to suck up, soak up, absorb (هـ s.th.); to sip and turn around in the mouth (هـ a liquid) II tamaṣmaṣa to sip and turn around in the mouth (هـ a liquid) مض maḍḍa u (maḍḍ, مضيض maḍīḍ) to hurt, pain (ه s.o.); to burn, sting (ه s.o.); to torment, harass, trouble, molest (ب ه s.o. with); -- (1st pen. perf. maḍiḍtu) a (مضض maḍaḍ, مضيض maḍīḍ, مضاضة maḍāḍa) to be in pain, feel pain, suffer; to be distressed, worried, troubled IV to cause pain (ه to s.o.), hurt (ه s.o.); to torment, torture, agonize (ه s.o.) مض maḍḍ pain, torment, torture, anguish, agony; painful, burning, stinging, smarting مضض maḍaḍ pain, suffering, torment, torture, anguish, agony, affliction, distress; sour milk │ على مضض unwillingly, reluctantly, grudgingly مضاض muḍāḍ brackish water, brine, salt water مضاضة maḍāḍa agony, torture ممض mumiḍḍ agonizing, tormenting مضر maḍara, maḍura u and maḍira a (maḍr, maḍar, مضور muḍūr) to turn sour (milk) مضر maḍir and ماضر māḍir sour (milk) لغة مضر lugat muḍara the language of Mudar, the Arabic language مضغ maḍaga a u (maḍg) to chew (هـ s.th.) │ مضغ الكلام (kalām) to slur, speak indistinctly مضغ maḍg chewing, mastication مضغة muḍga pl. مضغ muḍag s.th. to be chewed; bite, bit, morsel; small chunk of meat; O embryo; O chewing gum │ مضغة طيبة (ṭayyiba) titbit; جعله مضغة في الأفواه (ja‘alahū muḍgatan) to make s.o. the talk of the town, send tongues wagging about s.o. مضاغة muḍāga s.th. chewed, chew, quid مضمض maḍmaḍa to rinse مضى maḍā i (muḍīy) to go away, leave, depart; to make off, decamp, abscond; with ب; to take s.th. away, remove s.th.; to pass, elapse, go by, expire, run out (time); to advance, progress (في in); to proceed (في in or with s.th., also ب), continue (في, also ب, s.th., to do s.th.), go on (في doing s.th.); to pursue, practice, exercise (في s.th., also في مهنة fī mihnatin a profession); to penetrate deeper, enter deeper, go deeper (في into s.th.); to 912 bring to an end, wind up, terminate, conclude, accomplish, carry out, execute, perform (على s.th.); (with imperf.) to set out to do s.th., proceed to do s.th.; -- (مضاء maḍā’) to be sharp, cut (sword) │ مضى سبيله (sabīlahū) to pass away, die; مضى لسبيله (li-sabīlihī) do.; مضى على البيع (bai‘) to conclude a bargain; مضى على ذلك شهور (šuhūrun) months have passed since then; مضى في كلامه (kalāmihī) to go on talking; مضى ما مضى let bygones be bygones! no more of that! فيما مضى (fī-mā) or فيما مضى من الزمان (zamān) formerly, previously, heretofore, once, before, in the past; لم يمض غير قليل حتى lam yamḍi gairu qalīlin ḥlattā it did not take long until ..., before long ...; من سنة مضت min sanatin maḍat one year ago; ومضى فقال and he went on to say, and he added II to make pass, cause to go by; to spend, pass (هـ time, في with s.th.) IV to spend, p (. time); to carry out, execute, perform, accomplish, conclude, terminate, wind up, bring to an end (هـ s.th.); to pass, put behind o.s. (هـ examination); to undersign, sign (هـ s.th.) │ امضي امره على (amrahu) to throw one’s full support behind s.th., endorse s.th. wholeheartedly مضي muḍīy departure, leave; passing; lapse, elapsing, expiration (of a period of time); continuation (في of s.th.); deeper penetration, deeper insight (في into); carrying out, execution, pursuit (في of an intention, of a plan) │ مضي m. al-mudda lapse of time, superannuation; التمسك بمضي المدة (tamassuk) usucapion, prescription (jur.); على مضي الزمن (m. iz-zaman) lastingly, for long, permanently; المضي في الحرب (ḥarb) the continuation of the war مضاء maḍā’ sharpness, keenness; penetration, sagacity, acute discernment; energy │ مضاء المدة strength of purpose, resolution, determination, energy, go امضى amḍā sharper, more incisive, more effective تمضية tamḍiya execution, performance, accomplishment, completion; spending, passing (of time) │ تمضية الوقت t. al.waqt pastime إمضاء imḍā’ realization, execution, accomplishment, completion; signing, signature │ صاحب الإمضاء the undersigned ماض māḍin pl. مواض mawāḍin sharp, keen, cutting; acute, penetrating, incisive, effective; energetic; past, bygone; الماضي the past; past tense, perfect, preterit (gram.) │ ماضي العزيمة resolute, determined; الشهر الماضي (šahr) last month ممض mumḍin signer, signatory ممضى mumḍan undersigned, signed مط maṭṭa u (maṭṭ) to expand by pulling, stretch, draw out (هـ s.th.); to draw tight, tighten, tauten (هـ s.th.) II to expand, stretch (هـ s.th.); to scold, revile, abuse (ه s.o.) V to expand; to stretch; to distend, widen, spread, lengthen; to be capable of extension or lengthening, be expandable, stretchable, elastic; to be rubberlike مط maṭṭ expansion, extension, stretching, distention, lengthening, drawing out مطاط maṭṭāṭ expandable, extensible, stretchable, elastic; dilatory; rubbery, rubberlike; rubber; caoutchouc تمطط tamaṭṭu expandability, extensibility, elasticity مطر maṭara u to rain (مطرت السماء maṭarat is-samā’ it rained); to shower with rain (ه s.o.; of the sky); to pour out (ب ه over s.o. s.th.), shower, douse (ب ه s.o. with); to do, render (ه s.o., بخير bi-kairin a good turn, a favor); to run swiftly (horse), speed away IV to rain (of the sky); to cause (هـ s.th.) to rain (على upon); to shower (ب ه s.o. with 913 or هـ على upon s.o. s.th.), heap (ب ه or هـ على upon s.o. s.th.) │ امطر عليه وابلا (wābilan) or امطره بوابل منه (bi-wābilin) he showered him with a hail of (e.g., stones), with a rain of (e.g., blows), with a flood of (e.g., abuses, threats), etc. X to ask for rain; to ask (من or ه s.o.) a favor; to wish (هـ for s.th.), desire (هـ s.th.); to invoke, call down (هـ على upon s.o. s.th.) مطر maṭar pl. امطار amṭār rain │ محطة لرصد الأمطر maḥaṭṭa li-raṣd al•a. pluvio-metrical station مطرة mṭra, maṭara pl. -āt downpour, rain shower مطر maṭir and مطير maṭīr rainy, abounding in rain ممطر mimṭar and ممطرة mimṭara pl. مماطر mamāṭir2 raincoat ماطر māṭir, rainy, abounding in rain ممطر mumṭir rainy, abounding in rain │ مواسم ممطرة rainy seasons, periods of rain مطرن maṭrana to raise to the rank of metropolitan or archbishop, consecrate as metropolitan or archbishop (ه s.o.) II tamaṭrana to be instated or consecrated as metropolitan (Chr.) مطران muṭrān, maṭrān, miṭrān pl. مطارنة maṭārina, مطارين maṭārīn2 metropolitan, archbishop (Chr.) مطرنة maṭrana dignity or office of a metropolitan, metropolitanate, archiepiscopate (Chr.) مطرنية maṭranīya, مطرانية muṭrānīya pl. -āt diocese of a metropolitan, archbishopric, archdiocese (Chr.) مطق V to smack one’s lips مطل maṭala u (maṭl) to draw out, lengthen, extend, stretch (هـ s.th.); to stretch (هـ a rope); to hammer, forge, shape by hammering (هـ iron); to postpone, defer, delay; to put off (ب ه s.o. with) III to tarry, temporize, take one’s time; to put off (ب ه s.o. with) مطول maṭūl deferring, delaying, procrastinating, tardy, dilatory, slow مطيلة maṭīla pl. مطائل maṭā’il2 wrought iron مماطلة mumāṭala postponement, deferment, procrastination, delay مطا (مطو) maṭā u (maṭw) to quicken one’s pace, hurry, walk fast IV to mount (هـ an animal); to ride (هـ on an animal) V to stretch o.s., loll; to stretch (ب s.th., one’s body, one’s limbs); to walk, proudly, strut, swagger VIII to mount (هـ an animal); to board (هـ a vehicle), get in (هـ), get aboard (هـ); to ride (هـ on an animal, in a vehicle) مطوة maṭwa hour, time, moment مطية maṭīya pl. مطايا maṭāyā, مطي maṭīy mount, riding animal; expedient, means to an end, instrument, tool مع ma’a (prep.) with, simultaneously with, together with, accompanied by, in the company of; in the estimation, eyes, or opinion of; in spite of, despite; toward, in relation to; معا ma’an together; at the same time, simultaneously; with one another │ مع ان although; ومع ان – إلا ان wa-ma‘a anna -- illā anna although -- nevertheless, to be sure -- but ..., it is true -- but ; مع ذلك or مع هذا in spite of it, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still; مع كل هذا in spite of all that; مع كونه غنيا (kaunihī ganīyan) although he is rich, for all his being rich, rich as he is; ليس مع الحكومة (laisa) he is not for the government, he doesn’t side with the government; مع الحائط along the wall; كان معه it was with him, he had it with him; ما معكم what do you have with you? what have you brought along? what’s 914 up your sleeves? الست معي في ان (alasta) don’t you also think that ...? wouldn’t you share my view that استعمل وسائل القسوة معه ista‘mala wasā’il l-qaswati ma‘ahū he brought harsh measures to bear on him معية ma‘īya company; escort; suite, retinue, entourage, attendants │ بمعية (في معية) فلان in the company of so-and-so; بمعية هذا herein enclosed, herewith معج V to wind, meander مع pass. mu‘ida to have a gastric ailment, suffer from dyspepsia, have a stomachache معدة ma‘ida, mi‘da pl. معد mi’ad stomach معدى ma‘dī, mi‘dī of or pertaining to the stomach, gastric, stomachic │ امراض معدية gastric diseases; حمى معدية (ḥummā) gastric fever ممعود mam‘ūd suffering from a gastric disease, dyspeptic معر ma‘ira a (ma‘ar) to fall out (hair) IV to become poor, impoverished, be reduced to poverty V = I معار ma‘ār (eg.) braggart, braggadocio, swaggerer معز ma‘z, ma‘az (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. امعز am‘uz, معيز ma‘īz goat ماعز mā‘iz pl. مواعز mawā‘iz2 goat معاز ma‘‘āz goatherd معس ma‘asa a (ma‘s) to rub (هـ s.th.); to squash, crush (هـ s.th.) معض ma‘aḍa a (ma‘ḍ) and VIII to be annoyed (على by), be angry (من at), resent (من s.th.) امتعاض imti‘āḍ anger, resentment, annoyance, displeasure; excitement, agitation ممتعض mumta‘iḍ annoyed, vexed, angry; upset, excited معط ma‘aṭa a (ma‘ṭ) to tear out, pull out, pluck out (هـ hair, feathers) معط ma‘iṭ and امعط am‘aṭ2, f. معطاء ma‘ṭā‘, pl. معط mu‘ṭ hairless, bald معك ma‘aka a (ma‘k) to rub (هـ s.th.) معكرونه ma‘karūna macaroni 1معمعة ma‘ma‘a pl. معامع ma‘āmi‘2 confusion, jumble, mess, tohubohu; tumult, uproar; turmoil; pl. wars, battles معمعان ma‘ma‘ān raging, roar (of a storm), turmoil, thick (of a battle), height, climax (of heat and cold) │ معمعان الصيف m. aṣ-ṣaif high summer; معمعان الشتاء deepest winter 2معمعي IV to apply o.s. assiduously, devote all one’s efforts (في to s.th.); to be keen, intent (في on), be eager (في for); to examine closely, study carefully, scrutinize (في s.th.); to go to extremes (في in s.th.), overdo, carry too far (في s.th.) │ امعن النظر في (naẓara) to fix one’s eyes on s.th., regard s.th. attentively, examine s.th. closely, scrutinize s.th. V to become engrossed or absorbed, bury o.s. (في in), regard attentively, examine carefully (في s. th.), look closely (في at s.o., at s.th.), scrutinize (في s.o., s.th.) ماعون mā‘ūn pl. مواعين mawā‘īn implement, utensil, instrument; vessel, receptacle, container; (coll.) implements, utensils, gear; (syr.) ream of paper ماعونة mā‘ūna pl. -āt, مواعين mawā‘īn2 (eg.) lighter, barge امعان im‘ān and امعان النظر i. an-naẓar close examination, careful study, scrutiny (في of s.th.); امعان devotion (في to s.th.), care, carefulness, assiduity, diligence, attentiveness, attention 915 تمعن tama‘‘un close examination, careful study, scrutiny; care, carefulness │ بتمعن carefully معا (معو) ma‘ā u (معاء ma‘ā’) to mew, miaow, (cat) 1 معى mi‘an, ma‘y and معاء mi‘ā’ pl. امعاء am‘ā’, امعية am‘īya gut; intestines, bowels, entrails │ الأمعاء الدقيقة the small intestine; المعى الغليظ the large intestine معوي mi‘awī of or pertaining to the intestines, intestinal; enteric │ الحمى المعوية (ḥummā) typhoid fever, enteric fever, abdominal typhus 2معية ma‘īya see مع مغاث mugāt (eg.) root of Glossostemon Bruguieri (bot.) مغر magar and مغرة mugra reddish, russet color امغر amgar2 reddish brown, russet مغربة magraba (mor.) Moroccanization مغص magṣa to cause gripes; pass. mugiṣa (mag.) to have gripes or colic, suffer from colic مغص magṣ, magaṣ and مغيص magīṣ, gripes; colic │ مغص كلوى (kulwī) renal colic ممغوص mamgūṣ, suffering from colic; having gripes مغط magaṭa a (magṭ) to stretch, extend, expand, draw, out II do. متمغط mutamaggiṭ stretchable, elastic (rubber); tough, viscous, ropy, sticky مغطس magṭasa to magnetize, make magnetic, subject to magnetic induction (هـ s.th.) II tamagṭasa to be magnetized, become magnetic مغطسة magṭasa magnetism ممغطس mumagṭas magnetized, magnetic خشب المغنة kašab al-mugna, خشب المغنى k. al-mugnā mahogany (wood) مغنط magnaṭa to magnetize, subject to magnetic induction (هـ s.th.) مغنطيس mignaṭīs, magnaṭīs magnet │ O مغنطيس كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electromagnet مغناطيس mignāṭīs, magnāṭīs. magnet; magnetism مغنطيسي mignaṭīsī magnetic; hypnotic مغنطيسية mignāṭīsīya and مغناطيسية magnetism مغنيسيا magnīsiyā magneoio المغول al-mugūl the Mongols; the Moguls │ بلاد المغول Mongolia مغولي mugūlī Mongolian مقت maqata u (maqt) to detest, abhor, loathe, hate (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); -- maquta u (مقاتة maqāta) to be abominable, detestable, loathsme, hated, odious II maqata; to make (ه s.o.) hateful (الى to s.o.), make s.o. (الى) loathe (ه s.o.) مقت maqt hate, hatred, detestation, loathing, aversion, disgust ; hateful, odious مقيت maqīt and ممقوت mamqūt hated, detested; hateful, odious; detestable, abominable, loathsome, repugnant, disgusting مقدونس maqdūnis parsley مقدوني maqdūnī Macedonian (adj. and n.) مقع maqa’a a (maq’) to drink avidly, toss down (هـ s.th.) VIII pass. umtuqi’a to turn pale ممقتع mumtaqa’ pale, pallid, wan, sallow مقل maqala u (maql) to look (ه at s.o.), eye, regard (ه s.o.) مقلة muqla pl. مقل muqal eye; eyeball │ مقلة العين m. al-’ain eyeball 916 □ مقانق maqāniq (= نقانق) small mutton sausages (syr.) مكة makka2 (usually followed by the epithet المكرمة al-mukarrama) Mecca مكي makkī Meccan (adj. and n.) مكوك makkūk pl. مكاكيك makākik2 drinking cup; shuttle ماكوك mākūk pl. مواكيك mawākik2 drinking cup; shuttle مكث makata u (makt, مكوث mukūt) to remain, abide, stay, live, dwell, reside (ب in a place) مكث makt and مكوث mukūt remaining, staying, lingering, abiding; stay, sojourn مكوجي see كوى مكدام (Engl.) makadām macadam مكدوني makdūnī Macedonian (adj. and n.) مكدونيا makdūniyā Macedonia مكر makara u (makr) to deceive, delude, cheat, dupe, gull, double-cross (ب s.o.) III to try to deceive (ه s.o.) مكر makr cunning, craftiness, slyness, wiliness, double-dealing, deception, trickery مكرة makra ruse, artifice, stratagem, wile, trick, dodge مكار makkār and مكور makūr cunning, sly, crafty, wily, shrewd, artful; sly, crafty person, impostor, swindler ماكر mākir pl. مكرة makara sly, cunning, wily مكروب mikrūb pl. -āt, مكاريب makārīb2 microbe مكررونه makarūna macaroni مكس makasa i (mail) and II to collect taxes III to haggle, bargain (ه with s.o.) مكس maks pl. مكوس mukūs tax, specif., excise or sales tax; toll, custom, duty, impost; market dues │ دار المكوس custom-house مكاس makkās tax collector المكسيك al-maksīk Mexico المكى Mukalla (seaport in Aden Protectorate, chief town of Hadhramaut) 1مكن makuna u (مكانة makāna) to be or become strong; to become influential, gain influence, have influence (عند with s.o.), have power II to make strong or firm, consolidate, strengthen, cement, establish firmly, deepen (هـ s.th.); to lend weight (هـ to s.th.); to put down or set down firmly (هـ s.th.), give (هـ s.th.) a firm stance; to put (ه s.o.) in a position (من to do s.th.), give (ه s.o.) the possibility (من to do s.th.), enable (من ه s.o. to do s.th.), make possible (من ه for s.o. s.th.); to place (من s.th.) in s.o.’s (ه) hands; to furnish. provide (من ه s.o. with); to give or lend a firm position (ل to s.o. to s.th.); to give power (في ل to s.o. over) IV to enable (من ه s.o. to do s.th.); to be possible, feasible (ه for s.o.) │ يمكنه yumkinuhū he can (ان do s.th.); يمكن ان it is possible that ...; it may be that ..., possibly ..., perhaps ..., maybe …; اكثر ما يمكن (aktara) as much as possible; لا يمكن it is impossible V to have or gain influence, weight, or prestige (عند with s.o.), have or gain power; to be native, indigenous, resident; to gain ground; to spread; to be consolidated, firmly established; to consolidate, strengthen, gain in strength; to seize (من on s.th.), possess o.s., take possession (من of s.th.); to have command or mastery (من of s.th.), command, muter (من s.th.); to be in a position, be able (من to do s.th.), be capable (من of), have the power (من to do s.th.) X to consolidate, strengthen, deepen, become firmly established, establish itself; to seize (من on s.th.), possess o.s., take possession (من of); to have 917 command or mastery (من of s.th.), command, master (من s.th.); to be able (من to do s.th.), be capable (من of) مكنة mukna, makina power, ability, capacity, capability, faculty; possibility; strength, firmness, solidity, intensity, force, vigor مكان pl. امكنة, اماكن and مكانة see كون مكين makīn pl. مكناء mukanā’2 strong, firm, solid; firmly established, unshakable; deep-seated, deep-rooted, deeply ingrained, inveterate (feeling); influential, distinguished, of note, of rank, respected; powerful, potent امكن amkan2 see متمكن تمكين tamkīn strengthening, consolidation, cementation; deepening, intensification; fixation, establishment; enabling, enablement, capacitation; livery of seizing, investiture (Isl. Law) امكان imkān power, capacity, capability; faculty, ability; possibility │ بقدر الإمكان bi-qadri l-i. or على قدر الإمكان as much as possible, as far as possible; عدم الإمكان ‘adam al-i. impossibility; عند الإمكان when (if) possible, possibly; في امكانه ان it is in his power, he is in a position to ...; هو في الإمكان it is in the realm of possibility; ليس في الإمكان it is impossible, unthinkable, inconceivable امكانية imkānīya pl. -āt possibility; O potential (phys.) تمكن tamakkun power, authority, control, mastery, command; ability, capability, faculty; restraint, self-control, self-possession (also تمكن من النفس) ماكن mākin strong, firm, solid, lasting, enduring ممكن mumkin possible; thinkable, conceivable │ غير ممكن impossible; من المكن ان possibly, perhaps, maybe ممكنات mumkināt possibilities متمكن mutamakkin an adept, a proficient, a master; strengthened, cemented; firmly established, firmly fixed; consolidated; deep-rooted, deep-seated, deeply ingrained, inveterate; lasting, enduring; declinable (gram.) │ متمكن امكن (amkan2) declinable with nunnation, triptote (gram.); متمكن غير امكن (gairu amkana) declinable in two cases, diptote (gram.); غير متمكن indeclinable (gram.); متمكن في جلسته (jalsatihī) firmly seated 2 مكنة makina and ماكينة mākīna pl. -āt and مكائن makā’in2 machine مكنى makanī mechanical مكوجي see كوى 2مل malla (1st pers. perf. maliltu) a (ملل malal, ملال malāl, ملالة malāla) to be or become weary, tired, bored, impatient; to tire, become tired (هـ of s.th.), become fed-up (هـ with) │ لا يمل indefatigable, untiring, unflagging IV to be tiresome, irksome, wearisome, boring, tedious, vexatious; to vex, annoy, irritate (على or ه s.o.); (= املى) to dictate (على ه s.th. to s.o.) V to be wearied, fed-up; to be bored; to be restless, fidgety; to embrace a religion (ملة millatan) VIII to embrace a religion (ملة millatan) مل mall weary, tired, fed-up; bored ملة malla hot ashes, live embers ملة milla pl. ملل milal religious community; religion, creed, faith, confession, denomination ملى millī religious, confessional, denominational │ مجلس ملي (majlis) court of justice of a religious minority (in Egypt abolished since 1956) ملة mulla pl. ملل mulal basting stitch, tacking stitch; spring mattress ملل malal and ملال malāl tiredness, boredom, ennui; listlessness, weariness; annoyance, irritation, vexation 918 ملال mulāl morbid unrest, restlessness fidgetiness, feverishness ملالة malāla weariness, boredom; impatience; ennui, tedium ملول malūl tired, wearied, bored; weary, fed-up, disgusted ملى mullā bread baked in hot ashes مملول mamlūl offensive, disgusting ممل mumill tiresome, tedious, boring, wearisome, irksome, loathsome, disagreeable 2مل mill pl. -āt (formerly) the smallest monetary unit in Palestine and Jordan, 1/1000 of a Palestinian pound ملأ mala’a a (ملء mal’, ملأة mal’a, mil’a) to fill, fill up (ب or من or هـ هـ s.th. with); to fill out (هـ a form, a blank); to take up, fill, occupy (هـ space); to fill (هـ a vacancy) │ ملأ الدهر (dahra) his (its) fame spread far and wide; ملأ الساعة (sā‘ata) to wind up a watch or clock; ملأ شدقيه بالهواء (šidqaihi bi-l-hawā’) to puff one’s cheek.; ملأ العين (‘aina) to satisfy completely, please; ملأ الفضاء بالشكوى (faḍā’a bi-š-šakwā) to fill the air with complaints, voice loud laments; ملأ فاه ب (fāhu) to talk big about ..., shoot off one’s mouth about ...; -- ملئ mali’a to be or become filled, filled up, full, replete III to help, assist, support, back up (على ه s.o. in), side (ه with s.o.); to make common cause, join forces (على ه with s.o. against) IV to fill (هـ s.th., also a vacancy) V to till, become full; to be filled (هـ or من with), be full (هـ or من of) VIII to fill, become full; to be filled (glass; pass.); to be filled (هـ, من or ب with s.th., هـ also with a feeling), be full (هـ, من or ب of, هـ also of a feeling); to fill (هـ s.th.); to fill up (هـ s.th.); to imbue, fill (ه s.o., هـ with a feeling) ملء mal’ filling (also, e.g., of vacancies); filling out ملء mil’ pl. املاء amlā’ filling, quantity which fills s.th., fill; quantity contained in s.th. │ ملء اهابه الكبرياء m. ihābihī l-kibriyā’u he is all pride and arrogance; ملء بطنه m. baṭnihī as much as one can eat, one’s fill; ملء القدح m. qadaḥin a cupful; ملء اليد m. al-yad a handful; ملء كسائه m. kisā’ihī corpulent fat; بملء الفم bi-m. il-fam in a loud voice; بملء فيه bi-mil’i fīhi with a ring of deep conviction (with verbs like “say”, “declare”, “exclaim”, etc.); loudly, at the top of one’s voice or one’s lungs (with verbs like “shout”, “cry”, etc.); ضحك بملء (ملء) شدقيه ḍaḥika bi-mil’i (or mil’a) šidqaihj to grin from ear to ear; قال بصوت ملؤه الشفقة (bi-ṣautin mil’uhū ā-šafaqatu) he said in a voice full of mercy ...; لي ملء الحرية في (m. ul-ḥurrīya) I have complete freedom to ..., I am completely at liberty to ...; ملء (mauqilan mil'uhil I-ilium) he ....umed a posture that w... all determination; انت ملء حياتي (ḥayātī) you are all my life; ينام ملء جفنيه (mil’a jafnaihi) he is sound asleep, he sleeps the sleep of the just ملأ mala’ pl. املاء amlā’ crowd, gathering, assembly, congregation; audience; (general) public; council of elders, notables, grandees │ على الملأ publicly, in public; على ملأ العالم (m. il-‘ālam) for everyone to see, before all the world; الملأ الأعلى (a‘lā) the heavenly host, the angels ملاءة mulā’a, □ ملاية milāya pl. -āt wrap worn by Egyptian women; sheet, bed sheet مليء, مليئ malī’ full (ب of), filled, replete (ب with); bulging, swelling (ب with); plump; stout, fat, corpulent, obese; rich, abounding (ب in); well-to-do, wealthy; solvent │ مليء البدن m. al-badan stout, fat, corpulent 919 ملآن mal’ān, f. مللأى mal’ā or ملآنة pl. ملاء milā’ full, filled, replete; plump, fat ممالأة mumāla’a partiality, bias; collaboration (pol.) املاء imlā’ filling (also, e.g., of a vacancy) امتلاء imtilā’ repletion, fullness; full, round form, plumpness; bulkiness; fatness, stoutness, corpulence مملوء mamlū’ filled, filled up; imbued; loaded ممالئ mumāli’ partial, biased, prejudiced; collaborator (pol.) ممتلئ mumtali’ full, filled, filled up, replete │ ممتلئ الجسم m. al-jism stout, fat, corpulent ملاريا malāriyā malaria ملايو malāyū, جزر الملايو juzur al-m. the Malayan Archipelago ملج malaja u (malj) to suck (هـ the mother’s breast) VIII to suck مالج mālaj pl. موالج mawālij2 trowel ملح malaḥa u a and maluḥa u (ملوح mulūḥ, ملوحة mulāḥa, ملاحة malāḥa) to be or become salt(y); -- maluḥa u (ملاحة malāḥa, ملوحة mulūḥa) to be beautiful, handsome, pretty, comely, nice, elegant II to salt, season with salt (هـ s.th.); to salt away, salt down, preserve with salt, com, cure (هـ s.th.) IV to be salt(y) X to find (هـ s.th.) beautiful, pretty, nice, or witty ملح milḥ m. and f., pl. املاح amlāḥ, ملاح milāḥ salt; gunpowder; witticism, wittiness, wit, esprit │ ملح انكليزي bitter salt, Epsom salt; ملح البارود m. al-bārūd saltpeter; gunpowder; ملح النشادر m. an-nušādir sal ammoniac, ammonium chloride; املاح معدنية (ma‘dinīya) mineral salts ملحي milhī salt, salty, saline ملحة milḥa bond, obligation, commitment, covenant ملحة mulḥa pl. ملح mulaḥ funny story, anecdote, bon mot, witticism ملاح mallāḥ sailor, seaman, mariner; (mar.) ghetto of Moroccan cities ملاحة malāḥa beauty, grace, gracefulness; elegance; kindness, kindliness, friendliness, amiability; saltiness, salt taste, saltness, salinity ملاحة mallāḥa pl. -āt salina, saline spring; saltern, saltworks, salt mine; saltcellar ملاحة milāḥa navigation, shipping │ ملاحة تجارية (tijārīya) mercantile shipping, maritime transportation; ملاحة جوية (jawwīya) aviation; ملاحة داخلية (dākilīya) inland navigation; ملاحة نهرية (nahrīya) river traffic; صالح للملاحة navigable ملاحي milāḥī navigational, shipping, marine, maritime, nautical ملوحة mulāḥa saltiness, salt taste مليح malīḥ pl. ملاح millāḥ, املاح amlāḥ salt, salty, briny, salted; pretty, handsome, comely; beautiful; nice, pleasant, agreeable; witty │ (eg.) علقة مليحة (‘alqa) a sound beating املوحة umlūḥa pl. اماليح amālīḥ2 joke, anecdote مملحة mamlaḥa pl. ممالح mamāliḥ2 salina; saltern, saltworks; saline spring; saltcellar تمليح tamlīḥ salting, salting down, preservation in salt, corning, curing مالح māliḥ salt, salty, briny موالح mawāliḥ2 (pl. of مالحة māliḥa, citrus fruits; (syr.) salted nuts, peanuts, almonds, etc. مملوح mamlūḥ salted, salty 920 مملح mumallaḥ salted; salted down, corned, cured مستملح mustamlaḥ brilliant, witty, bright, clever, interesting 1ملخ malaka a (malk) to pull out, tear out (هـ s.th.); to wrench, dislocate, luxate (هـ a joint) VIII to pull out, extract (هـ s.th.) مليخ malīk tasteless, insipid 2ملوخية mulūlkīya Jew’s mallow (Corchorus olitorius; bot.) cultivated as a pot herb; a thick soup made of this herb (eg., syr.) ملد malida a (malad) to be tender (esp., twig) اماليد amalīd2 tender twigs املد amlad2, f. ملداء maldā’ tender, flexible ملس malisa a and malusa u (ملاسة malāsa, ملوسة mulūsa) to be smooth, level, even II to make smooth, to smooth, level, even (هـ s.th.); to make slippery (هـ s.th.); to pass the hand, brush (with the hand) (على over), stroke, caress (على s.th.) V to become smooth; to glide, slide, slip; to grope; to slip away, escape VII (also املس immalasa) to become smooth; to glide, slide, slip; to slip away; to escape ملس malas (eg.) a thin outer garment; على silk fabric for women’s dresses ملس malis smooth, sleek ملاسة malāsa smoothness املس amlas 2, f. ملساء malsā’2, pl. ملس muls smooth, sleek ملص maliṣa a (malaṣ) to glide, slide, slip; to slip away, escape; to disengage o.s., free o.s., (من, عن from an obligation), rid o.s. (من, عن of) V to rid o.s. (عن of), shirk, dodge, evade (من s.th.) ملص maliṣ smooth, sleek, slippery مليص malīṣ smooth, seleek, slippery; miscarried fetus, stillborn child تملص tamalluṣ slipping away, escaping, escape 1ملط malaṭa u (malṭ) to plaster with mud or mortar (هـ a wall); to shave off (هـ hair) II to mortar, plaster (هـ a wall) ملط malṭ (eg.) stark naked │ عريان ملط (‘uryān) stark naked ملط milṭ pl. املاط amlāt, ملوط mulūṭ dishonorable, discreditable; scoundrel │ خلط ملط kilṭ milṭ or kalṭ malṭ pell-mell, in confusion ملاط milāṭ pl. ملط muluṭ mortar مليط malīṭ and املط amlaṭ pl. ملط mulṭ hairless 2 مالطة malṭa Malta مالطي malṭī Maltese (adj. and n.) ملق maliqa a (malaq) to flatter (ه s.o.) U = I; to even, level, plane (هـ هـ s.th.) III = I IV to become poor, impoverished, be reduced to poverty V to flatter (الى, ل or ه s.o.) ملق maliq and ملاق mallāq flatterer, adulator ملق malaqa pl. -āt, املق amlaq (eg.) Egyptian mile, league, the distance of approximately one hour’s walk مملقة mimlaqa planer, leveler; roller تمليق tamlīq and تملق tamalluq flattery, adulation ملك malaka i (malk, mulk, milk) to take in possession, take over, acquire (هـ s.th.), seize, lay hands (هـ on), possess o.s., take possession, lay hold (هـ of); to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.), be the owner (هـ of); to dominate, control (هـ s.th.): to be master (هـ of); to role, reign, exercise power or authority, hold sway, lord it (على or هـ over); to be capable (هـ of), be 921 equal (هـ to); to be able, be in a position (ان or هـ to do s.th.) │ ملكه الغيظ (gaiẓ) anger overwhelmed him, got the better of him; ملك عليه جميع مشاعره (jamī‘a mašā‘irihī) to dominate s.o.’s every thought and deed, be uppermost in s.o.’s mind; ملك عليه حسه (ḥissahū) to take possession of s.o.’s feelings; ملك عليه لبه (lubbahū) to preoccupy s.o.’s heart; ملك عليه نفسه (nafsahū) to lay hold of s.o.’s soul, dominate s.o.’s thinking, affect s.o. deeply, stir up, arouse, excite s.o.; ملك على نفسه امرها (amrahā) to have o.s. under control, keep one’s temper; ملك العينين من البكاء (‘ainaini, bukā’) to hold back the tears; ملك نفسه (nafsahū) to control o.s., restrain o.s.; لم يملك ان he could not refrain from ..., he couldn’t help it, he had to ...; ما ملكت (يملك) يمينه (yamīnuhū) his fortune, his property, his possessions II and IV to make (ه s.o.) the owner; to put (ه s.o.) in possession (هـ of), transfer (ه to s.o.) ownership (هـ of); to transfer, assign, make over, convey (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) king or sovereign (على over) V to take in possession, take over, appropriate, acquire (هـ s.th.), take possession (هـ of s.th., ه of s.o.), seize, lay hands (هـ on s.th.), lay hold (هـ of s.th.); to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.), be in possession (هـ of); to become king or sovereign (على over); to become prevalent, become fixed, take root (habit) VI to gain control (هـ over a feeling, نفسه nafsahū over o.s.); to control o.s., restrain o.s., hold back; to refrain, keep (عن from s.th.) │ ما تمالك عن he couldn’t help (doing s.th.), he couldn’t refrain from ... VIII to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); to gain, win (هـ s.th.); to acquire (هـ s.th.) │ امتلك نواصي الشيء (nawāṣiya š-šai’) to b. master of s.th., rule over s.th. X to appropriate (هـ s.th.), take possession (هـ of); to dominate, control (هـ s.th.); to possess, own, have (هـ s.th.); to master (هـ s.th.) ملك mulk rule, reign, supreme authority, dominion, domination, dominance, sway, power; sovereignty, kingship, royalty; monarchy; tenure, holding, right of possession, possessory right, ownership ملك mill: pl. املاك amlāk property, possessions, goods and chattels, fortune, wealth; estate; landed property, real estate; pl. possessions (= colonies); lands, landed property, estates │ املاك اميرية (amīrīya) or املاك الحكومة government lands; ملك ثابت landed property, real property, real estate, realty, immovables; ملك منقول personal estate, personal property, personality, movables; املاك مبنية (mabnīya) developed lots, real estate developments; صاحب الأملاك, ذو الأملاك landowner; ملك اميري (amīrī) government property; ملك مطلق (muṭlaq) general property, fee simple (absolute) (Isl. Law); ملك شائع joint property, joint tenancy, co-ownership ملك malik pl. ملوك mulūk, املاك amlāk king, sovereign, monarch ملكة malika pl. -āt queen │ ملكة الجمال m. al-jamāl beauty queen ملك malak (for ملأك) angel │ ملك حارس guardian angel ملكي mulkī posessory, possessive, proprietary; civilian, civil (as opposed to military) │ بدلة ملكية (badla) civilian clothes; موظف ملكي (muwaẓẓaf) civil servant ملكي malakī royal, kingly, regal; monarchic, sovereign; monarchist; angelic ملكية malakīya monarchy, kingship, royalty ملكية milkīya pl. -āt property; ownership (jur.) │ الملكية الكبرى (kubrā) large landed property; نزع الملكية naz‘ al-m. expropriation, dispossession 922 ملكة malaka pl. -āt trait of character, natural disposition, aptitude, bent; gift, faculty, talent, knack ملكوت malakūt realm, kingdom, empire; kingship, royalty, sovereignty │ ملكوت السماوات m. as-samāwāt the Kingdom of Heaven (Chr.) ملكوتي malakūtī divine, heavenly ملاك malāk, milāk foundation, basis, fundament, essential prerequisite ملاك milāk (tun.) betrothal, engagement; engagement present (of the fiancé to the prospective bride) ملوكي mulukī royal, kingly, regal; monarchic; monarchist ملاك mallākīya monarchic rule, monarchism, kingship, royalty; monarchist leaning ملاك mallāk pl. -ūn owner, proprietor; landowner, landholder, landed proprietor │ كبار الملكين kibār al-m. large landowners ملاكي mallākī private مليك malīk pl. ملكاء mulakā’ king; possessor, owner, proprietor مليكة malīka queen مملكة mamlaka pl. ممالك mamālik2 kingdom, empire, state, country; royal power, sovereignty تمليك tamlīk transfer of ownership, conveyance of property, alienation تملك tamalluk taking possession, occupancy, seizure; possession; right or possession, possessory right, tenure, holding; domination, control, mastery تمالك tamāluk self-control امتلاك imtilāk taking possession, occupancy, seizure; possession; right or possession, possessory right, tenure, holding; domination, control, mastery │ امتلاك النفس imt. an-nafs self-control امتلاك imtilāk pl. -āt acquisition; appropriation, taking possession, occupancy, seizure مالك mālik pl. ملاك mullāk, ملك mullak reigning, ruling; owning, possessing, holding; owner, proprietor, master, possessor, holder │ مالك الحزين heron (zool.) مالكي mālikī Malikite, belonging to the Malikite school of theology; a Maliki المالكية al-mālikīya the Malikite school of theology مملوك mamlūk owned (ل by), in possession (ل of), belonging (ل to); (pl. مماليك mamālīk2) white slave, mameluke; Mameluke │ غير مملوك incapable of individual possession, (res) extra commercium (Isl. Law) مملك mumallik assignor, transferor, conveyer, alienator ممتلك mumtalak owned, in possession; pl. ممتلكات mumtalakāt property; estates, landed property; possessions, dependencies, colonies │ ممتلكات اميرية (amīrīya) government property; الممتلكات المستقلة (mustaqilla) the Dominions ململ malmala to hurry, hasten; to make restless, make fidgety (ه s.o.) II tamalmala to murmur; to mumble, mumble into one’s beard; to grumble, be disgruntled, be angry; to be restlessness, fidgety, nervous; to twitch nervously; to be or become wavering, uncertain ململة malmala and تململ tamalmul unrest, restlessness, fidgetiness, nervousness ملنخوليا malakōliyā melancholia 1ملا (ملو) malā u (malw) to walk briskly, run II to make (هـ s.o.) enjoy (هـ s.th.) for a long time (said of God) IV to dictate (هـ على to s.o. .s.th.) V to enjoy (من, ب, هـ s.th.) X to take from dictation (هـ s.th.) 923 ملا malā pl. املاء amlā’ open country, open tract of land; steppe, desert الملوان al-malawān day and night ملوة malwa malouah, a dry measure (Eg. = 2 قدح = 4.125 l) ملي malīy (relatively long) period of time; مليا malīyan for quite a while, for a long time املاء imlā’ dictation; O transmission (of a telephone message) 2□ ملاية milāya pl. -āt (< ملاءة mulā’a) wrap worn by Egyptian women; sheet, bed sheet ملية malīya pl. ملايا malāyā (tun.) garment of sedouin women مليار (Fr.) milyār pl. -āt (U.S.) billion, (G.s.) milliard مليجرام milligrām pl. -āt milligram مليم (Fr. millième) mallīm, malīm pl. -āt, ملاليم malālīm2 the smallest monetary unit in Egypt (= 1/1000 pound); see also under لوم مليمتر millīmitr pl. -āt millimeter مليون malyūn pl. -āt, ملايين malāyīn2 million │ اصحاب الملايين millionaires مم mm. abbreviation of millimeter مما mimmā, shortened form مم mimma = min mā ممن mimman = min man 2من man 1. (interr. pron.) who? which one? which ones? 2. (relative pron.) who; the one who; those who; one who; whoever, whosoever, everyone who, he who 2من min (prep.) 1. of; some, some of, (a) part of; belonging to, pertaining to, from among │ كان من to belong or pertain to, be among …, fall under ...; من ذلك ان (anna) among other things ...; منهم من (man) some of them; منهم من – ومنهم من some of them -- others ..., there are (were) those who -- and others who ...; رجل من قريش (rajul) a man of the Koreish tribe; يوم من الأيام (yaum, ayyām) some day, some day or other; امر من الأمور (amr) s.th. or other, some affair, some business; اكل من الطعام (ṭa‘ām) he ate (a little, some) of the food; ما رايته من الكتب mā ra’aituhū min saling-kutub (what I have seen of the books =) the books I have seen; ما رايته من كتب (what I have seen of books =) what(ever) books I have seen; ما لله من شريك God has no partner whatsoever; ما من احد يقدر (aḥadin yaqdiru) nobody can ...; ما من شخص (šakṣin) there ia absolutely none who ... consisting of, made of, of (material) │ ثوب من حرير (taub) a garment of silk, a silk dress at, on (time) │ من الليل (lail) at night; من يومه (yaumihī) on the very same day; من ساعته at that moment, at once, right away at, on, by (place) │ هزه من منكبه (hazzahū, mankibihī) he shook him by the shoulder like, as, such as, as for instance; namely, to wit │ صفات ازلية من العلم والقدرة والإرادة (ṣifāt azalīya, ‘ilm, qudra, irāda) eternal attributes such as knowledge, power, volition; اذا صح ما قالته الجرائد من ان (ṣaḥḥa) if what the newspapers say is true, namely that ... in an exclamation: يا طولها من ليلة yā ṭūlahā min lailatin oh, the length of the night! what a long night it is! ما اخفه من حمل mā akaffahū min ḥimlin how light a burden it is! ويحه من مخبول (waiḥahū) woe to this fool! in relation to, with respect to, toward │ مقاصد المانيا من تركيا Germany’s intentions as far as Turkey is concerned substituting for an accusative (originally, in a partitive sense): اذكى ذلك من فضولها this kindled her curiosity 924 2. from, away from, out of, from the direction of │ اخرج من هنا ukruj min hunā get out of here! جاء من بغداد he came from Baghdad; من طرف (ṭarafi) and من قبل (qibal) on the part of, on the side of, from, by; من -- الى from -- (up) to; كان منه واليه (wa-ilaihi) to depend entirely on s.o., he inseparable from s.o., appertain to s.o.; ما كان منهم what share they had in ..., to what extent they were involved in ..., what part they played in … from, beginning , starting ..., since, for; after │ من شهر (šahr) for a month (past), since one month ago; من مدة (mudda) for some time (in the past); بعد ايام من هذه الحوادث (ba‘da ayyāmin) a few days after these events of, by, at, about (denoting the source of one’s fear, fright, alarm, apprehension, etc.). e.g., فزع من, خاف من etc. against, from (with verb, denoting protection, defense, warning, freeing, exemption), e.g., منعه من, حماه من, حرره من, اعفاه من, etc. through, by, via, (with verb, of motion to denote the way, route, or means) │ دخل من الباب he entered through the gate; من طريق الراديو by radio than (with the comparative) │ اقوى من aqwā min an too strong as to ..., too strong for ... due to, owing to, for, because of; at, about (with verbs denoting emotions; as, for instance, “be amazed”, “be delighted”, “he glad”, etc.), e.g., تعجب من, دهش من, etc. by, through (with the passive to indicate the doer, agent, perpetrator) as to compounds such as من بعد, من حيث, من دون, من غير, من قبل see under the second word 3من manna u (mann) to he kind, kindly, benign, gracious, benevolent, obliging (على to or toward, s.o.); to show, grant, or do s.o. (على) a favor, bestow blessings, benefits, favors (على upon s.o.); to grant, award, present, give (ب على to s.o. s.th.), confer, bestow graciously (ب على upon s.o. s.th.), bless (ب على s.o. with), inspire (ب على s.o. with; of God) IV to tire, fatigue, weaken (ه s.o.), sap the strength (على of s.o.) V do. VIII to be kind, kindly, benign, gracious, benevolent, obliging (على to or toward s.o.), to show, grant, or do s.o. (على) a favor, bestow blessings, benefits, favors (على upon s.o.); to bestow or confer most graciously (ب على upon s.o. s.th.), kindly grant, award, or give (ب على to s.o. s.th.) من mann gracious bestowal; favor; benefit, blessing, boon; gift, present, largess; honeydew; manna; (pl. امنان amnān) a weight of 2 رطل raṭl │ بمنه تعالى by the grace of God منة minna pl. منن minan grace; kindness, kindliness, good will, friendliness, amiability, graciousness, benevolence, benignity; favor, act of kindness, benefit, blessing, boon, gift, present من munna pl. منن munan strength, vigor, stamina │ شديد المنة strong, vigorous, sturdy منان mannān kind, kindly, benign, gracious; munificent, liberal, generous; benefactor; المنان (one of the attributes of God) the Benefactor منون manūn fate, destiny; fate of death, death امتنان grateful obligation, indebtedness, obligedness, gratitude ممنون indebted, obligated, obliged, grateful, thankful (ل to s.o.); weak, languid ممنونية mamnūnīya grateful obligation, indebtedness, obligedness, gratitude ممتن mumtann indebted. much obliged (ل to s.o.) 925 منتول mintūl menthol منجنيق manjanīq f., pl. -āt, مجانق majāniq2 mangonel, ballista, catapult منجو mangū mango منح manaḥa a (manḥ) to grant, give, accord, award (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), bestow, confer (هـ ه upon s.o. s.th.) III to bestow favor (ه upon s.o.) منح manḥ granting, giving, donation, bestowal, conferment, award(ing) منحة minḥa pl. منح minaḥ act of kindness; privilege; gift, present, donation, grant, favor, benefit, benefaction; compensation; remuneration, allowance, indemnity (jur.); scholarship, stipend │ منحة الإقامة m. al-iqāma living allowance; منحة جامعية (jāmi‘īya) academic scholarship; منحة السكنى m. as-suknā housing allowance, rent allowance مانح māniḥ donor, giver, granter 1مندل mandal see ندل 2منديل mandīl, mindīl pl. مناديل manādīl2 kerchief; handkerchief; head kerchief منذ mundu and مذ mud 1. (prep.) since, for; ago │ منذ شهر (šahr) for a month (past), since one month ago; a month ago; منذ ايام (ayyām) for the past few days; a few days ago; منذ عقد قريب (‘aqd) of late, lately, recently; منذ الآن (āna) from now on, henceforth; منذ اليوم (yaum) as of today, from this day on 2. (conj.) since, ever since, from the time when │ منذ كنت طفلا صغيرا (ṭiflan) since I was a small child بحر المنش baḥr al-manš the Sea of Le Manche, i.e., the English Channel منشوبية manšūbīya (from Copt. manšōpi) cell, living quarters (Copt.-Chr.) منشوري manšūrī Manchurian منصون manṣūn monsoon منطر manṭara to threw down, toss down منطق manṭaqa to gird (ب هـ s.th. with) II to gird o.s., swathe o.s. (ب with), wind around one’s body (ب s.th.) منطوفلة manṭūfla (syr.) slipper منع mana‘a a (man‘) to stop, detain, keep from entering or passing (ه s.o.); to hinder, prevent (هـ s.th.; من or عن ه s.o. from), keep, restrain, hold back (ه s.o. من or عن from); to bar, block, obstruct (هـ ه s.o.’s way or access to); to withdraw, take away (من or عن or هـ ه from s.o. s.th.), deprive (من or عن or هـ ه s.o. of); to forbid, interdict (من or عن or هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), prohibit (من or عن or هـ ه s.o. from); to decline to accept, declare impossible or out of the question (ان that); to refuse, deny (عن هـ or ه هـ s.th. to s.o.), withhold (عن هـ or ه هـ s.th. from s.o.); to stop, cease (هـ doing s.th., عن with regard to s.o.), abstain, refrain (هـ from doing s.th., عن with regard to s.o.); to ward off, avert, keep, keep away (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.); to protect, guard (من ه s.o. from), defend (ه s.o., هـ s.th., عن against); -- manu‘a u (مناع manā‘, مناعة manā‘a) to be strongly fortified, inaccessible, impregnable; to be unconquerable, invincible, insurmountable II to fortify, strengthen, make inaccessible (هـ s.th.) III to put up resistance, act in opposition (ه to s.o.), oppose, counteract (ه s.o.), work against s.o. (ه); to stand up, rise (ه against s.o.); to resist, oppose (في s.th.), offer resistance, object, raise objections (في to s.th.), revolt, rebel (في against s.th.); to refuse, deny (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) V to refuse, decline (عن to do s.th.); to desist, refrain, abstain, keep (عن from s.th., from doing s.th.), forbear, leave off (عن s.th.), stop, cease (عن doing s.th.), avoid (عن s.th. or doing s.th.); to 926 be or become inaccessible, unassailable, impregnable; to strengthen, grow in strength; to seek protection (ب with or in) VIII to refrain, abstain, keep (عن from doing s.th.), forbear (عن s.th.), stop, cease (عن doing s.th.); to be prevented (عن from); to be impossible (على for s.o.); to refuse (عن to do s.th.), decline, turn down (عن s.th.); to refuse to have anything to do (على with), keep aloof (على from) منع man‘ hindering, impeding, obstruction; prevention, obviation, preclusion; prohibition, interdiction, ban, injunction; closure, stop, discontinuation, embargo; withdrawal, deprival, dispossession; withholding, detention منعة manra resistance, power, force, vigor, strength, stamina, insuperability, invincibility منيع manī‘ pl. منعاء muna‘ā’ unapproachable, inaccessible, impervious, impenetrable, forbidding; well-fortified; mighty, strong, powerful; impregnable, unconquerable; insurmountable, insuperable, invincible, immune │ منيع الجانب strong, unassailable; حاجز منيع insurmountable barrier مناعة manā‘a inaccessibility; strength, impregnability; hardiness, sturdiness, power of resistance; immunity (to a disease, also dipl.); imperviousness, impermeability, impenetrability, forbiddingness امنع amna‘2 harder to get at, more forbidding; offering greater resistance ممانعة mumāna‘a opposition; resistance, revolt, rebellion; O inductive resistance (el.) تمنع tamannu‘ rejection, refusal امتناع imtinā‘ refraining, abstention (عن from); refusal, denial; impossibility مانع māni‘ hindering, forbidding, etc., see 1; preventive; prohibitive; - (pl. موانع mawāni‘2) hindrance, obstacle, obstruction; impediment; a preventive, preservative, prophylactic; objection; (pl. -āt) O cutout, anti-interference device (radio) │ ما رأى مانعا (ra’ā) to have no objections; لا مانع māni‘a there is nothing in the way, nothing prevents me (you, etc.) from (عن) ممنوع mamnā‘ forbidden, prohibited, banned, interdicted; indeclinable (gram.) │ ممنوع التدخين no smoking! ممنوع الدخول no admittance! keep out! off limits! ممنوعية mamnū‘īya forbiddenness ممتنع mumtani‘ refraining, abstaining, forbearing; rejecting, refusing; prevented; forbidden, interdicted, prohibited, banned; inaccessible (على to s.o.); forbidding, inscrutable, impenetrable, elusive; difficult to imitate; impossible منغنيس manganīs manganese منغوليا mungūliyā Mongolia منفيلا (It. manovella) manafella crank منلوج manalōg see منولوج (منو and منى) منا manā u (manw) and منى manā i (many) to put to the test, try, tempt, afflict (ب ه s.o. with; of God); pass. مني muniya to be afflicted (ب with), be sorely tried (ب by), suffer, sustain, undergo, experience (ب s.th.), be affected, hit, smitten, stricken (ب by); to find by good luck, be so fortunate as to find (ل s.th.) II to awaken the desire (ب or هـ ه in s.o. for), make s.o. (ه) wish (ب or هـ for); to make (ه s.o.) hope (ب or هـ for), give (ه s.o.) reason to hope (ب or هـ for), raise hopes (ب or هـهـ of) in s.o. (ه); to promise (ان, ب ه s.o. that) │ منى نفسه ب (nafsahū) to indulge in the hope of ..., have every hope that ... IV to shed (هـ blood); to emit, 927 ejaculate (هـ sperm) V to desire (هـ s.th.), wish (هـ for s.th.; هـ ل s.o. s.th.) X to practice onanism, masturbate منى manan and منية manīya pl. منايا manāyā fate, destiny, lot; fate of death; death منى minan semen, sperm منوي minawī seminal, spermatic منى minan m. and minā f. the valley of Mina near Mecca منية munya, minya pl. منى munan wish, desire; object of desire امنية umnīya pl. امان amānin, اماني amānīy wish, demand, claim, desire, longing, aspiration تمنية tamniya and امناء imnā’ emission, ejaculation of the sperm تمن tamannin pl. -āt wish; desire; request استمناء istimnā’ self-pollution, masturbation, onanism منولوج manolōj, monolōg pl. -āt monologue; (cabaret) act │ منولوجات فكاهية (fukāhīya) skits, comic sketches, music-hall songs منومتر manūmitr pl. -āt manometer, pressure gauge المنيا al-minyā El Minya (city in central Egypt) مهجة muhja pl. مهج muhaj, مهجات muhajāt lifeblood, heartblood; heart; innermost self, intrinsic nature, core; soul; life │ طعنت الآمال في مهجتها (ṭu‘inat) hopes received the deathblow مهد II to spread out evenly (هـ s.th.); to smooth, smoothen (هـ s.th.); to pave (هـ a road); to flatten, plane, make even or level (هـ s.th.): to arrange, settle, straighten, put in order (هـ s.th.); to free from obstacles, clear, pave (هـ s.th.; esp., the way, ل for or to); to make easy, facilitate, ease, make easily accessible (هـ ل to s.o. s.th.): to get ready, prepare (هـ s.th.), make (هـ a bed, etc.); to pass (الكرة al-kurata the ball, ل to s.o.); (verb alone, without qualifying direct object) to pave, open, clear, or prepare the way (ب ل for s.th. by or with), open, prepare, begin, start, initiate, bring about, set in motion (ب ل s.th. by or with) V to be paved, be clear or cleared, be or become open (way); to be or get settled or arranged; to go smoothly, go well, come off well; to be in order, be put in order, get straightened out مهد mahd pl. مهود muhūd bed; cradle │ من المهد على اللحد (laḥd) from cradle to grave; قتله في مهده to nip s.th. in the bud; كان في مهد to be still in its beginnings or infancy, not have progressed beyond the early stages مهاد mihād place of rest, resting place; bed; bosom, pale, fold (fig., in which s.th. rests) تمهيد tamhīd smoothing, leveling, paving; facilitation, easing; preparation; foreword, preface, proem; introduction; preliminaries │ تمهيد ل in order to facilitate ...; in preparation of ..., as a preliminary step toward ..., for the purpose of ... تمهيدي tamhīdī introductory, prefatory, preliminary, preparatory │ اجراءات تمهيدية (ijrā’āt) preliminaries; preliminary proceedings (jur.); حكم تمهيدي (ḥukm) interlocutory decree, interlocutory judgment (jur.); قرار تمهيدي (qarār) provisional in, junction, temporary restra.ining order (jur.); شرح تمهيدي (šarh) prefatory remarks ممهد mumahhad leveled, smoothed, smooth, even, level; well-ordered, wellarranged, well-prepared; prepared, cleared, open (way); paved (road) مماهد mumāhad paved, improved (road) 928 1مهر mahara u a (mahr, مهار mahār, مهارة mahāra, مهور muhūr) to be skillful, adroit, dexterous, skilled, adept, proficient, expert, experienced, seasoned; -- u a (mahr) to give a dower (ها to the bride) III to vie in skill (ه with s.o.) IV to give a dower (ها to the bride) مهر mahr pl. مهور muhūr dower, bridal money; price, stake; ransom مهر muhr, pl. امهار amhār, مهارة mihāra foal, colt مهرة muhra pl. مهر muhar, مهرات muharāt filly مهارة mahāra skillfulness, adroitness, dexterity, skill, expertness, proficiency, adeptness ماهر māhir pl. مهرة mahara skillful, adroit, dexterous, skilled, proficient, adept, expert, practiced, experienced, seasoned 2مهر muhr seal, signet; stamp مهردار muhrәdār keeper of the seal مهرجان mahrajān, mihrajān pl. -āt festival, festivity, celebration │ مهرجان بريطانيا Festival of Britain مهك mahaka a (mahk) to grind, crush, bruise, pound مهكة makha, muhka freshness of youth, bloom of youth مهل mahala a (mahl, مهلة muhla) to tarry, dawdle, be slow, take one’s time (في in s.th.) II and IV to give (ه s.o.) time, grant (ه s.o.) a respite or delay V to be slow, proceed slowly and deliberately (في in s.th.) │ تمهل في خطاه (kuṭāhu) to slacken one’s pace; تمهل يقول he said slowly ... VI = V; X to ask (ه s.o.) for a respite; to ask (ه s.o.) to wait مهل mahl, mahal slowness, leisureliness, ease; leisure; مهلا mahlan slowly, leisurely, in no hurry │ على مهل slowly, leisurely, in no hurry; مهلك mahlaka easy does it! take it easy! على مهلك take it easy! take your time! مهلة muhla respite, delay; time limit for a decision, time to think s.th. over مهيلة muhaila large boat (ir.) امهال imhāl grant of respite, concession of a delay امهالي imhālī tending to delay, dilatory تمهل tamahhul slowness deliberateness │ بتمهل slowly; gradually متمهل mutamahhil slow, deliberate, leisurely, unburned, easy متماهل mutamāhil leisurely, comfortable, easy, unhurried, slow مهما mahmā (conj.) whatever, whatsoever; no matter how much, however much, much as ...; whenever │ مهما يكن من الأمر (yakun, amr) whatever the case may be, be it as it may مهن mahana u a (mahn, مهنة mahna) to serve (ه s.o.); to humble, degrade, treat in a humiliating manner (ه s.o.); to hackney, wear out in common service, wear out by use (هـ s.th.); -- mahuna u (مهانة mahāna) to be despicable, base, low, mean, menial III to practice (هـ a profession) VIII to humble, degrade, treat in a humiliating manner (ه s.o.); to revile (ه s.o.); to despise (ه s.o.); to employ for menial services (ه s.o.); to hackney, wear out in common service, wear out by use (هـ s.th.); to practice professionally, as a trade (هـ s.th.) مهنة mihna pl. مهن mihan work, job, occupation, calling, vocation, profession, trade, business مهني mihnī professional, vocational; gainfully employed │ الإرشاد المهني (iršād) vocational guidance 929 مهين mahīn pl. مهناء muhanā’2 despised, despicable, contemptible, vile امتهان imtihān degradation, humiliation, contempt, disdain; abuse, misuse, improper treatment ماهن māhin pl. مهان muhhān menial servant مهاة mahāh pl. مهوات mahawāt, مهيات mahayāt wild cow 1ماء (موء) mā’a u (مواء muwā’) to mew, miaow مواء muwā’ mewing, miaow (of a cat) 2 ماء and مائي see موء موبيليات mōbīlīyāt (pl.) furniture مات (موت) māta u (maut) to die; to perish; to lose life, become dead; to abate, subside, die down, let up (wind, heat) II and IV to make (ه s.o.) die, let (ه s.o.) perish; to kill, put to death (ه s.o.); to be the death of s.o. (ه), cause the death of s.o. (ه) IV to mortify (نفسه o.s., one’s flesh); to suppress, deaden (هـ s.th.) VI to feign death, pretend to be dead; to feign weakness; to be sluggish, listless, slack (في in s.th.) X to seek death; to defy death, sacrifice o.s., risk one’s life; to strive desperately (في for), make desperate efforts <..i in order to); to tight desperately موت maut and موتة mauta death; decease, demise │ موت ابيض (abyaḍ) natural death موات mawāt that which is lifeless an inanimate thing; barren, uncultivated land, wasteland موتان mautāni, mūtān dying, death; epidemic, plague ميت mayit, mait pl. اموات amwāt, موتى mautā lifeless inanimate, dead, deceased ميتة maita corpse, carcass, carrion; meat of an animal not slaughtered in accordance with ritual requirements (Isl. Law) ميتة mīta manner of death │ ميتة الأبطال death of a hero, death in battle ممات mamāt place where s.o. died; decease, death اماتة imāta killing; mortification (of the flesh) استماتة istimāta death defiance; desperate effort, desperate struggle (في for) مائت mā’it dying, moribund, mortal مميت mumīt lethal, fatal, mortal, deadly │ خاطئة مميتة (kāṭi’a) mortal sin ممات mumāt antiquated, obsolete مستميت mustamīt death-defying, reckless, heroin; martyr; suffering a martyr’s death موتوسيكل (Fr. motocycle) mōtōsīkil pl. -āt motorcycle ماج (موج) māja u (mauj, موج mawajān) to heave, swell, roll, surge (sea); to be excited, agitated (ب by) II to ripple (هـ the surface of water, etc.); to wave (هـ the hair) V = I; to rise in waves; to ripple, be rippled (as, the surface of water); to undulate, move in undulations; to sway, roll VI to be waved, be undulate; to form an undulating line (حول around); to flow, flood, swell, surge موج mauj pl. امواج amwāj billows, surges, seas, breakers; waves; ripples; -- (n. un. موجة mauja pl. -āt) billow, surge, sea, breaker; wave; ripple; oscillation, vibration, undulation │ موج طويل long wave (radio); موج قصير short wave (radio); موج متوسط (mutawassiṭ) medium wave (radio); امواج صوتية (ṣauṭīya) sound waves; امواج مستمرة (mustamirra) continuous waves; امواج مضمحلة (muḍmaḥilla) 930 damped waves; امواج منعكسة (mun‘akisa) reflected waves, indirect waves; امواج (muwajjaha) directional beams (radio); O موجة حارة (ḥārra) heat wave, hot spell; موجة الشباب m. aš-šabāb bloom of youth, freshness of youth; سعة الموجة sa‘at al-m. amplitude; طول الموجة ṭūl al-m. wave length (radio); موجة استنكار a wave of disapproval مواج mawwāj undulating, undulant; surging, rolling; waved, undulated, undulate; O (pl. -āt) transmitter (radio) تمويج tamwīj waving (of the hair) │ التمويج على البارد cold wave, permanent wave تموج tamawwuj pl. -āt oscillation, vibration; undulation, undulant motion; swaying, rolling │ تموجات صوتية (ṣautīya) sound waves; O تموج الهواء t. al-hawā’ atmospheric vibrations مائج mā’ij surging, swelling, rolling, tumultuous, stormy, high (sea) مموج mumawwaj undulated, undulate, waved, wavy, wavelike, undulatory متموج mutamawwij surging, rolling, undulating, undulant, wavelike, undulatory; wavy (hair) │ الحمى المتموجة (ḥummā) undulant fever, Malta fever, brucellosis (med.) متماوج mutamāwij undulate, waved, wavy, rippled; curled مودة mōda pl. -āt fashion, style; fashionable; pl. hat fashions, millinery │ على المودة of the latest fashion, fashionable, modish, stylish مودل mōdel or موديل mōdēl pl. -āt model, pattern 1مار (مور) māra u (maur) to move to and fro, move from side to side V do. موار mawwār O pendulum تمور tamawwur swaying, swinging motion; تمورا to and fro, back and forth 2مار look up alphabetically and under مر marra 3المورة al-mōra Morea, Poloponnesus □ موراتزم mūrātizm (eg.) rheumatism موراني mūrānī (syr.) = ماروني look up alphabetically مورفين murfīn morphine مورينة mūrīna pl. -āt wooden beam, rafter موز mauz (call.; n. un. ة) banana 1ماس mās diamond (cf. الماس alphabetically) ماسي māsī diamond (used attributively) 2موسى mūsā f., pl. مواس mawāsin, امواس amwās straight razor 3موسى mūsā Moses │ سمك موسى samak m. plaice, flounder (zool.) موسوي mūsawī Mosaic(al) موسطردة (It. mostarda) musṭarda mustard موسكو moskū, moskō Moscow موسيقار mūsīqār musician موسيقى mīsīqa (f.) music موسيقي mūsīqī musician; musical │ آلة موسيقية musical instrument ماش māš (n. un. ة) leguminous plant with black edible grains, Indian pea (Phaseolus max. L.; bot.) الموصل al-maṣil Mosul (city in N Iraq) موضه (= موده) mōḍa fashion, style موق see مأق 1مول II to make rich, enrich (ه s.o.); to finance (هـ s.th.) V to be financed; to become rich, wealthy X to become rich, wealthy مال mal pl. اموال amwāl property, possessions, chattels, goods; wealth, affluence; fortune, estate; money; 931 income, revenue; assets, capital, stock, fund; (eg.) tax, esp., land tax; (Isl. Law) marketable title; pl. property, assets, chattels, goods; pecuniary resources, funds; taxes │ ذو مال wealthy, rich; مال احتياطي (iḥtyāṭī) reserve fund; مال الاطيان (eg.) land tax; مال الحرام m. al-ḥarām ill-gotten gain; مال الحكومة (eg.) taxes; اموال مقررة (muqarrara) direct taxes; مال نقلي (naqlī) or مال منقول movable property, movables (Isl. Law); مال ثابت landed property, real property, immovables; مال غير متقوم (mutaqawwim) thing without commercial value (Isl. Law); امين المال treasurer; بيت المال bait al-m. (public) treasury; رأس مال etc., see رأس مالي mālī monetary, pecuniary, financial; finance (in compounds); fiscal; financier, capitalist │ بت مالي (bait) finance house, banking house; تضخم مالي (taḍakkum) inflation; سنة مالية (sana) fiscal year; غرامة مالية (garāma) or عقوبة مالية a fine مالية mālīya monetary affairs, finance, public revenue; finances, financial situation │ وزارة المالية finance ministry, treasury department موال mawwāl pl. -ūn (ir.) financier, capitalist تمويل tamwīl financing; (eg.) tax-paying ممول mumawwil pl. -ūn (eg.) taxpayer ممول mumawwal propertied, wealthy, rich متمول mutamawwil rich, wealthy, well-to-do; financier, capitalist 2موال mawwāl pl. مواويل mawāwīl2 a poem in colloquial language, often sung to the accompaniment of a reed pipe مواليا mawāliyā do. موم mūm wax مومياء mūmiyā’, مومية mūmiya pl. -āt mummy مان (مون) māna u (maun, مؤنة mu’na) and II to provision. supply with provisions (ه s.o.); to provide, furnish, supply (ب هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. with) V to store up provisions, lay in provisions, provision o.s. مونة mūna provisions; (eg.) mortar تموين tamwīn food supply, provisioning; supply; replenishment موانيء pl. ميناء مونيخ mūnīk Munich ماه (موه) māha u (mauh) to mix (ب هـ s.th. with); -- u a (mauh, مؤوه mu’ūh, ماهة māha) to abound in water II to abound in water; to pour water (هـ into), admix water (هـ to); to thin, dilute, water down, adulterate (هـ s.th.); to falsify (هـ, على s.th.), misrepresent (هـ s.th.); to feign, affect (على ب s.th. toward s.o.); to camouflage (هـ s.th.; Syr., mil.); to coat, overlay, plate (ب هـ a base metal with gold or silver) IV to add water (هـ to) ماء mā’ pl. مياه miyāh, امواه amwāh water; liquid, fluid; juice │ كالماء الجاري fluently, smoothly, like clockwork; ماء ابيض (abyaḍ) cataract (eye disease); ماء الزهر m. az-zahr orange-blossom water;ماء الشباب m. aš-šabāb freshness of youth, prime of youth; ماء عذب (‘adb) fresh water, potable water; ماء غازي pl. مياه غازية carbonated water, mineral water; ماء الكولونيا Eau de Cologne; ماء الوجه m. al-wajh honor, decency, modesty, self-respect; اراق ماء وجهه arāqa mā’a wajhihī to sacrifice one’s honor, abase o.s.; to dishonor, disgrace s.o.; بذل ماء وجهه do.; ماء الورد m. al-ward rose water; مياه اقليمية (iqlīmīya) territorial waters; مياه الأمطار m. al-amṭār rain water; مياه جوفية (jaufīya) ground water; مياه ساحلية (sāḥilīya) coastal waters; بنو ماء السماء banū m. as-samā’ the Arabs 932 ماهي māhī and ماوي māwī watery, aqueous, aquatic مائي mā’ī aquatic, water; liquid, fluid; hydraulic ماهية look up alphabetically ماوية māwīya and مائية mā’īya juice, sap تمويه tamwīh coating, plating; clothing, attire, garb; overfilling; feigning, pretending, affectation; camouflage (syr., mil.); distortion (of facts), misrepresentation, falsification │ كأس التمويه ka’s at-t. overfull cup تمويهي tamwīhī feigned, sham, mock, make-believe │ غارة تمويهية mock attack, feint ماوية see موه ميت and ميتة see موت ماح (ميح) māḥa i (maiḥ, ميحوحة maiḥūḥa) to strut, walk with affected dignity; to waddle V and VI to reel, totter, stagger; to swing X to ask (هـ ه s.o. a favor), request (هـ s.th.) │ استماح عذرا من (‘udran) to apologize for s.th. ماد (ميد) māda i (maid, ميدان mayadān) to be moved, shaken, upset, shocked; to sway; to swing; to feel giddy, be dizzy; ماد ب to shake s.th. violently VI to sway back and forth, swing from side to side ميدة mīda pl. ميد miyad (eg.) lintel, breastsummer (arch.) ميداء mīdā’ measure, amount, length, distance; mīdā’a (prep.) in front of, opposite, facing ميدان maidān, mīdān pl. ميادين mayādīn2 square, open place, open tract; field; arena; battleground, battlefield; combat area, fighting zone; race course, race track; playground (fig.); field, domain, line, sphere of activity │ ميدان التدريب drill ground; military training center; ميدان الحرب m. al-ḥarb theater of war; ميدان السباق race course, race track; ميدان العمل m. al-‘amal field of activity, scope of action; ميدان القتال battlefield; خرج من ميدان العمل to be put out of servi-šce or commission; ظهر في الميدان to turn up, appear on the scene; في ميدان الشرف m. iš-šaraf on the field of honor; مدافع الميدان fieldpieces, field guns, infantry howitzers مائد mā’id pl. ميدى maidā dizzy, seasick مائدة mā’ida pl. -āt, موائد mawā’id2 table │ مائدة التشريح operating table; مائدة الزينة m. az-zīna dressing table; مائدة السفرة m. as-sufra dining table مداليون madāliyōn medallion 1مار (مير) māra i (mair) and IV to provide (عياله ‘iyālahū for one’s family) ميرة mīra pl. مير miyar provisions, supplies, stores ميار mayyār caterer, purveyor, supplier 2ميري mīrī (= اميري) public, governmental, government-, satate- (in compounds); fiscal; الميري the government, the fiso, the exchequer │ مال الميري government taxes; املاك الميري government land ميرآلاى mīrālāy (formerly, Eg.) colonel ميرلواء mīrliwā’ (Ir.) brigadier general 3مير (Fr. maire) mēr pl. اميار amyār (magr.) mayor ميرون mairūn chrism (Chr.) ماز (ميز) māza i (maiz) to separate, keep apart (بين two things); to distinguish, honor, favor (ه s.o.) II to confer distinction (ه upon s.o.), distinguish, commend, honor, favor (ه s.o., عن above s.o. else, also على); to distinguish, set aside, cause to stand out (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., عن from); to 933 prefer (عن هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. to); to separate, segregate, set apart, single out, select, choose, pick (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to grant a special right or privilege (ه to s.o.), privilege (ه s.o.); to distinguish, differentiate, discriminate (عن هـ, ه s.o., s.th. from, also من; بين between two things, one thing from another) IV to distinguish, mark (هـ s.th.); to prefer (هـ s.th.) V to be set apart, be separated or separate, be distinct, be distinguished, be differentiated; to distinguish o.s., be distinguished, be marked, stand out; to be marked out with distinction, be honored, be favored; to be preferred │ تميز غيظا (gaiẓan) to burst with anger VI to distinguish o.s. (في in); to differ VIII to distinguish o.s. (ب by, في in s.th., عن or على above s.o. or s.th., من as compared with s.o. or s.th.); to be distinguished, be marked (ب by); to be characterized, be signalized (ب by); to excel, surpass, outdo, outshine (عن or على s.o. or s.th.); to have the advantage, take preference (على over), be preferred (على to); to differ (من or على from s.o., في or ب in, in that ...) ميز maiz distinction; favoring, preferment ميزة mīza peculiarity, distinguishing feature, distinctive mark, essential property, characteristic; prerogative, priority right اميز amyaz 2 preferable (على to) تمييز tamyīz distinction; preference; preferment, favoring, favoritism, preferential treatment; privileging; partiality; separation, segregation, sifting, singling out; specification (gram.); differentiation; discrimination, judgment, discretion, common sense; realization, discernment, conscious perception; deliberate intention │ سن التمييز sinn at-t. age of discretion (jur.); محكمة التمييز maḥkamat at-t. court of cassation (Syr.); من غير تمييز unwittingly, unintentionally, with no definite purpose in mind; اخرجه عن دائرة التمييز (akrajahū) to deprive s.o. of his clear judgment, rob s.o. of his senses امتياز imtiyāz pl. -āt distinction, (mark of) honor; advantage, benefit, merit; difference, distinction, differentiation, discrimination; special right, privilege; concession, patent, permit, license, franchise; (oil) concession; prerogative, priority right │ الامتيازات الأجنبية (ajnabiya) the capitulations (of Western powers in the Orient) ; الامتيازات الدبلوماسية diplomatic privileges; صاحب الامتياز holder of the concession, concessionaire, responsible publisher of a newspaper مميز mumayyiz distinguishing, distinctive; characteristic, peculiar, proper; discriminating, discerning, reasonable, rational (Isl. Law) مميزة mumayyiza pl. -āt distinguishing feature, distinctive mark, characteristic trait, peculiarity; distinction, (mark of) honor; advantage, merit مميز mumayyaz distinguished, preferred, favored, privileged; distinct, separate, special متميز mutamayyiz distinguished, distingue; marked, notable, prominent, outstanding, characterized by distinctive traits, characteristic ممتاز mumtāz distinguished, differentiated; exquisite, select, choice, rare; outstanding, superior, first-rate, first-class, top-notch, exceptional, excellent; privileged; special, extra; (as an examination grade) passed with distinction, excellent │ درجة ممتازة (daraja) special class; ديون ممتازة (duyūn) privileged debts, preferred debts; عدد ممتاز (‘adad) special issue (of a periodical) 934 ميزانين (It. mezzanino) mēzānīn mezzanine ماس (ميس) māsa i (mais, ميسان mayasān) to move to and fro, swing from side to side; to walk with a proud, swinging gait V to walk with a proud, swinging gait ميس mais proud gait; proud bearing ميس mīs pl. امياس amyās (eg.) target مياس mayyās walking with a lofty, proud gait, strutting 2ميس (Engl. mess), ميس الضباط m. aḍ-ḍubbāṭ officers mess ماط (ميط) māṭa i (maiṭ, ميطان mayaṭān) to remove, pull away, draw back (هـ s.th.) IV do. │ اماط اللثام عن to disolose, uncover, reveal s.th., bring s.th. to light ماع (ميع) mā‘a i (mai‘ to flow; to spread; to melt, dissolve (fat) II to soften, attenuate, dilute, liquefy (هـ s.th.) IV to melt, liquefy (هـ s.th.) V and VII to be melted, melt, dissolve ميع mai‘ flowing, flow; liquidity, fluidity ميعة mai‘a storax, a kind of incense obtained from the storax tree, resin of the storax tree (Styrax offioinalis); prime, bloom (of youth); indulgence, compliance; unstableness, unsteadiness ميوعة muyū‘a liquid state; unstableness, unsteadiness اماعة imā‘a melting, liquefaction تميع tamayyu‘ liquescence, liquefaction مائع mā’i‘ melting, liquid, fluid; liquescent, semiliquid; vague (expression); undecided, pending. in flux (situation) ميكا (Engl.) mica ميكاني mikānī mechanical, mechanize ميكانيكا mīkānīkāhlnlhl meohanios ميكانيكي mīkānīkī mechanical, automatic, mechanized, mechanic; motorized; a mechanic ميكروب mikrūb pl. -āt microbe ميكروفون mikrōfōn pl. -āt microphone 1مال (ميل) mīla i (mail, ميلان mayalān) to bend, bend down (الى to; على over); to bow down, lean over, turn (على to s.o.); to incline, slope, slant, tilt, tip, be inclined, slanting, oblique; to incline, tend. be favorably disposed (الى to), have a predilection, a liking, an inclination, a propensity (الى for), feel sympathy (الى for). sympathize (الى with), favor (الى s.o.); to take side, to side (مع with), be partial, biased, prejudiced; to lean (على against); to revolt, rebel (على against), be hostile (على to s.o.); to be disinclined, be averse (عن to s.th.); to have an antipathy, a distaste, a dislike (عن for); to deviate, digress, turn away, depart (عن from); مال به الى to drag or take s.o. or s.th. along to ...; -- (ميول muyūl) to prepare to set (sun); to decline, draw to its end (day, night); -- ميل mayila a (mayal) to be bent, bowed, tilted, averted, turned aside II and IV to incline, tip, tilt, bend, bow (هـ s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) inclined, sympathetic or favorably disposed (نحو or الى to s.o., to s.th.), incline, dispose (ه s.o.’s mind نحو or الى to), fill (ه s.o.) with sympathy (الى for); to make (ه s.o.) disinclined or averse (عن to), turn s.o.’s mind (ه) away from (عن), alienate (عن ه s.o. from) V and VI to reel, totter, stagger; to waver (tone); to sway, swing X to cause to incline, incline, tip, tilt (هـ s.th., الى to or toward); to win (ه s.o., also القلوب the hearts), attract, win over, bring to one’s side (ه s.o.), gain favor (ه with s.o.), win s.o.’s (ه) affection ميل mail pl. ميول muyūl, اميال amyāl inclination, tilt; bend, turn, deflection; obliqueness, obliquity, slant; slope, incline, declivity; deviation, divergence, declination (astron.); affection (الى for), 935 attachment (الى to); predilection, liking, sympathy (الى for); propensity, disposition, bent, leaning, inclination, taste, desire, wish, longing; tendency, trend, drift (الى to, toward) ميال mayyāl inclined, favorably disposed (الى to), leaning (الى toward); in favor (الى of), biased (الى toward or for) اميل amyal2 more inclined, strongly inclined (الى to), more in favor (الى of) امالة imāla pronunciation of a shaded toward e (gram.) تمايل tamāyul reel(ing), swaying, tottering, stagger(ing), waver(ing); vibration مائل mā’il inclining (الى to or toward); bending down, bowing down, leaning over; bent, tilted; sloping, declivitous (terrain); inclined, slanting, oblique │ سطح مائل (saṭḥ) inclined plane (math.) 2ميل mīl pl. اميال amyāl mile (= 4000 ذراع); milestone │ ميل بحري (baḥrī) nautical mile, knot 3ميلي milli-, 1/1000 (in measures) مان (مين) māna i (main) to lie, tell a lie مين main pl. ميون muyūn lie, falsehood, untruth ميان mayyān and مائن mā’in liar 1ميناء mīnā and ميناء mīnā’ glaze, glazing; enamel (of the teeth; as a coating of metal, glass, or pottery); (pl. موانئ mawāni’) dial (of a watch or clock) │ مطلى بالمينا (maṭlīy) enamel-coated, enameled 2 ميناءmīnā’ f. and مينة mīna pl. موان mawānin, مين miyan port, harbor, anchorage │ ميناء جوية (jawwīya) airport ن نابلس nābulus2 Nablus (town in W Jordan) نابلي nābulī or نابولي nābūlī Napoli, Naples (seaport in S Italy) نارجيل nārajīl coconut(s) (coll.) نارجيلة nārajīla (n. un.) coconut; Persian water pipe, narghile ناردين nāradīn nard, spikenard نارنج naranj bitter orange نازي nāzī Nazi نازية nāzīya Nazism ناس nās men, people, folks (cf. انس) ناسوت nāsūt human nature, humanity 1نأم na’ama i a to sound, resound, ring out; to groan, moan نأمة na’ma noise, sound, tone 2نؤوم na’um see نوم ناموس nāmūs pl. نواميس nawāmīs2 law; rule; honor; see also نمس 1نأى na’ā a (na’y) to be far, far away, distant, remote (عن from), keep away, stay away, keep at a distance, remain aloof, go away, move away, depart, absent o.s. (عن from), leave (عن s.th., s.o.) III to keep far away, keep at a distance (عن هـ or ه s.o. or s.th. from), keep a wide distance (هـ, ه between s.o. or s.th., عن and) IV to remove, move away, take away, place at a distance (عن ه s.o. from) VI to move away, move apart, draw sway from one another; to be away from one another, be at a distance, be separated, be apart; to keep away, stand aloof, be away, be at a distance (عن from) VIII to 936 be away, be at a distance (عن from); to go away, move away, draw away, depart, absent o.s. (عن from), leave (عن s.th., s.o.) نأي na’y remoteness نأي na’y and نؤى nu’ā pl. آناء anā’, انآء an’ā’ ditch انأى an’ā farther away, remoter, more distant منأى man’an distant place │ كان بمنأى عن to keep away from, remain aloof from, keep out of, not get involved in, refuse to have anything to do with تناء tanā’in great distance, remoteness ناء nā’in far, far away, distant, remote; outlying, out-of-the-way, secluded 2ناي nāy pl. -āt nay, a flute without mouth-piece, made of bamboo, rarely of wood, in different sizes, which, when blown, is held in a slanting forward position (unlike a German flute) انبوب unbūb and انبوبة unbūba pl. انابيب anābīb2 علىint (of a knotted stem), part between two nodes; tube, pipe, conduit, conduit pipe, main duct; tube (e.g., of toothpaste); light bulb │ انبوب الرئة u. ar-ri’a windpipe, trachea (anat.); انبوب الطوربيد torpedo tube; انبوب مفرغ (mufarrag) vacuum tube (radio); خط الأنابيب kaṭṭ al-a. pipeline انبوبي unbūbī tubular, tube-shaped, fistulous; pipe- (in compounds) نبأ naba’a a (نبء nab’, نبوء nubū’) to be high, raised, elevated, protruding, projecting, prominent; to overcome, overpower, overwhelm (على s.o.); to turn away, withdraw, shrink (عن from); to be repelled, repulsed, sickened, disgusted, shocked (عن by) II to inform, notify, tell, advise (عن or ب ه s.o. of s.th.), let (ه s.o.) know (عن or ب about), make known, announce, impart, communicate (عن or ب ه to s.o. s.th.); to be evidence (عن of), show, indicate, manifest, bespeak, reveal, disclose (عن s.th.) IV to inform, notify, tell, advise (ب ه s.o. of), let (ه s.o.) know (ب about), make known, announce, impart, communicate (ب ه to s.o. s.th.) V to predict, foretell, forecast, prognosticate, presage, prophesy (ب s.th.); to claim to be a prophet, pose as a prophet X to ask for news, for information (ه s.o.); to inquire (هـ after), ask (هـ about) نبأ naba’ pl. انباء anbā’ news, tidings information, intelligence; announcement, report, news item, dispatch │ وكالة الأنباء wakālat al-a. or مكتب الأنباء maktab al-a. news agency, wire service نبأة nab’a faint noise, low sound نبوءة nubū’a pl. -āt prophecy انباء inbā’ pl. -āt notification, information, communication تنبؤ tanabbu’ pl. -āt prediction, forecast, prognostication, prophecy نبت nabata u (nabt) to grow (esp., of plants, also, e.g., of teeth); to sprout, germinate; to produce plants, bring forth vegetation (soil) II to plant, sow, seed (هـ s.th.) IV to germinate, cause to sprout (هـ a seed); to make (هـ s.th.) grow; to grow, plant, cultivate (هـ s.th ) X to plant, cultivate, grow, raise (هـ plants); to breed (هـ plants), culture (هـ e.g., bacteria) نبت nabt germination, sprouting; growth; vegetable growth, vegetation, plants; herbage, herbs, grass; sprout, plant │ قوة النبت qūwat an-n. germinability, germinative faculty نبتة nabta plant, sprout, shoot, seedling نبات nabāt (coll.) plants, vegetation; -- (pl. -āt) plant, vegetable organism; herb │ نبات اقتصادي (iqtiṣādī) economic 937 plant; نبات الزينة n. az-zīna ornamental plant; نبات طبي (ṭibbī) medicinal plant; آكل النبات herbivorous animal; سكر النبات sukar an-n. rock candy; علم النبات ‘ilm an-n. botany نباتي nabātī vegetable, vegetal, plant- (in compounds); botanical; botanist; vegetarian (adj. and n.) نبوت nabbūt pl. نبابيت nabābīt2 (eg.) quarterstaff, cudgel, bludgeon, club, truncheon, night stick منبت manbat, manbit pl. منابت manābit2 plantation, plant nursery, arboretum; hotbed, birthplace, fountainhead, headspring, origin, source تنبيت tanbīt planting, cultivation, seed-bed planting استنبات istinbāt planting, cultivation, growing نابتة nābita generation مستنبت mustanbat cultivated, grown, raised, bred; plantation, nursery, culture │ O مستنبت البكتريا bacterial culture نبح nabaḥa a (nabḥ, نباح nubāḥ, nibāḥ, نبيح nabīḥ to bark (على at s.o.), bay (على s.o.) VI to bark at each other; to bark simultaneously, answer each other’s barks (dogs, e.g., at night) نبح nabḥ, نباح nubāḥ, nibāḥ and نبيح nabīḥ barking, bark, baying, yelp(ing) نباح nabbāḥ barker, yelper نبذ nabada i (nabd) to hurl, fling, throw, or toss, away (. s.th.); to reject, discard, spurn (هـ s.th.); to cut out, cast off, ostracize, expel, banish, disown, repudiate, remove, eliminate, dismiss, abandon, forsake, give up, renounce (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to withdraw, turn away (هـ from), relinquish, forswear (هـ s.th.); to break, violate, infringe (هـ a contract, a treaty), default (الى against s.o.) │ نبذه نبذ النواة (nabda n-nawāh) to reject or dismiss s.th. or s.o. with disdain, spurn or scorn s.th. or s.o. II = I; to press (هـ grapes) III to separate, secede, withdraw (ه from s.o.), oppose, resist (ه s.o.) │ نابذة الحرب (ḥarba) to declare war on s.o. IV to press (هـ grapes) VI to be feuding nil to withdraw, retire, retreat │ انتبذ ناحية (nāḥiyatan) to step aside, withdraw to one side; to retreat into a comer نبذ nabd throwing away, discarding; rejection, repudiation, disavowal; renunciation, resignation; surrender, relinquishment, abandonment; (pl. انباذ anbād) small amount, a little, a trifle, bagatelle │ نبذ الطاعة insubordination نبذة nubda pl. نبذ nubad small piece, part, portion, fragment, fraction, section; (newspaper) article, story; tract, pamphlet, leaflet; small ad(vertisement) نبيذ nabīd cast-off, discarded, rejected, disowned, repudiated, dismissed; (pl. انبذة anbida) wine │ روح النبيذ rūḥ an-n. spirits of wine, alcohol نابذ nābid: O القوة النابذة (qūwa) centrifugal force منبوذ manbūd caot-off, discarded; cast-out, ostracized, banished, expelled, disowned, repudiated; abandoned; foundling, waif; neglected, disregarded; المنبوذون the untouchables (in India), the pariahs نبر nabara i (nabr) to raise, elevate; to go up with the voice, sing in a high, pitched voice; to stress, emphasize, accentuate; to shout, yell, scream (ه at s.o.); to cry out VIII to swell, become swollen نبر nabr accentuation, accent, stress, emphasis نبر nibr and انبار anbār pl. انابر anābir2, انابير anābīr barn, shed, granary, storeroom, storehouse, warehouse 938 نبرة nabra pl. nabarāt swelling, intumescence, protuberance; stress, accent, accentuation; tone (of the voice); pl. نبرات inflection of the voice, intonation, cadence منبر minbar pl. منابر manābīr2 mimbar; pulpit; rostrum, platform, dais منبار minbār pl. منابير manābīr gut, intestine │ منبار محشي (maḥšīy) sausage نبراس nibrās pl. نباريس nabārīs2 lamp, light, lantern │ اتخذ منه نبراسا (ittakada) to take s.o. for an example, model o.s. after s.o. نبز nabaza i (nabz) to give a derisive or insulting name (ه to s.o.) II do. نبز nabaz pl. انباز anbāz nickname, sobriquet نبس nabasa i (nabs, نبسة nubsa), to utter, say, speak II do. │ ما نبس بكلمة (bikalima) he did not say a word نبش nabaša u (nabš) to excavate, dig up, dig out of the ground, unearth, exhume, disinter (هـ s.th.); to uncover, lay open, unveil, disclose, reveal, bring to light, bring out into the open (هـ s.th.) II to search, rummage, burrow (في in s.th.), ransack, rifle (في s.th.) نبش nabš excavation, unearthing, digging up; examination, search, exploration; uncovering, disclosure, revelation │ نبش القبور desecration of graves, body snatching نباش nabbāš gravedigger; body snatcher نبيش nabīš dug up, excavated انبوش unbūš and انبوشة unbūša pl. انابيش anābīš excavation, excavated object نبض nabaḍa i (nabḍ, نبضان nabaḍān) to beat, throb, pulsate, palpitate (heart, pulse); -- u (نبوض nubūḍ) to flow off, run off, drain (water) نبض nabḍ, nabaḍ pl. انباض anbāḍ throbbing, throb, pulsation, palpitation; pulse نبضة nabḍa, nabaḍa pulsation, pulse beat نابض nābiḍ pulsating, pulsative, beating, throbbing, palpitating; spring, main-spring, coil spring, spiral spring │ نابض بالحياة (bi-l-ḥayāh) vibrant with life منبض manbiḍ spot where the pulse or heartbeat is felt نبط nabaṭa u i (nabṭ, نبوط nubūṭ) to well out, gush out, spout, issue, stream forth (water) II (eg.) to find fault (على with s.o.), carp, scoff, gibe, sneer (على at s.o.) IV to cause (هـ s.th.) to gush out or well forth, bring (هـ s.th.) to the surface; to find, discover (هـ water, oil, etc.), come upon (هـ), open up, tap (.a a source, a well, etc.) X to find, discover (الىI water, oil, etc.), come upon (هـ), open up, tap (هـ a source, a well, etc.); to invent, discover, think up, devise, design, contrive, find out (هـ s.th.); to derive, extract, draw, take (من هـ s.th. from) نبط nabaṭ depth, deep, profundity; the innermost, inmost part, core, heart النبط an-nabaṭ pl. الأنباط al-anbāṭ the Nabateans نبطي nabaṭī Nabatean (adj. and n.) استنباط isṭinbāt discovery, invention مستنبط mustanbiṭ discoverer, inventor مستنبطات mustanbaṭāt discoveries, inventions نبع naba‘a u i a (nab‘, نبوع nubū‘, نبعان naba‘ān) to well, well up, gush forth, flow, issue (من from); to rise, spring, originate (river) IV to cause (هـ s.th.) to gush forth or flow out نبع nab‘ a tree whose wood was used in arrow-making; spring, source │ 939 قرع النبع بالنبع (nab‘a) approx.: to cross swords with the opponent منبع manba‘ pl. منابع manābi‘2 spring, well; fountainhead, springhead, source, origin │ منبع زيت m. zait or منبع بترول oil well ينبوع yanbū’ pl. ينابيع yanābī‘2 spring, source, well نبغ nabaga a u i (nabg, نبوغ nubūg) to arise, emerge (من from), come to the fore, come in eight, appear, show; to spread, diffuse, be diffused; to have superior or extraordinary qualities, stand out, distinguish o.s., be distinguished, be marked; to excel, be outstanding (في in); to be an outstanding, exceptional man, be a genius نبوغ nubūg eminence, distinction; superior or extraordinary qualities, exceptional faculties, giftedness, talent, genius; outstanding greatness, brilliancy, genius (of an artistic achievement) نابغ nābig outstanding, distinguished; gifted, talented; man of genius, brilliant person نابغة nābiga pl. نوابغ nawābig2 a distinguished, famous, or outstanding man, a poetic genius نبق nabq, nibq, nabaq, nabiq (coll.; n. un. ة) nabk, a Christ’s-thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi; bot.); lotus fruit; lotu. blossom انبيق anbīq, inbīq pl. انابيق anābīq2 alembic, distilling flask نبكة nabka, nabaka hill, hillock نبل nabala u (nabl) to shoot arrows (ه at s.o.); -- nabula u (نبالة nabāla) to be noble, noble-minded, generous, magnanimous, highborn, patrician; to be above s.th. (عن), be too high-minded to stoop to (عن) نبل nabl (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. نبال nibāl, انبال anbāl arrows نبل nubl and نبالة nabāla nobility, nobleness, exalted, rank, or station, eminence; noble-mindedness, high-mindedness, magnanimity, generosity نبل nabl and نبيل nabīl pl. نبال nibāl, نبلاء nubalā’2 noble; lofty. exalted, sublime, august; aristocratic, highborn, highbred, patrician, distinguished; noble-minded, high-minded, generous, magnanimous; excellent, outstanding, superior; magnificent, splendid, glorious; النبيل pl. النبلاء (formerly:) title of members of the Egyptian royal family نبال nabbāl pl. نبالة nabbāla and نابل nābil pl. نبل nubbāl archer, bowman نبه nabaha u, nabiha a and nabuha u (نباهة nabāha) to be well-known, noted, renowned, famous; -- nabiha a (nabah) to heed, mind, note, observe (ل s.th.), pay attention (ل to), take notice (ل of); to wake up, awaken II to call s.o.’s attention (ه) to (الى or على), point out, show, indicate (الى or على ه to s.o. s.th.); to inform, tell, apprise, notify (الى or على ه s.o. of); to remind (الى ه s.o. of); to inform, instruct, brief (على ه s.o. about); to warn, caution (ه s.o.); to wake, awakn, rouse (من النوم ه s.o. from sleep); to arouse, alert, stir up, excite, stimulate (ه s.o.) IV to awaken, rouse (ه s.o., هـ s.th.) V to perceive, notice, note, realize (ل or الى s. th.), become aware, become conscious (ل or الى of); to be alerted, have one’s attention drawn (ل or الى, على to), take notice (ل or الى, على of), pay attention (ل or الى, على to), be mindful, heedful (ل or الى, على of); to wake up, awaken; to come to, regain consciousness (with لنفسه li-nafsihī) VIII to be on one’s guard, be wary, cautious, careful; to be awake, alert, wakeful; to awaken, wake up; to perceive, notice, note, observe (الى or ل s.th.); to understand, realize, grasp, comprehend (الى or ل s.th.); to be 940 aware, be conscious (الى or ل of s.th.); to pay attention (الى or ل to); to come to, regain consciousness (with لنفسه li-nafsihī) نبه nubh insight, discernment, perception, acumen, sagacity; understanding, attention; vigilance, alertness نبه nabih and نبيه nabīh pl. نبهاء nubahā’2 noble, highborn, patrician; outstanding, eminent, distinguished, excellent; famous, renowned, celebrated; understanding, sensible, discerning, judicious, perspicacious نباهة nabāha fame, renown, celebrity; exalted rank or station, eminence, nobility; vigilance, alertness; intelligence منبهة manbaha a call to draw s.o.’s attention to s.th. (على), rousing call, incitement, impetus, incentive (على to) تنبيه tanbīh rousing, awakening; excitation, stimulation, incitement, arousing; warning, cautioning, alerting; notification, notice, information; admonition, exhortation, advice, counsel, briefing, instruction, direction; nota bene, note, remark, annotation (in books) │ آلة التنبيه horn (of an automobile, etc.) تنبه tanabbuh awakening, wakefulness, alertness انتباه intibāh attention, attentiveness; vigilance, watchfulness, alertness; foresight, circumspection, prudence, care, carefulness; caution; heed, notice, observance │ بانتباه attentively, carefully نابه nābih noble, highborn, patrician; eminent; well-known, renowned, distinguished; famous, important منبه munabbih awakening, rousing; warning, cautioning, alerting; excitant, stimulant; (pl. -āt) alarm clock; stimulus, stimulative agent, stimulant, excitant متنبه mutanabbih awake, wakeful; alert, vigilant, watchful منتبه muntabih awake, wakeful; alert, vigilant, watchful; attentive, heedful; careful, prudent, cautious, wary, guarded نبا (نبو) nabā u (نبو nabw, nubūw) to be far off, distant, remote; to move away, withdraw in the distance; to mill (arrow, عن the target); to bounce off, rebound, bounce, bound (الى عن from-to; ball); to disagree (عن with); to be contradictory (عن to), to conflict, be in conflict, be inconsistent (عن with); to be offensive, repugnant (عن to s.o.); to dislike, find repugnant (عن s.th.) │ نبا به المكان (makānu) he felt unable to remain in the place نبي nabīy pl. -ūn, انبياء anbiyā’2 prophet │ خشب الأنبياء guaiacum wood نبوي nabawī prophetic, of or pertaining to a prophet or specifically to the Prophet Mohammed نبوة nubūwa prophethood, prophecy ناب nābin repugnant, distasteful, improper, ugly نتأ nata’a a (نتء nat’, نتوء nutū’) to swell; to bulge, bulge out; to protrude, project, jut out, stand out, be prominent, protuberant, embossed, in relief نتأة nat’a hill, hillock, elevation نتوء nutū’ swelling, intumescence; growth, tumor; outgrowth, excrescence; protrusion, projection, protuberance, prominence, bulge; hill, hillock, elevation │ نتوء الجبهة n. al-jabha salient, bulge in the front line (mil.) ناتئ nati’ pl. نواتئ nawāti’2 swelling, swollen; protruding, projecting, jutting out, salient, protuberant, bulging; bulge, hump, protuberance │ ناتئ كعبري (ku‘burī) wristbone ناتئة nāti’a pl. نواتئ nawāti’2 projection, protrusion, jut, prominence; outgrowth, excrescence, protuberance; hump, elevation 941 نتج nataja i (نتاج nitāj) to bear, bring forth, throw (هـ a young one); to proceed, derive, arise, follow, ensue, result (من or عن from), be the result of (من or عن) IV to bear, throw (هـ a young one); to bring forth, yield, generate, produce, make, manufacture, fabricate, create, originate, cause, provoke, bring about, occasion (هـ s.th.), give rise (هـ to) X to conclude, gather, infer, deduce, derive, trace (من هـ s.th. from), draw a conclusion (من from) نتاج nitāj (act or process of) bearing, throwing, littering (of animals); brood, litter, offspring, young ones, young animals │ نتاج الخيل n. al-kail foal(s) نتيجة natīja pl. نتائج natā’ij2 result, upshot, issue, outcome, consequence; product, effect, immediate result, fruits, yield, proceeds, gain, profit; (techn.) output; conclusion, inference, deduction; almanac, calendar; natījata (prep.) because of, as a result of, due to, owing to │ بالنتيجة consequently, hence, therefore; نتيجة الجيب n. al-jaib pocket calendar; نتيجة الحائط wall calendar إنتاج intāj generation; making, manufacture; production; rearing, raising, breeding, growing, cultivation; productivity; creating, creation, creative activity; output (of a machine; O in mining) │ الإنتاج الأدبي (adabī) literary production; رسم الإنتاج rasm al-i. excise tax استنتاج istintāj pl. -āt inference, conclusion; deduction ناتج nātij resultant, resulting, following, ensuing, proceeding, deriving, arising (عن from); result; maker, producer منتوج mantūj pl. -āt product, creation, work, production منتج muntij bearing, giving birth, producing; fruitful, productive; fertile, fecund, prolific; conclusive (evidence); maker, manufacturer, producer; film, producer منتجات muntajāt proceeds, returns, yields, products │ منتجات زراعية (zirā‘īya) agricultural products, farming products, produce مستنتج mustantij maker, manufacturer, producer نتحة natḥa exudation 1نتر natara u (natr) to grab, grasp, wrest away, take away by force (هـ s.th.) 2 نترات nitrāt nitrate نتروجين nitrōjēn nitrogen نتش nataša i (natš) to pull out, extract (هـ s.th.); to pluck out, tear out (هـ s.th.); to snatch away; to beat, strike, hit منتاش mintāš tweezers, pincette نتع nata‘a u i (نتوع nutū‘) to well up, bubble up, trickle out, ooze out, dribble, trickle; -- (eg.) to lift up, carry away (ه s.o.) نتف natafa i (natf) to pluck out, pull out, tear out (هـ hair, and the like) II do. نتفة nutfa pl. نتف nutaf tuft of hair; a small amount, a little of s.th. نتيف natīf pulled out, torn out; plucked نتن natana i, natina a (natn) and natuna u (نتانة natāna, نتونة nutūna) to have an offensive smell, be malodorous, stink; to decompose, rot, decay, become putrid II to render putrid, putrefy (هـ s.th.); to cause to decay or rot, decompose (هـ s.th.) IV = I نتن natn and نتانة natāna stench, evil smell, malodor; rotting, putrescence, putrefaction, decomposition; decay نتن natin stinking, evil-smelling, malodorous; rotten, putrid, putrescent, putrefied, decayed, decomposed; (eg.) miserly, closefisted, stingy, niggardly 942 منتن munattan putrefied, putrescent, rotten, decayed, decomposed منتن muntin stinking, evil-smelling, malodorous; rotting, putrescent, putrid, decayed نثر natara u i (natr, نثار nitār) to scatter, disperse, strew, sprinkle (على هـ s.th. over or on); to write in prose (هـ s.th.) II to scatter, disperse, strew about (هـ s.th.) VI and VIII to be scattered, about, be strewn about, be dispersed; to scatter, disperse; to fall off, fall out نثر natr scattering, dispersal, dispersion; prose نثر natrī prose, prosaic, in prose; small, little, insignificant, trifling, petty; نثريات sundries, miscellany │ مصاريف نثرية incidental expenses; petty expenses نثار nattār scattered fragments; floating particles (dust); tiny pieces; O confetti نثر natīr scattered, dispersed تناثر tanātur dispersion (e.g., of a machine gun) ناثر nātir prose writer, prosaist منثور mantūr scattered, dispersed, strewn about; prosaic, prose; wall-flower, gillyflower (Cheiranthus cheiri; bot.); see also هباء habā’ متناثر mutanātir scattered نجب najuba u (نجابة najāba) to be of noble birth, be highborn, aristocratic, patrician, noble, distinguished, excellent, highminded, generous, magnanimous IV do.; to give birth (ه to a child), bear (ه a child); to beget, sire (ه s.o.) │ انجب منها he had children by her VIII and X to choose, select, pick out (هـ s.th.) نجب najb and نجبة nujaba noble, highminded, generous, magnanimous نجابة najāba nobility, nobleness, noble descent, exalted rank or station, eminence; excellence, superiority, perfection نجيب najīb pl. نجب nujub, نجباء nujabā’2, انجاب anjāb of noble breed; highborn, highbred, of noble descent, noble, distinguished, aristocratic, patrician; excellent, superior, outstanding نجاب najjāb dromedary rider, courier انتجاب intijāb choice; selection نجح najaḥa a (najḥ, nujḥ, نجاح najāḥ) to turn out well, come off well, succeed; to progress well, develop satisfactorily; to succeed, have success (في in), be successful; to pass (في الامتحان the examination) II and IV to give (ه s.o.) successful (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) succeed, render successful (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), make (هـ s.th.) a success نجح nujḥ favorable, successful outcome, happy ending; success; satisfactory development, good progress نجاح najāḥ favorable, successful outcome, happy ending; success; satisfactory development, good progress; passing (of an examination) │ لقي نجاحا (laqiya) to have success, be successful, succeed, meet with success نجيح najīḥ sound, good (advice, opinion) انجاح injāḥ success ناجح nājiḥ successful; passing, having passed (examination) نجد najada i (najd) to help, aid, assist, support (ه s.o.), stand by s.o. (ه), najida a (najad) to sweat, perspire II to furnish (هـ s.th.); to upholster (هـ s.th.), to comb, card, tease (القطن al-quṭna cotton) III = najada IV = najada; to travel in the highland (of Arabia) X to ask for help (ه s.o.), appeal for help) to s.o.), seek aid (ه or ب from s.o.), to take liberties, make bold (على with s.o.) ه 943 نجد najd pl. نجاد nijād highland, upland, tableland, plateau; the Arabian highland, Nejd نجدي najdī Nejd, Nejdi, native of Nejd نجدة najda pl. najadāt help, aid, succor, assistance, support; emergency, crisis, trouble, difficulty, distress, calamity; courage, bravery, intrepidity, undauntedness, pl. auxiliaries, reinforcements │ النجدة! النجدة! help! help! بوليس النجدة approx.: riot squad (Eg.) نجاد sword belt │ طويل النجاد tall, of tall stature نجاد nijād upholsterer; (pl. نجادة) a kind of boy scout (syr.) نجادة nijāda upholsterer’s trade, upholstery تنجيد tanjīd upholstering, upholstery work نجذ najada i (nad) to importune (ه s.o.) مناجذ manājid 2 moles (zool.) ناجذ nājid pl. نواجذ nawājd2 molar │ ابدى عن نواجذه (abdā) to show one’s teeth, display a hostile, threatening attitude (ل toward s.o.); عض بالنواجذ (‘aḍḍa) to grit one’s teeth; عض على ناجذيه (nājidaihi) to have reached the age of manhood; عض بالنواجذ على to cling stubbornly to ..., stick doggedly to ... نجر najara u (najr) to hew, carve, plane (هـ wood) نجر najr heat, hot time of the day نجار najjār pl. -ūn carpenter, cabinetmaker, joiner نجار nujār origin, descent, stock, root نجارة nujāra wood shavings نجارة nijāra woodworking, cabinetwork, joinery, carpentry منجر minjar pl. مناجر manajir2 plane (tool) منجور manjūr pulley; sheave; waterwheel; woodwork, paneling, wainscoting نجز najaza u (najz) to carry out, execute, implement, realize, accomplish, fulfill, complete (هـ s.th.); -- najiza a (najaz) to be carried out, be executed, be implemented, be realized, be accomplished, be completed, be achieved II to carry out, execute, implement, realize, effect(uate}, accomplish (هـ s.th.); to fulfill, grant, answer (هـ a wish, and the like) III to fight, battle, struggle (ه against s.o.) IV to carry out, execute, implement, realize, effect(uate), accomplish, complete, consummate (هـ s.th.); to do (هـ work, a job); to perform (هـ an action, an operation); to fulfill (هـ a promise), discharge (هـ a duty); to finish (على s.o.) off, deal (على s.o.) the deathblow X to ask for the fulfillment (هـ of a promise) نجز najz and نجاز najāz execution, implementation, realization, effectuation, completion, consummation, accomplishment, achievement, fulfillment, discharge تنجيز tanjīz and انجاز injāz execution, implementation, realization, effectuation, accomplishment, achievement, completion, consummation; performance; fulfillment, discharge مناجزة munājaza and تناجز tanājuz fight, struggle, contention, strife ناجز nājiz completed; full, total, whole, entire, complete, consummate نجس najusa u (نجاسة najāsa) and najisa a (najas) to be impure, unclean, soiled, dirty, sullied, stained, tainted II and IV to soil, sully, dirty, pollute, contaminate, defile, stain, taint (هـ s.th.) V to be or become impure, unclean, soiled, sullied, polluted, contaminated, defiled, stained, 944 tainted; to sully o.s., contaminate o.s., defile o.s. نجس najas and نجاسة najāsa impurity, uncleanness, uncleanliness, dirt, filth, squalor نجس najis pl. انجاس anjās impure, unclean, defiled, polluted, contaminated, soiled, sullied, dirty, filthy, squalid نجس najis and نجيس najīs incurable, fatal (disease) تنجيس tanjīs soiling, sullying, defilement, contamination, pollution نجاشي najāšī, nijāšī Negus, Emperor of Ethiopia نجع naja‘a a (naj‘, نجوع nujū‘) to be useful, beneficial, salutary, have a wholesome effect II and IV do. VIII to take refuge (ه with s.o.), resort, have recourse (ه to); to seek (هـ rest, and the like) X to seek (هـ pasture, rest, relaxation) نجع naj‘ pl. نجوع nujū‘ hamlet, small village نجعة nuj‘a search for food نجيع najī‘ useful, beneficial; wholesome, healthful, salubrious, salutary; -- blood ناجع nāji‘ useful, beneficial; wholesome, healthful, salubrious, salutary منتجع muntaja‘ refuge, retreat; recreation center; health resort, rest center, convalescent home, sanatorium نجف najaf pl. نجاف nijāf (sand) hill, dune; dam, dike, levee; النجف an-najaf An Najaf (town in central Iraq) نجفة najafa pl. -āt chandelier, luster نجل najala u (najl) to beget, sire, father (ه a son) نجل najl pl. انجال anjāl offspring, descendant, scion, son; progeny, issue نجيل najīl pl. نجل nujūl a variety of orchard grass (Dactylis; bot.); herbage انجل anjal2, f. نجلاء najlā’2 large-eyed; large, big, wide (eye); gaping (wound) │ طعنة نجلاء (ṭa‘na) a blow causing a gaping wound; heavy blow or thrust منجل minjal pl. مناجل manajil2 scythe, sickle منجلة manjala vise 2 انجيل look up alphabetically نجم najama u (نجوم nujūm) to appear, come in sight, rise (star), begin, commence, set in; to result, follow, ensue, arise, proceed, derive, originate, spring (عن or من from) │ نجم قرنه (qarnuhū) to begin to show II to observe the stars; to predict the future from the stars, practice astrology; to pay in installments V to observe the stars, predict the future from the stars نجم najm pl. نجوم nujūm installment, partial payment; نجوما nujūman in installments نجم najm pl. نجم nujūm, انجم anjum celestial body; star; lucky star; constellation, asterism; (coll.) herbs, herbage, grass │ نجم ذو ذنب (dū danab) comet; نجوم السينما film stars, movie stars نجمة najma pl. najamāt star; asterisk (typ.) │ نجمة سينمائية film star, movie star; مرض النجمة maraḍ an-n. a disease afflicting horses نجمي najmī star-shaped, stelliform, starlike, stellate, stellular, stellar, astral; -- in installments, installment- (in compounds) نجيمة nujaima small star, starlet نجام najjām and منجم munajjim pl. -ūn astrologer منجم manjam pl. مناجم manājim2 source, origin; mine; pit تنجيم tanjīm astrology 945 نجا (نجو) najā u (najw, نجاء najā’, نجاة najāh) to save o.s., be saved, be rescued, make for safety, get away (من from), escape (من s.th.), he delivered (من from) │ نجا بنفسه (bi-nafsihī) or نجا بروحه (bi-rūḥihī) to save o.s. (من from); نجا بحياته (bi-ḥayātihī) to save one’s life, save one’s skin; -- (najw, نجوى najwan) to entrust a secret (ه to s.o.) II and IV to deliver, save, fescue, bring to safety (ه s.o., من from) III to whisper (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), entrust (ب ه to s.o. s.th. secret), take into one’s confidence (ه s.o.), confide (ه in s.o.) │ ناجى نفسه (nafsahū) to soliloquize, talk to o.s., say to o.s. VI to whisper to each other, carry on a whispered conversation, converse intimately, confidentially, exchange secrets, exchange ideas VIII to whisper into each other’s ear (هـ s.th.) X to save o.s. (من from), escape (من s.th.); to he delivered (من from) نجا najan deliverance, release, rescue نجاة najāh escape, flight; deliverance, rescue; salvation, redemption; safety نجو najw excrement نجوة najwa pl. نجاء najā’ elevation, rising ground, upland │ في نجوة من free from, far from, a long way from نجوى najwā pl. نجاوى najāwā confidential talk, secret conversation نجي najīy pl. انجية anjiya secret; confident, intimate friend, bosom friend منجى manjan safety, security (من from) منجاة manjāh pl. مناج manājin safe place, haven, refuge; safeguard, protection; rescue, salvation │ كان بمنجاة من to he safe from, he secure from, he safeguarded against تنجية tanjiya rescue, salvation, deliverance مناجاة munājāh secret conversation; confidential talk │ مناجاة الأرواح spiritism, spiritualism منج munajjin rescuer, savior, deliverer نحب naḥaba i a (naḥb, نحيب naḥīb) and VIII to sob, weep, cry, wail, lament نحب naḥb weeping, crying, sobbing. sighing, moaning, wail(ing), lamentation; time, period, term, span, interval; death │ قضى نحبه qaḍā naḥbahū to fulfill one’s vow, redeem one’s pledge; to pass away, die, expire نحب naḥīb loud weeping, wail(ing), lamentation نحت naḥata i u (naḥt) to hew, dress (هـ stone or wood), plane, smooth, face; to carve, cut out, hew out, chisel, sculpture; to form, coin (هـ s.th.) نحت naḥt wood or stone dressing, woodwork, stonework; sculpturing, sculpture نحات stonemason, stonecutter, stone dresser; sculptor نحاتة nuḥāta shavings, parings, chips, splinters, slivers منحت minḥat pl. مناحت manāḥit2 chisel نحر naḥara u (naḥr) to cut the throat (هـ of an animal) slaughter, butcher, kill (هـ an animal) VI to fight; to kill each other, hack each other to pieces, engage in internecine fighting VIII to commit suicide; O to be scuttled (ship) │ انتحر شنقا (šanqan) to hang o.s., commit suicide by hanging نحر naḥr killing, slaughter(ing), butchering │ يوم النحر yaum an-n. Day of Immolation (on the 10th of Zu’lhijja) نحر naḥr pl. نحور nuḥūr upper portion of the chest, throat 946 نحر niḥr, and نحرير niḥrīr pl. نحارير naḥārīr2 skilled, adept, proficient, versed, experienced (في in) نحير naḥīr, and منحور manḥūr killed, slaughtered, butchered منحر manḥar throat, neck انتحار intiḥār suicide; O scuttling منتحر muntaḥir suicide (person) نحيزة naḥīza nature, natural disposition │ طيب النحيزة ṭayyib an-n. good-natured, good-humored; كريم النحيزة high-minded, noble-minded, of generous disposition نحس naḥasa a (naḥs) to make (ه s.o.) unhappy, bring (ه s.o.) bad luck; -- naḥusa u (نحوسة nuḥūsa, نحاسة naḥāsa) and naḥisa a (naḥas) to be unlucky, ominous, ill-fated, calamitous, ill-boding, portend evil II to covert coat, or sheathe with copper, to copper (هـ s.th.) نحس naḥs pl. نحوس nuḥūs misfortune, calamity, disaster نحس naḥs, naḥis unlucky, luckless, ominous, calamitous, disastrous, ill-fated, ill-starred, sinister, ill-omened, ill-boding نحاس naḥḥās coppersmith نحاس nuḥās copper; (tun.) a small coin │ نحاس اصفر (aṣfar2) brass مناحس manāḥis2 ominous events منحوس manḥūs luckless, ill-fated, star-crossed نحف naḥufa a (نحافة naḥāfa) to be thin, slim, slender, lean, skinny; to become thin, lose weight IV to make thin, weaken, debilitate, enervate, emaciate نحافة naḥāfa leanness, thinness, slenderness, slimness. enervation. emaciation, wasting away نحيف naḥīf pl. نحاف niḥāf, نحفاء nuḥfā’2 thin, slim, slender, slight; delicate, of fragile build; lean, gaunt, enervated, debilitated, emaciated منحف manḥaf dieting resort, weight-reducing resort منحوف manḥūf thin, slim, slender, slight; lean, gaunt, enervated, debilitated, emaciated نحل naḥala u a, naḥula u and naḥila a (نحول nuḥūl) to be emaciated; to waste away, lose weight, grow thin; -- naḥala a (nuḥl) to make a donation, make a present (ه to s.o.); to ascribe, attribute, impute (wrongly, unduly) (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) IV to make thin, enervate, emaciate (ه s.o.); to weaken (هـ s.th.) V and esp. VIII to ascribe to o.s., claim for o.s. (لنفسه), assume unduly, presume, arrogate to o.s. (هـ s.th.); to embrace (هـ a religion); to borrow, adopt, take over (هـ foreign words); to take up (هـ s.th.) │ انتحل الإسلام to profess Islam; انتحل اسمه (ismahū) to assume s.o.’s name; انتحل الأعرابية (a‘rabīya) to claim to be a Bedouin; انتحل الأعذار (a‘dār) to think up excuses, make excuses, use pretexts or subterfuges; انتحل شخصية فلان (šakšīyata) to pass o.s. off as s.o., purport to be ..., impersonate s.o. نحل naḥl (coll.; n. un. ة) bee نحلة naḥla pl. نحل niḥal present, gift, donation; creed, faith, seat نحال naḥḥāl beekeeper, apiarist, apiculturist نحالة niḥāla beekeeping, apiculture نحول nuḥūl leanness, skinniness, thinness, slimness, slenderness; enervation, emaciation, wasting away نحيل naḥīl and ناحل nāḥil pl. نحلى naḥlā, نحل nuḥḥal thin, slim, slender, lean, skinny; enervated, emaciated, gaunt منحل manḥal pl. مناحل manāḥil2 beehive; apiary, apicultural station 947 انتحال intiḥāl undue assumption, arrogation; literary theft, plagiarism منتحل muntaḥil plagiarist منتحل muntaḥal: اسم منتحل (ism) assumed name, alias, pseudonym, nom de guerre نحم naḥama i (naḥm, نحيم naḥīm, نحمان naḥamān) to clear one’s throat; to wheeze, pant, gasp نحام nuḥām flamingo نحن naḥnu we نحنح naḥnaḥa and II tanaḥnaḥa to clear one’s throat, to hem, say “ahem” نحنحة naḥnaḥa hem, hawk, little cough نحا (نحو) naḥā a u (naḥw) to wend one’s way (ه, هـ to), go, walk, move, turn (ه, هـ to, toward), take the road (هـ to), go in the direction (هـ of) │ نحا نحوه (naḥā naḥwahū) to follow s.o., follow s.o.’s example, be guided by s.o. or s.th.; to imitate s.o.; to be of the same nature, of the same kind, on the same line as ..., be like ...; نحا نحو الباب to walk toward the door; نحا به نحو الباب to show s.o. to the door II to put aside, push away, brush aside (هـ s.th.); to remove, take away (من هـ s.th. from) IV to turn away, avert (بصره عن baṣarahū ‘an one’s eyes from); to turn (على against s.o.), assail, overcome (ب على s.o. with); to help (ب على upon s.o. reproach, or the like), shower (ب على s.o. with); to turn, apply o.s. attend (على to s.th.) V to step aside, go away, withdraw, move away, fall back (من or من from); to turn away; to forgo, renounce, waive (من s.th.); to abandon, give up, surrender, yield, relinquish (عن s.th.); to retreat, retire (هـ to a place); to lean, rest, support o.s. (ل on) VIII to turn (هـ to, toward); to lean, support o.s. (ل on) │ انتحى ناحية to turn aside; انتحى جانبا do., step back, withdraw, retire نحو naḥw pl. انحاء anḥā’ direction; side; section, part; way, course, method, manner, mode, fashion; (with foll. genit.) corresponding to, analogous to, similar to, like, somewhat like; (gram.) grammar; syntax │ على نحو ما (naḥwi) in the manner of, as; على نحو ما (naḥwin) rather, pretty much; على هذا النحو in this manner, this way; in this respect; وعلى هذا النحو and so forth, and so on; في نحو الساعة السابعة at about the seventh hour, at about 7 o’clock, around seven; من نحوي as far as I am concerned, as for me, for my part, I for one; نحوا من (naḥwan) approximately, roughly, about, circa (with foll. figure); في انحاء الأرض (a. il-arḍ) all over the earth; في كل انحاء العالم (المعمورة) (‘ālam) all over the world; النحو المقارن (muqārin) comparative grammar نحو naḥwa (prep.) in the direction of, toward, to; according to, in analogy with, similar to, like, as, as for instance; approximately, roughly, about, around, circa نحوي naḥwī syntactical; grammatical; grammarian; philologist منحى manḥan pl. مناح manāḥin aim, goal, object, end, purpose; manner of acting, mode of conduct, behavior; direction; (rhetorical, literary) form; field, domain, realm, province, bailiwick, sphere (fig.) │ مناحي الحياة m. l-ḥayāh walks of life ناح nāḥin pl. نحاة nuḥāh grammarian; philologist ناحية nāḥiya pl. نواح nawāḥin side; direction; viewpoint, standpoint, aspect; region, area, section; sphere, domain, field; district, canton; (Ir.) subdivision of a قضاء qaḍā’, roughly corresponding to a county; off side, secluded part, corner (e.g., of a room); nāḥiyata in the direction of, toward, to │ من ناحية with regard to, in respect to, as to, as for, 948 concerning, regarding, on the part of; من ناحية اخرى (ukrā) on the other hand; من الناحية العسكرية (‘askarīya) from a military standpoint; من ناحية قانونية de jure; من ناحية واقعية (wāqi‘īya) de facto; سليم النواحي sound in body; متعدد النواحي muta‘addid an-n. many-sided; من جميع النواحي in every respect نخ nakk pl. انخاخ ankāk mat; rug, carpet نخب nakaba u (nakb) and VIII to select, pick, choose (هـ s.th.); to choose, make one’s choice; to vote, go to the polls; to elect (ه s.o.) نخب nakb selection, choice; a drink to s.o.’s health │ شرب نخب (šariba) to drink to s.o.’s health, toast s.o. نخبة nukba pl. نخب nukab selected piece, selected item, selected passage; the pick, cream, elite, flower انتخاب intikāb pl. -āt election (pol.); choice; selection انتخابي intikābī of or pertaining to an election or elections, election (used attributively); elective; electoral │ معركة انتخابية (ma’raka) election campaign ناخب nākib and منتخب muntakib pl. -ūn elector (esp., pol.), voter, constituent منخوب mankūb lean, emaciated منتخب muntakab chosen, elected, selected, hand-picked; elected candidate; (pl. -āt) team (in sports); منتخبات = selected pieces, selected items, selected passages نخر nakara u i (nakr, نخير nakīr) to snort; to snore; to gnaw (ل on s.th.), bore, burrow, eat (في into s.th.; worm); to eat away (هـ at s.th.); to enervate, sap, ruin, decay (هـ s.th.); -- nakira a (nakar) to be eaten away, worm-eaten, rotten, decayed, full of holes; to spoil, rot, decay; to decompose, disintegrate, crumble نخر nakr snorting, snort; snoring, snore; decay, rot, rottenness; tooth decay, caries نخر nakr and ناخر nākir worm-eaten; rotting, decaying نخير nakīr snort(ing), snoring, snore; grunt(s) منخر mankar, mankir, minkar pl. مناخر manākir2 nostril; nose منخار minkār pl. مناخير manākīr2 nostril; nose نخرب nakraba to eat holes into s.th. (هـ), eat away (هـ at); to hollow out (هـ s.th.) نخروب nukrūb pl. نخاريب nakārīb2 hole; cavity, hollow; cell; honeycomb نخز nakaza a (nakz) to bore into or through s.th. (هـ; worm) نخس nakaaa a u (naks) to prick, goad, prod, urge on, drive on (هـ an animal) نخس nakkās drover; cattle dealer; slave trader; white slaver نخاسة nikāsa cattle trade; slave trade; white-slave traffic منخس minkas pl. مناخس manākis2 spur, goad, prod (for driving cattle) منخاس minkās pl. مناخيس manākīs2 spur, goad, prod (for driving cattle) نخشوش nakšūš pl. نخاشيش nakāšīš2 gill, branchia (respiratory organ of fish) نخع V to clear one’s throat, hawk, spit out, expectorate نخاع nukā‘, nikā‘ pl. نخع nuku‘ spinal marrow, spinal cord; bone marrow, medulla; brain نخاعة nukā’a phlegm, mucus, sputum, expectoration نخل nakala u (nakl) to sift, bolt, sieve out (هـ s.th.); to strain (هـ s.th.) V and VIII do. 949 نخل nakl (coll.; n. un. ة) and نخيل nakīl palm; date palm نخالة nukāla residue left in a sieve; bran; waste, refuse │ لا يساوي ملء اذنه نخالة lā yusāwī mil’a udnihī nukālatan he isn’t worth a bent nickel منخل mankal, munkul pl. مناخل manākil2 sieve نخم nakama a (nakam) and V to clear one’s throat, hawk, spit out, expectorate نخامة nukāma phlegm, mucus, sputum, expectoration غدة نخامية gudda nukāmīya hypophysis, pituitary body (anat.) نخا (نخو) nakā u (نخوة nakwa) to be proud, haughty, supercilious (على toward s.o.) II and IV to inflame, incite, excite, stimulate, arouse, awaken (هـ s.th.) نخوة nakwa haughtiness, arrogance; pride, dignity, sense of honor, self-respect; high-mindedness, generosity ند nadda i (nadd, ندد nadad, نداد nidād, ندود nudūd, نديد nadīd) to run away, flee; to slip away; to slip out (exclamation); to escape (عن s.o.) II to expose, show up, compromise (ب s.o.); to criticize (ب s.o. or s.th.), find fault (ب with) ند nadd high hill; -- nadd, nidd incense (of aloeswood, with ambergris, musk and frankincense) ند nidd pl. انداد andād equal, (a)like, same; an equal, a peer; partner; antagonist, rival نديد nadīd pl. ندداء nudadā’2 equal; rival تنديد tandīd pl. -āt criticism; revilement, abuse, disparagement, defamation ندب nadaba u (nadb) to mourn, lament, bewail (ه the deceased); to appoint, assign (ل ه s.o. to an office), detail (ل ه s.o. for a job, for a task); to send as a representative or delegate, to delegate, depute, deputize (ه s.o.); to commission, charge, entrust (ه s.o., ب with); -- nadiba a (nadab) to scar over, cicatrize, heal IV = nadiba VIII to appoint, assign (ل ه s.o. to an office), detail (ل ه s.o. for a job, for a task); to commission, charge, empower, authorize (ل ه s.o. to do s.th., ب with), order (ل ه s.o. to do s.th.); to entrust (ل ه to s.o. a task); (mil.) to detach, detail, transfer (ل ه s.o. to); (with نفسه nafsahū) to apply o.s., devote o.s. dedicate o.s. (ل to s.th.); to give (هـ a country) the mandate (على over); to comply readily (ل with an order or instruction), be willing, be prepared, stand ready (ل to); to present o.s. (الى to s.o.), turn (الى toward, to) ندب nadb weeping, wailing, lamentation; lament, dirge, elegy; assignment, commissioning, delegation, deputation; appointment, authorization, mandation ندب nadab pl. انداب andāb, ندوب nudūb scar, cicatrice ندبة nadba pl. انداب andāb, ندوب nudūb scar, cicatrice; scabby wound ندبة nudba lamentation for the dead; elegy; dirge, funeral song ندابة nadāba pl. -āt hired female mourner مندب mandab pl. منادب manādib2 wail, lamentation │ باب المندب Bab el Mandeb (strait between SW Arabia and Africa; geogr.) انتداب intidāb deputation, appointment; commissioning, charging, authorization; detailing, detachment, assignment, mission; (pl. -āt) mandate (over a territory); mandatory rule │ دولة الانتداب daulat al-int. mandatory power; لجنة الانتدابات lajnat al-int. Mandate Commission (of the League of Nations) 950 انتدابي intidābī mandatory │ ادارة انتدابية (idāra) mandatory administration نادبة nādiba pl. -āt, نوادب nawādib2 hired female mourner مندوب mandūb bewailed, bemoaned, mourned, lamented; regrettable, deplorable, lamentable; -- (pl. -ūn) deputy, delegate, agent, functionary, commissioner; representative; representative of the press, correspondent, reporter (of a newspaper); plenipotentiary, authorized agent; (Isl. Law) recommended │ مندوب التأمين insurance agent; مندوب خاص (kaṣṣ) special envoy; مندوب سام (sāmin) High Commissioner; مندوب فوق العادة ambassador extraordinary; مندوب مفوض (mufawwaḍ) plenipotentiary, authorized agent; (dipl.) minister; مندوب فوق العادة ووزير مفوض ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (official title of ambassadors) مندوبية mandūbīya delegation; High Commission منتدب muntadab deputized, delegated; commissioned, charged; entrusted; appointed; assigned, detailed │ دولة منتدبة (daula) mandatory power ندح nadaḥa a (nadḥ) to extend, expand, enlarge (هـ s.th.) ندحة nadḥa, nudḥa wide, open space; freedom (of action) │ لا ندحة عنه (nadḥata) it is indispensable, unavoidable, inevitable; لا اجد لي ندحة عن (ajidu, nadḥatan) I feel compelled to ... مندوحة mandūḥa pl. منادح manādiḥ2 and منتدح muntadaḥ alternative, choice; freedom of action │ لا مندوحة له (mandūḥata) it is indispensable, absolutely necessary, mandatory, imperative for him; لك عنه مندوحة (منتدح) it is up to you, it is optional for you; لو ير مندوحة من (lam yara mandūḥatan) to feel obligated, feel compelled to ... 1 ندر nadara u (nadr, ندور nudūr) to be rare; to be uncommon, unusual; -- nadura u (ندارة nadāra) to be strange, odd, queer, unusual, extraordinary V to make fun (ب or على of); to joke, jest VI to tell each other stories and jokes ندر nadr rare; strange, odd ندرة nadra, nudra and ندورة nudūra rarity, rareness; nadratan rarely, seldom │ في الندرة rarely, seldom اندر andar pl. انادر anādir2 (tun.) threshing floor اندر andar2 rarer مندرة mandara pl. منادر manādir2 (tun.) threshing floor; see also below منادرات munādarāt causeries on amusing, witty topics تندر tanaddur amusement, fun-making, joking تنادر tanādur gay chat نادر nādir rare; infrequent; strange, odd, unusual, uncommon; excellent, precious, priceless; an eccentric, a crank, an odd fellow; نادرا nādiran rarely, seldom │ في النادر rarely, seldom; نادر المثال unparalleled, singular, unique; عملة نادرة (‘umla) specie, hard money نادرة nādira pl. نوادر nawādir2 rarity, rare thing, rare phenomenon; rare, uncommon word; phenomenon, prodigy, extraordinary person; funny, droll story, anecdote, joke; accident, incident 2□ مندرة mandara (for منظرة, esp. eg.) pl. منادر manādir2 reception parlor for male visitors; منادر (= مجالس) parties ندس nadasa u to throw down, bring to the ground (ه s.o.); to revile, defame, discredit (ه s.o.) ندف nadafa i (nadf) to tease, comb, or card cotton 951 ندف nadf teasing, combing, carding (of cotton) │ جهاز الندف jahāz an-n. card, carding machine ندفة nudfa pl. ندف nudaf flock (of wool); flake │ ندفة الثلج n. at-talj snowflake نديف nadīf and مندوف mandūf carded, teased (cotton) نداف naddāf cotton carder, cotton teaser مندف mindaf pl. منادف manādif2 teasing bow (for carding cotton) ندل nadala u (nadl) to snatch away (هـ s.th.) □ ندل nadl = نذل مندالة mindāla rammer نادل nādil pl. ندل nudul waiter; servant who waits on table 2مندل mandal: ضرب المندل ḍarb al-m. (eg.) a magic practice in which a fortuneteller, or a medium, prophesies while contemplating a mirror-like surface منديل look up alphabetically ندم nadima a (nadam, ندامة nadāma) to repent (على of), rue, regret (على s.th.) III to drink, carouse (ه with s.o.) V = I VI to drink together, carouse together ندم nadam, ندامة nadāma remorse, repentance, regret نديم nadīm pl. ندماء nudamā’2, ندام nidām drinking companion; friend, intimate, confidant ندمان nadmān pl. ندامى nadāmā repenting, repentant, rueful, remorseful, regretful مندم mandam remorse, repentance, regret منادمة munādama drinking companionship, intimate friendship تندم tanaddum remorse, repentance, regret نادم nādim pl. ندام nuddām repenting, repentant, rueful, remorseful, regretful منادم munādim drinking companion, boon companion, intimate متندم mutanaddim repenting, repent, ant, rueful, remorseful, regretful نده nadaha a (nadh) to drive, urge, spur on (ه s.o.); to drive away (ه s.o.) ندا (ندو) nadā u (nadw) to call (ه s.o.); to invite; to call together, convoke, convene, summon (هـ a meeting); to get together, meet, convene, assemble, gather; -- ندي nadiya a (ندى nadan, نداوة nadāwa, ندوة nudūwa) to be moist, damp, dewy, wet │ شيء يندى له الجبين an embarrassing or shocking thing, a disgraceful thing II to moisten, wet, bedew (هـ s.th.) III to shout, call out, cry out, exclaim; to call (ب or ه s.o. or for s.o., also على), summon (ه s.o., also على); to call out, shout (ه to s.o.); to call for s.th. (ب), invite to s.th. (ب); to proclaim, announce (ب s.th.); to emphasize (ب s.th.); O to announce, act as announcer (radio); to cry one’s wares, hawk (على s.th. to be sold) │ نودي به رئيسا (nūdiya) to be proclaimed president IV = II; to be noble, generous, magnanimous V to he moistened, he bedewed; to show o.s. generous, liberal, openhanded VI and VIII to get together, meet, convene, gather, assemble, form a club ندوة nadwa council; debating group, study group; club │ دار الندوة city hall, town hall; parliament, house of representatives, chamber of deputies ندوة nudūwa and نداوة nadāwa moistness, moisture, dampness ندى nadan pl. انداء andā’, اندية andiya moistness, moisture, dampness, wetness; dew; generosity, liberality, magnanimity 952 ند nadin and نديان nadyān2 moist, damp │ ندم الكف al-kaff generous, liberal, openhanded ندى nadīy moist, damp; tender, delicate │ ندى الكف al-kaff generous, liberal, openhanded نداء nidā’ pl. -āt shout; call; exclamation; summons; public announcement; proclamation, appeal; address; vocative (gram.) │ نداء الاستغاثة call for help, distress signal; حرف النداء ḥarf an-n. interjection (gram.); اصدر نداء ل (aṣdara) to issue s proclamation to مناداة munādāh calling, shouting; call; vocative; public notice, announcement; proclamation │ بيع المناداة bai‘ al-m. public sale, auction ناد nādin pl. اندية andiya, نواد nawādin club; circle; association; clubhouse │ ناد رياضي (riyāḍī) athletic club; دار النادي clubhouse مندى munaddan wet, damp; bedewed, dewy; refreshing مناد munādin caller; herald; town crier; auctioneer; O announcer (radio) منادى munādan noun in the vocative (gram.) مندية mundiya pl. -āt disgraceful, evil deed; insult, abuse, affront l.s.J.::... muntadan pl. u4,.J.::...o muntadayāt gathering place, assembly room; club نذر nadara u i (nadr, نذور nudūr) to dedicate, consecrate (لله s.th. to God); to vow, make a vow │ نذرت لله ان I vow to God that ..., I swear by God that ...; نذر على نفسه هـ to vow to o.s., make the solemn pledge to ...; -- nadira a (nadar) to have been warned, be on one’s guard (ب against) IV to warn (ب ه s.o. of or against), caution (ب ه s.o. against), admonish (ه s.o.); to announce (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), give notice or warning (ب ه to s.o. of), notify in advance (ه s.o., ب of) │ انذره بتسليم منزله (bi-taslīmi manzilihī) he gave him notice to vacate the premises نذر nadr pl. نذور nudur, نذورات nudūrāt vow, solemn pledge; votive offering, ex-voto نذير nadīr pl. نذر nudur consecrated to God; vowed, solemnly pledged; warner; herald, harbinger, forerunner; warning; alarm │ O نذير الخطر n. al-kaṭar airraid warning انذار indār pl. -āt warning; announcement, notice; admonition; air-raid warning, alarm │ O انذار بوقوع غارات جوية (bi-wuqū’ gārāt jawwiya) or انذار للأخطار الجوية (li-l-akṭār) air-raid warning; انذار نهائي (nihā’ī) ultimatum; O صفارة الإنذار ṣaffārat al-i. warning siren تناذر tanādur syndrome (med.) ناذر nādir one who has made a vow منذور mandūr solemnly pledged, vowed, consecrated to God منذر mundir warner, cautioner منذرة mundira alarm signal; warning sign (ب against) نذل nadula u (نذالة nadāla, نذولة nudūla) to be low, base, mean, vile, despicable, debased, depraved نذل nadl pl. انذال andāl, نذول nudūl low, base, mean, vile, despicable, debased, depraved; coward نذيل nadīl pl. نذلاء nudalā’ 2, نذال nidāl low, base, mean, vile, despicable, debased, depraved; coward نذالة nadāla depravity نربيج narbīj pl. نرابيج narābīj2 mouthpiece of a narghile 953 نربيش narbīš pl. نرابيش narābīš2 mouthpiece of a narghile نرجس narjis, nirjis narcissus (bot.) نرد nard backgammon, tricktrack نردين nardīn nard, spikenard نرفزة narfaza nervousness منرفز munarfaz (pal.-syr.) nervous نرنج naranj bitter orange نروج nurūj, narūj Norway نرويج nurwīj Norway نرويجي nurwījī Norwegian نز nazza i (nazz, نزيز nazīz) to seep, trickle, ooze, or leak, through; to vibrate (string) نز nazz, nizz, نزازة nuzāza pl. نزوز nuzūz seepage, leakage water نز nazz swift, nimble, agile, lively, sprightly; changeable, inconstant, unsteady, fickle نزة nazza, nizza (sensuous) passion, lust نزيز nazīz unsteady, inconstant, unstable; sensuous, passionate نزح nazaḥa a i (nazḥ, نزوح nuzūḥ) to be far off, be distant; to leave (من s.th.), depart, emigrate (or from); to immigrate (الى to); to wander, migrate, rove, roam, range; O to march off, pull out (troops); pass. نزح به nuziḥa bihī to emigrate, be away from home, live abroad; -- (nazḥ) and IV to scoop out, bail out, empty (هـ s.th.); to drain, dry out (هـ a well, a ditch, a latrine, and the like) VIII to emigrate نزح nazḥ scooping out, emptying; draining, drainage نزح nazaḥ pl. انزاح anzāḥ muddy water نزوح nuzūḥ emigration نزوح nazūḥ and نزيح nazīḥ far-off, faraway, distant, remote نازح nāziḥ far-off, faraway, distant, remote; going away from home, moving to other lands, leaving for distant shores, emigrating; emigrant; one who scoops out, bails out or empties, a latrine cleaner نزر nazr and نزير nazīr little; insignificant, trivial, petty; trifle, small amount, insignificant number, negligible portion │ نزر الحديث taciturn, of few words; نزر قليل tiny amount نزع naza‘a i (naz‘) to pull out, extract (هـ s.th.); to remove, take, take away, strike, cross off (عن هـ s.th. from); to take off, shed (هـ a garment); to strip, divest, deprive, rob (هـ من or عن s.o. of s.th.); to wrest, take away (هـ من from s.o. s.th., possession, right, reputation, etc.); to remove (ه s.o. from a position), depose, dismiss, fire, cashier, demote, reduce in rank (ه s.o.); to adduce as proof or in refutation (ب s.th.); (intr.) to move, proceed, go, betake o.s., repair (الى to); to emigrate (الى to); -- (نزوع nuzū‘) to desire (الى s.th.), wish, long, yearn, pine (الى for); to incline, tend, have an inclination or a tendency (الى to); to take on, take over, adopt (الى s.th.), resort (الى to; e.g., to a method); to absent o.s., depart (or from); to desist, abstain, refrain (or from), keep clear (عن of), give up, avoid, eschew (عن s.th.); to be in the throes of death │ نزع منه نازع الى (nāzi‘un) he felt a desire for ..., discovered his inclination to ... II to remove, take away (هـ s.th.) III to fight, struggle, contend, dispute (ه with s.o.), combat (هـ s.th.); to contest, challenge (في s.th.); to attempt to wrest (هـ ه from s.o. s.th.), contest (هـ ه s.o.’s right to s.th.); to be in the throes of death VI to contend with one another; to rival (هـ for s.th.), contest each other’s right (هـ to), carry on a 954 dispute, be at variance (هـ over) VIII to pull out, extract, pluck out, tear out (هـ s.th. .i- from); to match, wrest (هـ من from 1.o. s.th.), tear away, pull off (من هـ s.th. from); to take, draw, borrow (هـ s.th.); to be removed, be taken away نزع naz‘ removal; withdrawal, elimination; deposition, removal from office; death struggle, agony of death │ نزع السلاح disarming, disarmament; مؤتمر نزع السلاح mu’tamar n. as-s. disarmament conference; نزع الملكية n. al-milkīya expropriation نزعة naz‘a pl. naza‘āt inclination, tendency, leaning; attitude, position, stand نزوع nuzū‘ striving, endeavor, longing, wish, desire (الى for) نزاع nazzā‘ tending, having an inclination (الى to), leaning (الى toward) نزيع nazī‘ pl. نزاع nuzzā‘ stranger منزع manza‘ pl. منازع manāzi‘ intent, intention, purpose; aim, end, objective, goal; way, method; manner, behavior منزع minza‘ arrow نزاع nizā‘ fight, struggle, strife, contest, controversy; dispute; death struggle, agony of death │ بلا نزاع (bi-lā) indisputably, incontestibly, incontrovertibly, indubitably, undeniably; عليه نزاع disputed, contested, debatable; لا نزاع فيه (nizā‘a) undisputed, uncontested, unquestioned منازعة munāza‘a pl. -āt tight, struggle, strife, contention, controversy, quarrel, dissension, discord; dispute; matter in controversy, case at issue (before a court of justice) تنازع tanāzu‘ tight, struggle, strife, contention, controversy │ تنازع البقاء t. al-baqā’ struggle for existence انتزاع intizā‘ removal, withdrawal, elimination; dispossession, expropriation نازعة nāzi‘a pl. نوازع nawāzi‘ tendency, inclination, leaning منزوع manzū‘ removed, taken away │ منطقة منزوعة السلاح (minṭaqa) demilitarized zone منازع munāzi‘ struggling with death, being in the throes of death; contending, fighting, militant, litigious, renitent │ ليس من منازع في no one will deny that ... منازع عليه munāza‘ ‘alaihi contested, disputed, debatable متنازع mutanāzi‘ conflicting, clashing متنازع عليه (mutanāza‘) and متنازع فيه contested, disputed, debatable; litigated matter, matter in controversy, case at issue منتزع muntaza‘ taken, drawn (من from) نزغ nazg and نزغة pl. nazagāt incitement to evil │ نزغ الشيطان n. aš-šaiṭān insinuations of the devil, satanic inspiration نزف nazafa i (nazf) to drain, exhaust, empty (هـ s.th.); to dry up (هـ a well); to draw off (هـ blood); to be drained, exhausted, spent; pass. نزف دمه nuzifa damuhū to lose much blood, bleed (to death) IV to drain, empty (هـ a well); to be exhausted X to drain off, draw, extract (من هـ s.th. from); to exhaust, consume, use up, swallow up, devour (هـ s.th.) نزف nazf exhaustion, draining, emptying; hemorrhage; loss of blood │ O النزف الدموي (damawī) hemophilis (med.) نزفة nuzfa small quantity, modicum (of a liquid) نزيف nazīf weakened by loss of blood; bleeding, effusion of blood; hemorrhage, hemorrhea (med.) منزوف manzūf exhausted through loss of blood 955 نزق nazaqa i (nazq) and naziqa a (nazaq, نزوق nuzūq) to storm ahead, rush forward; to be hasty, rash, precipitate, impetuous, lightheaded, frivolous, reckless, ruthless, II to spur on, urge on (هـ a horse) نزق nazaq haste; rashness, precipitateness, impetuosity; lightheadedness, recklessness, thoughtlessness, frivolity نزق naziq hasty; rash, precipitate, impetuous; thoughtless, heedless, careless, inattentive, lightheaded, frivolous, flighty, superficial نزك nazaka u (nazk) to stab, pierce (ه s.o.) نيزك naizak pl. نيازك nayāzik2 short lance; shooting star, meteor نزل nazala i (نزول nuzūl) to dismount, alight; to descend, go down, come down, move down, get down, step down, climb down; to get off (من, e.g., a train), get out, step out (من, e.g., of a car), debark, disembark (من from a vessel); to put down, land (airplane); to fall (rain); to descend from heaven, be revealed (esp., the Koran); to fall, sink, sag (prices), drop (water level); to subside, abate, let up, decrease; to stop, or halt, for a rest, to camp; to stop, stop over, put up, take up quarters, take lodgings, lodge, room, stay to live (على or ب at s.o.’s home, also عند), live, dwell (هـ in a place), inhabit (هـ a place); to step into the arena, take the field, meet an opposing team (sports); to give in, yield (على e.g., to s.o.’s pleas); to give up, renounce, resign (عن ل s.th. in s.o.’s favor), cede, waive, relinquish, abandon (عن s.th.); to resign (عن from); to refrain (عن from), forgo (عن s.th.); to descend, come (ب upon s.o.; misfortune, punishment, etc.), befall, hit, afflict (ب s.o.; misfortune), happen, occur (ب to s.o.); to fall (على upon s.o.), attack, assail, assault (على s.o.); to enter, embark (على upon s.th.), set out (على to do s.th.), tackle, attack (على s.th.), pounce (على on s.th.); (with ب:) to take, bring, lead, etc., s.o. or s.th. down (الى to); -- nazila a (نزلة nazla) to have a cold │ نزل الى البر (barr) to disembark, go ashore, land; نزل الى الميدان (maidān) to take the field; نزل دون مننلته (manzilatihī) to sink below one’s level; نزل ضيفا على (ḍaifan) to avail o.s. of s.o.’s hospitality, stay as a guest with s.o.; نزل على حكمه (ḥukmihī) to defer, give in, yield, submit to s.o.; to comply with the standard of s.th.; نزل عند ارادته (irādatihī) to defer to s.o.’s will, do s.o.’s bidding; نزل عند رغبته (طلبه) (ragbatihī, ṭalabihī) to comply with, or fulfill, s.o.’s wish or demand; منزلا (manzilan) to occupy a place or position, get to a place or into a position; نزل منزله اللائق (manzilahū) to occupy one’s due place; نزل منزلة فلان (manzilata f.) to hold the position of, serve as II to cause to come down; to make (ه s.o.) descend, dismount, or step down; to lower, let down (هـ s.th., e.g., a bucket, a curtain, etc.); to send down (على هـ a revelation to a prophet), reveal (هـ s.th.); to take down, put down (هـ s.th.); to lower, decrease, diminish, lessen, minimize, curtail, reduce (هـ or من s.th.); to dip, tilt (هـ s.th.); to lower, strike (هـ a flag); to relieve, divest, discharge (عن هـ s.o. of), depose, dethrone (عن العرش ه s.o.); to unload (هـ s.th.); to grant hospitality (ه to s.o.). receive hospitably, take in, put up, lodge, accumulate (ه s.o.); to deduct subtract (هـ من s.th. from); to insert, inlay (في هـ s.th. in. e.g., ivory in wood); (Tun.) to cede (هـ s.th.) on the basis of inzāl (q.v.) │ نزل درجته (darajatahū) to demote s.o., reduce s.o. in rank III to get into a fight, join issue, clash (ه with s.o.) IV to bring down, take down; to cause to descend, dismount, or step down; to send down. reveal (على ه 956 s.th. to s.o.; of God); to bestow, grant, give (هـ s.th.; of God); to make (ه s.o.) alight, stop, halt, camp, put up, tab up quarters, live, stay, abide (هـ in a place); to unload (هـ s.th.); to take ashore (الى البر هـ ilā l-barr s.th. from a vessel); to land, put ashore, disembark, debark (هـ troops); to lower, strike (هـ a flag); to abase, degrade; to lower, decrease, diminish, reduce (الى هـ number, price, etc., to); to cause (هـ ب to s.o. loss), inflict (هـ ب upon s.o. a loss); to compel, force, coerce (على ه s.o. to) │ ما انزل الله به من سلطان (sulṭān) (lit.: God has given it no power, i.e.) futile, vain, fruitless, unavailing, unfounded, absurd, preposterous, completely arbitrary, random; انزل الى البحر (baḥr) to launch (هـ a ship); انزلوهم ضيوفا عليهم (ḍuyūfan) they took them in as guests; انزل به خسارة قادحة (kusāratan fāḍiḥatan) to inflict a heavy loss on s.o.; انزله منزلة فلان (manzilata f.) he had him occupy the same position as, gave him the same status as, made him equal in rank with V to lower o.s., stoop, condescend (الى to s.th.); to abase o.s., humble o.s., demean o.s., eat crow; to give up, renounce, resign, waive, forgo (عن s.th.), refrain (عن from) VI to give up, renounce, resign, waive, forgo (عن ل s.th. in favor of), refrain (عن from), yield, surrender, abandon, relinquish (عن s.th.); to cede (عن ل s.th. to); to leave, assign, transfer, make over (عن ل s.th. to); to lower o.s., stoop, condescend; to deign; to dismount, or line up, for battle │ تنازل (تنزل) عن العرش ل (‘arš) to abdicate in favor of; تنازل عن منصب (manṣib) to lay down an office, resign from office X to ask (ه s.o.) to step down; to call down, invoke (هـ s.th.); to make (ه s.o.) descend; to call upon s.o. (ه) to waive or forgo (عن s.th.); to force (ه the beleaguered) to surrender; to deduct, subtract (~ 0 s.th. from) نزل nazl pl. نزول nuzūl, نزل nuzûl quarters, lodging; hotel, inn; -- (pl. نزول nuzūl) small tribal unit (of Bedouins); camp, camp site (of nomads, gypsies) نزل nuzl pl. انزال anzāl food served to a guest نزلة nazla putting up, stopping, stop, stay, arrival │ نزلة الحج al-ḥajj (eg.) festival of the return of the mahmal from Mecca (celebrated in the months of Safar or Rabia I) نزلة nazla pl. nazalāt cold; catarrh │ نزلة شعبية (šu‘abīya) bronchial catarrh; نزلة صدرية (ṣadrīya) bronchitis; نزلة وافدة influenza (med.) نزالة nizāla settlement, colony نزول nuzūl descending, descent; dismounting. alighting; getting off or out (of a vehicle), disembarkation, debarkation; landing (of an airplane); arrival; putting up, stopping, stop, stopover, stay; cession, surrender, relinquishment, renunciation, resignation; falling, fall, drop; sinking; decline in prices, price slump │ نزولا على according to, in accordance with, in deference to; نزولا عند رغبته (ragbatihī) in compliance with his wish, in deference to his wish, at his request; نزولا عند طلبه (ṭalabihī) in compliance with his demand, in accordance with his request; نزول المطر n. al-maṭar rainfall نزولي nuzūlī relative to decline (in prices and stocks), recessive, falling, sinking نزيل nazīl pl. نزلاء nuzalā’2 guest; stranger; lodger, boarder; inmate; occupant, tenant منزل manzil pl. منازل manāzil2 stopping place, way station, camp site; apartment, fiat; house; lunar phase; see also under verb I │ منزل الاستراحة resthouse; منازل اللهو واللعب m. al-lahw wa-l-la‘b amusement centers; اهل المنزل ahl al-m. household, family; صاحب المنزل landlord 957 منزلي manzilī domestic, house (adj.); private; household (adj.) منزلة manzila degree, grade, rank; position, status, standing; dignity; see also under verb I and IV تنزيل tanzīl sending down, bringing down; revelation, inspiration; reduction, diminution, lowering, lessening, decrease; -- (pl. -āt) reduction (of prices); subtraction (arith.); deduction, discount; inlaying, inlay work │ تنزيل الرتبة t. ar-rutba or تنزيل المقام t. al-maqām, demotion, reduction in rank; تنزيل نقدي (naqdī) currency devaluation نزال nizāl and منازلة munāzala lining up for battle; encounter, battle, fight انزال inzāl bringing down, lowering; landing, debarkation, disembarkation; ejaculation of sperm; (pl. -āt) lease contract for life over a habous estate (Tun.) │ انزال الى البحر (baḥr) launching (of a ship); انزال الى العمل (‘amal) commissioning (of a ship) تنازل tanāzul condescension; yielding, relenting; relinquishment, surrender, waiver, renunciation; transfer, assignment, cession; resignation, abdication; lining up for battle; struggle, fight, battle │ عدم التنازل ‘adam at-t. relentlessness, intransigence; عقد التنازل ‘aqd at-t. deed of cession استنزال istinzāl deduction, discount نازل nāzil living, resident نازلة nāzila pl. نوازل nawāzil occurrence, event; mishap, accident, calamity, reverse, blow of fate; (tun.) (judicial) case, legal action │ نازلة مدنية (madanīya; tun.) civil action; اوراق نازلة (tun.) records of a lawsuit; قسم النوازل qism an-n. (tun.) division for contentious matters (of a court of justice); قام بنازلة (tun.) to take legal action, commence a lawsuit منزول manzūl (eg.) a kind of narcotic منزولي manzūlī (egs.) narcotic addict, dope addict منزل munazzal inlaid (with ivory or a precious metal) منزل munzal sent down (from heaven), revealed متنازل mutanāzil abdicating, resigning; one who waives, cedes or asap a right, assignor مستنزل mustanzil lessee on the basis of inzāl (Tun.; see above) نزنز to rock, dandle (a baby) نزه nazuha u (نزاهة nazāha) to be far (عن from), be untouched. unblemished (عن by), be free (عن from); to steer clear (عن of), keep away, refrain (عن from, esp., from a base or dishonorable action); -- naziha a to be respectable, honorable, decent II to deem or declare (ه s.o.) above s.th. (عن) V = nazuha; to be (far) above s.th. (عن); to go for a walk, take a walk, promenade, stroll about; to go out, to amuse o.s., enjoy o.s., have a good time نزه nazih and نزيه nazīh pl. نزهاء nuzahā’2, نزاه nizāh pure, chaste, blameless, above reproach, of unblemished record, decent, honorable, respectable; honest, upright. righteous; scrupulous, correct; impartial نزه nazah and نزاهة nazāha purity, blamelessness, honesty; uprightness, righteousness, probity, integrity, respectability; impartiality نزهة nuzha pl. نزه nuzah, -āt walk, stroll, promenade; pleasure ride; outing, excursion, pleasure trip; recreation; amusement. entertainment, diversion, fun; excursion spot, picnic ground, sight-seeing spot, tourist attraction 958 منزهة manzaha pl. منازه manāzih2 recreation ground, park, garden تنزيه tanzīh elimination of anthropomorphic elements from the conception of deity, deanthropomorphism (theol.) تنزه tanazzuh pl. -āt walk, stroll, promenade منزه munazzah infallible, free (عن from), (far) above s.th. (عن) متنزه mutanazzih pl. -ūn walker, stroller, promenader; excursionist متنزه mutanazzah promenade, walk, stroll, park منتزه muntazah pl. -āt promenade, walk, stroll; recreation ground; park 1نزا (نزو) nazā u (نزو nazw, nuzūw, نزوان nazawān) to spring, jump, leap, bound; -- (نزوان nazawān) to escape (عن s.th.) │ نزا به قلبه الى (qalbuhū) to long, yearn for V to spring, jump, leap, bound; to be in a state of great commotion, be violently agitated, to heave, tremble (breast) نزوان nazawān sally, sortie; outburst, outbreak, eruption نزوة nazwa pl. nazawāt (n. vic.) jump, leap, bound; sally, sortie; outburst, outbreak, eruption; surge, dare, dare-up; impetuosity, violence, vehemence; fit, attack, paroxysm; sudden mood, caprice, whim 2نازي and نازية look up alphabetically نسأ nasa’a a (نسء nas’) to put off, postpone, delay, defer, procrastinate (هـ s.th.), -- (نساء nasā’) to allow (ه s.o.) time to pay, grant (ه s.o.) credit IV = I نساء nasā’ long life, longevity نساء nisā’ women, see نسو نسيئة nasī’a credit, delay of payment, nasī’atan on credit منسأة minsa’a stick, staff نسب nasaba u i (nasab, نسبة nisba) to relate, refer (الى هـ s.th. to), link, correlate, bring into relation (الى هـ s.th. with), to trace (الى هـ s.th. to s.o. as the originator, الى ه s.o.’s ancestry to); to ascribe, attribute, impute. lay (ل or الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), charge (ل or الى هـ with s.th. s.o.), accuse (ل or الى هـ of s.th. s.o.) III to stand in the same relationship (ه to s.o.); to correspond (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), tally (هـ with s.th.), to suit, fit (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), go (هـ, ه with), become, befit, behoove (ه s.o.); to harmonize, agree, be in keeping, be compatible, consistent (هـ with), to be similar (هـ, ه to s.o., to s.th.), resemble (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه); to be in agreement, in conformity, in accordance. to tally, check (هـ with), be conformable (هـ to), to be of the same family (ه as), be or become related by marriage (ه to) VI to be related to one another, be relatives; to be alike, be akin, be mutually corresponding, be interrelated, be in agreement or conformity, be in the right proportion, be proportionate, match, fit together, go together; to be in agreement, in conformity, in accordance, to tally, check (مع with), be conformable (مع to) VIII to be related (الى to s.o.); to derive one’s origin (الى from), trace one’s ancestry (الى to), to derive one's name (الى from), be named (الى after), to belong, pertain, be relative (الى to), to be associated (الى with), belong (الى to a clan, a party, a faction, etc.); to attach o.s. (الى to), associate, affiliate (الى with), to join (الى e.g., a political party), to be admitted (الى to a community), be affiliated (الى with, esp., as an extraordinary, not a full, member) X to trace back the ancestry (ه of s.o.), to deem 959 proper (هـ s.th.), approve (هـ of), sanction, condone (هـ s.th.) نسب nasab pl. اناسب anāsib lineage, descent; origin. extraction, derivation, provenience; kinship, relationship, affinity, relationship by marriage │ سلسلة النسب silsilat an-n. family tree, pedigree, ancestral line, genealogy; علماء الأنساب ‘ulamā’ al-a. genealogists نسبة nisba ascription, attribution, imputation; kinship, relationship, affinity, relationship by marriage; connection, link; agreement, conformity, affinity; -- (pl. نسب nisab) relation, reference, bearing; ratio, rate; measure; proportion (math.); percentage; adjective denoting descent or origin, ending in ـي │ نسبة الى (nisbatan) and (ل or) بالنسبة الى in respect to, with regard to, regarding, concerning, as to; as compared with, in comparison with; in relation to, with reference to; for, to; على نسبة in proportion to, in keeping with, in accordance with, according to, corresponding to, commensurate with; نسبة الموت al-maut death rate; نسبة مئوية (mi’awīya) percentage نسبي nisbī relative, comparative; percentual, percentile; proportional; نسبيا nisbīyan relatively │ وزن نسبي (wazn) specific gravity نسبية nisbīya relativity نساب nisāb genealogist نسيب nasīb erotic introduction of the ancient Arabic kasida; -- (pl. , انسباء ansibā’2) relative, kinsman (by mania~e); brother-in-law; son-in-law; descending from a distinguished family, patrician, highborn, noble انسب ansab2 more adequate, more appropriate, more suitable, better qualified, fitter مناسبة mun, Ral:ab) to make un• happy, miserabl., aftlict, distress (. s.a.; of fate); to drop (. s.th.); to put (. s.a.) out of favor; - (y~ ""k/lb) to blow sid.ways; to veer, shift (wind); - (Ra.l:l>, ""k/lb) to d.viate, sw.rv. (.:r from, esp., from a path, road, route, courae) II to avert, divert, deBect, tum away, remove (. s.th.) V to d.viate, swerve (. or .:r from); to avoid, shun, eschew (A or .:r s.th.); to refrain (.:r from), steer clear (.:r of); to take upon one's should.... ta shoulder, take upon o.8., assume (A s.th.) l.:r "'! ..,.s:::; to make s.o. d.viate or swerve from ..,.s:.; Ral:b pl. y ~ "dub and ~ Rakba pl. Ral:aMt misfortune, calamity; disaster, catastrophe منكب mankib pl. مناكب manākib2 shoulder; side, flank; highland, upland │ دفع بمنكبيه الهواء (mankibaihi, hawā’) approx.: to race along, dash along منكوب mankūb fate-stricken, afflicted with disaster; unhappy, unfortunate, ill-fated, miserable; victim (of a catastrophe) نكت nakata u (nakt) to scratch up (هـ the ground) II to crack jokes (على about s.o.), poke fun (على at), ridicule (على s.o.) نكتة nukta pl. نكت nukat, نكات nikāt jot, title, speck, spot; witty remark, witticism, wisecrack, joke; anecdote; pun, play on words; the point of joke │ حاضر النكتة quick-witted, quick at repartee نكات nakkāt witty; humorous, piquant; mocker, scoffer تنكيت tankīt chaffing, legpulling; teasing, banter, raillery, mockery; joking, jesting, fun-making منكت munakkit mocker, scoffer نكث nakata u i (nakt) to break, violate, infringe (هـ a contract or similar legal obligation) VIII to be broken, be violated نكث nakt breach, violation (of a contract, etc.) ناكث nākit perfidious, faithless, false, disloyal نكح nakaḥa u i a (نكاح nikāḥ) to marry (ها a woman), get married (ها with) III to become related by marriage (ه to s.o.) IV to give in marriage (ها ه to s.o. a girl) نكاح nikāḥ marriage; marriage contract; matrimony, wedlock مناكح manākiḥ2 (pl.) women نكد nakida a (nakad) to be hard, harsh, difficult; to be unhappy, miserable; -- nakada u (nakd) to give little (ه to s.o.); to torment, pester, molest (ه s.o.) II to make life hard, difficult, miserable (ه for s.o.), embitter s.o.’s (ه) life III to torment, harass, pester, molest (ه s.o.) V to be made miserable, be embittered (life) نكد nakd pl. انكاد ankād misfortune; hardship, adversity; molestation, trouble, nuisance; worry, concern │ نكد الطالع misfortune نكد nakid pl. انكاد ankād, مناكيد manākīd2 hard, troublesome, laborious; unhappy; peevish, cross, bad-tempered انكد ankad2 troublesome, painful, excruciating 997 مناكدة munākada pl. -āt inconvenience, discomfort, trouble, burden منكود mankūd unhappy, unfortunate; ill-fated │ منكود الحظ m. al-ḥaẓẓ pl. مناكيد الحظ manākīd al-ḥ. ill-starred, unlucky, unfortunate نكر nakira u (nakar, nukr, نكور nukūr, نكير nakīr) not to know (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), have no knowledge, be ignorant (هـ of s.th.); to deny, disown, disavow, renege (هـ s.th.) II to disguise, mask (ه s.o.); to use in its indefinite form (هـ a noun; gram.) III to disapprove (ه of s.o.), reject (ه هs.o.) IV to pretend not to know (ه s.o.), refuse to have anything to do (هـ, ه with s.o., with s.th.); to refuse to acknowledge, disown, disavow, disclaim, deny (هـ s.th.); to renounce, renege (هـ s.th.); to refuse, deny (على هـ s.th. to s.o.), dispute, contest (على هـ s.th. of s.o.); to reject (على هـ s.th. with regard to s.o.), disapprove (على هـ of s.th. with regard to s.o.); to censure, blame, rebuke (على ه s.o. for), criticize (من هـ s.th. in s.o.); to hold s.th. (هـ) against s.o. (على), reproach (هـ على s.o. for) │ انكر ذاته (dātahū) to deny o.s. ; انكر نفسه (nafsahū) to harbor self-doubts; انكرت اني اراه I pretended not to see him V to be in disguise, be disguised, disguise o.s.; to change for the worse, change beyond recognition; to become estranged, be alienated (ل from s.th.); to .nub (ل s.o.), treat (ل s.o.) with hostility, deal ungraciously (ل with s.o.); to deny o.s. (ل, e.g., a feeling), shut out from one’s heart (ل s.th.) VI to have no knowledge, be ignorant (هـ of s.th.); to pretend not to know (هـ s.th.), feign ignorance, make as if one doesn’t know; to refuse to have anything to do (ه with), snub, cut, ignore, pretend not to know (ه s.o.) X not to know (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), have no knowledge, be ignorant (هـ of s.th.); to disapprove (هـ of s.th.), reject (هـ s.th,); to detect, loathe (هـ s.th.) نكر nukr denial, disavowal نكر nakir unknown, little known نكرة nakira indefinite noun (gram.); unknown person نكران nukrān denial │ لا نكران lā nukrāna it is incontestable; نكران الجميل ingratitude; نكران الذات self-denial نكير nakīr denial, disavowal; disapproval, rejection; negation; reprehensible, repugnant, disgusting, vile, revolting, loathsome, abominable, atrocious; one of the Angels of Death (see منكر) │ شد عليه النكير (šadda) to reproach s.o. severely انكر ankar2, f. نكراء nakrā’ reprehensible, abominable, disgusting, vile, revolting, loathsome │ ابتسامة نكراء vicious smile انكار inkār denial, disavowal, negation, contestation; refusal, rejection, non-acceptance │ انكار الذات self-denial, selflessness, unselfishness; انكار لجميله (li-jamīlihī) ingratitude toward s.o. انكاري inkārī denying, disaffirmative; negative تنكر tanakkur disguise, masquerade │ محفل التنكر maḥfil at-t. fancy-dress party, costume ball تنكري tanakkurī: حفل تنكري (ḥafl) masked ball, costume ball استنكار istinkār disapproval; horror, aversion, loathing ناكر nākir denying, disavowing; unfriendly, hostile, forbidding │ ناكر الجميل ungrateful منكر munakkar indeterminate; indefinite (gram.) منكر munkar denied; not recognized, unacknowledged, disowned, disavowed, disclaimed; disagreeable, shocking, detestable, abominable; abomination, atrocity; pl. منكرات objectionable, forbidden, 998 or reprehensible, actions │ منكر ونكير the two angels who examine the dead in their graves as to their faith متنكر mutanakkir disguised, in disguise; incognito │ رقص متنكر (raqṣ) masked ball, costume ball مستنكر mustankar objectionable, reprehensible; odd, strange نكز nakaza u (nakz) to prick; to goad, egg on (ه s.o.) نكس nakasa u (naks) to turn around, turn over, invert, reverse, turn upside down (هـ s.th.); to lower, withdraw, retract, pull in (هـ s.th.); to bow, bend, tilt (رأسه ra’sahū or برأسه one’s head); to cause a relapse (هـ of an illness); pass. nukisa, to suffer a relapse II = I; to hang at half-mast (هـ a flag) VIII to be turned over, be inverted, be reversed; to sink, drop forward (head); to relapse, suffer a relapse نكس nuks and نكسة naksa relapse; degeneration, degeneracy; decadence تنكس tanakkus degeneration (biol.) انتكاس intikās relapse منكوس mankūs inverted, reversed; relapsing, suffering a relapse منكس munakkas inverted, reversed │ منكس الرأس m. ar-ra’s with bowed head منتكس muntakis relapsing, suffering a relapse نكش nakaša i a (nakš) to clear out, dredge, clean (هـ s.th., esp., a well); to stir up, rout up, turn up, hoe up, rake up, dig up, break (هـ the ground); to rummage, ransack, search (هـ s.th.); to disorder, ruffle, tousle, dishevel (هـ s.th.); to shake (هـ trees) منكش minkaš pl. مناكش manākiš hoe, mattock; rake منكاش minkāš pl. مناكيش manākīš2 O dredger; poker, fire iron; (eg.) pickax نكص nakaṣa i u (nakṣ, نكوص nukūṣ, منكص mankaṣ) to withdraw, turn away (عن from); to recoil, shrink (عن from) │ نكص على عقبيه (‘aqibaihi) to retreat, climb down, give up one’s intention II to cause (ه s.o.) to retreat VIII to fall back, recoil, retreat نكف nakafa u (nakf) to stop, arrest (هـ s.th.); to disdain, scorn, spurn (عن s.th.); to reject (عن s.th.) │ لا ينكف (yunkafu) irresistible, resistles8; immeasurable, unfathomable III to vex, annoy, trouble, pester, harass, torment (ه s.o., هـ with) X to be proud, haughty; to disdain, scorn, spurn, reject (عن or من s.th.), look down upon (عن or من), have an aversion (عن or من to), loathe, detest (عن or من s.th., also هـ); to refrain (ان from doing s.th.) نكفة nakafa parotid gland نكفي nakafī parotid (adj.) │ التهاب الغدة النكفية (gudda) inflammation of the parotid gland, parotitis, mumps (med.) نكاف nukāf O parotitis, mumps (med.) 1نكل nakala i u (نكول nukūl) and nakila a (nakal) to recoil, shrink (من or عن from), flinch, shirk (من or عن s.th.), desist, refrain, abstain, draw back, withdraw (من or عن from); -- nakala (نكلة nakla) and II to make an example (ب of s.o.), punish severely (ب s.o.), teach s.o. (ب) a lesson; to maltreat, torture (ب s.o.) II and IV to repel, force back, drive back, hold off, deter (عن ه s.o. from) نكل nikl pl. انكال ankāl, نكول nukūl fetter, shackle, chain; bit (of a bridle) نكال nakāl exemplary punishment, warning example, warning نكول nukūl refusal to testify in court (Isl. Law) تنكيل tankīl exemplary punishment; forcing back, driving back. containment; maltreatment, torture 999 2نكل nikl nickel نكه nakaha i u (nakh) to blow, breathe (على or ل in s.o.’s face) نكهة nakha smell of the breath; fragrance, smell, scent, aroma نكى nakā i (نكاية nihāya) to cause damage, to harm; to hurt, injure (في or ه s.o.); to vex, annoy, offend (ب s.o.) نكاية nikāya wrong, harm, damage, prejudice; vexation, annoyance, grievance, offense, outrage, chicanery │ نكاية فيه nikāyatan fīhi in defiance of him, to spite him; اغلظ فيه النكاية (aglaẓa, nikāya) to beset s.o. grievously, ride roughshod over s.o. انكى ankā worse; causing more damage, more harmful, hurting or offending more grievously 1نم namma u i (namm) to betray, reveal, disclose, bespeak, indicate, show (على or عن s.th.); to give evidence (عن of s.th.); to report in a libelous manner (على هـ s.th. about s.o.), sow dissension (بين among or between) نم namm slander, calumniation, calumny; (pl. -ūn, انماء animmā’2) talebearer, scandalmonger, slanderer, calumniator نمة nimma louse نمام nammām (eg.) a variety of mint (Mentha sativa L.; bot.) نمام nammām slanderer, calumniator نميمة namīma pl. نمائم namā’im2 slander, defamation, calumny نامة nāmma stir, bustle, life 2نمي nummī pl. -āt coin │ علم النميات ‘ilm an-n. numismatics نموذج look up alphabetically 1نمر V to become angry, furious (ل with s.o.), turn into a tiger; to bluster, swagger نمر namir pl. نمر numur, انمار anmār leopard; tiger نمر namir clean, pure, healthy, wholesome (esp., water) نمرة namira leopardess; tigress نمرة numra pl. نمر numar speck, spot انمر anmar2, f. نمراء namrā’2, pl. نمر numr spotted, striped, brindled منمر munammar spotted, striped, brindled 2 نمر II to mark with numbers, to number, provide with a number (هـ s.th.) نمرة numra, nimra pl. نمر numar, nimar number, numero; figure │ نمرة واحد nimrat w. first-class, first-rate, A-1, excellent نمارة nammāra pl. -āt numberer, numbering machine, date stamp تنمير tanmīr numbering, numeration, count منمر munammar numbered, counted نمرسي numrusī pl. نمارسة namārisa (eg.) chinaware dealer نمرق numruq and نمرقة numruqa pl. نمارق namāriq2 cushion, pad; pillow; panel, saddle pad نمس namasa i (nams) to keep secret, hide, conceal (هـ s.th.); to confide a secret (ه to s.o.), confide in s.o. (ه), let (ه s.o.) in on a secret, make (ه s.o.) one’s confidant III to confide a secret (ه to s.o.) نمس nims (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. نموس numūs ichneumon, mongoose; ferret, marten, weasel ناموس nāmūs pl. نواميس nawāmīs2 sly, cunning, wily; confidant; (coll.; n. un. ة) mosquito(es); see also alphabetically │ الناموس الأكبر the Archangel Gabriel ناموسية nāmūsīya mosquito net 1000 نمسا nimsā, النمسا an-nimsā Austria نمساوي nimsāwī Austrian (adj. and n.) نمش namiša a (namaš) to be freckled, have freckles نمش namaš (cols.; n. un. ة) freckles; discolored spots on the skin نمش namiš freckled انمش anmaš2, f. نمشاء namšā’2, pl. نمش numš freckled نمط namaṭ pl. نماط nimāṭ, انماط anmāṭ way, manner, mode, fashion; form, shape; sort, kind │ على نمط in the manner of; على هذا النمط in this manner, this way, after this fashion; حديث النمط new-fashioned, modem; عتيق النمط old-fashioned, outmoded; هم على نمط واحد they are of the same stamp, they are all alike نمطي namaṭ formal, rigid, stiff نمق II to embellish, decorate, ornament, adorn (هـ s.th.); to write in an elegant, lofty style (هـ s.th.); to compose (هـ a text) تنميق tanmīq ornamentation, embellishment; glorification, exaltation, ago grandizement; elaborate embellishment (with figures of speech); composition (of a text, in elegant style) منمق munammaq adorned, embellished; elegant, in good style, ornate, flowery (text, language) نمل namila a (namal) to tingle, prickle, be numb, be benumbed (a limb) نمل naml (cols.; n. un. ة) pl. نمال nimāl ant نمل namlī antlike; ant- (in compounds); formic نملية namlīya meat safe, food safe نمل namal itching, tickling sensation; tingle, prickle, pricking sensation نمل namil creeping, crawling; teeming with ants; nimble, deft نمل anmula pl. انامل anāmil2 fingertip تنميل tanmīl itching, tickling sensation; tingle, prickle, pricking sensation منمول manmūl teeming with ants نمنم namnama to stripe, streak (هـ s.th.); to adorn, embellish, ornament (هـ s.th.) نمنم nimnim streaks or ripples in the sand (caused by the wind) نمنمة namnama, nimnima wren (zoo.) O منمنمة munamnama miniature نما (نمو) namā u (نمو numuw) to grow; to increase; to rise نمو numuw growth; progress نموذج namūdaj, numūdaj pl. -āt and نماذج namādij2 model; type; pattern; sample, specimen; exemplar, example; blank, form نموذجي namūdajī exemplary, model نمى namā i (namy, نماء namā, نمية namīya) to grow; to increase, augment, multiply; to rise; to progress, make progress, advance; to thrive, prosper, flourish; to be ascribed, be attributed (الى to s.o.); to ascribe, attribute (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to be told, be reported (الى to s.o.; of an event), reach (الى s.o.; news), come to s.o.’s knowledge II and IV to make grow, increase, augment, promote, further, advance (هـ s.th,)VIII to trace one’s origin (الى to s.o.), descend, be descended (الى from), be related (الى to); to be affiliated, be associated, have connections (الى with); to depend, be dependent (الى on); to belong (الى to, esp., to an organization), be a member (الى of an organization) نماء namā’ growth, expansion, increase, augmentation, increment, accretion نمي namīy growth, expansion, increase, augmentation, increment, accretion 1001 نماة namāh pl. نمى small louse تنمية tanmiya expansion, promotion, furtherance, advancement; increase, augmentation; raising, stepping up, intensification, boost انماء inmā’ expansion, promotion, furtherance, advancement, increase, augmentation; raising, stepping up, intensification, boost; cultivation, breeding (of plants) انتماء intimā’ membership نامية nāmiya pl. نوام nawāmin growth; morbid growth, morbid formation, excrescence, tumor (med.) │ النوامي السرطانية (saraṭānīya) cancerous formations (med.) منتم muntamin belonging, pertaining منتمى muntaman descent, origin, relationship, affiliation. membership نهب nahaba a u and nahiba a (nahb) to plunder, rifle, take by force (هـ s.th.) │ نهب nahaba l-arḍa and نهب الطريق (ṭarīqa) to cover the distance (الى to) quickly or at tremendous speed IV to let (ه s.o.) rifle (هـ s.th.); to leave, surrender as booty (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) VI to grip, seize (هـ the soul, the heart) │ تناهب الأرض عدوا (arḍa ‘adwan) to race along at a tearing pace VIII to grip, seize (هـ the soul, the heart); to rifle, snatch away (هـ s.th.); to take in eagerly, devour (هـ s.th.; said of the eyes) │ انتهب الطريق (ṭarīqa) to cover the distance (الى to) quickly or at tremendous speed نهب nahb robbery, plundering, pillage, looting, spoliation; gallop; (pl. نهاب nihāb) plunder, spoils, booty, loot; نهبا nahban by robbery نهبة nuhba booty, plunder, spoils, loot نهبى nuhbā booty, plunder, spoils, loot نهاب nahhāb robber; plunderer, marauder, looter نهبرة nahbura abyss; hell نهج nahaja a (nahj) to proceed, act; to enter (هـ upon a road), take (هـ a route or course), follow, pursue (هـ a way, a road); to make clear, clarify (هـ s.th.); to be open, plain, distinct; -- nahaja i and nahija a (nahaj) to be out of breath, gasp for breath, pant │ نهج خطة (kiṭṭatan) to pursue a plan; to assume an attitude; نهج على منواله (minwālihī) to follow s.o.’s example II to put out of breath, make breathless, cause to pant (ه s.o.) IV do.; to be clear (matter, affair); to make clear, clarify, explain (هـ s.th.) VIII to enter (هـ upon a road), take (هـ a route or course), follow, pursue (هـ a way, a road) │ انهج سبيله (sabīlahū) and X استنهج سبيله to follow s.o.’s example, follow s.o.’s footsteps, imitate s.o. نهج nahj pl. نهوج nuhūj open way; road; method, procedure, manner │ نهج نهجه (nahjahū) to follow s.o.’s method; النهج القويم the straight path, the right way, the proper manner نهج nahaj quick breathing, panting; breathlessness نهيج nahīj quick breathing, panting; breathlessness ناهج nāhij open, plain road منهج manhaj, minhaj pl. مناهج manāhij2 open, plain, easy road; manner, procedure, method; program; course │ منهج التعليم curriculum; مناهج البحث m. al-baht methodology of research, research methods منهاج minhāj pl. مناهيج manāhīj way, road; method; program نهد nahada a u (نهود nuhūd) to become round and full, swell (breasts); to be buxom, have round, swelling breasts V to sigh VI to share the expenses; to distribute among each other in equal shares (هـ s.th.) 1002 نهد nahd pl. نهود nuhūd female breast, bosom; elevation, rise, hump, bump تنهد tanahhud pl. -āt sigh ناهد nāhid full, round, swelling (breast); in the bloom of youth; buxom نهر nahara a (nahr) to flow copiously, stream forth, gush forth; to chide, scold, reproach (ه s.o.); to turn away with angry words, brush off, rebuff, reject, repulse, drive away, chase away (ه s.o.) VIII to chide, scold (ه s.o.); to drive away, chase away (ه s.o.) نهر nahr pl. انهر anhur, انهار anhār, نهور nuhūr, stream, river; -- (pl. anhur and anhār) column (of a newspaper) │ ما بين النهرين (nahrain) Mesopotamia; ما وراء النهر Transoxiana; نهر اردن Eridanus (astron.); n. urdunn the Jordan river; نهر السلام n. as-salām the Tigris; نهر الشريعة the Jordan river نهري nahrī river- (in compounds), riverine, fluvial, fluviatile نهار nahār pl. انهر anhur, نهر nuhur daytime, day (from dawn to dusk, as distinguished from يوم yaum = day of 24 hours) │ نهارا وليلا nahāran wa-lailan by day and by night; ليل نهار laila nahāra day and night; نهار انهر (anhar) a wonderful day نهاري nahārī relating to day or daytime, diurnal; نهاريات news of the day, miscellany (heading of a newspaper column) انهر anhar2 see nahr نهير nahīr copious, ample, abundant, plentiful, much نهير nuhair pl. -āt little river, creek, brook; a tributary, an affluent انتهار intihār rebuke, scolding, reprimand, reproof; rejection, rebuff, repulse, repulsion نهز nahaza a (nahz) to push, thrust, shove (ه s.o.); to drive, urge on (ه s.o.); to repulse, hold off, ward off (ه s.o.) III to be near s.th. (هـ, esp., fig.), approach, attain, reach (هـ s.th.); to seize (هـ s.th.) │ ناهز البلوغ to attain (the age of) majority; ناهز الخمسين he was close to fifty, he was pushing fifty VIII انتهز الفرصة (al-furṣata) to seize or take the opportunity, take advantage or avail o.s. of the opportunity; انتهز هـ فرصة ل (furṣatan) to use s.th. as an opportunity for نهزة nuhza opportunity, occasion نهاز nahhāz: نهاز الفرص n. al-furaṣ quick to seize an opportunity, an opportunist انتهاز intihāz: انتهاز الفرص int. al-furaṣ exploitation of opportunities, opportunism انتهاز intihāzī timeserver, opportunist انتهازية intihāzīya opportunism نهش nahaša i (nahš) to bite, snap, grab with the teeth (هـ s.th.); to tear to pieces, mangle (.s.o.) نهاش nahhāš snappish, biting, mordacious, sharp نهض nahaḍa a (nahḍ, نهوض nuhūḍ) to rise, get up (عن from a seat, from bed); to take off, start (airplane); to pounce (الى on s.o., on s.th.); to raise, lift, hoist, heave, carry (ب s.o., s.th.); to carry on, practice, pursue, attack resolutely, tackle. handle, take in one’s hands, further, promote, encourage (ب s.th.), give a boost, give impetus (ب to s.th.), bring new life (ب into s.th.), bring about an upswing (ب of s.th.); to stand up (ب for), take up the cause of (ب), espouse, support, endorse, champion (ب s.th.); to rise, revolt, rebel (على against s.o.); to get ready, prepare (ل for a piece of work, a task, or the like), begin, start, undertake (ل s.th.), enter, embark (ل upon); to be apposite, pertinent, apropos (argument) │ نهض قائما (qā’iman) he got on his 1003 feet, he got up; نهض بالأمر (bi-l-amr) to assume power, take the command; نهضت الحجة ب (ḥujja) proof bee been established for …; نهض بالخسائر والضحايا (ḍaḥāyā) to take losses and sacrifices readily upon o.s. III to offer resistance (ه to), resist, oppose, defy (s.o.); to argue, dispute (ه with s.o.) IV to tell (ه s.o.) to rise, lift up, raise, help up (ه s.o.), awaken, (a)rouse, stir up, animate, inspire, stimulate, excite, incite (ه s.o.) VI to get up, stand up, rise, draw o.s. up VIII do. X to awaken, (a)rouse, stimulate, animate, encourage, incite, instigate, egg on (ه s.o., الى to) نهض nahḍ awakening, rise, growth, boom, upswing, advancement, progress نهضة nahḍa pl. -āt getting up, rising; awakening (esp., national), rise, growth, boom, upswing, advancement, progress; resurgence, revival, rebirth, renaissance; (spiritual) movement; ability, capability, power │ عيد النهضة ‘īd an-n. Day of National Awakening (of Iraq, celebrated on the 9th of Shaban) نهوض nuhūḍ raising, boosting, revival, restoration, promotion, advancement, furtherance, encouragement, activation (ب of s.th.) مناهضة munāhaḍa resistance, opposition انهاض inhāḍ awakening, arousing, stimulation, animation; promotion,. advancement, encouragement, initiation of an upswing, of a boom استننهاض istinhāḍ awakening, arousing, stimulation, animation; promotion, advancement, encouragement, initiation of an upswing, of a boom ناهض nāhiḍ rising, getting up; active, diligent, energetic │ دليل ناهض conclusive proof, cogent evidence نهق nahaqa, nahiqa a (nahq, نهاق nuhāq, نهيق nahīq) to bray (donkey) نهك nahaka a (نهاكة nahāka) to wear off, wear out, use up, consume (هـ s.th.); to grind down, crush (هـ s.th.); -- (nahk) and nahika a (nahk, نهكة nahka) to exhaust, weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, sap the strength of, wear out, wear down, enervate, unnerve, waste, emaciate (ه s.o.); nahika and pass. nuhika to be worn off, worn out, run down, used up, spent, exhausted, enervated, gaunt, emaciated │ نهك عرضه (‘irḍahū) to injure s.o.’s honor IV to exhaust, wear out, enervate, ruin (ه s.o.) VIII to waste, emaciate, enervate, exhaust (ه s.o.); to violate, abuse, defile, profane, desecrate (هـ s.th.); to infringe, violate (هـ a law), offend against (هـ); to rape, ravish (ها a woman); to insult, defame, malign, slander, abuse, brutalize (ه a man) │ لا ينتهك yuntahaku inviolable, sacrosanct, sacred, consecrated نهك nallk weakening, exhaustion, enervation, attrition; consumption, depletion, exhaustion; abuse, misuse; infraction, violation; profanation, desecration; sacrilege نهكة nahka exhaustion; emaciation, wasting away انهاك inhāk exhaustion انتهاك intihāk weakening, exhaustion, enervation, attrition; consumption, depletion, exhaustion; abuse, misuse; infraction, violation; profanation, desecration; sacrilege; rape │ انتهاك الحرمة int. al-ḥurma sacrilege: انتهاك العورة int. al-‘aura offense involving moral turpitude منهك munhik grueling, exhausting نهل nahila a (nahal, منهل manhal) to drink نهلة nahla pl. nahalāt drink, draught, gulp, swallow منهل manhal pl. منهل manāhil watering place, spring, pool 1004 نهم nahima a (naham, نهامة nahāma) to have a ravenous appetite, be insatiable; to be greedy, covetous (في of) نهم naham, ravenous appetite, voracity; greed, greediness, avidity نهمة nahma burning desire, craving, greed, avidity نهيم nahim greedy, avid; insatiable, voracious; glutton, gourmand نهيم nahīm greedy, avid; insatiable, voracious; glutton, gourmand منهوم manhūm greedy, avid; insatiable; covetous, desirous (ب of s.th.) نهنه nahnaha to restrain, hold back, keep, prevent (عن s.o. from); to sob نهو) and نها (نهي nahā u (nahw) and نهى nahā a (nahy) to forbid (عن s.o. s.th., to do s.th.), prohibit, ban (عن s.o. from doing s.th.), interdict, proscribe (عن ه to s.o. s.th.); to restrain, hold back, keep, prevent (عن s.o. from); pass. نهي nuhiya to come, get (الى to s.o.; of news), reach (الى s.o.), come to s.o.’s knowledge IV to get (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), make s.th. (هـ) reach s.o. (الى); to communicate, transmit, make known (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), bring (هـ s.th.) to s.o.’s (الى) knowledge, inform, apprise (هـ الى s.o. of s.th.); to bring to an end, terminate, finish, end, wind up, conclude, complete (هـ s.th.); to put an end to s.th. (هـ), settle, decide (هـ s.th.) VI to come to an end, run out, expire (period of time); to attain a high degree; to come, get (الى to s.o.), reach (الى s.o.); to desist, refrain, abstain (عن from), give up, renounce, forgo, abandon (عن s.th.), cease, stop (عن doing s.th.) │ تناهى الى اسماعهم (asmā‘ihim) to come to s.o.’s hearing, to s.o.‘s knowledge VIII to be concluded, terminated, finished, done with, settled, decided, be over; to run out, expire, come to an end (appointed time); to end, end up, wind up (ب by, in or with); to finish, terminate, conclude, wind up (عن s.th.), be or become finished, done, be through (ب with s.th.); to wind up, land eventually (الى at), get ultimately (الى to); (with الى ان) to come or lead to the point where ..., end at the point where, get eventually so that ..., result in; to come to s.o.’s (الى) knowledge; to lead, lead up, bring (الى ب s.o. to); to desist, refrain, abstain (عن from s.th.), give up, renounce, forgo, abandon (عن s.th.), cease, stop (عن doing s.th.) │ انتهى الأمر الى ان the upshot was that, the long and short of it was that …; انتهى به الأمر الى ان he got to the point where ... نهي nahy prohibition, ban, interdiction, proscription │ النهي والأمر (amr) unlimited, absolute authority, dictatorial power, command نهيي nahyī prohibitory, prohibitive, prohibitionary نهى nuhan intelligence, understanding, reason, mind, intellect نهية nuhya mind, intellect نهاء nihā’ utmost degree, limit نهاية nihāya pl. -āt end; termination, conclusion; outcome, result, upshot; the utmost; limit, utmost degree, extreme, extremity; nihāyatan in the end, at last, finally, ultimately, eventually │ في النهاية in the end, at last, finally, ultimately, eventually; الى النهاية to the end; بلا نهاية (bi-lā) unending(ly); الى غير نهاية or الى ما لا نهاية له (1ā nihāyata) unendingly, to infinity, ad infinitum; للنهاية to the greatest extent, extremely; نهاية الأرب n. al-arab the ultimate goal; النهاية الصغرى (ṣugrā) minimum; النهاية الكبرى (العظمى) (kubrā, ‘uẓmā) maximum; النهاية العليا (‘ulyā) the best grade, the highest rating (in a system of school marks); اعلى درجة في النهاية الكبرى (a‘lā darajatin) absolute maximum (of temperature); 1005 اعلى درجة في النهاية اصغرى (aqṣā d.) absolute minimum; حد النهاية ḥadd an-n. utmost limit, last step; كان نهاية في الحذق (nihāyatan, ḥidq) to be the ne plus ultra of skill, be extremely skillful نهائي nihā’ī extreme, utmost, last, final; ultimate, eventual; final, decisive, conclusive, definitive; نهائيا at last, finally │ انذار نهائي (indār) or بلاغ نهائي (balāg) ultimatum; حكم نهائي (ḥukm) final decision, final judgment (jur.); علاج نهائي extreme remedy, last resource; فوز ي (fauz) ultimate triumph, eventual success; مباران نهائي a final match, final (in sports) لا نهائي lā-nihā’ī infinite, unending لانهائية lā-nihā’īya infinity انهاء inhā’ finishing, termination, completion, conclusion; settlement; suspension, stop تناه tanāhin finity, finitude, limitedness; expiration (of a period of time) انتهاء intihā’ end, termination, completion, conclusion, close; expiration │ انتهاء الأجل int. al-ajal end of life, death ناه nāhin interdictory, prohibitory, prohibitive │ هذا رجل ناهيك من رجل (rajulun nāhīka) here is a man to fill any man’s shoes; ناهيك من (also عن or ب) how excellent is! how remarkable is …! suffice it to …! let it be enough to …! to say nothing of ..., not to mention …, let alone ...; above all, in the first place, primarily; take, for instance, ...! ناهيك ب it is enough to mention …; ناهيك بأن (bi-an) let it be enough to …; let it suffice you to know that ...; not to mention the fact that ...; to say nothing of the fact that ...; aside from the fact that ... ناهية nāhiya pl. نواه nawāhin ban, prohibition, proscription منهي manhīy forbidden, prohibited, interdicted, illicit متناه matanāhin finished, terminated, expired; limited, bounded, finite; utmost, extreme; excessive, exaggerated │ غير متناه unlimited, boundless, infinite, unending, endless; متناه في الدقة (diqqa) extremely thin, of the greatest fineness; متناه في الصغر (ṣigari) extremely tiny, minute منته muntahin ceasing, running out; finished, done; expired (validity) منتهى muntahan finished, terminated; end; the utmost, extreme; highest degree, utmost limit │ بمنتهى الشدة bi-m. š-šidda with extreme force; في منتهى الدقة (m. d-diqqa) extremely thin; بلغ منتهاه to reach its highest degree ناء (نوء) nā’a u (nau’) to fall down, sink down, break down, collapse, succumb (ب under a burden); to weigh heavily (ب upon s.o.) │ ناء بالحمل (ḥaml) to bear a burden with difficulty; to be weighed down by a burden; ناء بكلكله (bi-kalkalihī) to oppress s.o. grievously, weigh heavily upon s.o. III to offer resistance (ه to s.o.), resist, oppose, withstand, defy (ه s.o.); to vie, compete (ه with s.o.); to fight, struggle, contend (ه with s.o.) │ ناوأه العداء (‘adā’a) to be hostile to s.o., treat s.o. with hostility IV to weigh down, crush (ه s.o.) نوء nau’ pl. انواء anwā’, نوآن nau’ān, tempest, storm; gale, hurricane مناوأة munāwa’a resistance, opposition, recalcitrance, insubordination; struggle, contention, strife 2ناب (نوب) nāba u (naub, مناب manāb, نيابة niyāba) to represent (عن s.o.), act as representative (عن of s.o.), deputize, substitute (عن for s.o.), act as deputy, substitute, or proxy (عن of s.o.), take s.o.’s (عن) place, replace (عن s.o.), perform s.o.’s (عن) office, act in s.o.’s (عن) behalf; to return from time to time (الى to s.o.), visit periodically (الى s.o.), 1006 frequent (الى s.o.’s place); -- (naub, نوبة nauba) to afflict, hit, strike, befall (ه s.o.; of misfortune), happen, occur (ه to s.o.), fall to s.o.’s (ه) lot or share, descend (ه upon s.o.) II to appoint (ه s.o.) as deputy or agent (عن of), commission, depute, or delegate (ه s.o.) to act in behalf of (عن) III to take turns, alternate (ه with s.o.) IV to depute, deputize (ه s.o.), commission or delegate (ه s.o.) to act in behalf of (عن), in s.o.’s (عن) place; to empower, authorize (ه s.o.) to act in behalf of (عن); to come from time to time (الى to s.o.), visit frequently (الى s.o.), frequent (الى s.o.’s place) │ اناب الى لله to turn repentantly to God VI to take turns, alternate (في or على in, also هـ in some activity), do s.th. (في or على, also هـ) by turns; to visit, befall or afflict (ه s.o.) successively or alternately │ تناوبته الخطوب he has suffered one misfortune after the other VIII to befall, beset, afflict (ه s.o.), happen, occur (ه to s.o.) نوبة nauba pl. نوب nuwab change, alternation, shift, rotation; (one’s) turn; time, instance (= مرة marra); case, instance, occasion; -- (pl. -āt) fit, attack, paroxysm (path.); crisis; change (or relief) of the guard, guard duty, guard; bugle call; (syr.) troupe of musicians, small orchestra of native instruments │ بالنوبة alternately, in rotation, by turns, successively, one by one, one alter the other; نوبة عصبية (‘aṣabīya) nervous crisis; نوبات غضبه n. gaḍabihī his fits of rage; نوبة قلبية (qalbīya) heart attack; نوبات المطر n. al-maṭar rainy spells, periods of rain; جاءت نوبته it was his turn نوبتجي naubatjī on duty; commander of the guard, officer on duty نوبة nauba pl. نوب nuwab misfortune, calamity, mishap, misadventure, accident, reverse, heavy blow نيابة niyāba representation, replacement, substitution, proxy, deputyship; branch office, branch, agency; delegation; prosecution, office of the district attorney │ نيابة عن niyābatan ‘an in place of, instead of, in lieu of; بالنيابة acting, deputy, by proxy; مدير المصلحة بالنيابة (mudīr al-maṣlaḥa) the deputy director of the department; بالنيابة عن in the name of, in behalf of; نيابة عمومية (‘umūmīya) prosecution, office of the district attorney; رئيس النيابة chief prosecutor; وكيل النيابة representative of the prosecution, prosecuting attorney; النيابات المالية (mālīya) the financial delegations (in Algeria) نيابي niyābī vicarious, deputed, delegated; representative; parliamentary │ حكومة نيابية representative (parliamentary) government; مجلس نيابي (majlis) parliament مناب manāb replacement, substitution, proxy, deputyship; substitute; office performed by proxy, place taken as deputy; share, portion, allotment │ ناب منابه to represent s.o., substitute for s.o., act in s.o.’s behalf مناوبة munāwaba alternation, rotation; munāwabatan alternately, in rotation, by turns, successively, one by one, one after the other │ بالمناوبة do.; مناوبة الري m. ar-rīy (Eg.) periodic rotation in irrigation انابة ināba authorization; deputation, delegation, appointment as authorized agent or deputy │ انابات قضائية (qaḍā’īya) requests for legal assistance (from court to court) تناوب tanāwub alternation, rotation, periodic change; O alternation (el.) │ بالتناوب successively, one after the other, one by one, by turns, alternately, in rotation 1007 نائب nā’ib pl. نواب nuwwāb representative, agent, proxy, substitute, alternate; delegate; deputy; (with foll. genit.) vice-; authorized agent; sergeant (formerly, Syr.; mil.); authorized representative of a cadi, assistant magistrate (Isl. Law), also نائب شرعي (šar‘ī) │ نائب الرئيس vice-president; vice-chairman; نائب عام (‘āmm) or نائب عمومي (‘umūmī) public prosecutor; نائب العريف corporal (Ir.); نائب القنصل n. al-qunṣul vice-consul; نائب الملك n. al-malik viceroy; نائب مالي (mālī) financial delegate (Alg.); مجلس النواب majlis an-n. house of representatives, parliament نائب nā’ib share, portion; allotment; contingent, quota; distributive share in estate, statutory portion نائبة nā’iba pl. -āt, نوائب nawā’ib2 vicissitudes, ups and downs (of luck, of a battle, etc.); heavy blow, disaster, calamity, misfortune منوب munawwib mandator (jur.); constituent, voter منوب munawwab: ضابط منوب officer on duty, commander of the guard مناوب munāwib on duty (esp. officer) منيب munīb repentant متناوب mutanāwib alternating, alternate, rotating, successive │ تيار متناوب (ṭayyār) alternating current (el.) 2بلاد النوبة bilād an-nūba Nubia نوبي nūbī Nubian (adj. and n.) 1نات (نوت) (naut) to away, real, totter, stagger 2نوت nōt and نوتة nōta notes (mus.), also نوت الموسيقى n. al-mūsīqā نوتة nōta note, remark 3 نوتي nūtī pl. نواتي nawātīy, نوتية nūtīya seaman, mariner, sailor; skipper │ نوتي اول seaman apprentice, نوتي ممتاز (mumtāz) seaman (mil.; Eg. 1939); نواتي السفينة ship’s crew 1نوح nūḥ Noah 2ناح (نوح) nāḥa u (nauḥ, نواح nuwāḥ, نياح niyāḥ, نياحة niyāḥa, مناح manāḥ) to wail, weep, lament; to mourn, bemoan, bewail (على s.o.); to coo (pigeon) ill to be opposite s.th. (هـ), lie face to face (هـ with), face (هـ s.th.) V to awing; to pendulate, dangle; to sway VI to howl, whine (wind) نوح nauḥ and نواح nuwāḥ loud loud weeping, wailing, lamentation (for the dead) نواح nawwāḥ mourner نواحة nawwāḥa hired female mourner نائحة nā’iḥa pl. نوائح nawā’iḥ2, نائحات nā’iḥa hired female mourner مناحة manāḥa lamentation, wailing, mourning نوخ II to halt for a rest; to take up residence IV to make (هـ a camel) kneel down; to stay, remain (ب at a place) │ اناخ عليه البؤس بكلكله (bu’su bi-kalkalihī) to be in great distress, be in a gray, plight X to kneel down مناخ manāk pl. -āt halting place, way station; residence, abode; -- munāk, manāk climate مناخي munākī, manākī climatic ناد (نود) nāda u (naud, نواد nuwād, نودان nawadān) and V to away; to awing back and forth; to pendulate 1نور II to flower, blossom, be in bloom; to put forth or bear (هـ blossoms); to light, illuminate, fill with light, furnish with lights (ل or ه s.th.); to shed light (ل or ه on s.th.); to enlighten (ل or ه s.o.); to light (هـ a lamp) IV انار anāra to light, illuminate, fill with light, furnish with 1008 lights (هـ s.th.); to throw light (هـ on a problem), elucidate, explain, clarify (هـ a problem); انور anwara to come to light, show, appear, be uncovered, be disclosed, be revealed V to be lighted, be lit, be illuminated; to receive enlightenment, be enlightened X to seek enlightenment, insight, or an explanation; to receive light, be lighted, be lit, be illuminated; to obtain enlightenment, gain insight, get an explanation, receive information نار nār f., pl. نيران nīrān fire; rifle fire, gunfire; conflagration; النار Hell │ جبل النار jabal an-n. volcano; شريط النار slow match, fuse; شيخ النار šaik an-n. the Devil; اشهر من نار على علم (‘alam) very famous; كان على نار to be on pins and needles; نيران حامية (ḥāmiya) heavy fire, drumfire (mil.) ناري nārī fiery, igneous, fire- (in compounds); burning, blazing, red-hot │ آلة نارية (in popular usage) motor, any motor-driven device; دراجة نارية (darrāja) motorcycle; سلاح ناري firearm; شهم ناري (sahm) rocket; طلق ناري (ṭalaq) shot (from a firesrm), rifleshot, gunshot; العاب نارية fireworks; مقذوف ناري projectile (of a firearm), bullet, shell نور naur (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اانوارanwār blossom(s), flower(s) نور nūr pl. انوار anwār light; ray of light, light beam; brightness, gleam, glow; illumination; light, lamp; O head-light (of an automobile); lantern │ O نور براق (barrāq) blinker, flashing light; O نور ثابت steady light; نور الدلالة ad-dalāla leading light (naut.); نور كشاف (kaššāf) or نور كاشف searchlight (mil.); O انوار خفية (kafīya) indirect lighting; ام النور umm an-n. the Virgin Mary; سبت النور sabt an-n. Easter Saturday (Chr.); عليك نور bravo! excellent! well done! رأى النور to come into being, come into the world, be born نوري nūrī luminary, luminous, like light; light-, lighting- (in compounds); bright, shining, brilliant, radiant نوراني nūrānī luminous نورانية nurānīya luminosity, brilliance نور nawar (coll.) gypsies; vagabonds, tramps نوري nawarī gypsy; vagabond, tramp نورة nūra lime; depilatory agent نير nayyir luminous; shining, brilliant; lighted, illuminated, brightly lit, full of light; clear, plain, distinct; النيران sun and moon نوار nuwwār (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. نواوير nawāwīr2 blossom(s), flower(s) منار manār and منارة manāra pl. مناور manāwir2, منائر manā’ir2 lighthouse; minaret منور manwar pl. مناور manāwir2 light hole (in a wall); skylight تنوير tanwīr flowering, blossoming, bloom, efflorescence; lighting, illumination; enlightenment; التنوير and تنوير العقول the Enlightenment مناورة see below انارة ināra lighting. illumination; enlightenment نائرة nā’ira hatred, flame of war منور munawwar lighted, illuminated; enlightened; shining, brilliant; bright │ المنورة epithet of Medina منير munīr luminous, radiant, brilliant, shining; enlightening, illuminative │ جسم منير (jism) luminous body, luminary, illuminant متنور mutanawwir lighted, illuminated مستنير mustanīr lighted, illuminated; enlightened; educated; an educated person 1009 2مناورة munāwara maneuver; trick; shunting (railroad); مناورات military maneuvers │ مناورات جوية (jawwīya) air maneuvers; مناورة دبلوماسية diplomatic maneuver; عامل المناورة shunter نورج nauraj pl. نوارج nawārij2 threshing machine, thresher نورز nauraz (coll.; n. un. ة) sea gull(s) (zool.) نورستانيا nūrastāniyā neurasthenia نوروز naurūz Persian New Year’s Day 1ناس (نوص) nāsa u (naus, نوسان nawasān) to dangle, swing back and forth, bob نواس nawwās dangling, bobbing, swinging; O pendulum (Syr.) 2ناووس nāwūs, ناءوس na’ūs pl. نواويس nawāwīs2 sarcophagus 3ناس nās people, see انس نوسر nausara to form a fistula (ناسور) نوش III to skirmish, engage in a skirmish (ه with s.o.); to brush (هـ against s.th.), play (هـ around or about s.th.) نوشة nauša (eg.) typhoid fever مناوشة munāwaša skirmish, engagement, encounter │ مناوشة حربية (ḥarbīya) engagement, armed clash; pl. hostilities مناويش munāwīš and مناويشي manāwīšī (eg.) bluish purple نوشادر nūšādir ammonia (نوص) ناص nāṣa u (nauṣ, مناص manāṣ, منيص manīṣ) to avoid, shirk, evade, dodge (عن s.th.), flee, draw hack (عن from) VIII to grow dim, die down (light, lamp) نوص nauṣ wild ass, onager مناص manāṣ and منيص manīṣ avoidance, shirking, evasion; escape, way out │ لا مناص منه (manāṣa) inevitable, unavoidable ناط (نوط) nāṭa u (nauṭ, نياط niyāṭ) to hang, suspend (ب هـ s.th. on); to entrust (ب هـ s.th. to s.o., هـ ب s.o. with), commission (هـ ب s.o. to do s.th.), charge (هـ ب s.o. with); to make dependent, conditional (ب or على ه s.th. on); pass. نيط nīṭa to depend, be dependent, be conditional (ب on), he linked (ب to), be connected (ب with), belong (ب to); to be entrusted (ب to s.o.); to hang, be suspended (على on) II and IV = I │ اناطه بشرط (bi-šarṭin) to make s.th. dependent on (or subject to) a condition, make s.th. conditional; اناطه بعهدته (bi-‘uhdatihī) to entrust s.o. with the responsibility for s.th., make s.o. responsible for s.th. نوط nauṭ pl. انواط anwāṭ, نياط niyāṭ s.th. suspended, hanging, or attached; decoration, medal, order, badge of honor │ نوط الجدارة n. al-jadāra order of merit نيط naiṭ pl. نياط niyāṭ sorta │ منظر يشق له نياط القلوب (manẓarun yušaqqu) a heart-rending light; قطع نياط القلوب to break the heart مناط manāṭ place where s.th. is suspended; object, butt (e.g., of mockery); anchor (of hope) │ مناوط الثريا m. at-turayyā or مناط الجوزاء m. al-jauzā’ the highest heavens, as high, or as far, as the Pleiades (or Gemini, respectively) تنوط tanawwuṭ, tunawwiṭ weaverbird منوط manūṭ dependent, conditional (ب on) منوط munawwaṭ entrusted, commissioned (ب with), in charge of (ب) مناط munāṭ entrusted, commissioned (ب with), in charge of (ب) نوع II to divide into various kinds, classify (هـ s.th.); to make different, diversify, vary, variegate (هـ s.th.), give variety (هـ to); to change, alter, vary, modify, alter in its outward appearance (هـ s.th.), 1010 change the appearance (هـ of) V to be of various kinds or forms; to be manifold, diverse, varying, variegated, multiform, complex نوع nau’ pl. انواع anwā’ kind, sort, type, species; variety; way, manner, mode, fashion; form; nature, character, quality, grade; نوعا nau’an somewhat, a little; to a certain extent, in some measure, in a certain way, so to speak, as it were │ نوعا ما somehow or other, in a way, after a fashion, somewhat; نوعا وكمية (wa-kammīyatan) in nature and quantity, qualitatively and quantitatively; بنوع خاص (kāṣṣ) in particular, especially; الأول من نوعه the first of his (its) kind; ظالمون على انواعهم oppressors of all kinds, all sorts of oppressors; نوع الإنسان or النوع الإنساني the human race نوعي nau’ī relative to the nature or type; characteristic, peculiar, proper; essential; specific │ ثقل (وزن) نوعي (tiql, wazn) specific gravity تنويع tanwī’ change, alteration, modification تنوع tanawwu’ diversity, variety, multiplicity; change, change-over, readjustment منوع munawwa’ different, diverse, various, miscellaneous, sundry, manifold, multifarious, complex متنوع mutanawwi’ different, diverse, various, miscellaneous, sundry, manifold, multifarious, complex; متنوعات miscellany (heading of a newspaper column) 1نوف) and ناف (نيف nāfa u (nauf) to be high, lofty, exalted, sublime; to exceed (عن or على s.th., esp., a number), be above (عن or على), be more than (عن or على), go beyond (عن or على) │ ما ينوف على الحمسين more than fifty II نيف nayyafa and IV to go beyond (عن or على), be more than (عن or على), exceed (عن or على s.th.) │ ما ينيف عن ثلاث سنوات (talāt sanawātin) more than three years, over three years ناف nāf yoke نوف nauf pl. انواف anwāf that which exceeds a number or measure, excess, overplus, surplus نيف nayyif excess, overplus, surplus │ نيف و or ونيف together with round figures: some ..., ... and some, ... odd, e.g., نيف وعشرون some twenty, twenty and some, twenty odd نيافة niyāfa Excellency, Eminence (Copt.-Chr.; title of cardinals and bishops) منيف munīf high, tall, lofty; exalted, sublime; outstanding, excellent 2منوفي manūfī a brand of Egyptian cotton نوفمبر nūfimbir, novembir November نوق V تنوق tanawwaqa and تنيق tanayyaqa to be squeamish, fastidious, finical, dainty, choosy (في in) X استنوق istanwaqa: استنوق الجمل (jamala) he mistook the he-camel for a she-camel (proverbially of a mistake) ناقة nāqa pl. نوق nūq, نياق niyāq, ناقات nāqāt she-camel │ لا ناقة لي في الأمر ولا جمل (nāqata, jamala) I have no hand in this matter, I have nothing to do with it نيق nayyiq squeamish, finical, fastidious, choosy, dainty, overnice انواك anwāk2 foolish, silly, stupid نال (نول) nāla u (naul) to give, donate, present, offer, hold out, grant, award (ل ب or ه to s.o. s.th.), confer, bestow (ب ل or ه upon s.o. s.th.) II to let (ه s.o.) obtain (هـ s.th.), give, afford, bring, yield (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) III to give, hand, pass, present, offer, extend, serve, hand over, deliver (هـ ل or ه to s.o. s.th.) │ ناوله القربان (qurbāna) to administer the Communion to 1011 s.o. (Chr.) VI to reach (هـ for s.th.), take (هـ s.th.); to accept (هـ s.th.; to receive, get, obtain (هـ s.th.); to take, eat (هـ food), have (هـ a meal, tea, coffee, etc.); to take s.th. (هـ) out of (من), derive, draw, obtain (من هـ s.th. from); to take in, grasp, comprehend (هـ the meaning of s.th.); to take up, treat, discuss (هـ a subject), deal with (هـ); to extend (هـ to), include, encompass (هـ s.th.); to reach (ه s.o.; of a glance); to partake of the Communion, communicate (Chr.) نول naul pl. انوال anwāl gift; way, manner, mode, fashion; loom; freightage, freight نوال nawāl gift, s.th. received; favor, benefit; that which is proper, right, incumbent, a duty │ نوالك ان تفعل كذا you must do this; ليس ذلك بنوال that’s improper, that isn’t right منول minwal and منوال minwāl loom منوال minwāl way, manner, mode, fashion; method, procedure; form │ على هذا المنوال in this manner, this way; هم على منوال واحد they are of one stamp, they are all alike; منوالك ان تفعل كذا you must do it this way مناولة munāwala presentation, offering, handing over, delivery; Communion (Chr.) تناول tanāwul taking of food, eating, drinking; comprehension, grasp, receptivity; Communion (Chr.) متناول mutanāwil reaching out, taking, seizing, grabbing; partaking of the Lord’s Supper, communicating; communicant متناول mutanāwal attainable, available, within reach; attainableness, availability; reach, range │ اعسر متناولا difficult to reach, hard to get at; تحت (في) متناول يده (m. yadihī) available, at s.o.’s disposal, within reach, handy, on hand; في متناوله attainable to s.o., within s.o.’s reach; في متناول الجميع within everybody’s means; في متناول كل الأفهام comprehensible to all, understood by all; جعل هـ في متناول to bring s.th. within s.o.’s reach, make s.th. attainable, available to s.o. نولون naulūn and ناولون nāwulūn pl. نوالين nawālīn2 freightage, freight نام (نوم) nāma (1st pers. perf. nimtu) a (naum, نيام niyām) to sleep, slumber; to go to bed; to go to sleep; to abate, subside, let up, calm down, be calm (wind, sea, etc.); to be inactive, dull, listless (market); to be benumbed, be numb (limb); to neglect, omit, overlook (عن s.th.), forget (عن about s.th.), fail to think of (عن); to be reassured (الى by s.th.), accept (الى s.th.), assent (الى to), acquiesce (الى in); to place confidence (الى in s.o.), trust (الى s.th.) │ ينام ملء جفنه (mil’a jafnihī) he sleeps the sleep of the just II to lull (ه s.o.) to sleep, make (ه s.o.) sleep, put to bed (ه, esp., a child); to anesthetize, narcotize, put to sleep (ه s.o.) IV = II; VI to pretend to be asleep; to place confidence, put trust (الى in s.o.) X to let o.s. be lulled to sleep or narcotized (ل by s.th.); to accede (ل to s.th.), comply (ل with); to trust (الى s.o.), have confidence (الى in s.o.), rely, depend (الى on s.o.); to entrust (ب الى s.th. to s.o.); to be reassured (الى by s.th.), accept tacitly (الى s.th.), acquiesce (الى in s.th.), content o.s. be content (الى with) نوم naum sleep, slumber │ غرفة النوم gurfat an-n. bedroom; قميص النوم night, gown, nightshirt نومي naumī of or pertaining to sleep, somn(i)-, sleeping- (in compounds) نومة nauma sleep, nap نومة nuwama one who sleeps much, sleeper نوام nawwām one given to sleep, sleeper نؤوم na’ūm sound asleep; one given to sleep, sleeper; late riser, slugabed 1012 منام manām sleep; (pl. -āt) dream منام manām place to sleep; bedroom, dormitory منامة manāma place to sleep; bedroom, dormitory; nightwear, nightgown, night-shirt; -- المنامة Manama (capital of Bahrein Islands) تنويم tanwīm lulling to sleep; narcotization, anesthetization; hypnotism, hypnosis نائم nā’im pl. نيام niyām, نوم nuwwam, نيم nuyyam, نوام nuwwām, نيام nuyyām sleeping; asleep; numb, benumbed (limb); calm, tranquil, peaceful (night) منوم munawwim sleep-inducing, somniferous, soporific; narcotic; hypnotist; (pl. -āt) a soporific, somnifacient │ جرعة منوم (jur‘a) soporific potion, sleeping draught, nightcap; دواء منوم (dawā’) a soporific, somnifacient نون II to add a final nūn (هـ to a noun), provide with the nunnation (هـ a noun; gram.) نون nūn pl. -āt name of the letter ن; -- (pl. نينان nīnān, انوان anwān) large fish, whale │ ذو النون the Prophet Jonah نوني nūnī shaped like a ن, crescent-shaped نونة nūna dimple in the chin تنوين tanwīn nunnation (gram.) │ هما كالتنوين والإضافة (iḍāfa) they are like day and light, they are diametrically opposed, they are as unlike as they could be نوه II to raise, elevate (هـ s.th.); to praise, laud, extol, acclaim (ب s.o.), speak highly (ب of); to commend, cite (ب s.o. or s.th.); to .trees, emphasize (ب s.th.); to make mention, speak (ب of s.o. or s.th.), refer (ب to, also عن to s.th.), name, mention (عن s.th.); to hint (عن or ب or الى at). allude (عن or ب or الى to), intimate, imply (عن or ب or الى s.th.) نوه tanwīh encomium, tribute, praise; mentioning, mention; reference; hint, allusion نوى nawā i (نية nīya, نواة nawāh) to intend, propose, purpose, plan, have in mind, make up one’s mind (هـ to do s.th.), resolve, determine (هـ on s.th. or to do s.th.); -- i (نوى nawan) to absent o.s., go away (عن or من from) II to miaow (cat) III to make an enemy of s.o. (ه), fall out with s.o. (ه), be hostile, antagonistic (ه to), declare o.s. the enemy (ه of) VIII to propose, purpose, intend (هـ to do s.th.) نوى nawan remoteness, distance; destination نوى nawan (coll.) date pits; fruit kernels, atones نواة nawāh (n. un.) pl. نويات nawayāt date pit; fruit kernel, stone; core; center; atomic nucleus; nucleus (fig., from which s.th. will grow), central point, starting point │ نوة الذرة n. ad-darra atomic nucleus نووي nawawī nuclear, nucleal, nuclei-, nuclea- (in compounds); of or pertaining to nuclear physics, nuclear, atomic │ اسلحة نووية (asliḥa) nuclear weapons ني nayy fat; see also under نئ نية nīya pl. -āt, نوايا nawāyā intention, intent, design, purpose, plan, scheme; determination, will, volition, direction of will; tendency, inclination, desire │ على نية with the intention to ...; في نية ان it is intended to ...; حسن النية ḥusn an-n. good intention, good will, sincerity, honesty; سلامة النية salāmat an-n. guilelessness, innocence, sincerity; bona fides, good faith (jur.); سليم النية undesigning, guileless, artless, sincere; simplehearted, ingenuous, simple-minded; سوء النية sū’ an-n. evil intent, insincerity, malice, 1013 cunning, deceit; (jur.) bad faith, mala fides, dolus malus; بسوء النية against one’s better judgment; (jur.) in bad faith, mala fide; صافي النية ṣāfī an-n. sincere, candid, frank, openhearted; اخلص له النية (nīyata) to be loyally attached to s.o. or s.th.; اخلص له النية ل or حسنت نيته في ḥasunat nīyatuhū li do.; to have good intentions, be well-intentioned toward ...; اصلح نيته (nīyatahū) to evoke the right intention in one’s heart (ethical and religious); عقد النية على to determine on s.th., resolve to do s.th., direct one’s intention to مناو munāwin hostile, unfriendly ناء (نيء) nā’a i (نيء nay’, نيوء nuyū’, نيوءة nuyū’a) to be raw, uncooked (esp., meat) نيء nī’, ني nīy raw; unripe; gross (weight); see also under نوى ناب nāb pl. انياب anyāb, نيوب nuyūb, اناييب anāyīb2 canine tooth, eyetooth; tusk; fang │ كشر عن انيابه (kaššara) to bare one’s teeth ناب nāb pl. انياب anyāb, نيوب nuyūb, نيب nīb old she-camel نيتروجين nitrōžé nitrogen متنيح mutanayyaḥ late lamented, deceased (Chr.; eg.) 1 نير nayyir see نور 2 نيرnīr pl. انيار anyār, نيران nīrān yoke نيرة nīra gums (of the teeth) نيروز nairūz New Year’s Day (Chr.-Copt.) نيزك naizak pl. نيازك nayāzik2 short lance; shooting star, meteor نيس nīs Nice (seaport in S France) نيسان nīsān 2 April (Syr., leb., Jord., Ir.) نيشان nīšān see نشان (نشن) نيص nīṣ porcupine نيط, نياط see نوط نيف see نوف نيق see نوق نيقوسيا nīqōsiyā Nicosia (capital of Cyprus) ناك (نيك) nāka i to have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) نيكل nikl nickel 1نال (نيل) nāla (1st pers. perf. niltu) a (nail, منال manāl) to obtain, attain, achieve (هـ s.th.), get hold, get possession (هـ of); to win, gain, acquire, earn (هـ s.th.); to get, obtain, procure (ل هـ s.th. for s.o.); to accomplish (من هـ s.th. with s.o.), succeed (من هـ in s.th. with s.o.), get s.th. (هـ) from s.o. (من); to affect, influence (من s.o., s.th.), bear upon s.th. (من); to cause damage, do harm (من to s.o., to s.th.), prejudice, impair, harm (من s.th.) │ نال من عرضه (‘irḍihī) to decry, depreciate, discredit, defame, malign, slander s.o.; نال منه اوفر منال (aufara manālin) to do s.o. untold damage, harm s.o. most grievously; ناله بسوء (bi-sū’in) to harm s.o. or s.th.; ناله بضر (bi-ḍurrin) do.; نال من نفسه ابلغ منال see منال below IV to make or let (ل or ه s.o.) obtain (هـ s.th.), procure, get (ل هـ or ه s.th. for s.o.) نيل nail obtainment, attainment, acquisition; a favor received منال manāl obtainment, attainment, achievement, acquisition │بعيد المنال unattainable; intangible, impalpable, far from reality; صعب المنال ṣa‘b al-m. unattainable; قريب (سهل) منال (sahl) easy to get, attainable; ممكن المنال mukmin al-m. attainable; نال من نفسه ابلغ منال (ablaga manālin) it made the deepest impression on him نائل nā’il acquirer, earner, obtainer, gainer, winner; a favor received, a boon, benefit, gain 1014 2نيل II to dye with indigo (هـ s.th.) نيل nīl, نيلة nīla indigo plant, indigo منيل munayyal dyed with indigo 3 نيل II (eg.) to channel Nile water onto the fields for the purpose of alluviating the soil النيل an-nīl the Nile │ زمن النيل zaman an-nīl time of the Nile inundation; عرائس النيل flowers of the European white water lily (nenuphar) نيلي nīlī of the Nile, Nile (adj.), Nilotic منيل manyal Nilometer تنييل tanyīl (eg.) allviation of the soil by irrigation or inundation نيلج nīlaj indigo نيلوفر nīlūfar European white water lily, nenuphar نيلون nailōn, nīlōn nylon نينة nīna mother نية see نوى نيورالجيا niyūraljiyā neuralgia نيزيلاندا niyūzīlandā New Zealand ضوء نيوني ḍau’ niyūnī neon light هـ ها hā ha! look! there! ها هو hā huwa look, there he is! ها انتم hā antum you there! as a prefix (mostly written defectively): هذا hādā, f. هذه hādihī, هذي hādī, pl. هؤلاء hā’ulā’i, dual m. هذان hādānī, f. هاتان hātāni this one, this; see also alphabetically; -- هذاك hādāka, f. هاتيك hātīka pl. هؤلائك hā’ulā’ika that one, that; -- هكذا hākadā so, thus; وهكذا wa-hākadā and so forth; -- هاهنا hāhunā here; -- هاءناذا, هأنذا hā’anādā, ها انت ذا, هأنتذا hā’antadā, ها هو ذا, ها نحن اولاء I (emphatic form); you there; this one, that one, that; we here, etc.; here I am! there you are! etc.; -- with suffix: هاك hāka pl. هاكم hākum, here, take it! there you are! there you have ...! following (below) is (are) ...; هاكه hākahū there he is هاء hā’ pl. -āt name of the letter هـ هابيل hābīl2 Abel هات hāti pl. هاتوا hātū give me (us) ...! bring me (us) ...! let me (us) have ...! هاتان see under ها هاتور hātōr Hator, the third month of the Coptic calendar هارب (Engl.) harb harp (musical instrument) هاشمي see هشم الهافر al-hāvir le Havre (seaport in N France) هاك, هاكم and هاكه see ها هؤلاء see ها هأنذا, هأمتذا see ها هانم hānum pl. هوانم hawānim2 lady, woman هوانمي hawānimī ladylike, womenlike, feminine هأهأ ha’ha’a to burst into laughter هاهنا see ها هاواي hāwāy Hawaii هاون hāwun, هاوون hāwūn pl. هواوين hawāwīn2, اهوان ahwān mortar (vessel) │ مدفع الهاون midfa’ al-hā. mortar (mil.) 1015 هايتي haitī Haiti 1هب hab imperative of وهب 2هب habba u (habb) to get in motion, start moving; to approach, attack, tackle (الى or ل s.th.), embark (الى or ل upon), begin (الى or ل with), start doing s.th. (الى or ل); (with foll. imperf.) to proceed abruptly to do s.th., set out to do s.th.; to rush, fly (الى at s.o.); to wake up; to rise, get up (من from, esp., from sleep); to revolt, rebel, rise (على against s.o.); -- (habb, هبوب hubūb, هبيب habīb) to blow (wind); to rage (storm); to break out (fire); to waft, drift (على in s.o.’s direction; of a scent), meet (على s.o.; of a pleasant smell) │ هب للحرب (ḥarb) to take up arms, enter the war; هب للمقاومة (muqāwama) to take up arm, in opposition, rise in arms; هب واقفا (wāqifan) to plant o.s., station o.s, stand; هبت ريحه (rīḥuhū) he is in clover, he is in luck'. way, he has a lucky hand with everything; هب فيه الكلب (kalb) the dog attacked him, fell upon him; كل من وهب ودب (man, dabba) everybody and his brother, every Tom, Dick and Harry II to tear, rend (هـ s.th.); to blacken with soot (هـ s.th.); to besmut (هـ s.th.); to botch, bungle, do in slipshod manner (هـ s.th.) IV to wake up, awaken, rouse (من ه s.o. from sleep) V to be torn هبة habba gust, squall هبة hiba see وهب هباب habāb fine dust هباب hibāb soot, smut هبوب habūb strong wind, gale هبوب hubūb blowing (of the wind) مهب mahabb pl. مهاب mahābb2 place where or from which the wind blows; windy side, weather side, direction of the wind; blowing of the wind; draft │ في مهب الريح storm-swept, exposed to storms, threatened by storms هبت habata i (habt) to knock out, fell, throw to the ground (ه s.o.); pass. hubiṭa to be despondent, faint-hearted; to be dim-witted هبيت habīt despondent, faint-hearted, cowardly; dim-witted هبر habara u (habr) to mangle (with the teeth; ه s.o.); to carve into large pieces (هـ meat) هبر habr boned meat هبرة habra piece or slice of meat هبيرة hubaira hyena │ ابو هبيرة abū h. frog هبش habaša i (habš) to gather up, gather, collect (هـ s.th.); to seize, grab, clutch (ب with the hand or with the claws) هبط habaṭa u i (هبوط hubūṭ) to descend, go down, come down; to fall down, drop; to settle down; to sink; to dip, slope down; to fall to the ground; to fall in, come down, collapse (roof); to set down, land, alight (airplane, travelers, هـ in a country); to lose weight, become lean (body); to abate, subside, let up, stop, die down (wind, fire, etc.); to fall, drop, slump (prices); to go, come (هـ to a place); -- u (habṭ) and IV to cause to sink or descend, lower, let down, bring down, take down, send down, fling down, throw down (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to lower, out down, reduce (هـ the price); to come (هـ to a place) هبط habṭ reduction, lowering; decrease, diminution هبطة habṭa decent, decline, fall, drop; depression (geogr.) هبوط hubūṭ sinking; fall, drop, decline, decent; diminution, lessening, lowering, reduction (of the price); decrease; weakness, feebleness; slump (on the stock market); (airborne) landing │ 1016 هبوط اضطراري (iḍṭirārī) emergency landing; هبوط الخم h. ar-raḥim prolapse of the uterus, hysteroptosis هبوط habūṭ slope, declivity, drop, cliff, bluff هبيط habīṭ emaciated, skinny, enervated, worn out O اهبوطة uhbūṭa pl. اهابط ahābiṭ2 parachute مهبط mahbiṭ pl. مهابط mahābiṭ2 place of a fall, of descent; landing place, airstrip, runway; falling, faU. drop; place of origin, birth place, cradle (fig.); O cathode (el.) │ مهبط الوحي m. al-waḥy the cradle of Islam; في مهبط الغروب at (the time of) sunset هابط Ilabil descending, falling, dropping, sinking │ O هابط بالمظلة الواقية (miẓalla, wāqiya) paratrooper مهبوط mahbūṭ emaciated, skinny, enervated, worn out هبل habila a (habal) to be bereaved of her son (mother) V to take a vapor bath VIII to avail o.s., take advantage (هـ of an opportunity); to intrigue. scheme │ اهتبل هبلك ihtabil habalaka watch out for your own interests! take care of your own affairs! mind your own business! هبل hiball a tall, husky man هبيل habīl dolt, fool اهبل ahbal2, f. هبلاء hablā’2, pl. هبل hubl dim-witted, weak-minded, imbecilic, idiotic مهبل mahbal, mahbil pl. مهابل mahābil2 vagina مهبلي mahbalī vaginal مهبل mihbal nimble مهبول mahbūl stupid, imbecilic, idiotic; dolt, dunce, fool هبهب habhaba to bark, bay هبهاب habhāab mirage, fata morgana; swift, nimble هبا (هبو) habā u (هبو hubuw) to rise in the air (dust, smoke); to run away, bolt, take to sight هبوة habwa pl. habawāt swirl of dust هباء habā’ pl. اهباء ahbā’ fine dust; dust particles floating in the air │ هباء منثصور atoms scattered in all directions; ذهب هباء (habā’an) to vanish. dissolve into nothing, end in smoke; ذهب هباء منثورا (habā’an) or ضاع هباء منثورا (ḍā‘a) to go up in smoke, fall through, come to nought, dissolve into nothing; ذهب به هباء (habā’an) to ruin, thwart s.th.; to scatter s.th. in all directions هباءة hbā’a (n. un.) dust particle; mote 1هتر hatara i (hatr) to tear to pieces (هـ s.th.) III to abuse, revile, insult, call names (ه s.o.) IV (also pass. uhtira) to become feeble-minded, childish (old man) VI to revile each other, fling accusations at each other; to be contradictory, conflicting (testimonies; Isl. Law) X to be negligent and careless; to act in a reckless, irresponsible manner; to make light (ب of s.th.), attach little importance (ب to), slight, disdain, despise (ب s.th.); to jeer, scoff (y at s.o.), deride, ridicule, mock (ب s.o.); pass. ustuhtira to be infatuated (ب with), dote (ب on) هتر hitr pl. اهتار ahtār drivel, twaddle, childish talk; lie, untruth, falsity, falsehood هتر hutr feeble-mindedness, dotage مهاترة muhātara abuse, revilement, vituperation, insult; pl. -āt wrangle, bickering تهاتر tahātur confrontation of similar evidence (Isl. Law) 1017 استهتار istihtār recklessness, thoughtlessness; wantonness, unrestraint, licentiousness; disdain, scorn مهتر muhtar driveling, twaddling, raving; childish old man مستهتر mustahtir heedless, careless; reckless, thoughtless, irresponsible; wanton, unrestrained, uninhibited مستهتر mustahtar blindly devoted (ب to), infatuated (ب with), doting (ب on) 2هاتور look up alphabetically هتف hatafa i (hatf) to coo (pigeons); -- (هتاف hutāt) to shout; to rejoice, shout with joy; to acclaim, hail, cheer, applaud (ل or ب s.o.); to jeer, boo (ضد s.o.); to praise highly, extol (ب s.th.) │ هتف به to call out to s.o.; هتف به هاتف (hātifun) a voice called out to him, an invisible force told him, made him (do s.th.); هتف بحياته (bi-ḥayātihī) to cheer s.o.; هتف ثلاثا (talātan) to give (ل s.o.) three cheers VI to shout encouragement to one another, encourage one another (على to do s.th.) هتفة hatfa shout, cry, call هتاف hutāf pl. -āt shout, cry, call; exclamation of joy; hurrah; acclamation, acclaim, applause; cheer (ل to s.o.) │ هتاف الحرب h. al-ḥarb battle cry, war cry; عاصفة الهتاف storm of applause, thundering applause هاتف hātif shouting, calling loudly; (in earlier Sufism) invisible caller, voice; (pl. هواتف hawātif) telephone; O loudspeaker; pl. هواتف exclamations, shouts, cries, calls │ هاتف القلب h. al-qalb inner voice; بالهاتف by telephone هاتفي hātifī telephonic, telephone- (in compounds) هتك hataka i (hatk) to tear apart, rip apart (هـ s.th., esp., a curtain, a veil); to unveil, uncover, discover, disclose, reveal (هـ s.th.); to disgrace, rape, ravish (ها a woman) │ هتك عرضه (‘irḍahū) to disgrace s.o. II to tear to shreds, rip to pieces, tatter (هـ s.th.) V to get torn; to be exposed, shown up, discredited, disgraced, dishonored, ravished, raped; to give o.s. over (في to s.th. disgraceful); to be disgraceful, dishonorable, shameless, impudent VIII pass. of hataka هتك hatk tearing, rending, ripping apart; disclosure, exposure, exposé; dishonoring, disgracing, degradation, debasement, rape, ravishing │ هتك الأسرار disclosure, uncovering of s.th. hidden هتكة hutka dishonoring, disgracing, degradation, debasement هتيكة hatīka disgrace, scandal تهتك tahattuk shamelessness, immorality; impudence, insolence متهتك mutahattik insolent, impudent; shameless, dishonorable مستهتك mustahtik insolent, impudent; shameless, dishonorable هتامة hutāma s.th. broken off, fragment, breakage اهتم ahtam2 f. هتماء hatmā’2, pl. هتم hutm having no front tooth; toothless هتن hatana i (hatn, هتون hutūn) to discharge a pouring rain (sky) هتون hatūn rain-fraught, heavy with rain (cloud) هج hajja u (هجيج hajīj) to burn, be on fire, be aflame; to flame, blaze, be ablaze II to set ablaze, stir up, stoke (هـ the fire) هجأ haja’a a (هجء liar, هجوء hujū’) to be appeased (hunger) IV أهجأ جوعه (jū‘ahū) to appease s.o.’s hunger هجد hajada u (هجود hujūd) and V to stay awake at night, keep a night vigil; to spend the night in prayer 1018 هجر hajara u (hajr, هجران hijrān) to emigrate; to dissociate o.s., separate, part, secede, keep away (هـ, ه from), part company (ه with ); to give up, renounce, forgo, avoid (هـ s.th.); to abandon, surrender, leave behind (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), relinquish, leave, give up, vacate (هـ s.th., الى in favor of s.o.) II to induce (ه s.o.) to emigrate in to emigrate IV to leave, abandon, give up (هـ s.th.); to talk nonsense, talk through one’s hat VI to desert one another, part company, separate, break up هجر hajr abandonment, forsaking, leaving, separation; avoidance, abstention; separation from the beloved one; hottest time of the day هجر hujr obscene language هجرة hijra departure, exit; emigration, exodus; immigration (الى to); الهجرة the Hegira, the emigration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. │ دار الهجرة Medina .sA "'in of the Hegira. pertaining to Mohammed’s emigration │ سنة هجرية (sana) a year of the Hegira., a year of the Muslim era (beginning with Mohammed’s emigration) هجرة hujra, hijra pl. هجر hujar, hijar agricultural settlement of the Wababi Ikhwan in Nejd هجراء hajrā’ obscene languageهجر هجير hajīr midday heat هجيرة hajīra midday heat, midday, noon مهجر mahjar pl. مهاجر mahājir2 place of emigration, retreat, refuge, sanctuary; emigration; settlement, colony مهاجر mahājir obscenities مهاجرة multajara emigration هاجرة hājira pl. هواجر hawājir2 midday heat, midday, noon; -- (pl. -āt, هواجر hawājir2) obscene language, obscenity هاجري hājirī midday (adj.); excellent, outstanding مهجور mahjūr abandoned, forsaken, deserted; lonely, lonesome; in disuse, out of use, obsolete, antiquated, archaic مهاجر muhājir emigrant, émigré; المهاجرون those Meccans who emigrated to Medina in the early period of Islam هجس hajasa u i (hajs) to occur all of a sudden (في نفسه to s.o.), come to s.o.’s mind (في نفسه); to mumble, mutter, talk to o.s. هجس hajs idea, thought; foolish talk هجسة hajsa pl. hajasāt idea, thought; notion, concept; fear, apprehension, anxiety, concern, misgiving, scruple; pl. fixed ideas, apprehensions, misgivings هجاس hajjās braggart, boaster, show-off هاجس hājis pl. هواجس hawājis2 idea, thought; notion, concept; fear, apprehension, anxiety, concern, misgiving, scruple; pl. fixed ideas, apprehensions, misgivings هجص (eg.) hagaṣ mischief, nuisance, horseplay هجع haja‘a a (هجوع hujū‘) to sleep peacefully; to be or become calm, quiet, still; to be silenced, calm down, subside (uproar, excitement, and the like); -- (haj‘) to appease (هـ the hunger) IV to allay, appease (هـ the hunger) هجعة haj‘a slumber هجوع hujū‘ slumber; lull, calming down; subsidence, abatement, letup, remission, ebbing (e.g., of a disease) مهجع mahja‘ pl. مهاجع mahāji‘2 bed-chamber; quarters, barracks room (Syr., mil.) │ رئيس المهجع approx.: barracks orderly, barrack sergeant (Syr., mil.) 1019 هجل hajala u (hajl) to cast amorous glances, make sheep’s eyes هجم hajama u (هجوم hujūm) to make for s.o. (على), rush, pounce (على upon s.o.); to attack, assail, charge (على s.o., s.th.); to raid (على s.th.); to take by surprise, capture in a surprise attack, storm (على s.th.); to enter without permission (على s.th.), force one’s way (على into), intrude, tresspass (على on), invade (على s.th.); to keep quiet II to make (ه s.o.) attack, order s.o. (ه) to attack III to attack, assail, charge (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to launch an attack (هـ on); to make for s.th. (هـ), rush, pounce (هـ upon); to raid (هـ s.th.); to assault (ه s.o.), fall upon s.o. (ه); to intrude, trespass (هـ on), invade (هـ s.th.) IV = II; V to fall upon (على) VI to attack one another VII to fall down, collapse (house); to be in poor health, be frail; to flew down (tears); to shed tears (eye) هجمة hajma pl. hajamāt attack, charge; assault, onset, onslaught, raid, surprise attack, coup de main; severity (of winter)│ O هجمة معاكسة (mu‘ākisa) counterattack هجمي hajmī aggressive, violent, outrageous, brutal هجوم hajūm violent wind هجوم hujūm attack, charge, assault, onset, onslaught, raid; offensive; fit, attack, paroxysm (of a disease); forward line, forwards (in soccer, and the like) │ هجوم جانبي (jānibī) flank attack; هجوم جوي (jawwī) air raid; هجوم مضاد (muḍādd) or هجوم معاكس (mu‘ākis) counterattack; خط الهجوم kaṭṭ al-h. forward line (in soccer, and the like); قلب الهجوم qalb al-h. the center forward (in soccer, and the like) هجومي hujūmī aggressive, offensive مهاجمة muhājama attack, charge; assault, onset, onslaught, raid; O police raid, police roundup تهجم tahajjum pl. -āt assault, attack, raid مهاجم muhājim attacker, assailant, aggressor; forward (in soccer, and the like) هجن hajuna a (هجنة hujna, هجانة hajāna, هجونة hujūna) to be incorrect or faulty II to excoriate, flay, censure scathingly, run down, disparage (ه s.o.) X to consider (هـ s.th.) bad, wrong or improper; to disapprove (هـ of s.th.), condemn, reject (هـ s.th.) هجنة hujna fault, defect, shortcoming; meanness, baseness هجان hajjān pl. هجانة hajjāna camel rider هجين hajīn pl. هجن hujun, هجناء hujanā’2, مهاجين mahājīn2, مهاجنة mahājina low, lowly, base, ignoble, mean; -- (pl. هجن hujun) racing camel, dromedary هجينة hajīna pl. هجائن hajā’in2 racing camel, dromedary استهجان istihjān disapproval, disapprobation هجا (هجو) hajā u (hajw, هجاء hijā’) to ridicule, mock, satirize, disparage, run down (ه s.o.); to lampoon (ه s.o.) II and V to spell (ه s.th.) III to compose defamatory or satiric poems (ه against s.o.), defame, satirize, lampoon, ridicule, mock (ه s.o.) VI to ridicule each other in satiric verse هجو hajw ridiculing, scoffing; defamation, disparagement; lampoonery, mockery, ridicule, irony; satiric poem, satire هجوي hajwī defamatory, denigrating, disparaging, satiric هجاء hijā’ derision, ridiculing, scoffing; satire; defamatory poem; (pl. اهجية ahjiya) spelling, successive order of letters; alphabet هجائي hijā’ī alphabetical; satiric 1020 اهجوة uhjuwa and اهجية uhjīya pl. اهاجي ahājīy satiric poem, lampoon تهجية tahjiya and تهج tahajjin spelling هاج hājin spelling; defamatory, denigrating; mocker, scoffer, derider; satirist هد hadda u (hadd, هدود hudūd) to break, crush, break off, pull down, tear down, raze, demolish, wreck, destroy (هـ s.th.); to undermine, sap, weaken, ruin (هـ, ه or من s.o., s.th.); -- i (هديد hadīd) to crash down, fall down, collapse; -- a i (hadd) to be weak and decrepit II to threaten, menace (ب ه s.o. with), scare, frighten, terrify, daunt, cow, intimidate, brow-beat (ه s.o.) V do. VII to be or get torn down, demolished, razed, wrecked; to fall down, collapse, break down; to be broken down, be dilapidated, be in ruins, be a wreck هد hadd razing, pulling down, wrecking; demolition, destruction هدة hadda and هديد hadīd heavy, thudding fall; thud, crash (of s.th. collapsing) هداد hadād slowness, gentleness; هداديك hadādaika gently! slowly! take it easy! مهدة mihadda, rock crusher, jawbreaker تهديد tahdīd pl. -āt threat, menace; intimidation │ تهديد بالتشهير extortion by threats of public exposure, blackmail (jur.) تهديدي tahdīdī threatening, menacing تهدد tahaddud threat, menace; intimidation مهدود mahdūd destroyed, demolished, wrecked │ مهدود القوى m. al-quwā weakened, debilitated, exhausted مهدد muhaddid menacing, threatening; threatener, menacer مهدد muhaddad threatened, menaced هدأ hada’a a (هدء had’, هدوء hudū’) to be calm, still, quiet, tranquil; to become calm, calm down; to subside, abate, let up, die down (storm, etc.); to stop, halt, linger, rest, remain, stay (ب at a place); to stop (عن s.th., doing s.th.), cease (عن to do s.th.) │ هدأ روعه (rau‘uhū) to become composed, calm down II to calm, quiet, pacify, tranquilize, appease, soothe, placate, temper, assuage, allay (من or هـ s.th., ه s.o.); O to slow down, drive slowly │ هدأ اعصابه (a‘ṣābahū) to soothe the nerves; هدأ من روعه (rau‘ihī) to reassure s.o., set s.o.’s mind at rest; هدئ روعك haddi’ rau‘aka calm down! take it easy! don’t worry! don’t be afraid! هدئ من روعك (rau‘ika) calm down! take it easy! IV = II; to lull (هـ a baby) to sleep هدء had’ calm(ness), quiet(ness), peace, tranquility, stillness هداءة hadā’a calm, quiet, peace, tranquility, stillness هدوء hudū’ calm(ness), quiet(ness), peace, tranquility, stillness │ بهدوء calmly, quietly تهدئة tahdi’a calming, quieting, pacification, tranquilization, appeasement, reassurance; O slowing down, slow driving هادئ hādi’ calm, quiet, peaceful, tranquil, still │ هادئ القلب h. al-qalb calm(ly), confident(ly); هادئ البال composed(ly), with one’s mind at ease; المحيط الهادئ (muḥīṭ) the Pacific Ocean هدب hadaba a (hadab) to have long lashes (eye); to have long, drooping branches (tree) II to fringe, trim with fringes (هـ a garment) هدب hadb, hudub (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اهداب ahdāb eyelashes; fringes │ باهداب trimmed with fringes, fringed; تمسك باهدابه (bi-ahdābihī) to be most devoted to s.o., be at s.o.’s beck and call, be under s.o.’s 1021 thumb; تمسك (تعلق) بأهداب الشيء to adhere, cling to s.th.; اخذ بأهداب الشي to apply o.s. to, attend to, engage in, cultivate, practice s.th. هدب hadib having long lashes أهدب ahdab2, f. هدباء hadbā’ having long lashes هداب huddāb (coll.; n. un. ة) fringes; edging, border هدج hadaja i (hadj, هدجان hadajān, هداج hudāj) to shamble, shuffle along, walk with unsteady, tottering or tremulous steps (old man), totter, hobble, limp II to make (هـ s.th.) tremble V to tremble, quaver, shake (voice) هودج haudaj pl. هوادج hawādij2 camel litter, howdah; sedan chair, litter هدر hadara i (hadr, هدير hadīr) to peal, rumble, roll (thunder); to surge (sea); to roar (lion); to bray (donkey, camel); to clamor, raise a din, be noisy; to storm, rage, rant, shout, bawl, bellow (person); to snarl (in a fury); to bubble, boil, simmer; (with ب) to blare s.th. out; -- u i (hadr, hadar) to be in vain, be made to no avail (effort); to be spent uselessly (money); to be abed in vain or with impunity (blood); -- (hadr) to shed in vain or with impunity (هـ blood); to spend uselessly, squander, waste (هـ effort or money); to ruin (هـ the health) IV to regard as nonexistent (هـ s.th.); to consider invalid (هـ s.th.); to invalidate, void (هـ s.th.); to thwart, foil, ruin (هـ s.th.) هدرا hadran uselessly, to no avail; in vain, for nothing, futilely │ ذهب هدرا to melt away uselessly, futilely, be spent in vain, be wasted هدر hudr fall, tumble هدار haddār swirling, rushing, torrential, roaring, raging; surging (sea); weir; spillway, millrace هدارة haddāra waterfall هدير hadīr roaring, roar; surge, raging, storming, uproar مهدر muhdar invalid, void هدف hadafa u (hadf) to approach (الى s.o. or s.th.). draw or be near s.o. or s.th. (الى); to aim (الى at) IV to approach (الى s.o. or s.th.), draw or be near s.o. or s.th. (الى) V to strut X to be exposed, be open (ل or الى to a danger); to be susceptible or sensiitive (ل to); to make (هـ s.th.) one’s goal or object, aim (هـ at), have before one’s eyes, have in mind (هـ s.th.) هدف hadaf pl. اهداف ahdāf target; aim, end, object, objective, purpose, design, intention; goal (in sports) │ جعله هدفا ل make s.o. the target or object of …, expose s.o. to s.th.; كان هدفا ل to be exposed, be open to ...; O أهداف حربية (ḥarbīya) military targets هداف haddāf sharpshooter, marksman هدفان hadafān (practice) target مستهدف mustahdif exposed, open (ل to s.th.) هدل hadala i (هديل hadīl) to coo (pigeon); -- i (hadf) to let down, let hang, dangle (هـ s.th.); -- hadila a (hadal) and V to hang loosely, dangle; to flow, be wide and loose (garment) اهدل ahdal2, f. هدلاء hadlā’2, pl. هدل hudl hanging down loosely, flowing مهدل muhaddal hanging down loosely, flowing هدم hadama i (hadm) to tear down, pull down, rue, wreck, demolish, destroy (هـ s.th.); to tear up (هـ s.th.) II to tear down, pull down, rue, wreck, demolish, destroy (هـ s.th.); to tear up, blast, blow up (هـ s.th.) V to be torn down, be razed, be demolished, be destroyed, be wiped out; to be dilapidated; to fall down, break down, collapse VII do. 1022 هدم hadm razing, pulling down, wrecking (of a building); demolition, destruction هدم hidm pl. اهدام ahdām, هدم hidam old, worn garment; pl. هدوم hudūm clothes, clothing هدام haddām destructive هدام hudām seasickness تهديم tahdīm wrecking, demolition, destruction, annihilation تهدم tahaddum fall, downfall, crash, collapse, breakdown هادم hādim crushing, devastating, annihilating, destructive; destroyer, demolisher مهدوم mahdūm torn down, razed, demolished, wrecked, destroyed مهدم muhaddam and متهدم mutahaddim torn down, razed, demolished, wrecked, destroyed; in ruins, dilapidated, ramshackle, tumble-down مستهدم mustahdim dilapidated, tumbledown (walls) هدن hadana i (هدون hudūn) to be or become quiet; to calm down, quiet down III to conclude a truce (ه with s.o.) هدنة hudna pl. -āt calm(ness), quietness, peace, tranquility, stillness; pause, intermission, cessation; truce, armistice هدن hidāna truce, armistice; peace هدون hudūn calm(ness), quiet(ness), peace, tranquility, stillness مهادنة muhādana conclusion of a truce, truce negotiations هدهد hadhada to rock, dandle (ه a child) هدهد hudhud pl. هداهد hadāhid2 hoopoe (zool.) هدى hadā i (hady, هدى hudan, هداية hidāya) to lead (ه s.o.) on the right way, guide (ه s.o., هـ on a course); to guide, show, direct (الى ه s.o. to), show (ه s.o.) the way (الى to); to lead (ه s.o., to the true faith); to supply, bring, procure (هـ s.th.); -- i (هداء hidā’) to bring, load, conduct (الى ها the bride to the bridegroom) III to exchange presents (ه with s.o.) IV to bring, lead, conduct (الى ها the bride to the bridegroom); to give as a present (الى or ل هـ s.th. to s.o.), present (الى or ل s.o., هـ with), make s.o. (الى or ل) a present of (هـ); to dedicate (الى or ل هـ s.th. to s.o.), confer, bestow, award (هـ e.g., an order); to send, convey, transmit (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) V to be rightly guided, be led well; to get (الى to), reach (الى a place, s.th.) VI to make each other presents, exchange presents; to exchange among each other (هـ s.th., also التحية at-taḥīya to exchange greetings, greet or salute each other); to guide, load, conduct, take, bring (ه s.o.); to sway to and fro, swing rhythmically (in walking); to walk with a swinging gait; to stride; to move forward. Move on, advance; to get (الى to), reach (الى a place); to get as far as (الى), penetrate (الى to); to flock (الى to s.o.), rally (الى around s.o.) VIII to be rightly guided, be led on the right way; to be led, be shown, be taken (الى, J to); to find the way (الى to); to find, detect, discover (الى s.th.), come upon s.th. (الى); to hit upon s.th. (الى or ل, e.g., an idea), be made aware, think (الى or ل of), arrive (الى or ل at); to be led back, find one’s way back (الى to the true faith, من away from evil); to be guided (ب by s.o.), take (ب s.o. or s.th.) as an example or model, follow s.o.’s (ب) load X to ask to be rightly guided, pray for divine guidance, seek the right way هدي hady guidance, direction; way, road, course, direction; manner, mode, fashion هدى hudan right guidance (esp., in a religious sense); guiding, leading (of 1023 s.o.); right way. true religion │ كان على هدى to be on the right way; to embrace the true religion; على غير هدى aimlessly, at random; سار على غير هدى to wander aimlessly هدية hadya, hidya (line of) conduct, procedure, policy, course, way, direction; manner, mode, fashion هدية hadīya pl. هدايا hadāyā gift, present, donation; offering, sacrifice هداية hidāya guidance │ على غير هداية without divine guidance, aimlessly, at random اهدى ahdā better guided; more correct, more proper, better اهداء ihdā’ presentation; donation, grant(ing); award, bestowal, conferment; dedication (of a book) هاد hādin pl. -ūn, هداة hudāh leading, guiding; leader, guide مهدي mahdīy rightly guided; Mahdi مهتد muhtadin rightly guided هذا hādā (dem. pron.), f. هذه hādihī, هذي hādī, pl. هؤلاء hā’ulā’i, dual m. هذان hādāni, f. هاتان hātāni this one, this │ بهذا bi-hādā hereby, herewith; لهذا li-hādā therefore, for this reason; مع هذا herewith; in spite of it, nevertheless; هذا الى ان (ilā an) besides, moreover, furthermore, what’s more; هذا و besides, moreover, furthermore, what’s more; on the other hand; هذا ويوجد (yūjadu) besides, there is ... هذب hadaba i (hadb) to prune, trim (هـ s.th.); to clean. purify, cleanse, smooth (هـ s.th.), polish (هـ s.th., also fig., e.g., the style) II do.; to improve, refine (هـ s.th.); to rectify, set right, correct (هـ s.th.); to check, revise (هـ s.th.); to bring up (ه a child); to educate, instruct (ه s.o.) V pass. of II تهذيب tadīb expurgation, emendation, correction; rectification; revision; training; instruction; education, upbringing; culture, refinement تهذيبي tahdībī of or pertaining to education, educational, educative; instructive, didactic تهذب tahaddub upbringing, manners, education مهذب muhaddib teacher, educator مهذب muhaddab well-mannered, well-bred, refined, polished, urbane, cultured, educated, well-behaved, polite, courteous متهذب mutahaddib well-mannered, well-bred, refined, polished, urbane, cultured, educated, well-behaved, polite, courteous هذر hadara u i (hadr) to prattle, babble, prate, talk nonsense; to blurt out, blab (ب s.th.) II to joke, make fun, jest هذر hadr prattle, babble, idle talk; raillery, taunting words هذر hadar prattle, babble, idle talk; mockery, scoffing هذر hadir prattling, garrulous هذرم hadrama to babble, jabber, prattle, prate هذلول hudlūl pl. هذاليل hadālīl2 elevation, hillock; little river, small stream خط هذلولي kaṭṭ hudlūlī hyperbola (math.) هذى hadā i (hady, هذيان hadayān) to talk irrationally, rave, be delirious هذاء hudā’ raving, irrational talk, delirium هذيان hadayān senseless jabber, rigmarole, raving, drivel, delirium; state of absennt-mindedness; folly; madness, insanity, mania, craze; hallucination هاذ hādin delirious, raving 1024 هر harra i (هرير harīr) to growl; to whimper, whine هر hirr pl. هررة hirara tomcat; cat هرة hirra pl. هرر hirar cat هرير harīr growling, growl; yelping, whining, whimper(ing); spitting (of a cat) هريرة huraira kitten هرأ hara’a a to tear, lacerate (هـ s.th.); to wear out, wear off (هـ a garment); to affect strongly, beset grievously, try, wear out, harm, hurt (ه s.o.); to irritate (هـ the skin); to he hitingly cold (wind) II to cook too much, overdo (هـ meat) IV = II; V to he overdone (meat); to he tom, lacerated VIII to he tom, lacerated, mangled, torn to pieces; to be worn out, shabby هراء hurā’ prattle, idle talk مهترئ muhtari’ overdone, boiled to shreds; torn, lacerated, mangled; worn out, shabby هرب haraba u (harab, هروب hurūb, مهرب mahrab, هربان harabān) to flee (الى to); to escape (من a danger); to desert; to run away, elope (مع with) II to help (ه s.o.) to escape; to force to flee, put to flight (ه s.o.); to liberate, free (ه a prisoner) ; to rescue (هـ a distrained or impounded thing; jur.); to engage in illicit trade, to traffic; to smuggle V to escape, elude (من s.th.); to shirk, dodge, evade (من a duty, or the like) هرب harab flight, escape, getaway; desertion; elopement هروب hurūb flight هربان harbān fugitive, runaway, on the run; a runaway, a fugitive, a refugee هراب harrāb coward مهرب mahrab pl. مهارب mahārib2 (place of) refuge, retreat, sanctuary; flight, escape, getaway │ لا مهرب منه (mahraba) inescapable, unavoidable تهريب tahrīb illicit trade, trafficking; smuggling, smuggle, contrabandism هارب hārib fugitive, runaway, on the run; a runaway, a fugitive, a refugee; deserter; see also alphabetically مهرب muharrib illicit dealer, trafficker; smuggler مهرب muharrab pl. -āt smuggled goods, contraband هرج haraja i (harj) to he excited, agitated, in commotion II to make (ه s.o.) drunk, befuddle, cloud, fog, blur (ه s.o.’s mind or perceptions); to joke, make fun, jest (في in conversation) هرج harj excitement, agitation, commotion; disorder, muddle, confusion │ هرج ومرج (wa-marj) turmoil, confusion, chaos مهرج muharrij jester, clown, buffoon هرجلة harjala chaos, muddle, confusion هردبشت hardabašt buncombe, nonsense; trash, rubbish, junk هرس harasa u (hars) to crush, mash, squash, bruise, pound (هـ s.th.); to tenderize by beating, pound until tender (هـ meat) هرس harīsa a dish of meat and bulgur; (eg.) a sweet pastry made of flour, melted butter and sugar هراس harrās pl. -āt steamroller O آلة هراسة āla harrāsa steamroller مهراس mihrās pl. مهاريس mahārīs2 mortar هرش II to sow dissension (بين between, among) III to quarrel, wrangle (ه with); to dally, joke, banter (ه with) 1025 هرش harš scratching; wear and tear, attrition, depreciation (of tools, machinery, etc.) هراش hirāš quarrel, wrangle مهروش mahrūš worn out, battered هرطق harṭaqa to become a heretic هرطقة haṭaqa heresy هرطوقي harṭūqī pl. هراطقة harāṭiqa heretic (Chr.) هراطقي harāṭiqī heretic (Chr.) هرطمان harṭamān a brand of oats هرع hara‘a a (hara‘) and pass. huri‘a to hurry, hasten, rush (الى to) II pass. hurri‘a and IV ahra‘a do. هرع hara‘ hurry, haste, rush هراع hurā‘ hurry, haste, rush هرف harafa i (harf) to praise excessively, shower with extravagant praise (ب s.th. or s.o.) هرق haraqa a (harq) to shed, spill (هـ s.th.) IV do.; to sacrifice (هـ s.th.) مهراق muhrāq poured out, spilled مهرقان mahraqān, muhraqān, muhruqān shore, coast; ocean اهراق ihrāq shedding, spilling │ اهراق الدماء i. ad-dimā’ bloodshed مهرق muhraq spilled, shed; -- (pl. مهارق mahāriq2) parchment; O wax paper هرقل hiraql2, hirqil2 Heraclius (Byzantine emperor); Hercules هرم harima a (haram, مهرم mahram, مهرمة mahrama) to become senile and decrepit II to mince, chop (هـ s.th.) هرم haram decrepitude, senility; old age هرم haram pl. اهرام ahrām, اهرامات ahrāmāt pyramid │ O هرم ناقص frustum of pyramid, truncated pyramid (math.) هرمي haramī pyramidlike, pyramidical, pyramidal اهرامي ahrāmī pyramidlike, pyramidical, pyramidal هرم harim decrepit, senile; advanced in years, aged, old; old man هرمس harmasa to he grave, stern, gloomy (face) هرمون hormōn pl. -āt hormone هرهر harhara to move, shake (هـ s.th.); to attack (على s.o.) 1هرا (هرو) harā u (harw) to cane, thrash, wallop (ه s.o.) هراوة harāwa pl. هراوى harāwa stick, cane; cudgel, truncheon, club 2هراة harāh Herat (city in NW Afghanistan) هروي harawī of Herat هرول harwala to walk fast; to burry, hasten, rush (الى to) هرولة harwala quick pace, haste, hurry مهرول muharwal hurrying, speeding; in a hurry هري hury pl. اهراء ahrā’ granary هار hārin reeling, tottering, unsteady هز hazza u (hazz) to shake (ب or هـ s.th.); to swing, brandish, wave (هـ a lance or sword); to jolt to and fro, jog, rook (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) tremble; to convulse, shake, rock, upset, sway (هـ s.th.) │ هز كتفيه (katifaihi) to shrug (one’s shoulders); هز رأسه (ra’sahū) to nod, shake one’s head; هز ذيله (dailahū) to wag its tail II to shake, swing, brandish, wave (هـ s.th.) V to be moved, agitated, shaken, jolted, upset, convulsed, receive a shock; to move, stir, shake, sway, swing, vibrate, oscillate VIII do.; to tremble, quake, quiver; to be moved, touched, deeply affected (ل by ); to rock (rider on 1026 a camel) │ لا نهتز له كثيرا this won’t affect us greatly, this is not likely to disconcert us, this will hardly cause us any headache; اهتز فرحا (faraḥan) to tremble with joy; اهتز اليه قلبه (qalbuhū) to be elated by s.th. هزة hazza (n. vic.) pl. -āt motion, movement, stir, commotion, agitation; convulsion; jolt, jog, push; O (electric) shook; vibration, oscillation; tremor, shake │ هزة ارضية (arḍīya) seismic shock, earthquake; هزة السرور (الطرب، الفرح) (ṭarab, faraḥ) joyous excitement, delight, rapture هزة hizza liveliness, vivacity, high spirits هزاز hazzāz shaking, jolting; rocking; rolling, swinging; shaker (in concrete construction, for coal, and the like) هزيز hazīz bluster(ing), sough (of the wind); rumbling, roll (of thunder) مهزة mahazza excitement, agitation تهزيز tahzīz movement, agitation, shaking اهتزاز ihtizāz convulsion, shock; trembling, shaking, tremor; swinging, oscillation, vibration; excitement, agitation, commotion, emotion اهتزازة ihtizāza (n. vic.) tremor, vibration مهتز muhtazz trembling, tremulous, shaking, quivering هزأ haza’a, هزئ hazi’a a (هزء haz’, huz’, هزؤ huzu’, هزوء huzū’, مهزأة mahza’a) to scoff, jeer, sneer, laugh (من or ب at), make fun (من or ب of), deride, ridicule, mock (من or s.o.) V and X to deride, mock (من or ب s.o., s.th., also على) هزء haz’, huz’ and هزؤ huzu’ derision, scorn, disdain, contempt; mockery هزئي huz’ī mocking, derisive هزأة haz’a object of ridicule, butt of derision, laughingstock هزأة huza’a mocker, sarcast; scorner, disdainer, despiser مهزأة mahza’a derision, loom, disdain, contempt; mockery; scornful laughter, sneer استهزاء istihzā’ mockery, ridicule, derision, scorn │ باستهزاء mockingly, derisively هازئ hāzi’ mocker, scoffer مستهزئ mustahzi’ mocker, scoffer هزبر hizabr, hizbar pl. هزابر hazābir2 lion هزج hazija a to sing هزج hazaj name of a poetic meter اهزوجة uhzūja pl. اهازيج ahāzīj2 song 1هزر hazara i (hazr) to laugh II (eg.) to joke, make fun, jest هزار hizār (eg.) joking, jesting, fun-making 2هزار hazār pl. -āt nightingale هزع haza’a a (haz’), to hurry, be quick V do. هزع hazī’ part of the night هزل hazala i (hazl, huzl), hazila a (hazal) and pass. huzila to be emaciated, lean, skinny; to loss weight, become lean, skinny, emaciated; -- hazala i (hazl) to joke, talk lightly, jokingly; to cause to lose weight, make lean, emaciate, enervate (ه s.o.) II to emaciate, waste away, enervate (ه s.o.) III to joke, make fun, jest (ه with s.o.) IV to emaciate, waste away, enervate (ه s.o.) VII to be or become lean هزل had joking, jesting, fun هزلي hazlī jocular, funny, amusing, droll, humorous; humoristic; comical 1027 هزلية hazlīya or رواية هزلية comedy (theat.) هزل hazil joker, jester, funnyman, wag, wit هزال huzāl emaciation; leanness, skinniness هزال hazzāl joker, jester, funnyman, wag, wit هزيل hazīl pl. هزلى hazlā lean, skinny, emaciated مهزلة mahzala pl. -āt, مهازل mahāzil2 comedy هازل hāzil joking, jocose, jocular, funny, humorous, amusing; joker, wag, wit │ صحف هازلة (ṣuḥuf) funnies, comics مهزول mahzūl pl. مهازيل mahāzīl2 emaciated, wasted, haggard, gaunt; weak, feeble هزم hazama i (hazm) to put to flight, rout, vanquish, defeat (ه the enemy); to put out of action, neutralize (ه an opponent) VII to be defeated, be routed, be put to flight هزم hazm vanquishing, routing; defeat هزيم hazīma roll of thunder, rumbling, rumble, thunder; fleeing, fugitive, in flight, on the run هزيمة hazīma pl. هزائم hazā’im2 defeat, rout │ O روح الهزيمة rūḥ al-h. defeatism انهزام inhizām (suffering of) defeat, frustration; rout, (disorganized) flight انهزامي inhizāmī pl. -ūn defeatist انهزامية inhizāmīya defeatism هزهز hazhaza to move, agitate, shake, jolt, shock, convulse, upset (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) II tahazhaza to be moved, agitated, shaken, convulsed, upset, receive a shock هزهزة hazhaza pl. هزاهز hazāhiz2 movement, agitation, shock, convulsion, commotion, disturbance هس hass i (hass) to whisper هس hass whisper, whispering; soliloquy هس huss hush! quiet! silence! هسيس hasīs whisper, whispering sound هستولوجيا histōlōjiyā histology هستيريا and هيستيريا histēriyā hysteria هيستيري histērī hysteric(al) 1هش hašša i (هشوشة hušūša) to be crisp (bread) -- u i (هشاش hašāš, هشاشة hašāša) to be in good spirits, display a cheerful mien, wear a smile; to smile (ل or ب at s.o.), meet s.o. (ل or ب) in a courteous, amiable manner, receive s.o. kindly; to cheer up (ل over or because of), be delighted (ل by); -- u to drive away, chase away (هـ flies, and the like); -- u i (hašš) to chop off (على هـ leaves for the cattle) II to cheer up, enliven (ه s.o.), raise s.o.’s (ه) spirits هش hašš delicate, fragile; crisp, brittle, crumbly, friable; fresh and soft; gay, cheerful, happy, lively, brisk هشاش haššāš soft, crumbly, friable هشيش hašīš soft هشاشة hašāša gaiety, cheerfulness, happiness هاش hāšš crisp, blithe, cheerful, bright-faced │ هاش باش (bāšš) gay and happy 2هش hušš hush! quiet! silence! هشم hašama i (hašm) and II to destroy (هـ s.th.); to smash (هـ s.th.); to crush (هـ s.th.) V and VII to be or get smashed, destroyed هشيم hašīm frail, fragile; dry stalks, straw, chaff هاشمي hāšimī Hashemite مهشم muhaššam destroyed (city); crushed 1028 هصر haṣara i (haṣr) to pull toward o.s., bend down (هـ s.th., e.g., a branch); to produce a crack or break (هـ in), crack, break (هـ s.th.) هصور haṣūr epithet of the lion هض haḍḍa u (haḍḍ) to walk fast, move briskly, advance, progress, get on هضب haḍaba i (haḍb) to be long-winded, verbose هضبة haḍba pl. هضاب hiḍāb hill, elevation, mountain هضم haḍama i (haḍm) to digest (هـ the food; of the stomach); to oppress, terrorize, outrage, wrong, treat with injustice (ه s.o.); to stand, bear, endure (ه s.o.); to stomach (هـ s.th.), put up with s.th. (هـ) VII to be digested VIII to oppress, wrong (ه s.o.), do (ه s.o.) an injustice هضم haḍm digestion; patience, long-suffering │ هضم الجانب forbearance, compliance, indulgence; سهل الهضم sahl al-h. easily digestible, light هضمي haḍmī digestive, alimentary هضوم haḍūm digestible, agreeing, wholesome هضيم haḍīm digested; digestible; oppressed, terrorized, outraged; slender, slim هضيمة ha4ima encroachment, inroad, injustice, wrong, outrage, oppression انهضام inhiḍām digestion; digestibility مهضوم mahḍūm digested; digestible; oppressed, terrorized, outraged هطع IV to protrude the neck (in walking) │ اهطع في العدو (‘adw) to run fast هطل haṭala i (haṭl, هطلان haṭalān, تهطال tahṭāl) to flow in torrents, fall heavily, pour down (rain) VI do. هطل hiṭl wolf هطول huṭūl: هطول الأمطار h. al-amṭār downpour, heavy rain هيطل haiṭal pl. هياطلة hayāṭila, هياطل hayāṭil2 fox هف haffa i (هفيف hafīf) to pass swiftly, flit put; to flash; to brush, touch lightly; -- i (haff, hafīf) to blow, whiffle, sough (wind); to spread, waft (fragrance) │ هفت نفسه الى (nafsuhū) he yearned for …; هف على باله it occurred to him all of a sudden, it flashed across his mind هف hiff empty; light, light-headed, thoughtless, frivolous هفاف haffāf flashing, sparkling, shining; blowing (wind); light, fleeting; thin and transparent, diaphanous الهفوف al-hufūf Hofuf (chief town of al-Hasa district in E Saudi Arabia) مهفة mahaffa fan; feather duster مهفوف mahfūf light-headed, irresponsible, reckless, unscrupulous هفت hafata i (haft, هفات hufāt) to fall down, collapse; to be nonsensical, absurd; to talk nonsense VI to pounce, rush, fall, plunge (على on or into); to crowd in (على on), throng, flock (على to), tumble one over the other, fall all over themselves; to suffer a breakdown; to cave in, collapse, break down; to be broken, wrecked, ruined (nerves) هفتان haftān (eg.) weak, exhausted, spent, weakened تهافت tahāfut collapse, breakdown │ تهافت الأعصاب nervous breakdown هافت hāfit wrong, erroneous (opinion) مهفوت mahfūt baffled, startled, perplexed الهافر look up alphabetically هفهف hafhafa to be slender, slim; to float in the air II tahafhafa to be slender, slim 1029 هفهفة hafhafa sough, whispering of the wind هفهاف hafhāf slender, slim, svelte; slight, frail, delicate; thin, sparse (e.g., beard); diaphanous, transparent, gossamery; light, weightless, defying gravity; flowing, waving, fluttering مهفهف muhafhif slender, slim, svelte; thin هفا (هفو) hafā u (hafw, هفوة hafwa, هفوان hafawan) to slip, commit a lapse, make a mistake; to err; to be weak with hunger, famished, starved; to hurry, rush (الى to); to reach quickly (الى for s.th.), snatch (الى at s.th.); with ب: to induce s.o. (الى to), tempt s.o. to do s.th. (الى); (هفو hafw, hufuw) to flutter, fly, float in the air; to throb violently, beat feverishly, flutter, be passionately excited, be impassioned (heart; esp., with love); to feel a desire, yearn (الى for) هفوة hafwa pl. hafawāt slip, lapse, error, mistake, fault, offense, sin هاف hāfin famished, starved هكتار hiktār pl. -āt hectare هكذا hākadā so, thus, this way, in this manner هيكل look up alphabetically هكم V to be dilapidated, ramshackle, tumble-down, to fall down, collapse; to mock, scoff; to make fun (ب or على or ه of s.o.), ridicule, deride, jeer (ب, على, ه s.o.); to be annoyed (على by), regret (على s.th.) اهكومة uhkūma derision, mockery, taunt, gibe تهكم tahakkum mockery, derision, scorn, irony; sarcasm تهكمي tahakkumī mocking, derisive, sarcastic, scornful متهكم mutahakkim mocking, ironical 1هل hal interrogative particle introducing direct and indirect question; also preceding the first part of an alternative question: هل -- أم hal -- am whether -- or هلا hallā = هل لا is (or does) not ...? why not? 2هل halla i (hall) to appear, come up, show (new moon); to begin, let in (month) II to say the words lā ilāha illā llāh; to shout with joy, rejoice, exult, jubilate; to applaud, acclaim, cheer (ل s.o.) IV to appear (new moon); to cheer, exult; to offer up (ل ب an animal to a deity) V to shine, gleam, glow, be radiant; to beam with joy (face); to be delighted, jubilant; to cheer. rejoice, exult, jubilate VII to fall heavily, pour down (rain); to begin (في with), take up, undertake, tackle, attack (في s.th.), embark (في upon) X to begin, set in (new month); to raise one’s voice; to intone, strike up (هـ a tune); to begin, start (هـ a task); to open, begin, introduce, initiate (ب هـ s.th. with or by) هلال hilāl pl. اهلة ahilla, اهاليل ahālīl2 new moon; half-moon, crescent; parenthesis; any crescent-shaped object هلالي hilālī lunar; crescent-shaped, lunate, sickle-shaped هلل halal fright, terror, dismay تهليل tahlīl pl. تهاليل tahālīl2 utterance of the formula lā ilāha illā llāh; rejoicing, exultation, jubilation; applause, acclamation, acclaim, cheering, cheers تهلل tahallul joy, jubilation, exultation استهلال istihlāl beginning, opening, introduction, initiation استهلالي istihlālī incipient, initial, starting, opening, introductory, initiative مهلل muhallal crescent-shaped, lunate 1030 متهلل mutahallil jubilant, rejoicing, exultant; radiant, beaming مستهل mustahall beginning, start, outset هلب haliba a (halab) to be hairy, covered with hair هلب halib hairy, covered with hair; shaggy, hirsute هلب hulb (coll.; n. un. ة) hair, bristles هلب hilb pl. اهلاب ahlāb anchor, grapnel, grappling iron, boat hook اهلب ahlab2, f. هلباء halbā’2, pl. هلب hulb hairy, hirsute, shaggy هلابة hulāba lochia (med.) مهلبية muhallabīya a dessert resembling blancmange, made of rice flour, milk and sugar هليلج halīlaj and اهليلج ihlīlaj myrobalan, emblic (fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.; bot.); ellipse (geom.) اهليلجي ihlīlajī elliptic(al) 1هلس halasa i (hals) to emaciate, consume, waste away (ه s.o.; of a disease); pass. hulisa to be consumptive, suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis II to waste away, become lean, emaciated, haggard; to talk nonsense IV to smile هلس hals emaciation, wasting away; pulmonary tuberculosis, consumption, phthisis; nonsense, bosh, silly talk 2 هلوسةlook up alphabetically هلسنكي helsinkī Helsinki (capital of Finland) هلع hali‘a a (hala‘) to be impatient or restless, be anxious, be in despair هلع hala‘ impatience, restlessness, uneasiness; fear, burning anxiety; alarm, dismay هلع hal‘ impatient, restless, uneasy, anxious; dismayed, appalled هلوع halū‘ impatient, restless, uneasy, anxious; dismayed, appalled هلوف hillauf bearded; bristly هلقم halqama to gulp down, devour (هـ s.th.) هلك halaka i (halk, hulk, هلاك halāk, تهلكة tahluka) to perish; to die; to be annihilated, wiped out, destroyed II and IV to ruin, destroy (هـ s.th.) │ اهلك الحرث والنسل (hart, nasl) to destroy lock, stock and barrel VI to exert o.s., do one’s utmost (في in); to pounce, fall, throw o.s. (على upon); to fight desperately (على for); to covet, crave (على s.th.); to feel enthusiasm (على for), devote o.s. eagerly (على to), go all out (على for); to become languid, tired, weak; to drop in utter exhaustion (على on); to break down, collapse VII and VIII to risk danger, imperil o.s., act desperately X to exert o.s., do one’s utmost (في in); to waste, squander, spend, exhaust, use up, consume (هـ s.th.); to discharge, pay off, amortize (هـ a debt); pass. ustuhlika to perish, die هلك hulk death; destruction, ruin هلكة halka, halaka total loss, ruin, destruction; disaster; jeopardy, perilous situation, danger هلاك halāk total loss, ruin, destruction; perdition, eternal damnation مهلكة mahlaka. mahluka. mahlika pl. مهالك mahālik2 dangerous place, danger spot; dangerous situation; danger, peril تهلكة tahluka ruin; jeopardy, perilous situation, danger تهالك tahāluk enthusiasm, zeal, ardor (على for), (vivid) interest (على in); weakness, fatigue, languor استهلاك istihlāk consumption; attrition, wear and tear; discharge, amortization استهلاكي istihlākī consumer- (in compounds; e.g., goods, prices, etc.) 1031 هالك hālik pl. هلكى halkā, هلك hullak, هلاك hullāk, هوالك hawālik perishing, dying; dead; mortal, destructible, perishable; doomed to perdition, damned; irretrievably lost, irredeemable مهلك muhlik destructive, devastating, annihilating, scathing, withering; pernicious, ruinous, dangerous, perilous, deadly, lethal; medium of destruction or extermination متهالك mutahālik broken down, down-and-out; exhausted مستهلك mustahlik consumer مستهلك mustahlak consumption هللويا hallilūyā hallelujah 1هلم halumma up! get up! come! now then! come on! onward! forward! (with acc.) out with ...! bring ...! give me (us) ...! │ هلمي اليه (halummī) now then, go (f.) quickly to him! هلم بنا (bi-nā) come on! let’s go! وهلم جرا (jarran) and so on, etc. 2هلم hillam languid, listless, slack, limp هلام hulām jelly, gelatin هلامى hulāmī jellylike, gelatinous تهلين tahlīn Hellenization هلهل halhala to weave finely (هـ s.th., also a poem), weave flimsily (هـ s.th.); to wear out (هـ a garment), let it become shabby, threadbare, thin هلهل halhal fine; thin, flimsy; delicate هلاهل halāhil fine; thin, flimsy; delicate هلهولة halhūla pl. هلاهيل halāhil2 (eg.) worn dress, old rag, tatters مهلهل muhalhal thin, flimsy, gauzelike, diaphanous; finely woven (also, of a poem); worn, shabby, threadbare, tattered, ragged هلوسة halwasa hallucination; vision هليكوبتر helikoptar helicopter هليلج halīlaj and اهليلج ihlīlaj myrobalan, emblic (fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.; bot.); ellipse (geom.) اهليلجي ihlīajī elliptic(al) هليون hilyaun asparagus 1هم hum they (3rd pers. m. pl. of the pers. pron.) 2هم hamma u (hamm, مهمة mahamma) to disquiet, make uneasy. fill with anxiety, distress, grieve (ه s.o.); to preoccupy, interest, regard, concern, affect (ه s.o.), be of interest (ه to s.o.); to be on s.o.’s (ه) mind, be s.o.’s (ه) concern; to worry, trouble (ه s.o.); to be important, be of importance or consequence (ه to s.o.); -- (hamm) to worry, be concerned (ب about); to have in mind, intend, plan (ب s.th., to do s.th.); to consider (هـ doing s.th.), think of doing s.th. (ه); to be about, be going (بأن, ب to do s.th.), be on the point of doing s.th. (بأن, ب), begin to, start doing s.th. (بأن, ب); to rise, get up IV to grieve, distress, concern, preoccupy, affect, regard (ه s.o.); to be on s.o.’s (ه) mind, be s.o.’s (ه) concern; to worry, trouble (ه s.o.); to be of interest (ه to s.o.), interest (ه s.o.); to be important, be of consequence, to matter VIII to be distressed, grieved, worried (ب by); to worry, be concerned (ب about); to concern o.s. (ب, occasionally also ل, with); to feel concern (ب for), take an interest (ب in); to attach importance ( to); to be interested (ب in); to look (ب after); to pay attention (ب to). take notice (ب of), bear in mind (ب s.th.); to go to trouble, go to great lengths (ب ل on behalf of or for s.o. about s.th.); to take care (ب of s.o.), take s.o. (ب) under one’s wing, help, assist (ب s.o.); to provide (ب for); to be anxious or solicitous (ل about) 1032 هم hamm pl. هموم humūm anxiety, concern, solicitude; worry, care; sorrow, grief, affliction, distress; interest; intention, design, plan; important matter; weight, moment, importance, significance, consequence هم himm pl. اهمام ahmām, f. همة himma, pl. -āt, همائم hamā’im2 decrepit, senile; old man همة himma pl. همم himam endeavor, ambition, intention, design; resolution, determination; zeal, ardor, eagerness; high-mindedness, high-aiming ambition │ بعيد الهمة and عالي الهمة high-aspiring, having far-reaching aims; high-minded همام hammām careworn, worried; anxious, solicitous; eager, active, energetic همام humām pl. همام himām high-minded; generous, magnanimous; heroic, gallant اهم ahamm2 more important, of greater importance اهمية ahammīya importance, significance, consequence; interest │ عديم الأهمية unimportant; علق اهمية على (‘allaqa) to attach importance to; كان من الأهمية بمكان عظيم (makānin) to be of the greatest importance مهمة mahamma pl. مهام mahāmm2 important matter; task, function, duty; commission, assignment, mission │ مهام الأمور important matters; مهام المنصب m. al-manṣib official duties, official functions تهميم tahmīm lulling a baby to sleep by singing تهميمة tahmīma lullaby اهتمام ihtimām pl. -at concern, interest; anxiety; solicitude; care; attention; endeavor, ambition هام hāmm important, significant, momentous, weighty, ponderous, grave, serious; interesting هامة hāmma pl. هوام hawāmm2 vermin; past; reptile; see also under هموم مهموم mahmūm concerned, worried, anxious, distressed, grieved, sorrowful; preoccupied; interested مهم muhimm important, significant, momentous, weighty, ponderous, grave, serious; interesting مهمة muhimma pl. -āt important matter; pl. requirements, exigencies; equipment, material(s); stores, supplies, provisions │ مهمات حربية (ḥarbīya) war material; O مهمات متحركة (mutaḥarrika) rolling stock مهتم muhtamm interested (ب in); concerned, anxious, solicitous (ب about); attentive (ب to), mindful (ب of) مهتمات muhtammāt tasks, functions, duties هما humā both of them (3rd pers. dual of the pers. pron.); see also همو همايون humāyūnī imperial همج hamija a (hamaj) to he hungry همج hamai (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اهماج ahmāj small flies, gnats; riffraff, rabble, ragtag; savages, barbarians همج hamaj hunger │ همج هامج ravenous hunger, voracious appetite همجي hamajī uncivilized, savage; rude; barbaric, barbarous; a savage, barbarian همجية hamajīya savageness, savagery; rudeness; barbarism همد hamada u (همود humūd) to abate, subside, let up, calm down, die away, fade away, die down, cool off; to become smaller, shrink II and IV to quiet, calm, still, appease, placate, soothe, mitigate, alleviate, allay, stifle, quell, suppress, put out, extinguish (هـ s.th.) همود humūd extinction; cooling off (of a passion, and the like); lull; fatigue, 1033 exhaustion, tiredness; motionlessness, torpor; stiffness, rigidity, rigor; death هامد hāmid calm, quiet, still, extinct; lifeless; rigid, stiff (corpse) همر hamara u i (hamr) to pour out, shed (هـ s.th., water, tears) VII to be poured out, be shed; to pour down (rain), flow (tears) همرة hamra shower of rain; growl(ing), snarl(ing) همز hamaza u i (hamz) to prick; to drive, urge on, prod, goad on (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to spur (هـ one’s horse); (gram.) to provide with hamza (هـ a letter or word) همز hamz spurring, goading, prodding, urging, pressing; beating, striking, kicking; backbiting, slander │ همز لمز (lamz) innuendoes, defamatory insinuations; taunts, gibes, sneers همز hamz glottal stop before or after a vowel (phon.) همزة hamza pl. hamazāt hamza, the character designating the glottal stop: ء (gram.) │ همزة القطع h. al-qaṭ‘ disjunctive hamza (gram.); همزة الوصل h. al-waṣl conjunctive hamza (gram.); همزة الوصل بين the (connecting) link between ... هماز hammāz slanderer, backbiter مهمز mihmaz pl. مهامز mahāmiz2 spur; goad مهماز mihmāz pl. مهاميز mahāmīz2 spur; goad همس hamasa i (hams) to mumble, mutter; to whisper (ب s.th., الى to s.o.) │ همس في اذنه (fī wajhihī) to whisper in s.o.’s ear VI to whisper together, exchange whispered remarks همس hams mutter(ing), mumble; whisper(ing) همسة hamsa pianissimo of a singer; whisper; pl. همسات hamasāt whispering, whispers هوامس hawāmis2 mumbled or whispered words همش hamaša u (hamš) to bite (ه s.o.) هامش hāmiš margin (of a bock, page, etc.) │ على هامش ... on the periphery of ..., on the side lines of ..., aside from, in connection with ..., on the occasion of ..., apropos of │ على هامش الأخبار sidenotes of the news (title of a BBC news commentary) هامشي hāmišī marginal همع hama‘a a u to shed tears (eye); to stream, flow, well همك hamaka u (hamk) to urge, press (في ه s.o. to do s.th.) VII to be engrossed, be completely engaged (في in s.th.), be dedicated (في to), give o.s. up, abandon o.s. wholeheartedly (في to, also على), be loot, become absorbed (في in), be completely taken up, be preoccupied (في with) انهماك inhimāk wholehearted dedication, abandon, engrossment, exclusive occupation, absorption; preoccupation منهمك munhamik engrossed, absorbed, loot (في in), taken up, preoccupied (في with); given, addicted (في to); dedicated (في to) همل hamala u i (haml, هملان hamalān, همول humūl) to be bathed in tears, shed tears (eye) IV to neglect (هـ s.th.); to omit, leave out (هـ s.th.); to disregard, fail to consider or notice, overlook, forget (هـ s.th.); to cease to use, disuse (هـ s.th.); to leave unpointed, provide with no diacritical points (هـ a consonant; gram.) VI to be careless, negligent, remiss, lazy VII to be bathed in tears, shed tears (eye); to pour down (rain) همل hamal left to o.s., to one’s own devices, left alone; left untended (cattle); neglected, disregarded 1034 اهمال ihmāl negligence; neglect; dereliction of duty; carelessness, heedlessness, inattention; nonobservance, disregard, nonconsideration هامل hāmil pl. همل hummal roving, roaming; vagabond, tramp مهمل muhmil negligent, neglectful, remiss; careless, heedless, inattentive, slovenly مهمل muhmal neglected; omitted; disregarded, not taken into account; obsolete, antiquated; lacking, devoid of, not provided with; without diacritical points, unpointed (gram.); المهملات deadletter office │ مهمل الإمضاء without signature, unsigned; رسالة مهملة dead (i.e., undeliverable) letter; سلة المهملات sallat al-m. wastebasket; كمية مهملة (kammīya) negligible quantity هملج hamlaja to amble (horse) هملاج himlāj pl. هماليج hamālīj2 ambler, ambling horse همهم hamhama to say “hmm”; to mumble, mutter; to grumble; to growl, snarl; to hum, buzz, drone همهمة hamhama pl. -āt, هماهم hamāhim2 an inarticulate utterance (“hmm, hmm”),e.g., to express astonishment, and the like; mumble, mutter(ing)j hum, buzz, drone (also. e.g., of an airplane); growl, snarl هما (همو) hamā u (hamw) to flow; to pour forth; see also alphabetically 1هن hanna , to weep, sigh; to long, yearn (الى for) 2هن hunna they (3rd pers. f. pl. of the pers. pron.) 1هنة hana see under هنو هنا hunā and ههنا hāhunā here, over here, in this place; hūnā (with foll. verb) there, then, now, by now, at this point │ الى هنا or لهنا here, over here, to this place; up to here, so far, up to this point, up to this amount; من هنا from here; of this, hereof, from this, hence; for this reason, therefore; by this, hereby; هنا وهناك here and there هناك hunāka and هنالك hunālika there, over there, in that place; there is (are) │ هناك قول مأثور (qaul) there is a proverb; الى هناك there, over there, to that place; من هناك from there, from that place; ماذا هنالك what’s up? what’s the matter? 2هنأ hana’a u a i (هنء han’, hin’, هناء hanā’) to be beneficial, wholesome, healthful, salutary, salubrious (ل or ه to s.o.), do s.o. (ل or ه) good; -- هنئ hani’a a (هنأ hana’) to he delighted (ب with), take pleasure (ب in), enjoy (ب s.th.) II to congratulate, felicitate (على or ب ه s.o. on or on the occasion of); to make happy, gladden, delight (ه s.o.) V to enjoy, savor (ب s.th.), take pleasure (ب in) هناء hanā’ and هناءة hanā’a happiness, bliss; good health, well-being; congratulation, felicitation هناء hinā’ tar هنيء hanī’ healthful, salutary, salubrious, wholesome, beneficial; pleasant, agreeable; easy, smooth, comfortable │ هنيئا لك or هنيئا مريئا hanī’an marī’an approx.: may it do you much good! I hope you will enjoy it (i.e., food)! تهنئة tahni’a pl. تهانئ tahāni’2 congratulation, felicitation هانئ hāni’ happy, delighted, glad; servant; هانئة hāni’a servant girl, maid مهنئ muhanni’ congratulator, well-wisher الهند al-hind India; the (East) Indians │ الهند البريطانية British India; الهند الصينية (ṣīnīya) 1035 Indochina; الهند الشرقية (šarqīya) East India; جزر الهند الغربية juzur al-h. al-garbīya the Caribbean Islands, the West Indies هندي hindī Indian; (pl. هنود hunūd) an Indian │ المحيط الهندي (muḥīṭ) the Indian Ocean; الهنود الحمر (ḥumr) the American Indians مهند muhannad sword made of Indian steel هندب hindab, هندباء hindibā’ wild chicory, endive (bot.) هنداز hindāz measure هندازة hindāza cubit (Eg., = 65.6 cm) هندسة handasa engineering; mechanical engineering; architecture, architectural engineering; army engineering; geometry; geodesy, surveying │ علم الهندسة ‘ilm al-h. geometry; هندسة الري h. ar-riyy irrigation engineering; الهندسة الزراعية (zirā‘īya) agronomy; الهندسة السطحية (saṭḥīya) plane geometry, planimetry; الهندسة الفراغية (farāgīya) solid geometry, stereometry; هندسة المدن h. al-mudun town planning; الهندسة المعمارية (mi‘mārīya) architecture; هندسة الميدان h. al-maidān combat engineering; الهندسة الكهربائية (kahrabā’īya) electrotechnics, electrical engineering; هندسة اللاسلكي h. al-lā-silkī radio engineering; الهندسة المدنية (madanīya) civil engineering; الهندسة الميكانيكية mechanical engineering هندسي handasī technical, technological; geometrical; of or relative to mechanical engineering; engineering, industrial │ فرقة هندسية (firqa) corps of engineers; القوات الهندسية (qūwāt) corps of engineers; the engineers (mil.) هنداسة hindāsa = هندازة, see above مهندس muhandis architect; engineer; technician │ مهندس زراعي (zirā‘ī) agricultural engineer; مهندس عسكري (‘askarī) army engineer; مهندس كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) electrotechnician, electrical engineer; مهندس معماري (mi‘mārī) architect هندم handama to order, array, adjust (هـ s.th.); to make smart, neat, trim; to dress up, spruce up (ه s.o.) هندمة handama harmony; orderliness, tidiness, neatness, trimness هندام hindām harmony; orderliness, tidiness, neatness, trimness; attire, dress, garb │ اصلح هندامه to adjust one’s clothes; to dress, dress up مهندم muhandam well-ordered, well-arrayed; orderly, tidy, neat; trim, smart; well-dressed; made to measure, tailor-made (suit) هنشير hanšīr pl. هناشير hanāšīr2 (tun.) country estate هنغاري hungārī Hungarian (adj. and n.) هنف II to hurry, hasten, rush III and VI to laugh contemptuously, sneer; to sob, whimper هناك and هنالك see 1هنا 1هنم hanam dried dates 2هانم look up alphabetically هنيهة hunaiha a little while; hunaihatan for a little while هنهن hanhana to lull to sleep with a song (ل a baby) هنهونة hanhūna lullaby هنة hana pl. -āt, هنوات hanawāt thing; s.th. unimportant, trifle, bagatelle; blemish, defect, fault, flaw هنو hinw time هني hanīy (= هنيء) wholesome, delicious هه hih (interj.) oh! alas! woe! (also derogatorily) oh, come now! 1036 ههنا see 1هنا 1هو huwa he; it (3rd pers. m. sing. of the pers. pron.); God; هوذا see ذا هوية huwīya essence, nature; coessentiality, consubstantiality; identity; identity card (= بطاقة الهوية, تذكرة الهوية) │ اوراق الهوية aurāq al-h. identification papers, credentials; تذكرة الهوية tadkirat al-h. (ir., syr.) identity card; عرف هويته (‘urifa) to be identified 2 هوة hūwa see هوى هوتة hauta, hūta pl. هوت huwat depression in the ground; chasm, abyss هوج hawaj folly, light-headedness, rashness, thoughtlessness اهوج ahwaj2, f. هوجاء haujā’2, pl. هوج hūj reckless; impatient, rash, thoughtless, harebrained, precipitate, hasty, foolhardy; violent, vehement, frantic هوجاء haujā’ pl. هوج hūj hurricane, tornado, cyclone هاد (هود) hāda u (haud) to be a Jew II to proceed Ilowly; to intoxicate, inebriate (ه s.o.; of wine); to make Jewish (ه s.o.) III to be indulgent, forbearing, conciliatory, considerate, complaisant, obliging (ه to s.o.); to avoid, shun (ه s.o.), stay out of s.o.’s (ه) way V to become a Jew or Jewish الهود al-hūd the Jews, the Jewry هوادة hawāda forbearance, indulgence, consideration, complaisance, obligingness; clemency, leniency, gentle-heartedness; relaxation, mitigation (of laws) تهويد tahwīd Judaization مهاودة muhāwada complaisance, obligingness, indulgence, consideration │ مهاودة الأسعار low pricing متهود mutahawwid Judaized, under Jewish influence or control متهاود mutahāwid moderate (price) هودج see هدج هوذا see ذا هار (هور) hāra u (haur, هؤور hu’ūr) to be destroyed, crash down, fall down, collapse; -- (haur) to pull down, topple, wreck, demolish, destroy (هـ s.th., esp., a building); to bring down, throw to the ground (ه s.o.) II to endanger, imperil, jeopardize, expose to danger (ه s.o.); to bring down, throw to the ground (ه s.o.) V to be destroyed, crash down, fall down, collapse; to rush headlong into danger; to be light-headed, careless, irresponsible; to elapse, pass, go by (time) VII to be demolished or torn down; to crash down, fall down, collapse; to fall apart (line of argument) هور haur pl. اهوار ahwār lake هورة haura pl. -āt danger, peril هواري hawārī pl. هوارة hawwāra volunteer; O short-term soldier, irregular; الهوارة irregular troops هير hayyir rash, precipitate, thoughtless, ill-considered, imprudent تهور tahawwur light-headedness, carelessness, irresponsibility; hastiness, rashness, precipitance انهيار inhiyār crash, fall, downfall; collapse, breakdown متهور mutahawwir rash, hasty, precipitate; frivolous, thoughtless; lightheaded, careless, irresponsible, reckless; foolhardy, daredevil هورمون hormōn hormone 1هوس hawisa a (hawas) to be baffled, startled, perplexed; to be utterly confused, be at a complete 1088, be at one’s wit’s end II to baffle, startle, perplex, confuse, bewilder, confound (ه s.o.); to delude, beguile, befool, infatuate, dazzle, blind (ه s.o.); to craze, drive crazy, render 1037 insane (ه s.o.) V to be beguiled, befooled, infatuated, dazzled, lose one’s head; to abandon o.s. completely; to be a fantast, a visionary VII to be beguiled, befooled, infatuated, dazzled هوس hawas foolishness, folly, craze, madness; dreaminess, visionariness, rapture, ecstasy; wild fancy, fantasy; raving madness, frenzy; infatuation, blindness, delusion هوس hawīs thought, idea, concept, notion هويس hawīs and هاويس hāwīs pl. اهوسة ahwisa (eg.) look, canal lock اهوس ahwas2 foolish, crazy, mad; dazzled, blind, infatuated مهووس mahwūs (religious) visionary مهوس muhawwas foolish, crazy, mad; dazzled, blind, infatuated متهوس mutahawwis pl. -ūn fantast, visionary 2هوسة hausa clamor, shouting, uproar هوش hawiša a (hawaš) and هاش hāša u (hauš) to be excited, be in a state of commotion II to excite, agitate, unsettle (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to rouse, incite, stir up, inflame (هـ the mob); to sick (على هـ a dog on), set, incite (على ه s.o. against); to exert a disturbing influence (على on) III to annoy by its barking (ه s.o.; of a dog) V to get tumultuous, get excited, run riot هوشة hauša excitement, agitation, commotion, riot, uproar, ruckus, rumpus, row, fracas; turmoil, tumult تهويش tahwīš excitation, agitation; incitement, instigation مهوش muhawwaš exciting; troublemaker, agitator, rabble rouser هاع (هوع) hā‘a u a (hau‘) to vomit, throw up; to retch II to make (ه s.o.) vomit V= I 1هاك hāka see ها 2هوكي hokī hookey │ هوكي الانزلاق ice hockey هال (هول) hāla u (haul) to frighten, scare, terrify, appall, horrify, strike with terror (ه s.o.) II to alarm, dismay, frighten, terrify, horrify, fill with horror (ه s.o.); to threaten, menace, scare (ب على s.o. with); to wield menacingly (ب a stick); to picture (هـ s.th.) as a terrible thing, mike (هـ s.th.) appear terrible; to exaggerate, overemphasize (هـ or منعن s.th.), make much ado, make a great fuss (من about) X to deem significant (هـ s.th.); to consider terrific, appalling, tremendous (هـ s.th.); to be horrified (هـ at), be appalled, be staggered (هـ by) هول haul pl. اهوال ahwāl, هؤول hu’ūl terror, fright, alarm, shook, horror, dismay; power │ ابو الهول abū l-h. the Sphinx; يا للهول yā la-l-haul oh, how terrible! هولة haula a terrifying thing, a fright; object of rear or terror هال hāl mirage, fata morgana; cardamom (spice) هالة hāla pl. -āt halo (around moon or sun, also, e.g., of a saint); ring around the eye; nimbus, aureole, glory تهويل tahwīl pl. -āt, تهاويل tahāwīl2 frightening, soaring, alarming, intimidation, cowing, browbeating; exaggeration; nightmare, phantom, bugbear, bogey, bugaboo; pl. تهاويل embellishments, ornamental flourishes; pleasant visions هائل hā’il dreadful, frightful, terrible, horrible, appalling, ghastly, awful; huge, vast, formidable, gigantic, prodigious, tremendous, stupendous; extraordinary, enormous, fabulous, amazing, astonishing, surprising; grim, hard, fierce (battle, fight) مهول muhawwil terrible, dreadful 1038 هولاندا holandā or هولانده holanda Holland هولاندي holandī Dutch, Hollandish; (pl. -ūn) Dutchman, Hollander هوليوود Hollywood هوم II to nod drowsily (head of s.o. falling asleep); to doze off, fall asleep; to doze, nap V to doze off, fall asleep; to doze, nap هامة hāma pl. -āt, هام hām head; crown, vertex; top, summit; see also under همّ 1هان (هون) hāna u (haun) to be or become easy (على for s.o.), be of little importance (على to); هان عليه ان to attach no importance to the fact that ..., care little that ...; -- (hūn, هوان hawān, مهانة mahāna) to be or become despicable, contemptible II to make easy, ease, facilitate (على هـ s.th. for s.o.); to represent or picture (هـ s.th., على to s.o.) as easy or as of little importance; to make light (هـ or من of), belittle, minimize, deride, flout, disparage (هـ or من s.th.) │ هون عليك (hawwin) take it easy! don’t get excited! never mind! IV to despise (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to humble, humiliate, abase, demean, scorn, disdain, slight, treat with contempt or disdain (ه s.o.); to insult (ه s.o.) VI to consider easy (ب s.th.); to think little. make little (ب of), attach little importance (ب to), disdain, despise (ب s.th.); to be negligent, remiss, lax, careless, (في or ب in s.th.), neglect (في or ب s.th.); (with negation) not to fail (في to do s.th.), not to tire (في of doing s.th.) X استهان istahāna and استهون istahwana to consider easy (ب s.th.); to make little (ب of), esteem lightly, disesteem, underrate, undervalue (ب s.th.); to disdain, despise (ب s.th.); to misunderstand, misjudge (ب s.th.) │ لا يستهان (yustahānu) not to be sneezed at, not to be overlooked هون haun ease, leisure, convenience, comfort; easiness, facility; هونا haunan slowly, gently, leisurely, imperceptibly │ على هون slowly, gently, leisurely, imperceptibly; على هونك at your convenience هون hūn disgrace, shame, degradation, abasement هوان hawān despicableness, lowly, contemptible position; insignificance, negligibleness; degradation. abasement; disgrace, shame, ignominy هين hayyin, hain pl. -ūn, اهوناء ahwinā’ easy; insignificant, negligible, of little value; inconsiderable; unimportant; plain, simple, homely, modest │ هين لين hain lain simple and nice هينة hīna easiness, facility; convenience, comfort, ease; leisure هوينا huwainā gentleness, mildness, kindliness; slowness, leisureliness, leisure, ease; الهوينا slowly, gently, leisurely, unhurriedly اهون ahwan2 f. هوناء haunā’2 easy; comfortable; -- (elative) easier; smaller, less, lesser; of less value, more worthless │ ما اهونه (ahwanahū) how small, how worthless it is! اهون الشرين a. aš-šarrain the lesser evil مهانة mahāna contempt, despicableness; degradation, abasement, humiliation, disgrace, shame اهانة ahāna insult; affront, contumely, abuse تهاون tahāwun disesteem, disdain, scorn, neglect; indifference (ب to s.th.) استهانة istihāna disesteem, disdain, scorn, neglect; contempt مهين muhīn insulting, abusive, offending; contemptuous, humiliating, disgraceful, ignominious, outrageous متهاون mutahāwin negligent, remiss, lax, indifferent مستهين mustahīn disdainer, scorner, despiser 1039 2هاون look up alphabetically 1هوى hawā i (huwīy) to drop, fall, tumble, fall down, come down, sink; to topple, tumble down, be upset; to swoop down (predatory bird); to pounce, fall (على upon); to blow (wind); to overthrow (ب s.o. or s.th.) │ هوى على رقبتها (raqabatihā) he fell in her arms, he embraced her; هوى بمقامه (maqāmihī) to degrade s.o.; -- hawiya a (هوى hawan) to love (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to become fond (هـ, ه of); to like (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to go in (هـ for a hobby), take up as a hobby (هـ s.th.) II to air, ventilate (هـ a room), expose to the wind or to fresh air (هـ s.th.); to fan the air III to show o.s. complaisant (ه to s.o.), humor (ه s.o.); to flatter (ه s.o.) IV to fall down, drop; to drop (ب s.th.); to pounce, fall (على upon s.o., ب with); to lean, bend (على over); to reach (الى for), grab, grasp (الى at). make for s.th. (الى); to strive (الى for), aspire (الى to), desire (الى s.th.) │ اهوى بيده الى (bi-yadihī) to stretch out one’s hand for, reach out for V to be aired, be ventilated VI to break down, collapse; to plunge down, throw o.s. down VII to fall down, drop; to be thrust down X to attract (ه s.o.); to seduce, tempt (ه s.o.); to entice, lure (ه s.o.); to charm, enchant, fascinate, enrapture, delight, entrance, carry away (ه s.o.) هوى hawan pl. اهواء ahwā’, هوايا hawāyā love; affection; passion; inclination, liking, bent, wish; desire, longing, craving; fancy, whim, caprice, pleasure; اهواء sects, heretic tendencies │ على هواء be convenient to s.o., please s.o.; في الهوى in love; اصحاب الأهواء sectarians, dissenters هوة hūwa pl. -āt, هوى huwan abyss, chasm; cave, cavern; pit, hole, ditch, trench; (fig.) gulf هواء hawā’ pl. اهوية ahwiya, اهواء ahwā’ air; atmosphere; wind, draft; weather, climate │ الهواء الأصفر (aṣfar) the plague; هواء طلق (ṭalq) open air; fresh air; في الهواء الطلق outdoors, in the open, in fresh air; هواء مضغوط compressed air; سلك الهواء silk al-h. aviation; طلمبة الهواء ṭulumbat al-h. air pump هوائي hawā’ī airy, breezy; aerial, air- (in compounds), atmospheric(al); pneumatic; O inside (diameter, width); antenna, aerial, سلك هوائي (silk); flighty, whimsical, capricious; ethereal; fantastic │ دولاب هوائي wind wheel; O هوائي اطاري (iṭārī) frame antenna; O هوائي طوقي (ṭauqī) loop antenna; O هوائي مرتفع (murtafi‘) elevated antenna; O هوائي مرسل (murtafi‘) transmitting antenna; O هوائي مزدوج (muzdawij) two-wire antenna; O هوائي مستقل (mustaqbil) receiving antenna; O هوائي مفرد (mufrad) single-wire antenna هواء hawwā’ amateur هواية hawāya pl. -āt hobby, sport or art cultivated as an amateur; amateurism, amateurship هواية hawwāya fan; ventilator اهوى ahwā more desirable, preferable اهوية uhwiya abyss, chasm, deep, depth مهوى mahwan, مهواة mahwāh pl. مهاو mahāwin2 abyss, chasm, gulf; place of one’s longing, object of desire; atmosphere مهواة mihwāh ventilator تهوية tahwiya airing, ventilation استهواء istihwā’ fascination, captivation; enchantment; seducement, enticement, temptation; suggestion هاو hāwin pl. هواة huwāh falling, dropping, sinking; loving, in love; lover; fancier, fan, amateur; dabbler, dilettante هاوية hāwiya chasm, gulf, abyss, infernal depth, bottomless pit, hell 1040 2هوية huwīya see 1هو هي hiya she (3rd pers. sing. f. of the pers. pron.) هيا hayyā (interj.) up! come on! let’s go! now then! هاء (هيء) hā’a i a and هيؤ hayu’a u (هيأة ḥai’a, هياءة hayā’a) to be shapely, well-formed, beautiful to look at, present a handsome appearance; -- a (هيئة hī’a) to desire, crave (الى s.th.) II to make ready, get ready, put in readiness (هـ s.th.); to prepare (هـ s.th.); to fix up, fit up, set up (هـ s.th.); to pave the way (ل for s.o., for s.th.); to arm, mobilize, get in fighting condition (mil.); to put in order, to order, array, arrange (هـ s.th.); to incline, dispose, make inclined (ل ه s.o. to), influence (ل ه s.o. in favor of) │ هيأ الأسباب ل (asbāba) to pave the way for ...; هيأ ذاته ل (dātahū) to prepare o.s. (at heart) for ...; هيأ فرصة ملائمة ل (furṣatan mulā’imatan) to offer a good opportunity for ... III to agree, come to an agreement (في ه with s.o. about); to concur (في ه with s.o. in); to adapt o.s., adjust o.s. (ه to s.o.) V to be prepared, be in readiness, be ready, stand ready (ل for); to be armed, be prepared for war, be in fighting condition (mil.); to prepare o.s., get ready (ل for); to be possible (ل to s.o.); to be well-dressed │ تهيأ tahayya’ make ready! (mil. command) VI to adapt themselves to one another, make mutual adjustment; to be in agreement, be agreed هيئة hai’a pl. -āt form, shape; exterior, appearance, guise, aspect, bearing; air, mien, physiognomy; attitude, position; situation, condition, state; group, (social) class; society, association; body, corporation; organization; board, commission, committee; corps; cadre, skeleton organization │ هيئة الأمم المتحدة h. al-umam al-muttaḥida and الهيئة الأممية (umamīya) the United Nations Organization; الهيئة الاجتماعية (ijtimā‘īya) human society; هيئة الإذاعة اللاسلكية h. al-idā‘a al-lā-silkīya broadcasting corporation; هيئة اركان الحرب h. arkān al-ḥarb general staff; هيئة اركان حرب الأسطول (usṭūl) naval staff; هيئة برلمانية (barlamānīya) parliamentary group; هيئة التحكم board of arbitration; jury, committee of judges, committee of umpires (in sports), the referees (in military maneuvers); هيئة التدريس teaching staff; faculty, professoriate (of an academic institution); هيئة حاكمة (حكومية) (ḥukūmīya) governmental agency, authority; هيئة دبلوماسية diplomatic corps; الهيئة السعدية (sa‘dīya) the Sa’dist Union (formerly, a political group in Egypt); هيئة طبية (ṭibbīya) ambulance corps; هيئة نيابية (niyābīya) representative body, parliamentary body; علم الهيئة ‘ilm al-h. astronomy هيء hayyi’, هيئ hayī’ good-looking, handsome; shapely تهيئة tahyi’a preparation; training; adaptation, adjustment, accommodation مهايأة muhāya’a joint usufruct, use or profit sharing (Isl. Law) O تهيؤ tahayyu’ military preparations تهيؤ tahayyu’ (mutual) adaptation, (mutual) adjustment مهيأ muhayya’ prepared; ready (هيب) هاب hāba (1st pen. perf. hibtu) a (هيبة haiba, مهابة mahāba) to fear, dread (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be afraid (هـ, ه of); to stand in awe (هـ of), be awed (هـ, ه by); to honor, respect, revere, venerate (ه s.o.) II to make (هـ s.th.) be dreaded (الى by s.o.), make it dreadful to s.o., inspire s.o. (الى) with awe (هـ of); to make s.th. (هـ) appear dreadful or awesome (الى to s.o.); to threaten, frighten, intimidate, cow, daunt (على s.o.) IV to call out, shout (ب to s.o.); 1041 to call upon s.o. (ب), appeal (ب to s.o.); to drive, urge, rouse, egg on, encourage (الى ب s.o. to) V = I; to awe, frighten, scare, threaten (ه s.o.) VIII = I هيبة haiba fear, dread, awe; reverence, veneration, esteem, respect; awe-inspiring appearance, venerableness, gravity, dignity; standing, prestige هياب hayyāb timid, timorous, shy, diffident; respectful هيوب hayūb timid, timorous, shy, diffident; respectful; awful, fearful, dreadful; awe-inspiring, awesome, venerable مهاب mahāb object of reverence and respect مهابة mahāba dignity تهيب tahayyub fear, dread; awe مهوب mahūb and مهيب mahīb dreaded, dreadful, awful مهيب muhīb awe-inspiring, awesome, venerable; grave, solemn, dignified متهيب mutahayyib respectful, reverential هيت II to call (ب s.o.) هيت haita, هيت لك (laka) come here! هاج (هيج) hāja i (haij, هيجان hayajān, هياج hiyāj) to be astir or stirred up, be or get excited, agitated; to rise; to awaken, be awakened, spring up (desire); to be in great excitement, be very upset, be furious, indignant (على about, at); to run high, be rough, stormy (sea); -- هاج and II to move, stir, agitate (هـ s.th.); to stir up, excite (هـ s.th.); to disturb, trouble, perturb, disquiet (هـ s.th.); to provoke, incite, stimulate (هـ s.th.); to kindle, ignite, inflame, incense (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ the blood) boil; to awaken, arouse, evoke (هـ e.g., a desire); to bring to light (هـ s.th.); to irritate, inflame (هـ an organ); to drive, urge on, spur on (هـ, ه s.o., s.th., على to); to rouse, start, scare up (هـ a bird) IV = II; V and VIII to be astir, be restive, be in a state of commotion, be disturbed, be excited, be agitated; to be awakened, be (a)roused, be scared up هيج excitement; agitation; commotion, disturbance, turmoil; dissension, strife; combat, battle هيجاhaijā and هيجاء haijā’ fight, combat, battle, war هيجان hayajān excitement; agitation; commotion, disturbance, turmoil, tumult; outburst of rage, fury, irritation, indignation, bitterness هياج hiyāj excitement; agitation; commotion, disturbance, turmoil, tumult; outburst of rage, fury, irritation, indignation, bitterness; raging, uproar (of the elements) تهييج tahyīj excitation, agitation, stimulation; provocation, incitement; instigation; stirring up, fanning; incensement, inflammation; O induction (el.) تهيج tahayyuj disturbance, commotion, turmoil; excitement, agitation; emotional disturbance; affect (jur.) هائج hā’ij stirring, astir, agitated, in commotion; rough, heaving (sea, waves); excited, impassioned; angry, furious, enraged │ هاج هائجه he became angry, he flew into a rage مهيج muhayyaj exciting, stirring, rousing, stimulating; provocative, inciting; incendiary, inflammatory; agitator, troublemaker, incendiary, seditionary, rabble rouser; (pl. -āt) a stimulant, an excitant متهيج mutahayyij and مهتاج muhtāj agitated, upset, excited, impassioned هيدروجين hīdrōžēn hydrogen 1042 هير II to hurl down, topple, tear down, destroy, demolish (هـ s.th.) هير hayyir see هور هيراطيقي hīrāṭīqī hieratic (writing) هيروغليفي hīroglīfī hieroglyphic هيروين hīruwīn heroin (chem.) هاش (هيش) hāša i (haiš) to be agitated, excited هيش hīš thicket, brush, scrub هيشة haiša excitement; commotion, turmoil, tumult, riot هاض (هيض) hāḍa i: هيض جناحه hīḍa janāḥhū his wing was broken, he wass powerless هيضة haiḍa summer cholera, cholera morbus; Asiatic cholera مهيض mahīd broken, shattered │ مهيض الجناح m. al-janāḥ broken-winged, helpless, feeble, sapless هاط (هيط) hāṭa i (haiṭ) to shout, clamor, raise a din, be tumultuous هيط haiṭ shouting, clamor, din, uproar, ruckus هياط hiyāṭ shouting, clamor │ هياط مياط (miyāṭ) tumultuous uproar, ruckus, wild shouting, tumult هيطل see هطل مهيع mahya‘ pl. مهايع mahāyi‘2 broad, paved road هاف (هيف) hāfa i (haif) to be parched, thirsty; -- a (haif) to run away (slave); -- هيف hayifa and hāfa a (haif, hayaf) to be slim, slender, slight, frail هيف haif parching wind هيف hayaf slenderness, slimness هيوف hayūf burned up with thirst هيفان haifān2 parched; thirsty اهيف ahyaf2, f. هيفاء haifā’2, pl. هيف hīf slender, slim; slight, frail, wispy هيكل haikal pl. هياكل hayākil2 temple; large building, edifice; altar; skeleton; framework (of a structure), frame; chassis (of an automobile); colossal, gigantic, huge هيكلي haikalī: مناورة هيكلية (munāwara) cadre maneuver, skeleton exercise (mil.) 1هال (هيل) hāla i (hail) to pour, strew, sprinkle (على s.th. on) II and IV do.; to pile up (هـ sand, earth; said of the wind) VII to be heaped up, be poured in a heap, fall in a heap; to rain down (bombs); to shower (ب على s.o. with), assail (على s.o., ب على s.o. with; instead of ب also accusative of a verbal noun) │ انهال عليه ضربا وشتما (ḍarban wa-šatman) he fell upon her with blows and abusive language هيل hail piled-up sand │ الهيل والهيلمان (hailamān) heaps of money, enormous sums هيلان hayalān sand heap انهيال inhiyāl, انهيال الأرض inh. al-arḍ landslide 2هيول hayūl mote, atom 3هيولى hayūlā, hayyūlā primordial matter; matter; substance هيولي hayūlī material (adj.) هيولاني hayulānī material (adj.) هام (هيم) hāma i (haim, هيمان hayamān) to fall in love (ب with); to be in love (ب with); to be enthusiastic, ecstatic, frantic, beside o.s.; to be in raptures, be crazy (ب about), be gone on (ب); to roam, rove, wander │ هام على وجهه (wajhihī) to wander aimlessly about; هام في وديان (widyān) approx.: he was no longer himself, he was floating in higher regions, he was beside himself, he was out of his senses; هام بأنظاره to let one’s eyes wander; -- (هيام huyām, hiyām) to thirst (ب for) 1043 II to confuse, bewilder, puzzle, mystify, mislead (ه s.o.); to infatuate, enchant, captivate, carry away, rob of his senses (ه s.o.; of love) X pass. استهيم ustuhīma to be infatuated, enchanted, captivated, carried away; to be passionately in love هيام huyām, hiyām passionate love; burning thirst هيوم hayūm confused, puzzled, baffled, mystified, perplexed هيمان haimān2, f. هيمى haimā, pl. هيام hiyām, madly in love; very thirsty هائم hā’im pl. هيم huyyam, هيام huyyām perplexed, mystified, baffled, puzzled, confused; out of one’s senses, beside o.s.; in love, mad with love مستهام mustahām in love, mad with love هيمن haimana to say “amen”; to guard (على s.o.), watch (على over s.o.), watch narrowly (على s.o.), keep an eye on (على); to control (على s.th.) هيمنة haimana supervision, superintendence, surveillance; control; suzerainty, supremacy, ascendancy, hegemony مهيمن muhaimin supervising, superintending, controlling; guardian; protector; master (على of s.th., also, e.g., of a situation) هين and هينة see 1هون هينم hainama to murmur softly هيه hīh (interj.) hey! Let’s go! step lively! look alive! هيهات haihātu, haihāt, haihāti but oh! far from the mark! wrong! what an idea! how preposterous! │ هيهات ان it is absolutely out of the question that ...; هيهات ان يفعل كذا how far he is from doing so! هيهات بين هذا وذاك what a difference between them! how different they are! وهيهات لك ذلك and how impossible is this to you! و wa 1. and; and also, and ... too │ ولا واحد not one, not a single one; -- 2. (with foll. acc.) with │ واياه wa-iyyāhu with him; لا يتفق ومبادئهم (yattafiqu, mabādi’ahum) it is not in agreement with their principles; -- 3. introducing circumstantial (ḥāl) clauses: while, as, when, whereas │ قال وهم يبتسم (he said while he smiled) he said with a smile; جاء والشمس طالعة (šamsu) he arrived at sunrise; -- 4. (with foll. genit.) by (in oaths) │ والله by God! – 5. (with foll. genit.) many a, how many │ وكأس شربت (ka’sin) many a cup have I emptied! how many cups I have drunk! -- أو a-wa أ والا wa-illā (and if not), otherwise, else وإن wa-in even if, even though, although ولو wa-lau even if, even though, even in case that ولكن wa-lākin, wa-lākinna (the latter with foll. acc. or pers. suffix) but, however, yet وا toll (with the foll. noun ending in -āh) oh │ وا اسفاه wā-asafāh! oh grief! alas! وابور (Fr. vapeur; colloq.) wābūr pl. -āt steam engine; steamer, steamship; locomotive, railroad, train; factory, mill; machine, engine, apparatus; hot plate, heater, stove │ وابور اكسبريس express train; وابور البضاعة freight train, goods train; 1044 وابور الركاب w. ar-rukkāb passenger train; وابور w. ar.ri"" irrigation pump; وابور الزلط w. az-zalaṭ (eg.) steamroller; وابور طارة w. ṭāra paddle steamer; وابور العادة w. al-‘āda local train, accommodation train, way train وات wāt watt (el.) واحة wāḥa pl. -āt oasis وأد wa’ada يئد ya’idu to bury alive (ها a newborn girl) V and VIII اتأد itta’ada to be slow, act or proceed deliberately, tarry, hesitate, temporize (ل in s.th.) │ اتأد في مشيتة (mišyatihī) to walk slowly, unhurriedly, saunter وئيد wa’ād deliberate, unhurried, slow; deliberateness; وئيدا wa’īdan slowly; gradually تؤدة tu’ada deliberateness, slowness │ على تؤدة slowly, deliberately, unhurriedly متئد mutta’id slow وأر wa’ara يئر ya’iru (wa’r) to frighten (ه s.o.) X to be frightened, be struck with terror وارسو warsō Warsaw (capital of Poland) واشنطون wāšinṭōn Washington واط wāṭ watt (el.) واق واق wāqwāq in the description, of Arab geographers, name of two different groups of island (one east of China, the other located in the Indian Ocean) موئل mau’il refuge, asylum وأم III to agree, be in agreement (هـ, ه with); to suit (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be suited (هـ, ه to), harmonize (هـ, ه with) VI to agree, tally, humanize وئام wi’ām agreement; unity, concord, harmony مواءمة muwā’ama agreement; unity, concord, harmony واه wāha, واها wāhā (interj.) with ل or ب to express admiration: how wonderful is (are) …! with على to express regret: alas …! too bad for ...! واو wāw name of the letter و وئية wa’īya kettle وبئ wabi’a يوبأ yawba’u (وبأ waba’), وبؤ wabu’a u (وباء wabā’, وباءة wabā’a) and pass. وبئ wubi’a to be plague-stricken, infected, infested, poisoned, contaminated وبأ waba’ pl. اوباء aubā’ infectious disease; epidemic وباء wabā’ pl. اوبئة aubi’a infectious disease; epidemic وبائي wabā’ī infectious, contagious; epidemic(al); pestilential وبئ wabi’ and وبيء wabī’ infected, poisoned, contaminated, infested; plague-stricken, plague-ridden, plague-infected موبوء maubū’ poisoned, contaminated, infested; infected, stricken (ب by), affected (ب with) وبخ II to reprimand, rebuke, censure, reprove, scold, chide (على ه s.o. for) توبيخ taubīk reproach, reproof, censure; reprimand, rebuke وبر wabira يوبر yaubaru (wabar) to have abundant hair or wool, be covered with thick hair, be hirsute, hairy وبر wabr pl. وبور wubūr, وبار wibār, وبارة wibāra daman (Hyrax syriaca: zool.) وبر wabar pl. اوبار aubār hair, fur of camels and goats (furnishing the material for tents) اهل الوبر ahl al-w. the Bedouins (as distinguished from اهل المدر) وبر wabir covered with hair, hairy, hirsute 1045 اوبر aubar2 f. وبراء wabrā’ covered with hair, hairy, hirsute موبر muwabbar hairy, woolly وبش wabaš trash, rubbish, bosh; pl. اوباش awbāš rabble, riffraff وبق wabaqa يبق yabiqu and wabiqa يوبق yaubaqu (wabaq, وبوق wubūq, موبق maubiq) to perish, go to ruin, be destroyed IV to ruin (ه s.o.); to debase, humiliate, mortify (ه s.o.) موبق maubiq place of destruction, of perdition; prison, jail موبقة mūbiqa pl. -āt grave offence; act of violence, crime; mortal sin وبل wabala يبل yabilu (wabl) to shed heavy rain (sky); -- wabula يوبل yaubulu (wabal, وبال wabāl, وبالة wabāla, وبول wubūl) to be unhealthy, unwholesome, noxious (climate, air) وبل wabl downpour وبال wabāl unhealthiness of the air or climate; evil consequences of a deed; harm, evil, curse وبيل wabīl unhealthy, unwholesome (climate, food); of evil consequences, hurtful, noxious, calamitous, disastrous, pernicious وابل wābil heavy downpour; (fig.) hail, shower │ امطره وابلا من الرصاص (raṣāṣ) to shower s.o. with a hail of bullets; امطر عليه وابلا من الشتم (šatm) to shower s.o. with a flood of abuse وبه wabaha, wabiha يوبه yaubahu (wabh) and IV to heed, mind (ل or ب s.o.), pay attention (ل or ب to), take notice (ل or ب of) وتد II to drive or ram in firmly (هـ a peg or stake); to fix, fasten, secure (هـ s.th.) │ وتد في بيته (baitihī) to stay at home وتد watad, watid pl. اوتاد autād peg, pin; tent pin, tent peg; stake, pole وتر watara يتر yatiru (watr) to string, provide with a string (هـ the bow); to wrong, harm (ه s.o.), cheat, dupe (ه s.o., هـ out of, with regard to) II to stretch, strain, draw tight, tighten, pull taut (هـ a rope, a musical string, and the like) III to do or perform (هـ s.th.) at intervals, intermittently, with interruptions IV to string, provide with a string (هـ the bow) V to be or become strained, stretched, tight, taut │ توترت العلاقات (‘alāqāt) relations were strained VI to follow in uninterrupted succession; to repeat itself, recur وتر witr uneven, odd (number); وترا singly, one by one, separately وتري watrī, witrī uneven, odd (number) وتر watar pl. اوتار autār string (of a bow, of a musical instrument); sinew, tendon (anat.); chord (geom.); hypotenuse (geom.) │ ضرب على الوتر الحساس (ḥassās) to touch on a sensitive spot, get to the heart of a matter; وتر صوتي (ṣautī) vocal cord وترى watarī stringed, string- (in compounds) وتيرة watīra pl. وتائر watā’ir2 manner, way; mode, fashion; procedure, method; style; tone على هذه الوتيرة in this manner, this way; على وتيرة واحدة in the same manner; uniformly, in unison; استمر على هذه الوتيرة he continued in this tone تترى tatrā one after the other, one by one, in succession, successively توتر tawattur tension (also el. = voltage); strain │ توتر الأعصاب nervousness, nervous tension; توتر سياسي (siyāsī) political tension تواتر tawātur succession; repetition, recurrence; frequency, constancy, incessancy, continuance; persistence; frequency (el.) │ على تواتر successively, one after the other, in succession 1046 موتور mautūr one who has been wronged by the murder of a relative, hut to whom blood revenge is still denied متوتر mutawattir stretched, strained, taut, tense, rigid, firm, tight متواتر mutawātir successive وتين watīn pl. وتن wutun اوتنة autina aorta وتى III to come (ه to, upon; of s.th. pleasant), befall (ه s.o.; s.th. pleasant); to be complaisant, obliging (ه toward s.o.), oblige (ه s.o.); to be favorable, propitious (ه to s.o.); to be convenient (ه to s.o.), suit (ه s.o.); to turn out successful, be a success (ه for s.o.); to be suited, suitable (ه to s.o.), become, befit (ه s.o.), go well with (ه); to agree (ه with; of food) موات muwātin pleasant, agreeable, pleasing, appealing, engaging, winning, becoming: favorable, propitious وثأ wata’a يثأ yata’u (وثء wat’ to bruise, contuse (هـ a limb); to wrench, sprain (هـ a limb); -- وثئ wati’a يثأ yata’u (وثأ wata’, وثوء wutū’) and pass. وثئ wuti’a to get bruised, be wrenched, be sprained IV = I wata’a وثء wat’ contusion, bruise; sprain, wrench وثاءة watā’a contusion, bruise; sprain, wrench وثب wataba يثب yatibu (watb, وثوب wutūb, وثيب watīb, وثبان watabān) to jump, leap, spring, bound; to skip, hop, caper; to jump up, start; to jump up and run (الى to); to rush (الى to), make a rush (الى for); to jump, dash (على at s.o.), pounce, fall (على upon s.o.) 11 and IV to make (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) jump, bounce (هـ s.th.) III to pounce, fall (هـ upon s.th.) V to jump up, start; to rush, dash (الى to, at); to hop, skip, bound, leap, jump; to approach eagerly, with enthusiasm, tackle energetically (الى s.th.); to pounce (في, على upon); to awaken, recover, rise VI to jump, leap, spring, hound, make a jump; to be fast, abort, come pantingly (breathing) وثب wajb jump(ing), leap(ing) │ وثب بالزانة (zāna) pole vault(ing); وثب طويل broad jump; وثب عال (‘ālin) high jump; تخطى وثبا من فوق to hurdle over ... وثبة watba (n. vic.) pl. watabāt jump, leap, bound; attack; daring enterprise, bold undertaking; riae; awakening │ وثبة احساسية (iḥsāsīya) impulsive motion وثاب wattāb given to jumping, bouncy, full of bounce; fiery, hotheaded, impetuous; dashing, daring, enterprising مواثبة muwātaba prompt assertion of a claim in the presence of witnesses (Isl. Law) متوثب mutawattib awakening, rising; vigorous, energetic وثر watura يوثر yauturu (وثارة watāra) to be soft (bed); -- watara يثر yatiru (watr) to make soft, make smooth (هـ s.th., esp., the bed) وثر watir son, snug, cozy, comfortable (bed, seat); smooth (cloth) وثير watīr soft, snug, cozy, comfortable (bed, seat); smooth (cloth) وثار witār soft bed ميثرة mītara pl. مواثر mawātir2, مياثر mayātir2 saddlecloth, blanket, drape وثق watiqa يثق yatiqu (ثقة tiqa, وثوق wutūq) to place one’s confidence, put faith (ب in)) rely, depend (ب on), trust (ب in; من ان that), be confident (ب of; من ان that) │ يوثق به (yūtaqu) trustworthy, reliable; وثق من النفس to have self-confidence; -- watuqa يوثق yautuqu (وثاقة watāqa) to be firm, solid; to be sure, be certain (من of) II to make firm or solid, strengthen, cement, consolidate (هـ s.th.); to 1047 document, authenticate, confirm, certify (هـ s.th.), attest (هـ to), notarize (هـ s.th.), draw up a notarial deed (هـ over); to link firmly, hind closely (بين -- بين s.o. to) III to enter into an agreement, make a treaty (ه with s.o.) │ واثق نفسه على (nafsahū) to make a firm resolution on, intend firmly to (do s.th.) IV to tie, fasten (ب ه s.th. to); to hind, tie up, fetter (ب ه s.o. with) V to he firm, consolidated, firmly established; to proceed with confidence, act trustfully (في in s.th.) X to make sure, make certain (من of), check, verify (من s.th.); to have confidence (ه in s.o.), trust (ه s.o.) ثقة tiqa trust, confidence, faith, reliance │ على ثقة trusting (من in), relying (من on), confident, certain, sure (من of); هو على ثقة من انه he is certain that he ...; ثقة بالنصر (naṣr) confidence in victory; ثقة بالنفس or ثقة بنفسه self-confidence, self-reliance; اخو ثقة trustworthy; عدم الثقة ‘adam at-t. distrust, mistrust; طلب عدم الثقة (ṭalab) motion of “no confidence” (parl.); -- tiqa pl. -āt trustworthy, reliable; trustworthy person, trusted agent, informant, reliable authority or source; pl. authorities │ O ثقة عسكري (‘askarī) military expert وثاق watāq, witāq pl. وثق wutuq tie, bond, fetter, shackle, chain (also fig.) │ شد وثاقه (šadda) to tie s.o. up. fetter, shackle s.o. وثاقة watāqa firmness solidity, strength وثيق watīq pl. وثاق witāq firm, strong, solid; safe, secure, dependable, reliable وثيقة watīqa pl. وثائق watā’iq2 document, deed, writ, instruments, paper, record, voucher, certificate, receipt, policy; diplomatic note │ الوثيقة العظمى (‘uẓmā) the Magna Charta; وثيقة التفويض warrant of attorney (jur.) اوثق autaq2, وثقي wutqā firmer, stronger موثق mautiq pl. مواثق mawātiq2 covenant, agreement, contract, treaty, pact ميثاق mātāq pl. مواثق mawātiq2 covenant, agreement, contract, treaty, pact, alliance; charter │ ميثاق هيئة الأمم المتحدة m. hai’at al-umam al-muttaḥida the Charter of the United Nations; ميثاق عدم الاعتداء m. ‘adam al-i‘tidā’ nonaggression pact توثيق tautīq consolidation, strengthening, cementation; documentation, authentication, attestation, notarization; functions of a notary public, notariate │ توثيق الديون consolidation of debts, specif., consolidation of several government loans into an overall public debt توثقة tautiqa security, surety, guaranty وثاق witāq see watāq above واثق wātiq trusting, confident, certain, sure موثوق mautūq: موثوق به trustworthy, reliable, dependable; من مصدر موثوق به (maṣdar) from a reliable source موثق muwattiq pl. -ūn notary public وثل watal palm-fiber rope, manila rope, hemp rope وثيل watīl palm-fiber rope, manila rope, hemp rope وثن watan pl. وثن wutun, اوثان autān graven image, idol وثني watanī idolater, pagan, heathen; pagan, idolatrous وثنية watanīya paganism وجب wajaba يجب yajibu (وجوب wujūb) to be necessary, requisite, obligatory, indispensable; to be incumbent, imposed, enjoined (على on), be s.o.’s (على) duty │ وجب عليه ان it is his duty to ..., he is in duty hound to ..., he has to …, he must ...; كما يجب as it should be, as it 1048 must be, comme il faut; -- (wajb, وجيب wajīb, وجبان wajabān) to throb, beat, palpitate (heart) II to make s.th. (هـ) s.o.’s (على) duty, make s.th. (هـ) incumbent (على on s.o.), impose, enjoin (على هـ s.th. on s.o.), obligate (هـ على s.o. to) IV to make s.th. (هـ) s.o.’s (على) duty, make s.th. (هـ) incumbent (على on), impose, enjoin (على هـ s.th. on s.o.), make necessary, obligatory, binding (على هـ s.th. for s.o.), obligate (على s.o., هـ to); to decide positively (هـ ل s.th. in favor of s.o.), adjudge, adjudicate, award, grant (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.) X to deserve, merit (هـ s.th.), be worthy (هـ of); to be entitled, have a title (هـ to), have a claim (هـ on); to deem necessary or obligatory (هـ s.th.) │ عمل يستوجب الشكر (šukra) an act deserving of thanks, a meritorious undertaking وجبة wajba pl. wajabāt meal, repast; menu (syr.) │ وجبة الطعام w. aṭ-ṭa’ām meal, repast; وجبة ناشفة dry rations, emergency ration (approx.: D ration; mil.) ايجاب ījāb obligation, liability, commitment; affirmation; confirmation, assertion; consent, assent; positive reaction, compliance; offer of contract, offer (jur.) │ ايجابا ل in conformity with, in accordance with, according to, in pursuance of; محل الإيجاب maḥall al-i. competent authority; مراجع الإيجاب the competent authorities; رد (اجاب) بالإيجاب to answer in the affirmative, say yes ايجابي ījābī positive; affirmative; active (defense) ايجابية ījābīya positivism واجب wājib necessary, requisite, essential, indispensable, inevitable, unavoidable, inescapable; incumbent, imperative, binding, obligatory; proper, adequate, fair; -- (pl. -āt, وجائب wajā’ib2) duty, obligation; incumbency; requirement, exigency, necessity; task, assignment │ واجب عليك it is your duty; يرى من واجبه he considers it his duty; بالواجب obligatorily; dutifully, duly; deservedly; واجب العرض w. al-‘arḍ suitable for presentation (petition, application); واجبات منزلية (manzilīya) homework (of a student) موجوب maujūb moral obligation, dictate, injunction موجب mūjib obligating, necessitating, requiring, inducing, motivating, causing; (pl. -āt) cause, reason, motive; need, exigency, requirement, necessity; matter of decorum, formality │ بموجب or على موجب according to, in accordance with; on the basis of, on account of; by virtue of, on the strength of; لا موجب ل (mujiba) there is no reason for ..., one need not ... موجبة mūjiba cause, reason, motive, deed entailing certain inevitable consequences موجب mūjab necessary, requisite, obligatory, made binding; effect, consequence; affirmative (gram.); positive (also, e.g., el.) موجبة mujaba affirmative sentence مستوجب mustaujib deserving, worthy وجد wajada يجد yajidu (وجود wujūd) to find (هـ s.th.); to hit upon s.th. (هـ), come across s.th. (هـ), meet with s.th. (هـ); to get, obtain (هـ s.th.); to invent, make up (هـ هـ s.th. as); to find (good, bad) (هـ s.th.); pass. wujida (وجود wujūd): to be found, be there, exist; to be; يوجد yūjadu there is (are); -- (wajd) to experience, feel, sense (هـ affections, afflictions); to suffer, be in a state of painful agitation; to love (ب s.o.), be impassioned (ب by), long ardently, languish (ب for); -- i u (wajd) to be angry (على with), have a grudge (على against) IV to produce, evoke, provoke. engender, bring into being, originate, cause, bring about (هـ s.th.); to create, make (هـ s.th.); to achieve, accomplish, effect (هـ s.th.); to 1049 invent (هـ s.th.); to let (ه s.o.) find or obtain (هـ s.th.), get, procure (هـ ه for s.o., s.th.), furnish, supply (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.); to force, compel (على ه s.o. to) V to be passionately in love (ب with); to grieve (g or ب for) VI to show up, turn up, come; to exist, be existent, be there, be available; to affect passion وجد wajd strong emotion, emotional upset; passion, ardor; ecstasy of love وجدان wijdān passionate excitement; ecstasy; emotional life, psychic forces; feeling, sentiment وجداني wijdānī emotional; psychic, mental; sentimental وجود wujūd finding, discovery; being; existence; presence; whereabouts; stay, visit وجودي wujūdī existential; existentialist │ الفلسفة الوجودية (falsafa) existentialism موجدة maujida feeling, emotion, passion, excitement; anger, grudge, resentment, ill will ايجاد ījād creation, procreation, production, origination; procuring, procurement, furnishing, supply; calculation, computation, evaluation واجد wājid finding; finder; agitated, excited, upset, worried (على about); in love (ب with) موجود maujūd found; available, on hand, existing, existent; present; living being, creature; stock, store, supply; pl. -āt everything in existence, the creation; (com.) assets, stocks موجد mūjid originator, author, creator وجر wajr pl. اوجار aujār cave, cavern, grotto; den, lair, habitation وجرة wajra, wajara pitfall وجار wijār pl. اوجرة aujira cave (of wild animals), den, lair, burrow ميجار mījār pl. مواجير mawājīr2 bat; racket; earthen kneading trough وجز wajaza يجز yajizu and wajuza يوجز yaujuzu (wajz, وجازة wajāza, وجوز wajūz) to be brief, succinct, terse, concise, summary IV to be concise, terse; to be brief, succinct (في or هـ in); to abridge, summarize, epitomize (هـ s.th.), make it short وجز wajz short, brief, succinct; terse, concise, summary, compendious وجيز wajīz short, brief, succinct; terse, concise, summary, compendious │ بوجيز العبارة briefly stated, in a few words, reduced to its essentials, in a nutshell ايجاز ījāz shortness, brevity, succinctness; conciseness, terseness; abridgment │ ايجازا or بالإيجاز in short, briefly, concisely; واليكها بالإيجاز (ilaikahā) the matter is, briefly, as follows موجز mūjaz summarized; concise, terse; abstract, epitome; outline, brief sketch; summary, résumé وجس wajasa يجس yajisu (wajs, وجسان wajasān) to be apprehensive, be afraid, be worried, be seized with fear IV to have presentiments, forebodings, apprehensions; to have a presentiment (هـ of), fear (هـ s.th.), be afraid, apprehensive, in dread (هـ of); to feel, sense, realize (هـ s.th.), be aware (هـ of) │ اوجس خيفة (kīfatan) to have a sensation of`fear; اوجس فيه الملل (malala) to feel that s.o. is bored, sense s.o.’s boredom V = IV; to listen anxiously, apprehensively (هـ to); to taste, nibble, sip (هـ of s.th.) │ توجس شرا من (šarran) to regard s.th. as an evil omen وجس wajs fear, apprehension, anxiety, concern, uneasiness توجس tawajjus timorousness, timidity, apprehensiveness واجس wājis disquieting thought, foreboding, evil premonition 1050 وجع waji‘a يوجع yauja‘u (waja‘) to feel pain, be in pain; to hurt, pain (ه s.o.) IV to cause pain (ه to s.o.); to pain. hurt (ه s.o.) V to suffer pain, be in pain; to voice one’s pain, give vent to one’s pain, to lament; to feel grid, sorrow or pity, feel sorry, feel compassion (ل for s.o.), commiserate (ل with), pity (ل s.o.) وجع waja‘ pl. اوجاع aujā‘, وجاع wijā‘ pain, ache; ailment │ وجع السن w. as-sinn toothache; الوجع بكبدك (bi-kabidika) an imprecation (lit.: may pain strike your liver!) وجيع painful; grievous, sad توجع tawajju‘ pain, ache; lament موجوع maujū‘ feeling pain, in pain, aching; ailing; suffering وجف wajafa يجف yajifu (wajf, وجوف wujūf, وجيف to be agitated, excited, troubled, in commotion; -- (wajīf) to throb, beat (heart) IV to agitate, excite, trouble, disturb (هـ s.th.); to make (هـ s.th.) tremble X to set (هـ the heart) aflutter واجف wājif beating, throbbing (heart) │ في صوت واجف (ṣaut) in a tremulous voice وجق wujaq (tun.) the “Oudjak” (Tunisian gendarmery) وجاق wujāq, اوجاق ūjāq pl. وجقات wujaqāt range, cooking stove; (heating) stove; kitchen, galley; caboose; Janizary corps وجل wajila يووجل yaujalu (wajal, موجل maujal) to be afraid, be scared; to be a coward, be craven IV to fill with fear, frighten (ه s.o.) وجل wajal pl. اوجال awjāl fear, dread وجل wajil pl. -ūn, وجال wijāl fearful, apprehensive, timorous; cowardly, craven وجم wajama يجم yajimu (wajm, وجوم wujūm) to be silent; to be speechless, dumfounded (with fear, rags, and the like); to be shy; to be despondent, dejected, depressed وجم wajim silent, speechless, dumfounded; despondent, dejected, depressed وجوم wujūm silence; anxious, apprehensive silence; speechlessness from indignation, speechless, indignation; despondency; shyness; anxiety, concern, sorrow واجم wājim silent, speechless, dumfounded; despondent, dejected, depressed وجنة wajna pl. wajanāt cheek وجه wajuha يوجه yaujuhu (وجاهة wajāha) to be a man of distinction, belong to the notables II to raise to eminence, distinguish, honor (ه s.o.); to turn one’s face, turn, go (الى to), head (الى for); to send, dispatch (الى ه s.o. to); to aim, level (ل or الى ه s.th. at), direct, steer, guide, channel (ل or الى ه s.th. to); to turn (هـ s.th., e.g., one’s face, one’s attention, etc., ل or الى to); to address (الى هـ a request, a question, a letter, etc., to) │ وجه عليه تهمة (tuhmatan) to rail, an accusation, bring a charge against s.o.; وجه النظر الى (naẓara) to turn one’s eyes to III to be opposite s.th. (هـ), be in front (هـ of); to face, front (هـ a locality or toward); to meet face to face, encounter (ه s.o.); to see personally (ه s.o.), speak personally (ه to s.o.), have an interview or audience (ه with); to face (هـ e.g., a problem), be faced (هـ with), find o.s. in the face of (هـ); to meet, counter, obviate, withstand, defy (هـ a danger); to stand up (ه to s.o.), oppose (ه s.o.); to hold one’s own (هـ against s.th.); to envisage, have in mind, consider (هـ s.th.); to declare openly, say frankly (بأن ه to s.o. that); to bring face to face. confront (ب ه s.o. with s.o., else or with s.th.) IV to 1051 distinguish, honor (ه s.o.) V to betake o.s., repair, go, wend one’s way (نحو or الى to), head (نحو or الى for), bend one’s steps (نحو or الى toward); to turn one’s face, turn (ل or الى to s.o.), face (ل or الى s.o.); to turn, apply (نحو الى to s.o. for) VI to face each other, meet face to face VIII اتجه ittajaha to tend, be directed, be oriented (نحو or الى to. toward), be aimed, aim (نحو or الى at); to head, make (الى for), face, turn one’s face (الى toward); to turn, be turned (نحو or الى to s.o., to s.th.); to lead, go (نحو or الى to, toward; of a road); to point (نحو or الى to; of a signpost); to come to s.o.’s (ل) mind. occur (ل to s.o.; of an idea) جهة jiha pl. -āt side; direction; region, part, section, area; district, precinct, city quarter; agency, authority; administrative agency; (tun.) administrative district; الجهات the outskirts, the outlying districts, the provinces │ الى جهة in the direction of, toward; من جهة from the direction of, from, on the part of, concerning, regarding, as to, with respect or regard to; من جهة الشمال (šamāl) from the north; من جهة ... ومن جهة اخرى (ثانية) (ukrā, tāniya) on the one hand ... on the other hand; من كل جهة from all sides, on all sides; من جهتي for my part, as for me, I for one; من هذه الجهة seen from this angle, under this aspect, from this viewpoint; جهة الاختصاص or الجهة المختصة (muktaṣṣa) the competent authority; جهة اليسار jihata l-yasār at left, to the left, on the left side مجلس جهوي Majlis jihawī council of an administrative district (Tun.) وجه wajh pl. وجوه wujūh face, countenance; front, face, façade; outside; surface; right side of a fabric; dial (of a clock or watch); face, obverse (of a coin); prominent personality; exterior, look(s), appearance, guise, semblance; side; direction; intention, intent, design, purpose, aim, goal, objective, end; course, policy, guiding principle. precept; way, manner, mode, procedure, method; lesson, cause; sense, meaning, signification, purport; beginning, start, outset, first part of a given period of time; -- (pl. وجوه wujūh and اوجه aujuh) aspect; approach, point of view; viewpoint, standpoint; -- (pl. اوجه aujuh) phase (of the moon; also el.) │ 1. Adverbial phrases: وجها apparently; وجها بوجه (لوجه) face to face, in private, personally, directly; وجها من الوجوه (with preceding negation) in no way (whatsoever); بوجه الإجمال bi-w. il-ijmāl on the whole, by and large, in general; بوجه (على وجه) التقريب approximately, roughly, nearly; بوجه خاص or على وجه خاص (kāṣṣ) especially, in particular; بوجه (على وجه) عام (‘āmm) generally, in general; بوجه ما some way or other, somehow; in a certain way, to a certain extent; بدون وجه حق (w. ḥaqqin) without any legitimate claim, without being in the least entitled, in an entirely unlawful manner; على وجه in the manner of, in the form of, in the shape of; with regard to, concerning. about; على وجهه in his own way; in the right manner, correctly, properly, as it should be; على غير وجهه improperly, incorrectly, wrongly; ذهب على وجهه and مضى على وجهه to go one’s own way, go one’s way; على هذا الوجه in this manner, this way, thus; على وجه الإجمال (w. al-ijmāl) on the whole, by and large, in general; altogether, in the aggregate; على الوجه التالي in the following manner, as follows; على وجه التفصيل at great length, in detail, elaborately; على وجه الحصر (w. il-haṣr) in a condensed form, briefly stated, in a nutshell; على وجه العموم in general, generally; على وجه اليقين with certainty; في وجهه before him, in his presence; counter to him; before his (very) eyes; لوجه الله for the sake of God, 1052 regardless of any reward in this life; for nothing, gratis; من كل وجه in every respect, from every point of view, on all grounds; من وجوه كثيرة from many points of view, in many respects; من بعض الوجوه in some ways; من كل الوجوه in every respect, in every way, all the way through, completely; -- 2. Verbal phrases: ابيض وجهه ibyaḍḍa wajhuhū to enjoy an excellent reputation, stand in good repute; اسود وجهه iswadda wajhuhū to fall into discredit. be discredited, be in disgrace; اخذ وجها to win respect, gain prestige; اخذ وجه العروسة (wajha l-‘arūsa) to consummate marriage; اهانه في وجهه to insult s.o. to his face; بيض وجهه bayyaḍḍa wajhahū to make s.o. appear blameless, in a favorable light, to whitewash, exculpate, vindicate, justify s.o., play s.o. up, make much of s.o.; to honor s.o., show honor to s.o.; خلا له وجه الطريق (kalā, wajhu ṭ-ṭ.) his way was unobstructed, he had clear sailing; سفه وجهه saffaha wajhahū or سود وجهه (sawwada) to expose s.o., show s.o. up, make a fool of s.o., bring s.o. into discredit, disgrace s.o., dishonor s.o.; شوه وجه الحقيقة šawwaha wajh l-h. to distort the truth; شوه وجه الوظيفة to disgrace one’s profession or office; ضرب وجه الأمر وعينه (wajha l-amr wa-‘ainahū) to touch on the very essence of a matter, hit the mark; قام في وجه فلان to stand up to s.o., take a stand against s.o.; هرب من وجه فلان to flee from s.o.; -- 3. Nominal phrases: الوجه البحري (baḥrī) Lower Egypt; الوجه القلي (qiblī) Upper Egypt; وجه الحال the circumstances, the state of affairs, the factual situation; وجه الشبه w. aš-šibh point of resemblance; وجه النهار wajah n-nahār during the daytime; كلام ذو وجهين (kalām) equivocal statement, ambiguous words; اوجه القمر a. al-qamar the lunar phases; وجوه الناس prominent people, Leading personalities; -- 4. لا وجه ل (wajha) there is no reason for; لا وجه له من الصحة (ṣiḥḥa) it has no validity at all وجهي wajhī facial, of the face وجهة wijha, wujha pl. -āt direction, trend, drift; course (of a ship); intention, design, aim, goal, objective; respect, regard; (= وجهة النظر w. an-naẓar) angle, point of view, viewpoint, standpoint │ من هذه الوجهة in this respect; from this point of view; من وجهة اخرى (ukrā) from a different standpoint, from another point of view; وجهته باريس he is on his way to Paris وجاهة wajāha esteem, credit, repute, prestige, influence, standing, rank, distinction, notability; acceptability; well-foundedness, soundness, solidity, validity │ ذو وجاهة person of rank; notable, noted, eminent, distinguished; اهل الوجاهة ahl al-w. the notables وجاهي wijāhī contradiotory (jur.) وجيه wajīh pl. وجهاء wujahā’ 2 notable, noted, eminent, distinguished; eminent man, person of note, notable; leader; excellent, outstanding; acceptable, well-founded, sound; الوجهاء the notables │ سبب وجيه (sabab) sound reason وجيهة wajīha pl. -āt lady of high social standing; lady of society, socialite تجاه tujāha (prep.) in front of, facing, opposite توجيه taujīh aiming, leveling, directing; orientation; guidance, direction; controlling, steering, channeling, leading, guiding; (methodical) instruction; (pl. -āt) directive, instruction; allocation; transfer, conveyance, assignment │ توجيه خطاه t. kuṭāhu directive, that one receives توجيهي taujīhī: السنة التوجيهية (sana) fifth grade of a secondary school, the completion of which is prerequisite before 1053 admittance to a university (Eg.); شهادة توجيهية diploma conferred after the successful completion of the fifth grade of a secondary school, entitling the holder to admittance to a university (Eg.); طلبة التوجيهي ṭalabat at-t. fifth graders of a secondary school (Eg.) مواجهة muwājaha opposite position, opposition; meeting; facing, anticipation, countering, obviation; encounter; confrontation; talk from person to person, personal talk; audience; interview; muwājahatan face to face, (from) person to person │ بمواجهة in his presence توجه tawajjuh attention; favoritism, patronage اتجاه ittijāh pl. -āt direction; inclination, bent, trend, drift; tendency; orientation; course (e.g., of a ship) │ طريق ذو اتجاه واحد one-way street; اتجاه واحد One Way Only (traffic sign) واجهة wājiha pl. -āt face, front; outside; facade; show window │ واجهة القتال front line, fighting front موجه muwajjih mate (naval rank; Eg. 1939) موجه muwajjah remote-controlled, guided متجه muttajih directed, tending, aiming (في in a direction) متجه muttajah direction │ في كل متجه in all directions; in all fields, in every respect وحد waḥada يحد yaḥidu (وحدة waḥda, حدة ḥida) and waḥuda to be alone, unique, singular, unmatched, without equal, incomparable II to make into one, unite, unify, standardize, regularize (هـ s.th.); to connect, join, link, unite, bring together, fit together, combine, consolidate, amalgamate, merge (بينهم different parts) │ وحد الله to declare God to he one; to profess belief in the unity of God, he a monotheist; وحد الديون to consolidate, or fund, debts V to be one, alone, by o.s., the only one, singular, unique; to be lonely, solitary, live in solitude, lead a secluded life; to do alone, perform or carry out by o.s. (ب s.th.); to be reduced to one; to be united, be combined, be unified, be standardized, be concerted, be consolidated; to become one, form a unity │ توحد برأيه (bi-ra’yihī) to stand alone with one’s opinion; توحده بعنايته (bi-‘ināyatihī) to single s.o. out for one’s special care, give s.o. particular attention VIII اتحد ittaḥada to he one, form a unity; to be united, be combined, be consolidated, be amalgamated, merge, form, or join in, a union; to unite, combine (ب with); to he agreed, be unanimous; to agree, concur; to act jointly حدة ḥida solitude, solitariness │ على حدة alone, by o.s., apart from others, detached, isolated. secluded; separate(ly); كل على حدة everyone by himself. each by himself (itself), each separately, each individually وحده waḥdahū, f. وحدها waḥdahā or على وحده ‘alā waḥdihī etc., he alone, he by himself │ جاء وحده he came alone; لا ... وحده بل not only ... but وحدة waḥda oneness, singleness, unity; solitariness, isolation, seclusion, privacy, solitude, loneliness; self-containment, independence; union; -- (pl. -āt) military unit; crew; single group, grouping; plant unit, installation; (subsidiary) unit (of an industrial plant); branch office, sub-office (of an administrative agency) │ O وحدات الإشارة w. al-išāra communications units (mil.); وحدة الزمن w. az-zaman time unit; وحدة طائفية denominational group, religious minority; الوحدة العربية (‘arabīya) Arab unity, the Arab Union وحداني waḥdānī single, solitary, separate, individual; sole, only, exclusive; 1054 singular, unique; matchless, unequaled, incomparable; single, unmarried وحدانية waḥdānīya soleness, solitariness; isolation, seclusion, privacy; solitude, loneliness; oneness, singleness, unity (esp. of God); singularity, uniqueness, incomparableness وحيد waḥīd alone; solitary, lonely; single, separate, individual, sporadic, isolated; sale, only, exclusive; singular, unique; matchless, unequaled, incomparable │ وحيدة ابويها w. abawaihā her parents’ only daughter اوحد auḥad singular, unique توحيد tauḥīd unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation, merger; belief in the unity of God; profession of the unity of God; monotheism; (myst.) mergence in the unity of the universe │ توحيد الدين consolidation of debts; توحيد الزوجة t. az-zauja monogamy; توحيد الكلمة t. al-kalima unification, union, joining of forces, unanimity; توحيد المنتوجات standardization of industrial products; علم التوحيد ‘ilm at-t. (Islamic) theology توحد tawaḥḥud soleness, singleness, solitariness; isolation, seclusion, privacy; solitude, loneliness اتحاد ittiḥād oneness, singleness, unity; concord, accord, unison, harmony, unanimity, agreement; combination; consolidation, amalgamation, merger, fusion; alliance, confederacy; association; federation; union; O chemical compound │ باتحاد in unison, with combined efforts, together, jointly; اتحاد الآراء unanimity; باتحاد الآراء unanimously; اتحاد البريد العام (‘āmm) Universal Postal Union; اتحاد جنوب افريقية itt. janūb ifrīqiya the Union of South Africa; اتحاد الدول العربية itt. Ad-duwal al-’arabīya the United Arab States (i.e., the United Arab Republic and Yemen); اتحاد السوفيت or الاتحاد السوفيتي (السوفييتي) the Soviet Union اتحادي ittiḥādī unionist; unionistic; federal │ حكومة اتحادية federal government واحد wāḥid one (numeral); someone, somebody, a certain person, a certain ...; sole, only; (pl. وحدان wuḥdān) single, solitary, separate, individual, sporadic, isolated واحدا واحدا or فواحدا واحدا or واحد بعد واحده or واحدا بعد الآخر one by one, single, separately, one after the other, one at a time, successively; الواحد the One (attribute of God); الواحد منهم each of them, every one of them; واحد كهذا such a one, such a man, (any)one like that; كل واحد kullu wāḥidin everyone, everybody; في موضع واحد (mauḍi’in) in one and the same place; ولا واحد not a single one, not one; زرافات ووحدانا zarāfātin wa-wuḥdānan in groups and alone موحد muwaḥḥid professor of the unity of God; الموحدون the Almohades موحد muwaḥḥad combined, consolidated, amalgamated; united; unified; standardized, regularized; O unipolar (el.); having one diacritical point (letter) متوحد mutawaḥḥid solitary, rare, sporadic, isolated; recluse, hermit متحد muttaḥid united, combined, consolidated, amalgamated; uniform, standardized; harmonious, united, unanimous, in agreement, concordant │ الولايات المتحدة (wilāyāt) the United States; الأمم المتحدة (umam) the United Nations مستوحد mustauḥid solitary, lonely, isolated وحش IV to be deserted, desolate (region); to oppress, make uneasy, fill with anxiety (ه s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) feel lonely, make lonesome (ه s.o.); to grieve by one’s 1055 absence (ه s.o.) V to be desolate, deserted, waste; to be or become wild, savage, brutal; to brutalize, become brutish X to be desolate, deserted, waste; to feel lonely; to be distressed, saddened by the separation (ل from s.o.), miss badly (ل s.o.); to have an aversion (من to), feel a distaste (من for), feel repelled (من by), to be unable to warm or reconcile o.s. (من to), feel no particular liking (من for), to be alienated, become estranged; to be afraid وحش waḥš waste. deserted, lonely, dreary, desolate, wild, untamed (animal), -- (pl. وحوش wuḥūš, وحشان wuḥšān) wild animal, wild beast; game, monster │ الوحوش الضارية (ḍāriya) the predatory animals, the beasts of prey وحشة loneliness, forlornness, desolation, cheerlessness, dreariness; (fig.) chilliness, frontiness, frigidity, coldness (e.g., of relations), gloom, melancholy, weird feeling; strangeness, estrangement, alienation وحشي waḥšī untamed, wild, brutish, savage, uncivilized, barbarous; brutal; cruel; ugly, repulsive, disgusting, directed outward, outer, external (esp., of anatomical parts) │ الكعب الوحشي (ka‘b) outer anklebone وحشية waḥšīya wildness, savageness, ferocity, brutality, savagery, barbarity, barbarism ايحاش īḥāš loneliness, forlornness توحش tawaḥḥuš return to a wild or savage state, wildness, savageness, barbarity, brutalization; brutality استيحاش istīḥāš strangeness, estrangement, alienation, unsociability; weirdness, uncanniness, eeriness موحش mūḥiš desolate, dreary, deserted, forlorn, lonely, waste; oppressed, uneasy, anxious; weird, eerie, uncanny متوحش mutawakkiš wild (animal), savage; barbarous, barbaric; brutal, cruel; a savage; a barbarian مستوحش mustauḥiš wild, savage; a savage; lonesome, lonely; melancholia, gloomy, sad, unhappy وحف waḥf luxuriant and black (hair) وحل waḥila يوحل yauḥalu to sink in mire, get stuck in the mud; to be stuck, be stranded, come to a deadlock, be in a fix II to soil with mud, muddy (هـ s.th.), to become slimy, muddy or mucky (the ground) IV to mire (ه s.o.), make (ه s.o.) stick flit in the mud, get s.o. into a quagmire, throw s.o. in the mud V to be or become dirty, muddy, miry X = V وحل waḥl, waḥal pl. وحول wuḥūl, اوحال auḥāl mud, mire, slough, morass وحل waḥil muddy, dirty, miry موحل mauḥil muddy ground, slough; fix, predicament موحل muwaḥḥal muddy, miry, mud-covered, mud-spattered, dirty وحم waḥima يحم yauḥimu, يوحم yauḥamu (waḥam) to feel appetite, have a longing, a craving (هـ for), desire (هـ s.th.) وحم waḥam a craving for certain food during pregnancy; appetite, craving, longing, ardent desire وحام waḥām, wiḥām a craving for certain food during pregnancy, appetite, craving, longing, ardent desire وحمى waḥmā pl. وحام wiḥām, وحامى waḥāmā craving for certain food (pregnant woman) وحوح waḥwaḥa to tremble, shiver, shudder (من from, with) وحى waḥā يحي yaḥī (waḥy) to inspire (ب الى s.o. with); to reveal (ب الى to s.o. s.th.) IV to inspire (ب الى s.o. with), to reveal 1056 (ب الى to s.o. s.th.; of God); to give an idea, give an impression (من of); to suggest, give rise to the idea (ان that), create the impression (ان that, as if); pass. اوحي الي ūḥiya ilayya it occurred to me, the idea suggested itself, I came to think, I was inspired X to ask s.o.’s (ه) advice, seek s.o.’s (ه) counsel, consult (ه s.o.); to let o.s. be inspired (ه هـ with s.th. by s.o.), seek inspiration (ه هـ in s.th. from s.o.); to derive, deduce (من هـ s.th. from) │ استوحى الفكرة (fikrata) to let o.s. be guided by the thought; استوحى موعظة من (mau‘iẓatan) to draw a lesson from وحي waḥy inspiration; revelation (theol.) ايحاء īḥā’ suggestion │ ايحاء ذاتي (dātī) autosuggestion O واح wāḥin radio transmitter; O الواحى radio موح mūḥin inspiring; revealing; dispenser of revelations موحى mūḥan pl. موحيات mūḥayāt inspiration, revelation مستوحى mustauḥan influenced, advised, guided, inspired (ب by); derived, deduced (من from) وخز wakaza يخز yakizu (wakz) to sting, prick, twinge (ه s.o.); to pierce, transfix, stab to death (ه s.o.); to vex, pester, harass, beset, irritate, torment (ه s.o.) وخز wakz stinging, pricking; sharp, local pain, twinges │ وخز الضمير compunctions, pangs of remorse وخزة wakza (n. vic.) sting, prick, twinge وخزان wakzān needling, nagging وخاز wakkāz stinging, pricking; biting, sharp, pungent, smarting, fierce, violent واخز wākiz stinging, pricking; biting, sharp, pungent, smarting, fierce, violent وخط wakaṭa يخط yakiṭu (wakṭ) to turn gray, make gray-haired (ه s.o.; of age) وخم (see also 1تخم) wakuma يوخم yaukumu (وخامة wakāma) to be unhealthy (e.g., air, climate); to be unwholesome, heavy, indigestible; -- wakima يوخم yaukamu (wukm)to suffer from indigestion VIII اتخم ittakama to suffer from indigestion تخمة tukma pl. -āt, تخم tukam surfeit; indigestion; upset stomach وخم wakam unhealthy air; dirt, filth, squalor وخم wakim unhealthy; unwholesome, heavy, indigestible; dirty, filthy, squalid وخيم wakīm unhealthy; indigestible; bad, evil, dangerous, fatal, disastrous │ وخيم العاقبة of evil consequences وخامة wakāma unhealthiness, unwholesomeness; evil nature اوخم aukam2 unhealthier; worse مستوخم mustaukam indigestible; unwholesome │ مجاز مستوخم (majāz) tasteless metaphor (rhet.) وخى wakā يخي yakī (waky) to intend, purpose (هـ s.th., to do s.th.), have in mind, have in view (هـ s.th.), aim (هـ at), aspire (هـ to), be out for (هـ) II do.; to lead, guide (ه s.o.) V to intend, purpose (هـ s.th., to do s.th.), have in mind, have in view (هـ s.th.), aim (هـ at), aspire (هـ to), strive (هـ for), be out for (هـ), put one’s mind (هـ to), set one’s mind, be intent (هـ on) │ توخى طريقة to follow a method, proceed methodically, systematically; توخى غاية to pursue an object, have an aim in mind وخي waky pl. وخي wukīy, wikīy intention, aim, plan توخ tawakkin design, intent ود wadda (1st pers. perf. wadidtu) a (wadd, wudd, widd, وداد wadād, wudād, مودة mawadda) to love, like (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), be fond (هـ, ه of); to want, wish (هـ s.th., ان or لو or لو ان that s.th. be) │ اود ان يفعل ذلك 1057 I should like him to do this, كما يود as he likes; وددت لو كان غنيا (lau, ganīyan) I wish he were rich; ود نفسه بعيدا عن (nafsahū) to wish o.s. far away from III to make friends, become friends (ه with s.o.) to show love or affection (ل or الى to s.o.); to try to gain favor (الى with), seek s.o.’s (الى)) friendship; to curry favor, ingratiate o.s. (الى with), flatter one’s way (الى into); to attract, captivate (ه) win s.o. (ه) love or friendship VI to love each other, be on friendly terms, be friends ود wadd, widd, wudd love, affection, amity, friendship; wish, desire │ كان بودنا لو (bi-waddinā) we should be pleased if ود wadd, widd, wudd pl. اوداد audād, اود awudd, awidd loving; affectionate, tender; fond, attached, devoted; lover ودي waddī, widdī, wuddī friendly, amicable وداد wadād, widād, wudād love, friendship ودادي wadādī amicable, friendly, of a friend ودود wadūd favorably disposed, attached, devoted, fond, friendly وديد wadīd favorably disposed, attached, devoted, fond, friendly مودة mawaadda love; friendship تواد tawādd friendly relations, good terms ودج wadaj pl. اوداج audāj jugular vein │ انتفخت اوداجه his jugular veins swelled, i.e., he flew into a rage, he became furious; (also used in the sense of:) to become inflated with pride, swagger, bluster وداج widāj jugular vein ودر to endanger, imperil (ه s.o.); to waste (هـ s.th.) ودع wada’a يدع yada’u (wad’) to put down, lodge, deposit (هـ s.th.); (usually only in imperf. and imp.) to let, leave; to leave off, stop, cease; to give up, omit, skip (هـ s.th. الى in order to turn to s.th. else) │ دع عنك da’ ‘anka desist! stop! دع عنك or دعك من da’ka min not to speak of ..., let alone …; دعك من هذا (da’ka) stop that! cut it out! دعنا من هذا (da’nā) let’s not talk about it! enough of that! دعنا نذهب let us go! يدع محلا to leave room; -- wadu’a يودع yaudu’u (وداعة wadā’a) to be gentle, mild-tempered, meek, peaceable II to see off, bid farewell (ه s.o.); to take leave (ه of), say farewell (ه to s.o.) IV to put down, lay down (هـ هـ, s.o., s.th. in a place, also fig., s.th. in a book), lodge, deposit (هـ هـ s.th. in a place); to entrust (هـ هـ to s.o. s.th.); to leave (هـ ه with s.o. s.th.), give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) for safekeeping, give s.th. (هـ) in charge of s.o. (ه), consign (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) │ اودعه السجن (sijna) to throw s.o. in prison X to lay down, put down, place, lodge, deposit (هـ هـ s.th. in a place); to entrust, consign, commit (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.), leave (هـ ه s.th. with s.o.), give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) for safekeeping, give s.th. (هـ) in charge of s.o. (ه); to put on half pay, transfer to provisional retirement (ه an official); to store, warehouse (هـ s.th.) │ استودعه الله (llāha) to commend s.o. to God’s protection; استودعك الله farewell! God with you! good-by! adieu! دعة da’a mild-temperedness, meekness, gentleness, gentle-heartedness; calm, composure, equanimity ودع wad‘ lodging, depositing, deposition ودع wad‘, wadā’ (coll.; n. un. ة) seashells وداع wadā‘ farewell, leave-taking, adieu, valediction; الوداع and وداعا farewell! adieu! God with you! Good-by! وداعة wadā‘a gentle-heartedness, gentleness, mild-temperedness, meekness, peaceableness 1058 وديع wadī‘ calm, peaceable, gentle-hearted, mild-tempered, meek وديعة wadī‘a pl. ودائع wadā’i‘ s.th. entrusted to s.o.’s custody, trust, charge; deposited amount; deposit ميدعة mīda‘a apron; (doctor’s) smock توديع taudī‘ farewell, adieu, leave-taking; valediction ايداع īdā‘ lodging, consigning, depositing, deposition │ بطاقة الإيداع deposit slip, certificate of deposit; warrant of arrest; محضر الإيداع maḥḍar al-i. official record of deposit (jur.) استيداع istīdā‘ lodging, consigning, depositing, deposition; reserve; transfer to provisional retirement (of an official); putting on half pay (mil.) │ في الاستيداع in provisional retirement; unattached, on half pay; O مخزن الاستيداع makzan al-ist. depot وادع wādi‘ consignor, depositor, deponent, lodger; gentle, mild, meek; peaceable, composed, calm; moderate; low, deep مودع mūdi‘ consignor, lodger, depositor; gentle, mild, meek; moderate; low, deep مودع mūda‘ lodged, consigned; deposited; deposit; المودع لديه (ladaihi) keeper, consignee, depository مستودع mustaudi‘ depositor مستودع mustauda‘ lodged, consigned; deposited; stored; in provisional retirement; unattached, on half pay, in reserve; -- (pl. -āt) depository, repository; store-house; warehouse, depot; O hangar; O container, reservoir, (storage) tank │ O مستودع التدريب training center (mil.) وديقة wadīqa pl. ودائق wadā’iq2 lawn, meadow ودك wadak fat ودك wadik, ودك wadūk, وديك wadīk and وادك wādik fat (adj.) ودى wadā يدي yadī to pay blood money (ه for s.o. killed) IV to perish, die; to out off (ب s.o.; of death); to kill, destroy (ب s.o., s.th.) │ اودى بحياته (bi-ḥayātihī) to destroy s.o.’s life; اودى بصحته (bi-ṣiḥḥatihī) to ruin s.o.’s health, sap s.o.’s strength دية diya pl. -āt blood money, wergild; indemnity for bodily injury واد wādin pl. اودية audiya, وديان widyān valley; river valley, river bed, ravine, gorge, wadi; river; (newspaper) column │ اسال اودية من الحبر (ḥibr) to pour forth floods of ink; نحن في واد وانتم في واد we belong to different camps; there is a deep gulf between us, we stand worlds apart; حوم به الفكر في اودية شتى (ḥawwama, fikru šattā) approx.: his thoughts trailed off, he was thinking of s.th. else, he was absent-minded; ذهب صيحة في واد (ṣaiḥatan) to die unheard (call); هام في وديان approx.: he was no longer himself, he was floating in higher realms, he was beside himself, he was out of his senses; في كل واد everywhere, on all sides; وادى حلفا w. ḥalfa Wadi Halfa (town in N Sudan, on Egyptian border) (وذر) only imperf. يذر yadaru and imp. ذر dar to let, leave; to let alone, leave alone; to let be, stop, cease; to leave behind ورب II to equivocate, express o.s. in equivocal terms (عن about) III to doublecross, dupe, outfox, outsmart (ه s.o.) ورب warb pl. اوراب aurāb obliqueness, obliquity, slantingness; oblique direction, inclination, slope, slant, diagonal │ بالورب obliquely, slantingly, aslant; diagonally, transversely وراب wirāb obliqueness, obliquity مواربة muwāraba equivocation, ambiguity │ بدون مواربة or في غير مواربة unequivocally, in no uncertain terms 1059 موروب maurūb oblique, inclined, slanting, sloping; diagonal, transverse; partly open, ajar (door) موارب muwārab ajar (door) ورث warita يرث yaritu (wirt, ارث irt, ارثة irta, وراثة warāta, رثة rita, تراث turāt) to be heir (ه to s.o.), be s.o.’s (ه) heir; to inherit (ه or عن or من هـ s.th. from s.o.) II to appoint as heir (ه s.o.); to transfer by will, leave, bequeath, make over (هـ ه to s.o. s.th.) IV = II; to draw down, bring down (هـ ه on s.o. s.th.), cause (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) VI to have inherited (هـ s.th.); to possess as an inheritance (هـ s.th.) ارث irt heritage, inheritance, legacy; estate (of inheritance) ورث wirt inheritance, legacy وراثة wirāta inheritance, legacy; hereditariness, hereditary transmission, heredity وراثي wirātī hereditary │ امراض وراثية hereditary diseases وريث warīt pl. ورثاء wuratā’2 beir, inheritor تراث turāt inheritance, legacy ميراث mīrāt pl. مواريث mawārīt2 heritage, inheritance, legacy, estate توارث tawārut transmission by inheritance; heredity وارث wārit pl. ورثة warata, وراث wurrāt inheriting; heir, inheritor موروث maurūt inherited; handed down, transmitted, traditional; hereditary مورث muwarrit and mūrit testator, legator متوارث mutawārat inherited 1 ورد warada يرد yaridu (ورود wurūd) to come, arrive; to appear, show up; to be found, be met with, be said (في in a book, letter, etc.), be mentioned (في in); to reach (الى or هـ a place), arrive (الى or هـ at), come to, get to, travel to; to be received (على by s.o.; letter, money, or the like), come to s.o.’s (على) hands; to accrue, come (على to s.o.; revenue, proceeds, etc.) II to make (هـ s.th.) reach (ب s.th. else or s.o.), get s.th. (هـ) to (ب); to bring in, import (هـ s.th.); to supply, furnish, feed (ب هـ s.th. to); to deposit (ب هـ s.th. in), pay (ب هـ s.th. into) IV to make or have (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) come (هـ or على to), bring, take (الى or على هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to); to transfer, convey, transport, move (الى هـ s.th. to a place); to import (هـ s.th.); to deposit, pay in (هـ an amount); to produce, present (هـ s.th.); to supply, furnish (هـ s.th.); to mention, state, set forth, bring up, allege, adduce, cite, quota (هـ s.th.), interpose, introduce, mention casually, drop in passing, throw in (هـ s.th., .,. in one’s speech) VI to arrive successively, come one after the other; to succeed one another, be successive, consecutive; to arrive, come in, come to hand (news, dispatches); to coincide, happen to be identical (ideas, thoughts) X to have (هـ s.th.) supplied or furnished (من by or from), buy, draw, get, procure (من هـ s.th. from); to import (من هـ s.th. from) ورد wird watering place; animals coming to the water; -- (pl. اوراد aurād) specified time of day or night devoted to private worship (in addition to the five prescribed prayers); a section of the Koran recited on this occasion │ الورد الذي طالما التسبيح به (ṭālamā) and الورد الذي يتلى في الغدو والآصال (yutlā fī l-gudūw wa-l-āṣāl) approx.: always the lame old story بنت وردان bint wardāna pl. بنات وردان banāt w. cockroach وريد warīd pl. اوردة aurida, ورد wurud, ورود wurūd vein; jugular vein │ حبل الوريد ḥabl al-warīd jugular vein 1060 ورود wurūd coming, arrival, advent; receipt; appearance مورد maurid pl. موارد mawārid2 place of arrival, (place of) destination; access to the water, to a watering place; watering place; spring, well; resource, resort, expedient; place of origin, of provenience; source of income; income, revenue; supply; importation │ موارد الدولة m. ad-daula government revenues; موارد الزيت m. az-zait oil wells; موارد المعيشة m. al-ma‘īša food supply lines موردة maurida watering place; landing place, quay, wharf توريد taurīd pl. -āt furnishing, provision, purveyance; importation, import; supply; feed │ توريد البضائع supply of goods ايراد īrād adduction, allegation, bringing up, mention(ing), citation, quotation; pl. -āt importation, import; supply; revenue, income; returns, proceeds, takings, receipts; yield, gain, profit توارد tawārud successive arrival; accidental identity of ideas استيراد istīrād importation, import(s) وارد wārid pl. وراد wurrād arriving; found, mentioned; newcomer, arrival; pl. -āt imports; receipts, incomings, returns, proceeds, takings │ واردات وصادرات imports and exports مورد muwarrid supplier, furnisher, purveyor, contractor مستورد mustaurid importer مستوردات mustauradāt imported goods, imports 2ورد II to blossom, be in bloom (tree); to apply rouge (هـ to), rouge, make up (هـ s.th.); to dye or color red (هـ s.th.) V to be or become red; to take on a rosy color, glow, be aglow, be flushed (cheek) VI = V ورد ward (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. ورود wurūd rose(s); blossoms, flowers, bloom وردة warda (n. un.) rose; rosette; cockade; rosebush; (eg.) washer; (eg.) packing ring (of a piston) وردي wardī roseate, rose-colored, rosy; pink وردية wardīya rosary وردة wurda reddish color تورد tawarrud a reddening, red coloration مورد muwarrad rosy, ruddy, red متورد mutawarrid rosy جبال الآوراس jibāl al-aurās the Aurès Mountains (in E Algeria) 1ورش waraša يرش yarišu (warš) to interfere with s.o.’s (jo) p1&ns, thrust o.s. on s.o. (على) II to disturb the peace, make trouble ورش wariš lively, brisk; restless, restive وارش wāriš obtrusive; intruder, parasite 2ورشة warša pl. -āt, ورش wiraš workshop │ ورشة الإصلاح w. al-iṣlāḥ repair shop, service station; ورشة الغسيل laundry وروط II and IV to entangle, embroil, involve (في ه s.o. in difficulties), put s.o. (ه) in an unpleasant situation, get s.o. in a bad fix V to let o.s. in for difficulties, get o.s. into trouble; to be entangled, be embroiled, become involved (في in) X to be entangled, be embroiled, become involved (في in) ورطة warṭa pl. waraṭāt, وراط wirāṭ difficult or critical situation, difficulty, trouble, plight, predicament, awkward position, dilemma, fix, ja.m; embroilment, bad entanglement تورط lawarruṭ entanglement, involvement (في in) 1061 موروط maurūṭ in a plight, in a bad fix, in a dilemma مورط muwarraṭ in a plight, in a bad fix, in a dilemma ورع warifa يرع yari‘u (wara‘) and waru‘a (وراعة warā‘a) to be pious and god-fearing V to pause (عن before), be cautious, hesitate (عن about), refrain, abstain (عن, من from) ورع wara‘ piety, piousness, godliness, godfearingness; caution, cautiousness, carefulness; timorousness, timidity, shyness, reserve ورع wari‘ pl. اوراع aurā‘ pious, godly, god-fearing; cautious, careful; reticent, reserved ورف warafa يرف yarifu (warf, وريف warīf, وروف wurūf) to stretch, extend, become long (shadow); to sprout, be green, verdant, in bloom (plant) II and IV to stretch, extend, become long (shadow) وارف wārif extending, stretching (shadow); green, verdant, blooming; luxuriant ورق II to leaf, burst into leaf, put forth leaves, sprout; to leaf, thumb (هـ a book); to paper (هـ a wall) IV to leaf, burst into leaf, put forth leaves, sprout ورق waraq (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. اوراق aurāq foliage, leafage, leaves; paper; paper money, banknotes; thin sheet metal, laminated metal │ ورق تمغة w. tamga stamped paper; ورق الرسم w. ar-rasm drawing paper; ورق مزركش w. muzarkas wallpaper, paper hangings; ورق السنفرة w. as-sanfara emery paper, glass paper, sandpaper; ورق شفاف (šaffāf) tracing paper; ورق الشاهدة carbon paper; ورق مطبوع (tun.) stamped paper; ورق عادم wastepaper; ورق مقوى (muqawwan) cardboard, pasteboard; ورق الكتابة writing paper; ورق اللعب w. al-la‘b playing cards; ورق اللف w. al-laff wrapping paper; ورق نشاف (نشاش) (naššāf, naššāš) blotting paper; ورق نقدي paper money; ورق اليانصيب w. al-yā-naṣīb lottery tickets; اوراق الأشغال business papers, commercial papers; اوراق الاعتماد credentials; اوراق الحكومة government bonds; اوراق القضية a. al-qaḍīya court records; اوراق مالية securities, bonds; banknotes, paper money; اوراق الموسيقى a. al-mūsīqā sheet music; اوراق نقدية (naqdīya), ورق النقد w. an-naqd banknotes, paper money; حبر على ورق (ḥibr) mere ink on paper, of no effect (e.g., treaty, agreement); طرح الأوراق على المائدة to lay the cards on the table; to show one’s hand ورقة waraqa (n. un.) leaf; petal; sheet of paper; piece of paper, slip; note; card, ticket; document, record, paper; thin metal plate, leaf of sheet metal │ ورقة البريد postcard; ورقة البنك banknote; ورقة مدموغة (madmūga) stamped sheet; ورقة لعب w. la‘b playing card; ورقة مالية banknote; bond, security; ورقة الاتهام w. al-ittihām bill of indictment ورقي waraqī: نقود ورقية paper money ورق wariq leafy, green, verdant وراق warrāq pl. -ūn paper manufacturer, papermaker; stationer; wastepaper dealer; copyist (of manuscripts) وراقة wirāqa papermaking, paper manufacture; stationery business, stationer’s trade وارق wāriq leafy, green, verdant مورق muwarriq stationer مورق mūriq leafy ورك wark, wirk, warik f., pl. اوراك aurāk hip, haunch; thigh ورل waral pl. ورلان wirlān, اورال aurāl varan, monitor lizard (zool.) ورم warima يرم yarimu (waram) to be swollen; to swell, become swollen II to 1062 cause to swell, inflate (هـ s.th.) │ ورم انفه (anfahū) to annoy, vex, irritate, infuriate s.o.; ورم بأنفه (bi-anfihī) to be puffed up, conceited, stuck-up V = I ورم waram pl. اورام aurām swelling, intumescence, tumor │ في انفه ورم (anfihī) he is stuck-up تورم tawarrum swelling, rising, intumescence وارم wārim swollen مورم muwarram swollen ورن waran varan, monitor lizard (zool.) ورنش warnaša to varnish, lacquer, japan (هـ s.th.) ورنيش warnīš varnish, lacquer, japan; shoe polish │ ورنيش الأرضية w. al-ardīya floor wax اوره aurah2, f. ورهاء warhā’ stupid, dumb; cheeky, brazenfaced, impudent وروار warwar bee eater (Meropl; zool.) 1ورى warā يري yarī (wary) to kindle, fire, take fire (lighter) II do.; to strike fire; to hide, conceal, keep secret, secrete (هـ s.th.); to allude (ب عن to s.th. with); to pretend, feign, affect, simulate (ب s.th.) III to try to keep secret (هـ s.th.); to hide, conceal (هـ هـ s.th. in); to disguise, mask (هـ s.th.) │ واراه التراب (turāba) to inhume, bury s.o. IV = I; to strike fire V to hide, conceal o.s. (من or عن from) VI do.; to disappear from the sight (عن of s.o. also عن الأنظار) الورى al-warā the mortals, mankind │ خير الورى kair al-w. the best of all men, the Prophet Mohammed وراء warā’a (prep.) behind, in the rear of, at the back of; after; beyond, past; over and above, beside, in addition to; (adv.) warā’u behind, in the rear, at the back │ الى الوراء to the rear; backward; كان وراءه to be favorably disposed to s.o., stand behind s.o., support, back s.o.; ما وراء الأردن (urdun) Transjordan; ما وراء الأكمة (akama) what is at the bottom of it, what is behind it; وراء الأكمة ما وراءها there is more in it than meets the eye, there is s.th. wrong; ما وراء البحر (baḥr) overseas; ما وراء الطبيعة the supernatural, the transcendental; metaphysics; ما وراء النهر (nahr) Transoxiana; من وراء min warā’i (with foll. genit.) behind, from behind; beyond, past; over and above; by means of, through, by; التكسب من وراء الدعارة (takassub, di‘āra) professional prostitution; كانمن وراء مقدرة العقل البشري (madurati al-‘aqli al-bašarī) to be beyond the power of human comprehension ورائي warā’ī hind, rear, back, located at the back, directed backward اورى aurā (elative) better concealing (ل s.th.) تورية tauriya hiding, concealment; dissemblance, dissimulation, hypocrisy; equivocation, ambiguity, double-entendre, allusion 2توراة look up alphabetically 1وز wazza u (wazz) to incite, set (على ه s.o. against) 2وز = اوز iwazz (see up alphabetically) وزب wazaba يزب yazibu (وزوب wuzūb) to flow (water) ميزاب mīzāb pl. ميازيب mayāzīb2 drain pipe, drain; gutter, sewer; roof gutter │ انفتحت ميازيت السماء infataḥat m. us-samā’ the heavens opened their gates وزر wazara يزر yaziru (wizr) to take upon o.s., carry (هـ a burden); -- wazira yaziru and wazira يوزر yauzaru (wizr, wazr, زرة zira) to commit a sin III to help, assist, aid, support (على ه s.o. in) IV to support, 1063 back up (ه s.o.), strengthen s.o.’s (ه) arm VI to help each other VIII اتزر ittazara to wear a loincloth; to put on (هـ a garment); to commit a sin وزر wizr pl. اوزار auzār heavy load, burden, encumbrance; sin, crime; responsibleness, responsibility │ حمله وزره (ḥammalahū) to make s.o. bear the responsibility for s.th., make s.o. answerable for s.th.; وضعت الحرب اوزارها waḍa‘at il-ḥarbu auzārahū the war has come to an end وزرة wizra pl. wizarāt loincloth وزرة wazara pl. -āt skirt, skirting (arch.) 2وزر V to become a (cabinet) minister X to appoint a (cabinet) minister (ه s.o.); to be appointed as (cabinet) minister وزير wazīr pl. وزراء wuzarā’ (cabinet) minister; vizier; queen (in chess) │ وزير بلا وزارة (bi-lā) minister without portfolio; وزير مفوض (mufawwaḍ) minister plenipotentiary (dipl.); مقيم وزير (muqīm) minister resident (Tun.); الوزير الأكبر the Prime Minister (Tun.); مجلس الوزراء majlis al-w. cabinet, council of ministers; for the various departments see under وزارة وزارة wizāra pl. -āt ministry; (rarer, also) cabinet, government │ وزارة الإرشاد القومي w. al-iršād al-qaumī Ministry of National Guidance (Eg.); وزارة الاستعلامات ministry of information; وزارة الأشغال العمومية (‘umūmīya) ministry of public works; وزارة الأوقاف ministry of religious endowments, wakf ministry; وزارة البحرية w. al-baḥrīya naval department, ministry of the navy; وزارة التجارة ministry of commerce; وزارة التربية والتعليم (w. at-tarbiya) ministry of education; وزارة الحربية w. at-tarbiya war ministry; وزارة الحقانية w. al-ḥaqqānīya ministry of justice; وزارة الخارجية w. al-kārijīya foreign ministry; وزارة الداخلية w. ad-dākilīya ministry of the interior; وزارة الزراعة ministry of agriculture; وزارة الشؤون الاجتماعية w. aš-šu’ūn al-ijtimā‘īya ministry of social affairs; وزارة الشؤون البلدية والقروية (baladīya, qarawīya) Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (Eg.); وزارة الصحة العمومية w. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa al-‘umūmīya ministry of public health; وزارة الطيران w. aṭ-tayarān air ministry; وزارة هلعدل (العدلية) w. at-‘adl (al-‘adlīya) ministry of justice; وزارة المالية w. al-mālīya finance ministry; وزارة المعارف ministry of education; وزارة المواصلات w. al-muwāṣalāt ministry of communications وزاري wizārī ministerial وزع waza‘a يزع yaza‘u (waz‘) to curb, restrain (ه s.o.) II to distribute (على هـ s.th. among or to, بين هـ s.th. among), allot, apportion, deal out (على هـ, الى هـ s.th. to s.o.); to deliver (هـ the mail); pass. wuzi‘a to be distributed, be divided (بين among) V to be distributed; to be divided; to divide among themselves, (successively, alternately) beset and torment (ه s.o.; e.g., anxieties, sorrows, thoughts) اوزاع auzā‘ groups or crowds of people وزيعة wazī‘a pl. وزائع wazā’i‘ share, portion, allotment توزيع tauzī‘ distribution (also, e.g., in motion-picture industry); division, apportionment, allotment; delivery; sale, market │ توزيع الثروة t. at-tarwa distribution of (public) wealth; توزيع العمل t. al-‘mal division of labor; توزيع الجوائز distribution of prizes, award of prizes; توزيع الأرباح distribution (or payment) of dividends; توزيع مستعجل (musta‘jil) special delivery, express delivery (mail) وازع wāzi‘ obstruction, obstacle, impediment موزع muwazzi‘ distributing; distributor │ موزع البريد postman, mailman 1065 موزع muwazza‘ distributed; scattered, dispersed │ موزع الخواطر and موزع الفكر m. al-fikr absent-minded; unconcentrated, distraught, scatterbrained وزال wazzāl genista, broom (bot.) وزن wazana يزن yazinu (wazn, زنة zina) to weigh (هـ s.th.); to balance, equilibrate, equalize, even up (هـ s.th.); to weigh out, sell by weight (ل هـ s.th. to s.o.) III to equal in weight (هـ s.th.), be of the same weight as (هـ), be balanced (هـ with), equilibrate, counterbalance (هـ s.th.); to outweigh (هـ s.th.), compensate, make up (هـ for); to balance, equilibrate, poise (بين two things); to compare (بين – و s.th. with), weigh one thing against the other; to make a comparison, draw a parallel (بين -- وبين between -- and); to distribute equally (هـ s.th.) VI to be balanced, be in equilibrium, be counterpoised, be in equipoise زنة zina weighing; weight وزن wazn pl. اوزان auzān weight; (poetic) measure, meter; noun or verb pattern, form (gram.); tonnage of a vessel); weight, weight class (in boxing, etc.) │ لا وزن له (wazna) or عديم الوزن imponderable; insignificant, of no consequence, negligible; اقام وزنا كبيرا ل to attach great importance to, set great store by; مصلحة الوزن والكيل maṣlaḥat al-w. wa-l-kail bureau of standards; وزن الديك w. ad-dīk bantamweight (boxing); الوزن الفارغ dead weight وزنة wazna pl. wazanāt weight; gold or silver talent; (Ir.) weight of about 100 kg (varying; officially 10s.835 kg) │ وزنة اضافية (idāfīya) additional weight, overweight وزني waznī weight- (in compounds), of weight; ponderable, appreciable; weighty, ponderous, grave وزان wizāna (prep.) commensurate with, corresponding to, in conformity with, in analogy to, following the model or pattern of وزين wazīn weighty, ponderous │ وزين الرأي of sound judgment, judicious ميزان mīzān pl. موازين mawāzīn2 balance, scales; weight; measure; poetic measure, meter; rule, method; justice, equity, fairness, impartiality; الميزان Libra, Balance (astron.) │ ميزان الحرارة m. al-ḥarāra thermometer; ميزان راصد self-registering scales; ميزان طبلي (ṭablī) weighing machine, platform scale; weighbridge; ميزان الماء spirit level, level ميزانية mīzānīya balance, equilibrium, equipoise; balance (com.); budget │ ميزانية ملحقة (mulḥaqa) supplementary budget موازنة muwāzana equality of weight, balance, equilibrium, equipoise; outweighing; counterbalance, counterpoise, counterweight, compensation; stabilizing effect; comparing, weighing; comparison, parallel (بين between); budget; (tun.) timetable, schedule توازن tawāzun balance, equilibrium, equipoise; poise, balance; balancing, poising │ توازن سياسي (siyāsī) political balance; توازن القوى t. al-quwā balance of power; اعاد التوازن بين to restore the balance between اتزان ittizān balance, equilibrium, equipoise; mental health; harmony; impartiality وازن wāzin weighing; of full weight; drunk, tight موزون mauzūn weighed; of full weight; balanced, in equilibrium, evenly poised; well-considered, well-advised, deliberate; well-balanced, well-proportioned, well-measured; rhythmically balanced; of sound judgment, judicious 1065 موازن muwāzin outweighing, counterbalancing, equal, equivalent متوازن mutawāzin balanced, in equilibrium متزن muttazin balanced, measured, regular; well-balanced, harmonious (in color, and the like) وزى III to be parallel (هـ to s.th.); to be opposite s.th. (هـ), be the counterpart (هـ of); to correspond, amount, be equal or equivalent (هـ to), equal (هـ s.th.) VI to be parallel, run side by side; to be mutually corresponding, be equivalent موازاة muwāzāh equal distance; parallelism; equivalence تواز tawāzin equal distance; parallelism; equivalence │ على التوازي side by side, parallel مواز muwāzin parallel; equivalent متواز mutawāzin parallel; similar │ O متوازي الأضلاع parallelogram; O متوازي السطوح parallelepiped وسخ wasaka يوسخ yausaku (wasak) to be or become dirty II and IV to dirty, soil, sully, stain, foul (هـ s.th.) V and VIII اتسخ ittasaka = I وسخ pl. اوساخ ausāk dirt; filth, squalor وسخ wasik dirty, filthy, soiled, sullied, unclean وساخة wasāka dirtiness, filthiness, uncleanness, dirt, filth, squalor وسد II to put under s.o.’s (ه) head (هـ pillow), rest, lay (هـ ه s.o.’s head on), bed (هـ ه s.o. on) │ وسده التراب (turāba) to lay s.o. or s.th. to rest in the ground; وسده صدره (ṣadrahū) to take s.o. to one’s breast, hug s.o. V to lay one’s head on a pillow (هـ); to rest or recline on a pillow or cushion (هـ) وساد wasād, wusād, wisād pl. وسد wusūd pillow, cushion │ لزم الوساد lazima l-wasāda to be confined to bed وسادة wisāda pl. -āt, وسائد wasā’id2 pillow, cushion موسد muwassad easy, smooth, paved (way) موسر see يسر وسط II to place, put, or set in the middle (هـ s.th.); to choose or appoint as mediator (بين ه s.o. between) V to be in the middle or center (iJ of); to stand in the middle, keep to the middle, hold the middle between two extremes, steer a middle course; to mediate (ب ل for s.o. s.th.; بين between), act as mediator or go-between (في in) وسط wasaṭ, وسط pl. اوساط ausāṭ middle; center, heart; waist; milieu, environment, surroundings, sphere; means, instrument, agent, medium; mediocrity, medium quality, average; pl. circles, quarters, classes, strata (of the population; -- wasaṭ pl. اوساط ausāṭ median, medial, middle, central; in the middle, middle-of-the-road, moderate; intermediate (between two extremes); middling, mediocre, coverage, mean, medium; -- wasṭa (prep.) in the middle, heart, or center of, in the midst of, amid, among │ في وسط من (wasaṭin) in the middle or midst of, within; في الوسط in the very center; midway; of medium quality; في وسطنا in our midst, among us; وسط الصيف midsummer; حجم وسط (ḥajm) medium size; حل وسط (ḥall) middle solution, middle course, compromise; السيرة الوسط (sīra) medium pace; a moderate, neutral attitude; الأوساط الدبلوماسية diplomatic circles; الأوساط العامة (‘āmma) the general public, the public at large; اوساط الناس the middle classes 1066 وسطي wasaṭī of or relative to the milieu or environment وسطاني wasṭānī middle, central, medial, median; intermediate; middling, medium, mediocre وسطية wasṭīya pl. -āt patio, inner courtyard وساطة wisāṭa mediation, intervention; good offices, recommendation, intercession │ بوساطة by means of, through, by, per; عن وساطة فلان through the good offices of s.o. قدم وساطته to offer one’s good offices for وسيط wasīṭ pl. وسطاء middle, intermediary, intermediate, medial, median; mediator, intercessor; intermediary; agent, go-between, broker, middleman; medium (occultism) العصر الوسيط (‘aṣr) the Middle Ages وسيطة wasīṭa pl. وسائط wasā’iṭ2 means, medium │ وسائط المواصلات والنقل w. al-muwāṣalāt wa-n-naql means of communication and transportation اوسط ausaṭ2 pl. اواسط awāsīṭ2, f. وسطى wusṭā pl. وسط wusaṭ middle, central; الوسطى the middle finger │ في اواسط هذا الأسبوع (usbū‘) in the middle of this week; اواسط الشهر a. aš-šahr the middle of the month; اواسط افريقية Central Africa; اوروبا الوسطى (urubbā)) Central Europe; الشرق الأوسط (šarq) the Middle East; الطبقات الوسطى (ṭabaqāt) the middle classes; القرون (العصور) الوسطى the Middle Ages; نتيجة وسطى mean result, average توسط tawassuṭ mediation, intervention; situation or position in the middle, intermediateness, intermediacy; mediocrity واسطة wāsiṭa pl. وسائط mediator, mediatress, intermediary; mediacy, agency, instrumentality, agent, device, means, medium; expedient │ بواسطة by means of, through, by, per; on the part of, by; بالوساطة indirectly, mediately; بهذه الواسطة by this means or device, by that; بوساطة ذلك by means of that, by that; واسطة الاتصال w. al-ittiṣāl link متوسط mutawassiṭ middle, medium; medial, median, intermediate; centrally located, central; mediating, intermediary; mediator, go between; mean, average │ متوسط الحال those of average means; متوسط الحجم m. al-ḥajm middle-sized, of medium size; متوسط العمر m. al-‘umr middle-aged; متوسط القامة of medium height, middle-sized; متوسط النوع m. an-nau‘ middling, of medium quality; البحر الأبيض المتوسط (baḥr, abyaḍ) the Mediterranean; موجات متوسطة (maujāt) medium waves (radio); متوسط الهجوم center forward (soccer) وسع wasu‘a يوسع yausu‘u (وساعة wasā‘a) to be wide, roomy, spacious, vast, extensive; -- wasi‘a يسع yasa‘u (سعة sa‘a) to be wide, roomy, spacious; to be well-to-do, be well off; to hold, accommodate, house, seat, etc. (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), have room, have capacity (هـ, ه for); to contain, comprise, comprehend, encompass, include (هـ s.th.); to be large enough, suffice, be sufficient, adequate, enough (هـ, ه for); wasi‘a yasa‘u (وسع wus‘, سعة sa‘a) esp. with negation: to be possible (ه for s.o.), be permitted, be allowed (ه to s.o.), be in s.o.’s (ه) power, be up to s.o. (ه); to be able (هـ to do s.th.), be capable (هـ of); to be allowed (هـ to do s.th.) │ لا يسعني ان اقول I cannot say; ما اسع ذلك I can’t do that II to make wider, roomier, more spacious (هـ s.th.); to extend expand (هـ s.th.); to widen, enlarge (هـ or من s.th.); to broaden (هـ s.th.); to be generous, liberal, openhanded (على toward s.o., هـ ه toward s.o. with s.th.); to make rich. enrich (على s.o.) │ وسع خطاه (kuṭāhu) to take longer strides, stride out, quicken one’s pace; وسع المكان ل (makāna) to make room for IV = II; to be or become rich │ اوسعه برا (birran) to 1067 treat s.o. with the greatest reverence, bestow ample favors upon s.o.: اوسعه شتما (šatman) to heap abuse on s.o.; اوسعه ضربا (ḍarban) to give s.o. a sound beating, wall s.o.; اوسع النفقة (nafaqata) to incur great expenses V to be extended, be expanded, be widened; to spread (out), expand, widen, expand; to have enough room, sit comfortably; to make o.s. comfortable, make o.s. at home (في in); to enlarge, expatiate (في on), talk or write at great length (في about); to proceed (في in); to continue (في s.th., in s.th.) │ توسع في النفقة (nafaqa) to incur great expenses VIII اتسع ittasa‘a to be extended, be expanded, be widened, be enlarged; to expand, widen, grow, increase; to stretch far and wide, be vast; to extend, range; to become rich; to be large or wide enough, suffice, be sufficient, adequate, enough (ل for); to hold, accommodate, house, seat, etc. (ل s.o., s.th.), have room (ل for); to be at s.o.’s (ل) disposal; to be susceptible (ل of); to be able (~ to do s.th.). be capable (هـ of) │ بكل ما تتسع له الكلمة من معنى (kalimatu, ma‘nan) in the widest sense of the word X to widen, expand, become wider; to become larger, increase in size; to find wide or large (هـ s.th.) سعة sa‘a wideness, roominess, spaciousness; extent, range, compass; volume, holding capacity, capacity; capability, faculty, power, ability; comfortableness, comfort; plenty, abundance, profusion; luxury, affluence, wealth │ ذو سعة well-to-do, wealthy; بسعة or عن سعة amply, abundantly; على الرحب والسعة (ruḥb) welcome! على قدر سعتي (qadri sa‘atī) to the best of my abilities; كان في سعة من رزقه (rizqihī) to be wealthy, live in luxury; سعة الصدر s. ṣadr patience, long-suffering; سعة كهربائية (kahrabā’īya) electric capacity; O سعة الموجة s. al-mauja amplitude (el.) وسع wus‘ ability, capability, faculty; capacity; power, strength; holding capacity │ وسعه wus‘uhū what he can do. what is in his power; في وسعه ان it is in his power to ..., he can …; في وسعي ان اقول I can, or I may, say; ليس في وسعه الا (illā) ha has no other possibility but ..., he cannot but ...; بذل وسعه to go to great pains, do one’s best or utmost وسع wasa‘ vastness, vast space وسعة wus‘a wideness, roominess, spaciousness; extent, range, compass; plenty, abundance, profusion (من of) وسيع wasī‘ pl. وساع wisā‘ wide, vast; roomy, spacious, large; capacious اوسع ausa‘2 wider, larger, roomier, more spacious │ اوسع صدرا (ṣadran) more patient; اوسع مدى (madan) broader, wider توسيع tausī‘ widening, expansion; broadening, extension; enlargement, increase توسعة tausi‘a: اجل التوسع ajal at-t. reprieve, reprieve (jur.) توسع tawassu‘ extending, extension, widening, increase, enlargement; expansion │ مع التوسع in a wider sense, by extension; توسع استعماري (isti‘mārī) imperialistic expansion; O توسع الحرب t. al-ḥarb extension of the (theater of) war; سياسة التوسع siyāsat at-t. policy of expansion توسعي tawassu‘ī expansionist (adj.) │ سياسة توسعية (siyāsa) policy of expansion, expansionist policy اتساع ittisā‘ extending, extension, extensiveness, wideness, spaciousness, vastness, expanse, range, scope, compass, extent; O amplitude (el.); O gauge (of railroad tracks); sufficiency, adequacy │ اتساع في الكلام (kalām) vagueness of expression; عدم الاتساع ل ‘adam al-itt, insufficiency, inadequacy for 1068 واسع wāsi‘ wide; broad; large, roomy, spacious, vast, sweeping, extensive; far-reaching │ واسع الانتشار widespread; واسع الرحمة (العدل) (al-‘adl) abounding in mercy (in justice); واسع الصدر w. aṣ-ṣadr patient; forbearing, indulgent, generous, magnanimous; واسع النطاق far-reaching, extensive; comprehensive; large-scale; رجل واسع الحيلة (rajul, ḥila) a resourceful, ingenious man; ثوب واسع (taub) wide or loose garment; سهل واسع (sahl) vast (sweeping) plain; شارع واسع broad street موسوعة mausū‘a pl. -āt comprehensive work; encyclopedia; thesaurus موسوعي mausū‘ī encyclopedic موسع mūsī‘ rich, wealthy متسع mutasi‘ wide, extensive, vast, spacious, roomy, large; ample, abundant, sufficient متسع muttasa‘ space; room │ لم يجد متسعا من الوقت ل (yajid, waqt) or لم يكن في الوقت متسع ل (yakun) not to have enough time for; O متسع حيوي (ḥayawī) lebensraum وسق wasaqa يسق yasiqu (wasq) to load, freight (هـ هـ a ship with) IV do. VIII اتسق ittasaqa to be in good order, be well-ordered; to harmonize, be in keeping (مع with) X to be or become possible (ل for s.o.) وسق wasq pl. وسق wusūq, اوساق ausāq load, freight, cargo اتساق ittisāq harmony متسق muttasiq in good order, well-ordered; balanced, harmonious وسكي wiskī whiskey وسل V to ingratiate o.s. curry favor (الى with), seek to gain access (الى to), seek or solicit s.o.’s (الى) favor; to implore, beseech, entreat (الى s.o.), plead (الى with s.o.); to ask s.o.’s (ب) help, turn with a request (ب to s.o.); to use as a means (ب s.th.), make use (ب of a means) وسيلة wasīla pl. وسائل wasā’il2 means, medium; device, expedient, instrument, tool, agent; measure, step │ وسائل الاحتياط precautionary measures, precautions; وسائل التعليم educational aids, training aids, material of instruction; وسائل التكييف air-conditioning installation; وسائل المواصلات w. al-muwāṣalāt means of communication; وسائل النقل w. an-naql means of transportation; ابتغى الوسيلة to try to ingratiate o.s. (ب الى with s.o. by s.th.); اتخذ منه وسيلة (ittakada) to regard s.th. as an expedient for ... توسل tawassul request, entreaty, fervent plea; petition, application │ توسلا الى tawassulan ilā so as to succeed by this means in ..., in order to get to the point where ... وسائل النقل w. an-naql means of transportation; ابتغى الوسيلة to try to ingratiate s.o. (ب الى with s.o. by s.th); اتخذ منه الوسيلة ل (ittakada) to regard s.th. as an expedient for ... توسل tawassul request, entreaty, fervent plea; petition, application │ توسلا الى tawassulan ilā so as to succeed by this means in ..., in order to get to the point where ... وسم wasama يسم yasimu (wasm, سمة sima) to brand (هـ cattle); to stamp, mark, brand (ب هـ, ه s.o., s.th. as) │ وسمه بالعار to brand as infamous, stigmatize s.o. وسم جبينه ب (wusima jabīnuhū) to be written in s.o.’s face II to distinguish (ه s.o.) confer distinction (ه upon s.o.), award a decoration or order (ه to) V to scrutinize, regard attentively, watch closely (هـ s.th.); to examine carefully (هـ s.th.); to regard (ه s.o.) look at (ه); to be marked, characterized (ب by) │ توسم فيه خيرا (kairan) to see promising signs in s.o., expect a lot of good of s o., set great hopes on s.o. VIII اتسم ittasama to be branded; to be marked, characterized (ب by), to bear the stamp of (ب) سمة sima pl. –āt, sign, mark, characteristic; outward characteristic, feature, trait; stamp, impress, character (of s.th.); visa (Saudi Ar.); pl. -āt also: features, facial expression, mien, bearing 1069 وسم wasm pl. وسوم wusūm brand; tribal mark, tribal brand, characteristic, mark; coat or arms وسام wisām pl. اوسمة ausima badge; decoration, medal; order; badge or honor │ وسام الاستحقاق order or merit; وسام ربطة الساق w. rabṭat as-sāq Order or the Garter; وسام الشرف (جوقة الشرف) w. aš-šaraf (jauqat aš-š.) Legion of Honor; الوسام العلوي (‘alawī) the Moroccan “ouissam alaouite” وسامة wasāma grace, gracefulness, charm, beauty وسيم wasīm pl. وسماء wusamā’2, وسام wisām graceful, comely, pretty, good-looking; beautiful (face) موسم mawāsim pl. مواسم mawāsim2 time or the year, season; festive season; specif., the Muslim hadj festival); festival, feast day, holiday; fair; bed date, deadline; harvest │ المواسم والأعياد the feasts and holidays; موسم الاصطياف summer season (of a health resort); موسم تمثيلي (tamtīlī) or موسم مسرحي (masraḥī) theater season; موسم الحج m. al-ḥajj season or the Pilgrimage; موسم القطن m. al-quṭn cotton harvest, cotton season موسمي mausimī: الريح الموسمية (rīḥ) the monsoon ميسم mīsam pl. مواسم mawāsim2, مياسم mayāsim2 branding iron; brand; stigma موسوم mausūm branded; stigmatized; marked, characterized (ب with) وسن wasina يوسن yausanu (wasan, سنة sina) to sleep, slumber وسن wasan slumber, doze سنة sina slumber, doze │ سنة من النوم (naum) a short nap وسن wasin sleepy, drowsy, somnolent وسنان wasnān2, f. وسنى wasnā sleepy, drowsy, somnolent وسوس waswasa to speak under one’s breath, whisper (ل or الى to s.o.); to inatill evil (ل or الى in s.o.; passion, devil), prompt or tempt s.o. (ل or الى) with wicked suggestion; to awaken doubts, arouse scruples (ل or الى in s.o.’s mind; conscience) II tawaswasa to reel uneasy, have scruples, be anxious, worried, full of apprehensions; to be in doubt, have misgivings, be suspicious وسواس waswās pl. وساوس wasāwis2 devilish insinuation, temptation; disturbance; scruple; misgiving, suspicion; rustling, rustle, whisper (or leaves, and the like) وسواس waswās pl. وساوس wasāwis2 devilish insinuation, temptation; wicked thoughts; doubt, misgiving, suspicion; delusion, fixed idea; uneasiness, anxiety, concern; melancholy; الوسواس the Tempter, Satan │ وسواس القطن w. al-quṭn cotton buds موسوس muwaswas obsessed with delusions 1وسى IV to shave (هـ the head) موسى mūsā f., pl. مواس mawāsin, امواس amwās straight razor; see also alphabetically 2وسى III (variant or اسى III) and مواساة see اسى وشب wišb pl. اوشاب awšāb horde, mob, crowd وشيج wašīj: وشيج الاتصال w. al-ittiṣāl closely connected وشيجة wašīja pl. وشائج wašā’ij close tie متواشج mutwāsij connected, interrelated وشح III to adorn or dress (ه s.o., with the wišāḥ, q.v.) V and VIII اتشاح ittašḥa to put on, don (ب a belt, sash, and the like),; to throw on loosely (ب a cloak or 1070 similar garment); to garb o.s. (ب with); to assume (ب a name), go by a name (ب) وشاح wišāḥ, wušāḥ pl. وشح wušuḥ, اوشحة aušiḥa, وشائح wašā’iḥ2 ornamented belt worn by women (in older times, a double band worn sashlike over the shoulder); sash, scarf, cummerbund; band (esp., of an order); tie, bond (fig.); swordbelt; military sash وشاحة wišāḥa sword توشيح taušīḥ pl. تواشيح tawāšīḥ composition (mus.); postclassical form of Arab poetry, arranged in stanzas موشح muwaššah, موشحة muwaššaḥa pl. -āt postclassical form of Arab poetry, arranged in stanzas متشح muttašiḥ clad, garbed, attired (ب in) وشر wašara يشر yaširu (wašr) to saw, saw apart (هـ s.th.) موشور maušūr pl. مواشير mawāšīr2 prism موشوري maušūrī prismatic(al) وشع II to reel, spool (هـ cotton) وشيع wašī‘ hedge وشيعة wašī‘a pl. وشائع wašā’i‘2 reel, spool, bobbin │ وشيعة التحريض induction coil (el.) وشق wašaq lynx (zool.) وشك wašuka يوشك yaušuku (wašk, وشاكة wašāka) and II to be quick, hurry IV to be on the point or verge (ان of doing s.th.), be about to do s.th. (على or أن), be close (على to) │ يوشك أن he almost ..., he all but ... وشك wašak, wušk speed, swiftness, hurry │ على وشك أن on the point or verge of (doing s.th.), about to (do s.th.), على وشك الخروج about to go out, just going out وشكان waškān, wuškān speed, swiftness وشيك wašīk imminent, impending, near, forthcoming │ وشيك الزوال w. az-zawāl doomed to early ruin; وشيك الحل w. al-ḥall close to a solution, almost solved (problem) وشل wašal pl. اوشال aušāl dripping water, tears وشم wašama يشم yašinu (wašm) and II to tattoo (هـ s.th.) وشم wašm pl. وشام wišām, وشوم wušūm tattoo, tattoo mark وشيمة wašīma enmity, hostility, malice وشنة wašna, wišna (eg.) morello, mahaleb cherry وشوش wašwaša to whisper in s.o.’s (ه) ear II tawašwaša to whisper وشوشة wašwaša whispering, whisper وشى wašā يشي yašī (wašy) to embellish, ornament with many colors, embroider (هـ a fabric); -- (wašy, وشاية wišāya) to slander, defame (الى ب s.o. with); to inform (ب against), denounce, betray (ب s.o.) II to embellish, ornament with many colors, embroider (هـ a fabric) شية šiya pl. -āt blotch, spot; blemish, flaw, fault, defect; mark, sign وشي wašy pl. وشاء wišā’ many-colored ornamentation, embroidery; embroidered or painted fabrics وشاء waššā’ vendor of embroidered or painted fabrics وشاية wišāya defamation, slander توشية taušiya embellishment, ornamentation; embroidery واش wāšin pl. واشون wāšūn, وشاة wušāh traitor; slanderer, calumniator; informer, denunciator 1071 وضب waṣaba يصب yaṣibu (وصوب wuṣub) to last; -- waṣiba يوصب yauṣabu (waṣab) and V to be (chronically) ill وصب waṣab pl. اوصاب auṣāb illness; discomfort, hardship, suffering واصب wāṣib lasting, permanent وصد waṣada يصد yaṣidu (waṣad) to be firm, stand firmly IV to close, shut (هـ a door) │ اوصد الباب في وجهه (wajhihī) to block s.o.’s way, deny s.o. access وصيد waṣīd pl. وصد wuṣud threshold, doorstep وصف waṣafa يصف yaṣfu (waṣf) to describe, depict, portray, picture (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to characterize (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to praise, laud, extol (ه s.o.); to attribute, ascribe (ب ه to s.o., quality), credit (ب ه s.o. with), praise (ب ه s.o. for), say s.th. (ب) to s.o.’s (ه) credit; to prescribe (ل هـ a medicine to s.o.) │ لا يوصف (yūṣafu) indescribable; nondescript VI to describe to one another, tell one another (هـ s.th.) VIII اتصف ittaṣafa to be described; to possess as a characteristic (ب a quality or peculiarity); to be distinguished, known, characterized, marked (ب by a quality, property, peculiarity) X to consult (ه a doctor) صفة ṣifa pl. -āt quality, property; attribute; characteristic, distinguishing mark, peculiarity; adjective (gram.); asyndetio relative clause (without relative pronoun; gram.); way, manner │ بصفة as, in the capacity of; بصفته وزيرا in his capacity of minister, as a minister; بصفة خاصة (kāṣṣa) in particular, especially, specifically; بصفة غير رسمية (gair rasmīyatin) unofficially وصف waṣf description, depiction, portrayal, characterization; -- (pl. اوصاف auṣāf) quality, property; characteristic, distinguishing mark, peculiarity; adjective (gram.); pl. اوصاف description of a person │ شيء يفوق الوصف (yafūqu l-waṣfa) a thing beyond description, an indescribable thing; اخذ اوصافه to take down s.o.’s personal description وصفة waṣfa description, depiction, portrayal; medical prescription وصفي waṣfī descriptive, depictive وصاف waṣṣāf describer, depicter وصيف waṣīf pl. وصفاء wuṣafā’2 servant; page وصيفة waṣīfa pl. وصائف waṣā’if2 maid, servant girl; maid of honor, lady in waiting مواصفة muwāṣafa detailed description; explanation, interpretation; specification; pl. -āt specifications │ مواصفة العلاج directions for treatment موصوف mauṣūf described, depicted, portrayed, pictured; characterized (ب by), having II attribute (ب s.th.); noun followed by attribute or asyndetic relative clause (gram.); prescribed متصف muttaṣif characterized (ب by), possessing II a property or an attribute (ب s.th.) مستوصف mustauṣaf pl. -āt clinic وصل waṣala يصل yaṣilu (waṣl, صلة ṣila) to connect, join, unite, combine, link, interlock (ب هـ s.th. with), attach (ب هـ s.th. to); to establish (صلة ṣilatan a contact, a connection; a relation بين – و between -- and); to bring into relation (بين – و s.th. with s.th. else); to give (ب s.o. s.th.), bestow, confer (ب ه upon s.o. s.th.), award (ب ه to s.o. s.th.); -- (وصول wuṣūl) to arrive (الى or هـ at a place); to come to s.o.’s (الى or ه) hands; to reach (الى or هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to come, get (الى or هـ, ه to); to reach (الى or هـ an amount), amount to (الى or هـ); to enter (الى a phase); to get (الى ب s.o. to or to the point where) │ وصلني خطاب I have received a letter; 1072 وصله الخبر (kabar)he received the news; يصل هذا الى حد كذا (ḥaddi k.) this gets to the point where ...; وصل الى الصفحة الحاصمة (ṣafḥa) to enter the decisive phase II to connect, join, unite, combine (ب هـ s.th. with); to make (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.) get (الى to), see that s.o. or s.th. (هـ, ه) gets to (هـ); to get, take, bring, move, lead, show, conduct, convey, channel (الى هـ, ه s.o., s.th. to); to give (ه s.o.) a ride, a lift; to carry, transport, transfer, convey (الى, هـ s.th. to); to deliver, transmit, communicate (الى هـ s.th. to); to conduct, act as a conductor (el.); to accompany, escort (الى ه s.o. to); to connect (الى هـ s.th. to an electric circuit, ب هـ one apparatus with another, an electric device with the main line), plug in (هـ s.th.); to turn on, switch on (هـ s.th.; el.) III to continue (في or هـ s.th.), proceed (في or هـ in or with); to persist, persevere (في or هـ in); to be connected (هـ with), bear (هـ on), belong, pertain (هـ to); to be close friends, maintain close relations (ه with s.o.); to have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) │ واصل الليل بالنهار (laila, nahāri) to work day and night; واصل جهده (سعيه) في (jahdahū, sa‘yahū) to make untiring efforts for IV = II; O to put through (a long-distance call) │ اوصل كل ذي حق بحقه (kulla dī ḥaqqin bi-ḥaqqihī) to give everyone his due V to obtain access (الى to); to gain access by certain means (الى to), get (الى into) in come way or other; to attain (الى to), arrive (الى at), reach (الى s.th.), come by s.th. (الى) VI to be interconnected; to form an uninterrupted sequence VIII اتصل ittaṣala to be joined (ب to), be connected (ب with); to combine, unite (ب with); to get in touch (ب with s.o., also, e.g., by telephone); to contact (ب s.o.); to have relation (ب to), bear (ب on), be connected, have to do (ب with); to join (ب s.o. or s.th.); to be attached (ب to); to be near s.o. or a place (ب), be adjacent, continuous (ب to), adjoin (ب s.th.), border, abut (ب on), belong (ب to); to come to s.o.’s (ب) knowledge; to be continued, continue, go on; to be continuous, form a continuous chain; to be related (الى to); to trace one’s descent (الى to); to come, get (الى to), arrive (الى at), reach (الى s.th.) │ قد اتصل بنا ان it has come to our knowledge that ...; اتصل به تلفونيا to get in touch with s.o. by telephone, have o.s. connected with; اتصلت به النار to catch fire صلة ṣila pl. -āt junction, juncture; relation; connection; link, tie, bond; relationship, kinship; present, gift, grant; syndetic relative clause (gram.); O leadin, lead-in wire (radio) │ صلة الوصل ṣ. al-waṣl connecting link وصل waṣl junction, juncture, connection; union, combination; linkage, nexus; synopsis, summary; reunion of lovers; (pl. اوصال auṣāl) relation, link, tie, connection; contact (el.); (pl. وصولات wuṣūlāt) voucher, receipt │ وصل الفائت synopsis of the previous chapters of a newspaper serial; ليلة الوصل lailat al-w. last night of a lunar month وصل wuṣl, wiṣl pl. اوصال auṣāl limb, member (of the body); pl. articulations, joints │ حل اوصاله (ḥalla) or قطع اوصاله to dismember, dissect s.th. وصلة waṣla a character (ٓ ) over silent alif (gram.) وصلة wuṣla pl. -āt, وصل wuṣal junction, juncture; connection; contact (el.); attachment, fastening, fixture; tie, link; joint (also arch.); hinge; connecting piece, coupling; inset, insertion; overlap (arch.); line of communication; hyphen │ وصلة التمدد w. at-tamaddud expansion joint (arch.) وصلية waṣlīya connecting road, side road; feeder road 1073 وصول wuṣūl arrival; attainment, obtainment, achievement; receipt; (pl. -āt) receipt, voucher وصولي wuṣūlī upstart, parvenu وصيل waṣīl inseparable friend, intimate, chum الموصل al-mauṣil Mosul (city in N Iraq) توصيل tauṣīl uniting, joining, connecting; supply, feed; connection, junction; electric contact, feed wire, feeder; electric circuit, connection layout, connection; conductivity (el.); communication, transmission, transfer, conveyance; delivery; execution, dispatch, discharge; (pl. تواصيل tawāṣīl) receipt, voucher │ O توصيل الى الأرض (arḍ) ground connection, ground (radio); O توصيل على التضاعف (taḍā‘uf) multiple connection, series parallel (el.); O توصيل على التوازي (tawāzī) parallel connection (el.); O توصيل على التوالي series connection (el.); جيد التوصيل jayyid at-t. or good conductivity, good conductor (el.); O سداد التوصيل saddād at-t. (male) plug (el.) توصيلة tausīla connection, contact (el.) │ توصيلة الأرض t. al-arḍ ground connection (radio) وصال wiṣāl reunion, being together (of lovers); communion (in love) مواصلة muwāṣala connection; continuation, continuance; continuity; pl. -āt lines of communication, communications │ مواصلة حديدية (ḥadīdīya) rail communication; مواصلة سلكية (silkīya) wire communication; اسباب المواصلة means of communication, communications; طرق المواصلات ṭuruq al-m. traffic routes; وزارة المواصلات ministry of communications ايصال īṣāl pl. -āt joining, connecting, junction; uniting, union; connection; communication; conveyance; transport, transportation; passage; transmission; putting through (of a long-distance call); receipt, voucher توصل tawaṣṣul attainment (الى of an objective), achievement (الى of a purpose); arrival; reunion تواصل tawāṣul continuance; continuity │ بتواصل continually, persistently اتصال ittiṣāl connectedness, unitedness, union; juncture, conjunction, link; connection; contact; liaison; establishment of contacts; tuning in (of a radio); contacting (ب of), getting in touch (ب with); junction, intersection (of two roads); continuance, continuation; continuity │ على اتصال ب in touch with; استمر في اتصاله ب (istamarra) to keep in touch with s.o.; نقطة الاتصال nuqṭat al-itt. points of contact; اتصال تلفوني telephone connection موصول mauṣūl bound, tied; glued, riveted (ب to), fixed (ب on; of the eyes); relative pronoun (gram.) │ اياما موصولة (ayyāman) for several (or many) consecutive days, for some time موصل muwaṣṣil pl. -āt conductor (el.) │ O موصل ارضي (arḍī) ground wire (radio); O موصل سلكي (silkī) wire, wiring (el.) متواصل mutawāṣil persistent, continued, continuous, continual, unceasing, incessant, uninterrupted متصل muttaṣil persistent, continued, continuous, continual, unceasing, incessant, uninterrupted; adjoining, adjacent, contiguous │ ضمير متصل pronominal suffix (gram.); متصل الحلقات m. al-ḥalaqāt closely interlinked, closely connected وصم waṣama to disgrace, tarnish, blemish (هـ name, honor); to afflict with the blemish (ب of s.th.; ه s.o.), put the blame for s.th. (ب) on s.o. (ه) V to be tarnished, sullied (honor) وصم waṣm disgrace 1074 وصمة waṣma disgrace; mark of disgrace, stain, blot, blemish; fault, flaw, shortcoming, defeat; ailing condition, malaise توصيم tauṣīm sailing condition, malaise وصوص waṣwaṣa to peep through a hole or crack; (also = وسوس) to whisper وصوص waṣwaṣ and وصواص waṣwāṣ pl. وصاوص waṣāwiṣ peephole وصوصة waṣwaṣa furtive glance, peep, peek وصو II and IV to entrust, commend, commit (ب ه to s.o.’s charge or care s.o.); to direct, bid, advice, counsel (ب ه s.o. to do s.th.), recommend (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), impress (ب ه on s.o. s.th.); to order (ه s.o., ب to do s.th.), charge, commission (ب ه s.o. with), enjoin (ب ه on s.o. s.th.), make s.th. (ب) incumbent (ه on s.o.); to order (ب ه from s.o. s.th.), give s.o. (ه) an order for (ب), place an order (ب ه with s.o. for); to decree (ب s.th.); to make one’s will; to will, determine or decree by will (ان that); to bequeath, make over, transfer by will (ب ل to s.o. s.th.); to appoint as executor (الى s.o.) │ اوصاه خيرا ب (kairan) he urged him to take care of X استوصى به خيرا (kairan) to make s.th. one’s concern (or one’s business), make a point of s.th. (in deference to another’s recommendation); to mean well, have the best intentions with; استوصى بالأجر خيرا (bi-l-ajri kairan) to fix a moderate or low price وصي wasīy pl. اوصياء auṣiyā’ plenipotentiary, mandatory, authorized agent, commissioner; executor; legal guardian, curator, tutor; administrator, caretaker, trustee; regent; testator; client, principal, mandator │ وصى على العرش (‘arš) regent, prince regent وصية waṣīya pl. وصايا waṣāyā direction, directive, instruction, injunction, order, command, commandment; recommendation advice, counsel, admonition, exhortation; will, testament, testamentary disposition; bequest, legacy │ الوصايا العشر (‘ašr) the Ten Commandments وصاة waṣāh and وصاية prescription; order, ordinance, regulation, decree; instruction, direction, advice, counsel وصاية wiṣāya guardianship, curatorship, tutorship; executorships; tutelage; mandate (pol.); trusteeship │ مجلس الوصاية majlis al-w. regency council توصية tauṣiya pl. -āt, تواص tawāṣin recommendation; admonition, exhortation, advice, counsel; proposal, suggestion; order, instruction, direction, commission, mandate; (commercial) order, commission │ بالتوصية to order, on commission; خطاب توصية letter of recommendation; شركة توصية širkat t. limited partnership ايصاء īṣā’ = توصية; appointment of an executor (Isl. Law) موص muwaṣṣin and mūṣin client, principal; mandator, testator │ شريك موص silent partner موصى به mūṣan bihī that which has been disposed of; bequeathed, willed; bequest, legacy; decreed, ordered; recommended; موصى عليه registered (letter); الموصى له legatee; heir; الموصى اليه executor وضؤ waḍu’a يوضؤ yauḍu’u (وضوء wuḍū’, وضاءة waḍā’a) to be pure, clean V to perform the ritual ablution before prayer وضاء brilliant, radiant, bright وضاءة wuḍā’a purity, cleanness, cleanliness وضوء wuḍū’ purity, cleanness, cleanliness; ritual ablution before prayer وضوء waḍū’ water for the ritual ablution وضيء waḍī’ pl. وضاء wiḍā’ pure, clean 1075 توضؤ tawaḍḍu’ ritual ablution ميضأة mīḍa’a and ميضاءة mīḍā’a fountain or basin for the ritual ablution توضيب taḍīb arrangement; preparation; dressing, processing (mining industry) وضح waḍaḥa يضح yaḍiḥu (وضوح wuḍūḥ) to be or become clear, plain, patent, manifest, evident; to appear, show, come out, come to light, become visible II and IV to make clear, make plain (هـ s.th.); to explain, explicate, clear up, clarify, expound, elucidate, illustrate (هـ s.th.); to set forth, propound (هـ s.th.); to make visible, make manifest, show (هـ s.th.); to indicate, designate, denote, express (هـ s.th.) V = I; to be made clear, be clarified, be cleared up; to be shown, be indicated; to be obvious VIII اتضح ittaḍaḥa = I and V; to follow clearly (من from), be explained (من by) X to ask (ه s.o.) for an explanation, for clarification (هـ of s.th.); to examine, investigate, explore (هـ or عن s.th.), inquire, search (هـ or عن into); to try to see clear (هـ in), seek to understand clearly (هـ s.th.) وضح waḍaḥ pl. اوضاح auḍāḥ light, brilliance, luminosity, brightness │ في وضح النهار (w. in-nahār) in broad daylight وضاح waḍḍāḥ) bright, clear, brilliant, shining, luminous وضوح wuḍūḥ clarity, clearness, plainness, distinctness; visibleness; obviousness; appearance │ بوضوح clearly, plainly, distinctly اوضح auḍaḥ2 clearer توضيح tauḍīḥ elucidation; showing, visualization; explanation; clarification; explication, illustration ايضاح īḍāḥ pl. -āt elucidation; showing, visualization; explanation; clarification; explication, illustration ايضاحي īḍāḥī clarifying, explanatory, explicatory, illustrative, elucidative اتضاح ittiḍāḥ clarity, clearness; plainness, distinctness; visibleness, manifestness استيضاح istīḍāḥ pl. -āt request for clarification, inquiry, formal question, interpellation واضح wāḍiḥ clear, lucid; plain, distinct; obvious, patent, manifest; visible, conspicuous; evident, apparent, ostensible │ وضح بذاته (bi-dātihī) self-evident; self-explanatory; من الواضح ان it is obvious that ...; الأمر واضح وضوح الشمس في رابعه (wuḍūḥa š-šamsi fī rābi‘ati n-nahār) the matter is clear as daylight متضح muttaḍiḥ plain, distinct; clear; obvious, patent, manifest وضر waḍar pl. اوضار auḍār dirt, filth وضع waḍa‘a يضع yaḍa‘u (waḍ‘) to lay, lay off, lay on, lay down, put down (هـ s.th.); to set down (هـ s.th.); to place (هـ s.th.); to set up, erect (هـ s.th.); to fix, attach, affix (في هـ s.th. to. on, in); to lay, put (في هـ s.th. into); to impose (على هـ s.th. on s.o.); to take (عن هـ s.th. from s.o.), rid of a burden, unburden (عن s.o.), unsaddle (عن a horse); to bear (ه a child), give birth to (ه); to invent, contrive, devise, originate, produce (هـ s.th.); to found, establish, set up, start (هـ s.th.); to write down, put down in writing, set down, lay down (هـ s.th.); to write, compile, compose (هـ a book or similar work of the mind), create (هـ s.th.); to coin (هـ a new word, a new term, or the like); to humble, humiliate, disparage (من or ه s.o.), derogate, detract (من or ه from); -- (waḍ‘, وضوع wuḍū‘, ضعة ḍa‘a, di‘a) with نفسه nafsahu: to abase o.s. humble o.s.; -- waḍu‘a يوضع yauḍu‘u (وضاعة waḍā‘a) to be low, lowly, humble │ وضع اساسا (asāsan) to lay a foundation, lay a cornerstone; 1076 وضع ثقته في (tiqatahu) to place one’s confidence in; وضع جانبا (على جانب) (jāniban) to lay, or put, s.th. aside; وضعه في جيبه (jaibihī) to put s.th. in one’s pocket; وضع حدا ل (ḥaddan) to put an end to s.th.; وضع ختما على (katman) to please a seal on; وضع السلاح to lay down arms; وضع السلسلة في عنقه wuḍi‘at is-silsilatu fī ‘unuqihī approx.: to have a millstone about one’s neck, he seriously handicapped; وضع مشروعا to make or form a plan; وضع من قدره (qadrihī) to depreciate s.th., lower the value of s.th.; وضع تقريرا to write or make a report; وضع اقتراحات to draw up proposals, make suggestions; وضع في مقدمة اهتمامه (muqaddamati htimāmihī) to devote particular attention to s.th., make s.th. one’s foremost concern, give priority to s.th.; وضع لفظا ل (lafẓan) to coin a word for; وضع للفظ معنى خاصا به (li-l-lafẓi ma‘nan kāṣṣan bihī) to give a special meaning to an expression, place a particular construction on an expression; وضعه نصب عينيه (nuṣba ‘ainaihi) to point out, demonstrate s.th. to s.o.; وضع نظارته على عينيه (naẓẓāratahū) to put on one’s glasses; وضع نظما (nuẓuman) to lay down rules, وضع على حدة (ḥidatin) to set s.th. apart, single out s.th.; وضع موضعه (mauḍi‘ahū) to put s.th. in the place of s.th. else; وضعه موضع التنفيذ (mauḍi‘ahū) to put s.th. into force, make s.th. effective or operative; to implement s.th.; وضع موضع الشك (mauḍi‘a š-šakk) to doubt s.th., question s.th.; وضعه موضع العمل (mauḍi‘a l-‘amal) to put s.th. into action, translate s.th. into deeds; وضع الفكرة موضع الفعل (fikrata mauḍi‘a l-fi‘l) to translate the idea into action; وضع نفسه موضع فلان to put o.s. in s.o.’s position; وضع في غير موضعه to mislay, misplace s.th.; وضع يده على (yadahū) to take possession of, lay hold of; وضع يده على الف اسير to take 1,000 prisoners; وضع يده على ضميره to lay one’s hand over one’s heart; وضع من يده (yadihī) to lay s.th. aside, toss s.th. aside; وضعه تحت يده to put s.th. in s.o.’s power IV to hurry; to take an active part, participate actively (في in); pass. ūḍi‘a to suffer losses (في in) VI to behave humbly and modestly, to abase o.s., humble o.s.; to agree, come to an agreement (على on) VIII اتضع ittaḍa‘a to humble o.s., abase o.s. ضعة ḍa‘a, ḍi‘a lowness, lowliness, humbleness; scantiness, poorness, inferiority وضع waḍ‘ pl. اوضاع auḍā‘ laying down; putting down; laying on; fixing, attaching; setting up; placing; writing down, record(ing)j drawing up, execution (of a document, deed, etc.); composition (of a printed work); writing, compilation (of a book); creation; invention; coining (of a word); coinage; conclusion (of a treaty); parturition, delivery, childbirth; regulation, rule; sketch, draft; attitude, bearing, carriage; posture, pose (of the body, e.g., in dancing, before a camera); position, location; situation; statement (math.); foundation, establishment; -- humiliation; -- pl. اوضاع circumstances, conditions; statutes; rules, principles; manner; mores, practices, usages, customs; conventions, conventional rules │ وضعا وقولا wad‘an wa-qaulan in words and deeds; الوضع الحالي the present situation; وضع اليد w. al-yad laying on of the hand; occupation, occupancy, seizure; آلام الوضع labor pains وضعة waḍ‘a, wiḍ‘a situation; position وضعي waḍ‘ī relating to situation or position, situational, positional; positive; positivistic; positivist (philos.); man-made; based on convention, conventional │ قانون وضعي positive law (jur.); القيم الوضعية (qiyam) decimals (math.) وضعية waḍī‘ya situation; positivism (philos.) 1077 وضاعة waḍā‘a lowness, lowliness, humbleness وضيع waḍī‘ pl. وضعاء wuḍa‘ā’2 lowly, humble, base, vulgar, common; plebeian; low; inferior │ الطبقة الوضعية (ṭabaqa) the lowest class; الوضيع الرفيع low and high, the lowly and the great وضيعة waḍī‘a pl. وضائع waḍā’i‘2 s.th. put down, laid down or deposited; s.th. entrusted to s.o.’s custody, trust, charge, deposit; (īsl. Law) resale with a loss; price reduction, rebate موضع mauḍi‘ pl. مواضع mawāḍi‘2 place, spot, site, locality; passage (in a book); object (of s.th.); position, situation, location; rank; occasion │ في موضعه in the right place, at the right time, timely, convenient, opportune; في غير موضعه in the wrong place, out of place; في موضع الحال in the present case; كان موضع حفاوة (mauḍi‘a ḥafāwatin) he was the object of a (festive) reception; موضع الاعجاب m. al-i‘jāb object of admiration; موضع الحنان m. al-ḥanān object of sympathy; see also waḍa‘a I; موضع قدم m. qadamin a foot (of ground) موضعي mauḍi‘ī local تواضع tawāḍu‘ humility, modesty; lowness, lowliness, humbleness اتضاع ittiḍā‘ humility, modesty; lowness, lowliness, humbleness واضع wāḍi‘ writer, author; creator; inventor; originator; in childbed; unveiled (woman) │ واضع اليد al-yad occupier, occupant; holder of actual possession, possessor (jur.) موضوع mauḍū‘ pl. -āt, مواضيع mawāḍī‘2 object; theme, subject, topic; question, problem, issue; subject matter, matter; treatise, essay, article, paper; axiom; postulate (math.) │ فهرس الموضوعات fihris al-m. table of contents, index; ادرك الموضوع adraka l-mauḍū‘a he got the point; غير ذي موضوع not topical, not timely موضوعي mauḍū‘ī objective; concerning the subject matter, the subject itself (not the form) موضوعية mauḍū‘īya objectivism (philos.) مواضعات muwāḍa‘āt analogous (word) coinings متواضع mutawāḍi‘ humble; modest, unpretentious, unassuming, simple; small, little, insignificant وضم waḍam pl. اوضام auḍām meat counter, meat block, butcher’s block وطئ waṭI’a يطأ yaṭa’u (وطء waṭ’) to tread underfoot (هـ s.th.), tread, step, walk (هـ on); to set foot (هـ on); to walk (هـ over); to mount (هـ a horse); to trample down, trample underfoot (هـ s.th.); to have sexual intercourse (to with a woman) II to pave, level, make smooth or even (هـ s.th., esp., the way); to make smooth and soft, prepare, fix up, make comfortable (هـ a seat, the bed, or the like, ل for s.o.); to make ready, prepare (هـ s.th.); to reduce, slash (هـ s.th.); to force down, press down (هـ s.th.); to lower (هـ s.th.) │ وطأ صوته (ṣautahū) to lower the voice III to agree, be in agreement (على ه with s.o. on) IV to make (ه s.o.) step or tread (هـ on); to make (ه s.o.) trample down (هـ s.th.) VI to agree, be in agreement, cooperate, work hand in hand, act in concert, play into each other’s hands, act in collusion (على in s.th., in order to carry out s.th.) وطء waṭ’ and وطاء waṭā’ low ground, depression وطأة waṭ’a pressure; oppression, coercion, compulsion, force; gravity; violence, vehemence │ شديد الوطأة cruel (على to), having a deadly effect (على on), of fatal consequences (على for); اشتدت وطأة الشيء 1078 (ištaddat) to aggravate, become grave, trying, grueling (distress); لاشتداد وطأة المرض li-št. w. il-maraḍ) because of the violence with which the disease struck وطئ waṭI’ low; flat, level اوطأ auṭa’2 lower موطأ mauṭa’ and موطئ mauṭi’ pl. مواطئ mawāṭi’2 place where the fact is set down, footing, foothold; footprint, footstep, track; footstool │ موطئ الأقدام m. al-aqdām a foot (of ground); مواطئ الأقدام the ground توطئة tauṭi’a introduction, initiation; preparation; reduction, lowering │ لتوطئة in preparation of ..., for the purpose of ...; توطئة الصوت t. aṣ-ṣaut lowering of the voice مواطأة muwāṭa’a agreement; secret understanding, connivance, collusion تواطؤ tawūṭu’ agreement; secret understanding, connivance, collusion واطئ wāṭi’ low; muffled, subdued, soft (voice) │ الأراضي الوطئة the Netherlands وطب waṭb pl. وطاب wiṭāb, اوطاب auṭāb, اواطب awāṭib2 milkskin │ مملوء الوطاب ب amply provided with; خالي الوطاب empty-handed وطد waṭada يطد yaṭidu (waṭd) and II to make firm, strong or stable, strengthen, brace, reinforce, cement, consolidate, stabilize (هـ s.th.); to stamp down, ram, tamp (هـ earth, etc.); to pave (ل هـ the way for s.o.), prepare (ل هـ the ground for) │ وطد ثقته في (tiqatahū) to rely firmly on, put one’s faith in; وطد العزم ان (‘azma) to resolve firmly to ..., come to the firm decision to ...; وطد عرى المحبة (‘urā l-maḥabba) to strengthen the bands of friendship; وطد اقدامه في (aqdāmahū) to gain a footing in وطيد waṭīd firm; strong; solid, sturdy; unshakable │ وطيد الأمل ب (w. al-amal) having strong hopes of, confident of اوطاد auṭād mountains ميطدة mīṭada rammer, tamper توطيد tauṭīd strengthening, bracing, reinforcement, cementation; consolidation, stabilization │ توطيد السلم t. as-silm safeguarding, or maintenance, of peace; توطيد سعر الفرنك t. si‘r al-f. stabilization of the franc موطد muwaṭṭad firm, strong; solid, sturdy │ موطد الأركان firmly established, resting on firm foundations وطر waṭar pl. اوطار auṭār wish, desire; aim, end, object, purposed وطيس waṭīs furnace │ حمي الوطيس (ḥamiya) there was fierce fighting; حامي الوطيس fierce, grim, bitter (fighting) وطش waṭaša يطش yaṭišu (waṭš) to strike, hit, slap (ه s.o.) وطف waṭifa يوطف yauṭafu (waṭaf) to have bushy eyebrows اوطف auṭaf2, f. وطفاء waṭfā’2 bushy-browed; وطفاء rain-heavy and low-hanging (cloud) وطن waṭana يطن yaṭinu (waṭn) to dwell, live, reside, stay (ب in a place) II to choose for residence (هـ a place), settle down, get settled, take up one’s residence (هـ in a place) │ وطن نفسه على (nafsahū) to get used to, adjust o.s. to, reconcile o.s. to, put up with; to prepare o.s. mentally for; to make up one’s mind to (do s.th.) V to settle down (هـ or ب in a place) │ توطنت نفسه على (nfsuhū) = وطن نفسه على (see above) X to choose for residence (هـ a place); to settle (هـ a country); to settle down, get settled, take up one’s residence (هـ in); to live permanently (هـ in a place); to take root, become naturalized, acclimated (هـ in) وطن waṭan pl. اوطان auṭān homeland, home country, fatherland; home │ الوطن القبلي (qiblī) Cape Bon (tun.); الوطن القومي الاسرائيلي (qaumī, isrā’īlī) the Jewish 1079 National Home; اهل وطنه ahl w. his countrymen, his compatriots; حب الوطن ḥubb al-w. patriotism; O شائع الوطن cosmopolitan وطني waṭanī home; native; indigenous, domestic; patriotic; national; nationalistic; (pl. -ūn) nationalist, patriot │ مصنوعات وطنية domestic products, products of the country وطنية waṭanīya nationalism; national sentiment, patriotism موطن mauṭin pl. مواطن mawāṭin2 residence, domicile; habitat; native place, home town, home; native country, home country. fatherland; place, locality, area, region, section, district, zone; point, spot; right place; right time │ موطن الضعف m. aḍ-ḍu‘f soft or sore spot; weak spot, weakness; وضع يده على موطن العلة (yadahū, m. il-‘illa) to lay one’s finger on an open sore, touch a sore spot; الموطن الوضيع the lowest point, the low mark, the bottom استيطان istīṭān immigration; settling down; settling, settlement, colonization; “istitan”, a special impost in Tunisia مواطن muwāṭin countryman, compatriot, fellow citizen │ مواطن عالمي (‘ālamī) world citizen متوطن mutawaṭṭin native, indigenous, domestic; resident; deep-rooted; endemic (med.) مستوطن mustauṭin native, indigenous, domestic; resident; deep-rooted وطواط waṭwāṭ pl. وطاوط waṭāwiṭ2, وطاويط waṭāwīṭ2 bat (zool.) □ وطى II for وطأ II واط wāṭin low; soft; see alphabetically وظب waẓba يظب yaẓibu (وظوب wuẓūb) to do persistently, regularly, keep doing, practice constantly (على or هـ s.th.), continue to do s.th. III do.; to persevere, persist (على in), take pains (على with), devote o.s. assiduously, apply o.s. with perseverance or steadily (على to s.th.) مواظبة muwāẓaba diligence, assiduity, perseverance, persistence مواظب muwāẓib diligent, assiduous, persevering, persistent وظف II to assign (على ه s.th. to s.o.); to impose (على ه s.th., esp. a tax, on s.o.), burden, encumber (على هـ with s.th. s.o.); to assign an office (ه to s.o.), appoint to an office, employ, hire (ه s.o.); to invest (هـ money) V to be appointed to an office, obtain a position. get a job; to hold an office, work in a position, have a job │ توظف في الحكومة to work as an official with the government وظيفة waẓīfa pl. وظائف waẓā’if2 daily ration; pay; office, position, post, job; officialship, officialdom; duty, task, assignment; (school) assignment, lesson, homework; employ, service; work; function │ ادى وظيفة (addā) to fill a post, attend to an office, exercise a function; وظائف خالية (kāliya) vacancies; want ads (in a newspaper); علم الوظائف ‘ilm al-w. or علم وظائف الأعضاء ‘i. w. al-a‘ḍā’ physiology وظيفي waẓīfī functional توظيف tauẓīf employment, appointment (to an office) │ توظيف المال investment موظف muwaẓẓaf fixed (salary); employed, appointed; -- (pl. -ūn) employee; official, officer, civil servant; functionary │ موظف الحكومة government official; موظف عمومي (‘umūmī) public functionary; اكبر الموظفين senior official وعب wa‘aba يعب ya‘ibu (wa‘b) to take the whole, all (هـ of s.th.) IV do.; to insert (في هـ s.th. in) X = I; to uproot, root out, extirpate, exterminate (هـ s.th.); to embrace, enclose, encircle (ه s.o., بين ذراعيه with the arms); to contain, hold 1080 (هـ s.th.); to be able to take in (هـ s.th.), nave room (هـ for); to comprehend, understand, grasp, take in (هـ s.th.) استيعاب istī‘āb capacity; study; full comprehension, grasp وعث wa‘t, wa‘it difficult, hard, troublesome, tiresome, laborious, arduous وعثاء wa‘tā’ difficulty, trouble, hardship, inconvenience, discomfort وعد wa‘ada يعد ya‘idu (wa‘d) to make a promise; to give one’s word; to promise (ب ه or هـ ه s.o. s.th.); to threaten (ب ه s.o. with) │ وعد نفسه بان to promise o.s. to ..., intend firmly to ...; وعد بشرفه (bi-šarafihī) to pledge o.s. on one’s honor, give one’s word of honor III to make an arrangement; to arrange for a meeting or rendezvous, make an appointment (هـ ه with s.o. for a given time or at a certain place) IV = I; V to threaten; to menace (ه s.o.) VI to make an appointment VIII اتعد itta‘ada to come to an understanding, agree among each other, make arrangements (ان that) عدة ‘ida promise وعد wa‘d pl. وعود wu‘ūd promise وعيد wa‘īd threats; promises وعيدي wa‘īdī threatening, menacing, minatory موعد mau‘id, موعدة mau‘da pl. مواعد mawā‘id2 promise; pledge, engagement, commitment; rendezvous, date, appointment; time and place of an appointment; appointed time; time, date, deadline; anniversary │ كان على موعد معه (منه) to have an appointment with s.o. ميعاد mī‘ād pl. مواعيد mawā‘īd2 promise; appointment, date, rendezvous; appointed time; time agreed on, time fixed by appointment; deadline, date (esp. also due date for repaying a debt); consulting hour, office hour(s) (of a doctor, etc.); visiting hours (in museums, etc.); (time of) departure (of trains, buses, etc.) │ في الميعاد or في ميعاده on time, punctually; على غير ميعاد (gairi m.) untimely, unpunctually; من غير ميعاد min gairi m. quite unexpectedly, all of a sudden, suddenly; كان على ميعاد مع to have an appointment with; بيان المواعيد bayān al-m. railroad timetable; ميعاد الأكل m. al-akl mealtime, eating time; ميعاد التسليم date of delivery; ميعاد المرأة m. al-mar'a menses; مواعيد عرقوبية (‘urqūbīya) deceptive promises; ارض الميعاد arḍ al-m. the Land of Promise مواعدة muwā‘ada arrangement, agreement; appointment, rendezvous, date ايعاد ī‘ād threat توعد tawa‘‘ud threat توعدي tawa‘‘udī threatening, menacing, minatory موعود mau‘ūd promised; fixed, appointed, stipulated (time); موعود and موعودة mau‘āda pl. مواعيد mawā‘īd2 promise وعر wa‘ara يعر ya‘iru (wa‘r and وعور wu‘ūr) and wa‘ira يوعر yau‘aru (wa‘ar), wa‘ūra yau‘uru (وعارة wa‘āra, وعورة wu‘ūra) to be rough, rugged, difficult (terrain) V = I وعر wa‘r rock debris; rugged, roadless terrain وعر wa‘r pl. وعور wu‘ūr, اوعار au‘ār covered with rock debris; cleft, riven, rugged, wild; rough, uneven; roadless, pathless; hard, difficult وعير wa‘īr covered with rock debris; cleft, riven, cragged, rugged, wild; rough, uneven; roadless, pathless; hard, difficult وعورة wu‘ūra unevenness, roughness; difficulty │ وعورة الأرض w. al-arḍ difficult terrain اوعر au‘ar2 rougher, more rugged, harder 1081 وعز IV to give to understand, intimate, insinuate (في or ب s.th., الى to s.o.), point out by a sign or motion (في or ب الى to s.o. s.th.); to suggest (في or ب الى to s.o. s.th.); to inspire (في or ب الى s.o. with, s.o. to do s.th.); to advise, counsel, recommend (في or الى الى to s.o. s.th.); to induce (ب الى s.o. to); to instruct, direct, order (الى s.o., ب to do s.th.) ايعاز ī‘āz advice, counsel, recommendation; suggestion, intimation, hint ايعازي ī‘āzī advisory, recommendatory, inspiring, inspiratory موعز به mū‘az bihī inspired, suggested by a higher authority وعس wa‘asa يعس ya‘isu (wa‘s) to make experienced, make wise (ه s.o.; of fate) وعس wa‘s pl. اوعاس au‘ās quicksand ميعاس mī‘ās quicksand وعظ wa‘aẓa يعظ ya‘iẓu (wa‘ẓ, عظة ‘iẓa) to preach (ه to s.o.), appeal to s.o.’s (ه) conscience; to admonish, exhort (ه s.o.); to warn (عن ه s.o. of), caution (عن ه s.o. against) VIII اتعظ itta‘aẓa to let o.s. be admonished or warned; to accede to an admonition, take advice; to learn a lesson, take a warning (ب from), let s.th. (ب) be a warning عظة ‘iẓa pl. -āt sermon; lesson, moral; warning; admonition وعظ wa‘ẓ and وعظة wa‘ẓa admonition; warning; sermon; parsenesis موعظة mau‘iẓa pl. مواعظ mawā‘iẓ2 religious exhortation, spiritual counsel; exhortatory talk, exhortation; stem lecture, severe reprimand واعظ wā‘iẓ pl. وعاظ wu‘‘āẓ preacher وعق wa‘q, wa‘iq surly, grumpy, cross; ill-tempered, irritable, peevish, cantankerous, petulant وعك V to be indisposed, unwell وعك wa‘ik indisposed, unwell وعكة wa‘ka indisposition, illness; sultriness توعك tawa‘‘uk indisposition موعوك mau‘ūk indisposed, unwell; ill متوعك mutawa‘‘ik indisposed, unwell; ill وعل wa‘l, wa‘il pl. اوعال au‘āl, wu‘ūl mountain goat وعوع wa‘wa‘ to howl, yelp, bark, bay وعى wa‘ā يعي ya‘ī (wa‘y) to hold (هـ s.th.); to comprise (هـ s.th.); to contain (هـ s.th.); to retain in one’s memory, remember, know by heart, know (هـ s.th.); to pay attention (الى or هـ to), heed, bear in mind (الى or هـ s.th.); to perceive, hear (هـ s.th.); to become aware (الى of) │ وعى على نفسه (nafsihī) to dawn on s.o., become clear to s.o.; لا يعي (he is) unconscious; لا يكاد يعي (he is) almost unconscious; لا يعي ما يقوله he doesn’t know what he is saying II to warn, caution (من ه s.o. against) IV to put (هـ s.th. into a vessel or container) V to act with caution, with prudence; to be on one’s guard (من against), beware (من of) وعي attention, attentiveness, heedfulness, carefulness, advertence; consciousness; awareness; feeling, sentiment, sense; wakefulness, alertness │ في غير وعي unnoticed, without being noticed; وعي قومي (qaumī) national consciousness, nationalism; ما وراء الوعي the subconscious; استرجع وعيه and عاد الى وعيه to regain consciousness, come to; فقد وعيه to lose consciousness, faint, pass out; دون وعي unconscious(ly) وعاء wi‘ā’ pl. اوعية au‘iya, اواع awā‘in vessel (also anat.), container, receptacle │ اوعية دموية (damawīya) blood vessels واع wā‘in attentive, heedful, careful; conscious, in one’s senses, wide awake 1082 وغد wagd pl. اوغاد augād, وغدان wagdān miserable, wretched; scoundrel وغر wagara يغر yagiru, wagira يوغر yaugaru (wagr, wagar) to be hot, be angry │ وغر صدره على (ṣadruhū) to boil with anger against s.o., harbor malice against s.o., feel hatred for s.o. IV اوغر صدره على (ṣadrahū) to arouse s.o.’s anger against, stir up s.o. against, arouse bitter feelings in s.o. against V to be furious, burn with rage وغر wagr, wagar anger, wrath, ire, rancor, spite, malice, hatred وغل wagala يغل yagilu (وغول wugūl) to penetrate deeply (في into); -- (wagl, wugūl, وغلان wagalān) to intrude (على on s.o.), come uninvited (على to) IV to penetrate deeply (في into); to apply o.s. intensively (في to an activity); to push, press (في ه s.o. into); to burry │ اوغل في السير (sair) to walk briskly, advance quickly; اوغل في الكلام (kalām) to exaggerate, draw a longbow V to penetrate deeply (في into); to advance further and further وغل wagl intruder, parasite توغل tawaggul penetration, absorption, preoccupation واغل wāgil intruder, parasite; extraneous, irrelevant; deep, deep-rooted, deep-seated, inveterate (feeling) موغل mūgil deep-reaching, deep-rooted وغي wagy, wagan din, clamor, tumult, uproar وفد wafada يفد yafidu (wafd, وفود wufūd, وفادة wifāda) to come, travel (على or الى to s.o., esp. as an envoy); to arrive (على or الى before s.o., in s.o.’s presence); to visit, come to see (على s.o.), call on s.o. (على) II and IV to send, dispatch (على or الى ه s.o. to, also هـ a delegation); to delegate, depute (على or الى ه s.o. to. also هـ a group) III to come or arrive together (ه with s.o.) VI to arrive together; to throng, flock (على to) وفد wafd arrival, coming; -- (pl. وفود wufūd, اوفاد aufād) a delegation, a deputation; الوفد (formerly, Eg.) the Wafd party وفدي wafdī of or relative to the Wafd; Wafdist, a member or adherent of the Wafd وفادة wifāda arrival │ اكرم (احسن) وفادته (wifādatahū) to receive s.o. hospitably, receive s.o. with kindness, treat s.o. with deference وفود wufūd arrival ايفاد īfād delegation, deputation, dispatch وافد wāfid pl. وفود wufūd, اوفاد aufād, وفاد wuffād arriving; (new)comer, arrival; envoy; epidemic(al) (disease); pouring in, coming (ideas, memories) وافدة wāfida an epidemic موفد mūfad appointed or nominated for a special assignment; delegate │ الموفد البابوي apostolic delegate وفر wafara يقر rafiru (wafr, وفور wufūr) and wafura يوفر yaufuru (وفارة wafāra) to abound, be ample, abundant, numerous, plentiful; to increase, augment, grow, become more II to increase, augment, make abundant (هـ s.th.); to give abundantly (ل هـ of s.th. to s.o.); to furnish (هـ evidence, proof); to save (هـ s.th.), be sparing, be economical, hold back, economize (هـ with); to lay by, put by (هـ s.th., esp., money); to save (هـ على s.o. s.th.) │ وفر عليه مصاريف كثيرة to save s.o. a lot of expenses IV to increase, augment (هـ s.th.) V to abound, be ample, abundant, plentiful; to suffice, be sufficient, be enough; to be fulfilled (condition); to be of full value, sterling, up to standard, unexceptionable. valid; to prosper, thrive, be successful; to spare no trouble, go to any length (على in an undertaking or activity), give all one’s attention, devote 1083 o.s. intensively, dedicate o.s. (على to); to be saved │ توفرت فيه الصفات اللازمة he has the necessary qualities; توفرت فيه الشروط he fulfills the conditions VI to be numerous; to abound, be ample, abundant, plentiful; to increase, multiply, grow in number; to be fulfilled (conditions); to fall amply to s.o.’s (ل) share (e.g., qualities) │ توفر فيه الشباب والجمال (šabāb, jamāl) he is richly endowed with youth and good looks وفر wafr abundance, wealth; profusion, superabundance; (pl. وفور wufūr, -āt) excess, surplus, overplus; economy; saving وفرة wafra plenty, abundance, profusion وفير wafīr abundant, ample اوفر aufar2 more abounding (هـ in); more amply provided or endowed (هـ with); thriftier, more economical │ اوفر حظا (ḥaẓẓan) luckier, more fortunate توفير taufīr increase, augmentation; raising, raise, rise; economizing, economy; saving │ صندوق التوفير ṣundūq at-t. savings bank توفر tawaffur abundance, profusion, wealth; superabundance; increase, rise, augmentation, spread, expansion; fulfillment │ عند توفر as soon as the conditions are fulfilled وافر wāfir ample, abundant, plentiful; numerous, profuse, superabundant; (with foll. genit.) abounding in; overlong (year); الوافر name of a poetic meter موفور maufūr ample, abundant, plentiful; loaded, swamped; wealthy, moneyed, rich; complete, perfectly intact │ موفور المطالب m. al-maṭālib having many wishes متوفر mutawaffir ample, abundant; thrifty, economical; savings yield or interest متوافر mutawāfir ample, abundant, plentiful, profuse وفز V to be roused, be alerted X to lie in wait; to be in suspense; to be prepared, be in a state of alertness وفز wafz, wafaz pl. اوفاز aufāz hurry, haste │ كان على اوفاز to be on one’s toes, be on the alert مستوفز mustaufiz alert, quick, vivid, lively (e.g., mind); excited وفض wafaḍa يفض yafiḍu (wafḍ) to run; to hurry, rush وفض wafḍa pl. وفاض wifāḍ leather bag, traveling bag │ خلي الوفاض empty, vacant, free; empty-handed وفيعة wafī‘a penwiper وفق wafiqa يفق yafiqu (wafq) to be right, proper, suitable, fit, appropriate II to make fit, make suitable, adapt, fit, adjust, accommodate (هـ s.th.); to make consistent, bring to agreement, reconcile (بين different things; بين-- وبين s.th. with); to reconcile (بين two parties), make peace, re-establish normal relations (بين between); to give s.o. (ه) success (ل or الى in achieving s.th.; of God); pass. wuffiqa to have success, be successful (ل or الى in or with), have the good fortune, be lucky enough (الى to), succeed (الى in) │ وفق كل التوفيق الى (wuffiqa kulla t-t.) to succeed completely in, have every success in or with III to befit, become (ه s.o.); to suit (ه s.o.), be suitable, acceptable, agreeable, favorable, convenient (ه to s.o.), be consistent with s.o.’s (ه) wishes or interests; to fit, suit (ه s.o.; garment); to agree (هـ with s.th., ه with s.o., في or على in s.th.); to be agreed, unanimous, of the same opinion, concur (في or على ه with s.o. in s.th.); to fit (هـ s.th.), be consistent, be in keeping, be in line (هـ with s.th.); to correspond, be analogous (هـ to s.th.); to be in agreement, 1084 be in accordance, be in conformity, be in harmony, go, harmonize (هـ with); to fall in, tally, coincide (هـ with); to agree (هـ with; of food, climate, etc.), be wholesome, beneficial (هـ for); to be conducive (هـ to); to agree, consent, assent, subscribe (على to), grant, confirm, approve, sanction, license, authorize, ratify (على s.th.); to adapt, fit (بين one thing to the other), make consistent, compatible, bring to agreement, reconcile, balance, equilibrate (بين two things) V to be aided, assisted, favored (by God); to have success, be successful, prosper, succeed VIII اتفق ittafaq to agree, come to an agreement, reach an agreement; to agree, be in agreement, in accordance, in conformity, in keeping, in line, in harmony, be consistent, be compatible, coincide, tally, square, fall in line (مع or و with acc.: with): to be agreed, be unanimous; to make a contract, conclude an agreement, a treaty, agree on an arrangement; to agree (على on s.th.), arrange (على s.th.), come to terms (على about s.th., مع with s.o.); to chance, happen accidentally, come to pass, occur, happen (ل to s.o., e.g., an oversight); to fan unexpectedly (ل to s.o.), turn out successfully (ل for s.o.) contrary to his expectation; to be given, be destined (ل to s.o.) │ كما اتفق (ka-mā) as chance would have it, at random, haphazardly, carelessly; كيفما اتفق (kaifa-mā) however it may turn out, whatever may come; no matter how, anyway; at any rate, in any case وفق wafq sufficient amount; sufficiency; agreement, accordance, conformity; harmony, concord; wafq or وفقا ل or من وفق in accordance with, in conformity with, conformable to, according to, commensurate with; in pursuance of, pursuant to, on the strength of, on the basis of │ وفق wafqa l-aṣl true, accurate, exact (copy) وفقة wafqa: اجر بالوفقة ajr bi-l-w. piece wage, task wage, wage for piecework اوفق aufaq2 more suitable, fitter, more appropriate توفيق taufīq conformation, adaptation, accommodation; balancing, adjustment, settlement; reconciliation, mediation, arbitration, peacemaking, re-establishment of normal relations; success (granted by God), happy outcome, good fortune, good luck, prosperity, successfulness, succeeding │ لجنة التوفيق lajnat at-t. board of arbitration وفاق wifāq accordance, conformity, conformance; unity; concord, harmony; consent, assent; agreement, covenant; وفاقا ل in accordance with. in conformity with, conformable to, according to, commensurate with; in pursuance of, pursuant to, on the strength of, on the basic of موافقة muwāfaqa agreement, conformity, conformance; accordance; correspondence, analogy; suitability, fitness; approval, consent, assent, authorization, sanction توافق tawāfuq coincidence, congruence, congruity; agreement, conformity, conformance اتفاق ittifāq coincidence, congruence, congruity; agreement, conformity, conformance; accident, chance; (pl. -āt) covenant, compact, convention, contract; understanding, arrangement, entente; agreement, treaty, pact │ اتفاقا accidentally, by chance, by coincidence; بالاتفاق by (mutual) agreement, by appointment; اتفاق الآراء unanimity; باتفاق الآراء unanimously; اتفاق بحري (baḥrī) naval agreement; اتفاق تجاري (tijārī) commercial agreement, trade agreement; اتفاق عدم الاعتداء itt. ‘adam al-i‘tidā‘ nonaggression pact; دول الاتفاق الصغير duwal at-itt. the countries of the Little Entente 1085 اتفاقي ittifāqī accidental, fortuitous, chance; hued on convention, conventional اتفاقية ittifāqīya pl. -āt agreement, treaty; convention, concordat موفق muwaffaq successful, prospering, fortunate, lucky موافق muwāfiq accordant, comfortable, congruous, consistent, concordant, corresponding, analogous; suitable, fit, appropriate; agreeable, acceptable, convenient, favorable, propitious, wholesome, beneficial, conducive متوفق mutawaffiq successful, proopering, fortunate, lucky متفق عليه muttafaq ‘alaihi agreed upon وفى wafā يفي yafī to be perfect, integral, complete, unabridged; -- (وفاء wafā’) to live up (ب or هـ to a promise, an agreement, a vow, or the like), redeem, fulfill, carry out, keep (ب or هـ s.th.); to satisfy, gratify (ب a wish, a desire), supply (ب a need); to serve (ب a purpose); to meet, fulfill, discharge (ب an obligation, an engagement); to pay (a debt); to redeem (a pledge); to cover (costs, expenses); to be sufficient, be enough, suffice (ب for), be adequate (ب to); to make up, compensate fully (ب for), counterbalance (ب s.th.); to be equivalent (ب to s.th.), fulfill the function (ب of s.th.), substitute (ب for); to realize or carry out (fully, completely; ب s.th.) II to bring up to standard, complete, round out (هـ s.th.); to give (هـ ه s.o. s.th.) to the full extent, let s.o. (ه) have his full share of s.th. (هـ); to present, lit forth, or treat exhaustively (a topic) III to come (ه to s.o.), appear, show up (ه before s.o., in s.o.’s presence); to bring, lake, deliver (ب to s.o. s.th.), supply, provide, furnish (ب s.o. with); to fulfill (هـ s.o.’s wish), comply (هـ with s.o.’s request) │ وافاه اجله (ajaluhū) his fate overtook him IV to give to the full; to fulfill, keep (ب or هـ s.th.), live up (ب or هـ to); to come or draw near s.th. (علي), approach (علي s.th.); to exceed, transcend (علي s.th.), go beyond (علي) │ اوفى علي الانتهاء to draw to a close; عمره الآن قد اوفى علي التاسعة (‘umruhū) he is already past nine years of age V to exact fully (هـ s.th.), take one’s full share (هـ of), receive in full (هـ s.th.); توفاه الله God hal taken him unto Him; pass. tuwuffiya to die VI to be complete; to decide unanimously (علي for, in favor of) X to receive in full, exact (fully) (هـ s.th.); to give (fully) (هـ ل to s.o s.th.), let s.o. have his full share of; to complete, bring to a finish (هـ s.th.), go through with s.th. (هـ); to lit out, hear to the end (هـ a program); to bring to its full value (هـ s.th.); to treat exhaustively (هـ a topic); to exhaust (هـ s.th.); to present in detail. at great length (هـ s.th.); to fulfill (هـ the condition); to receive full compensation or indemnity وفاء wafā’ keeping, fulfillment, redemption (e.g., of a promise); meeting, discharge (of an obligation); payment (of a debt); counterbalance, setoff, compensation; faithfulness fidelity; good faith; loyalty, allegiance; fulfillment, accomplishment, realization, completion │ وفاء ل wafā’an li in fulfillment of, in discharge of; as an offset to; as a compensation for; يوم وفاء النيل yaum w. an-nīl the Day of the Nile Inundation (popular holiday; Eg.); احتفظ بالوفاء ل to remain loyal to s.o. وفاة wafāh pl. وفيات wafayāt decease, demise; death; death certificate │ كثرة الوفيات katrat al-w. high mortality, high death rate وفي wafīy pl. اوفياء aufiyā’2 true to one’s word; faithful (lover); reliable, trustworthy; entire, whole, total, full, complete, integral, perfect 1086 اوفى aufā more faithful, more loyal; more complete, of greater perfection; serving better (ب a purpose), fulfilling better (ب wish, etc.) توفية taufiya satisfaction; fulfillment, discharge موافاة muwāfā arrival; communication (ب of a message) ايفاء īfā’ fulfillment, discharge; payment │ قادرة علي الايفاء solvent استيفاء istīfā’ acceptance by the creditor of the performance or payment due (Isl. Law); fulfillment; exhaustive treatment; performance, discharge, accomplishment, execution, consummation, completion; payment واف wāfin faithful, loyal; full, complete, perfect; quite sufficient, enough; ample, abundant; adequate موف muwaffin completing, rounding out (a number) │ في الموفي عشرين (ثلاثين) من الشهر (šahr) on the 20th (30th) day of the month متوفى mutawaffan deceased, dead وقة wuqqa, wiqqa pl. -āt, وقق wiqaq oka, a weight, see اقة وقب waqaba يقب yaqibu (waqb) to he sunken, hollow (eye); to become dark, gloomy وقب waqb pl. اوقاب auqāb cavity; hollow, hole; eye socket, orbit وقبة waqba cavity وقت II to appoint, fix, or set a time (هـ for), schedule (هـ s.th.) for a given time; to time (هـ s.th.); to set a time limit (هـ for) وقت waqt pl. اوقات auqāt time; period of time, time span; moment, instant │ وقتا waqtan once, at one time, one day; بوقته at once, right away, immediately; في وقته on time; at the right time, in good time, timely; في غير وقت at the wrong time, untimely; في الوقت نفسه or في نفس الوقت at the same time, simultaneously; في اول وقت fī awwali waqtin one of these days, at the first opportunity; للوقت or لوقته at once, right away, immediately; لهذا الوقت this time; مع الوقت in (due) time, in the course of time, by and by, gradually; من وقت لآخر (li-ākara) from time to time; اوقاتا اوقاتا do.; في بعض الأوقات at times, sometimes; في كثير من الأوقات often, frequently; وقت الفراغ w. al-farāg leisure, sparetime, free time; الوقت المدني (madanī) civil time; وقت اوربا الوسطى w. ūrubbā l-wusṭā Central European time; اشارة الوقت išārat al-w. time signal (radio) وقتئذ waqta’idin then, at that time, by then وقتذاك waqtadāka then, at that time, by then وقتما waqtamā (conj.) while, as وقتي waqtī temporal, of time; time- (in compounds); temporary; passing, transient, transitory; provisional, interim; momentary; وقتيا for some time, for a short time │ تصوير وقتي time exposure (phot.) موقت mauqit pl. مواقت mawāqit appointed time; appointment, date ميقات mīqāt pl. مواقيت mawāqīt appointed time; date, deadline; time; season, time of the year; meeting point, rendezvous; pl. times of departure and arrival, timetable │ مواقيت الأفلام business hours; موقيت الحج m. al-hajj rendezvous points and times of the Mecca pilgrims توقيت tauqīt timing; reckoning of time │ توقيت صيفي (ṣaifī) daylight-saving time; توقيت محلي (maḥallī) local time; في الساعة العاشرة حسب توقيت جرينش (ḥasaba t. g.) at 10.00 hours Greenwich mean time موقوت mauqūt appointed, bed, set (time); temporary; limited in time, 1087 scheduled for a given time; provided with a time fuse (bomb) موقت muwaqqit timing, determining the time; timekeeper, timetaker; controller موقت muwaqqat and مؤقت mu’aqqat scheduled for a given time or hour; appointed, fixed, lilt (time); effective for a certain time, for a time only, temporal, temporary, passing, transient, transitory, provisional, interim I l:i.... temporarily, provisionally, for the time being; بصورة موقتة (bi-ṣūra) do.; حكومة موقتة provisional government وقح waqaḥa يقح yaqiḥu (قحة qiḥa, qaḥa), waquḥa يوقح yauquḥu (وقاحة waqāḥa, وقوحة wuqūḥa) and waqiḥa yauqaḥu (waqaḥ) to be shameless, impudent, insolent V do.; to behave impudently (على toward s.o.), display insolent manners VI to display impudence, behave in an insolent manner قحة qiḥa impudence, shamelessness, insolence, impertinence, sauciness وقح waqiḥ impudent, shameless, insolent, impertinent, saucy, cheeky, forward وقاح waqāḥ (m. and f.) pl. وقح wuquḥ impudent, shameless, insolent, impertinent, saucy, cheeky, forward وقيح waqāḥa impudent, shameless, insolent, impertinent, saucy, cheeky, forward وقاحة waqāḥa impudence, insolence, impertinence, sauciness, cheek, nerve وقوحة wuqūḥa impudence, insolence, impertinence, sauciness, cheek, nerve وقد waqada يقد yaqidu (waqd, waqad, وقود wuqūd) to take fire, ignite, burn II and IV to kindle, ignite, light (هـ s.th.) │ اوقد فيه النار (nāra) to set s.th. on fire V = I; to kindle, light, ignite (هـ s.th.) VIII اتقد ittaqada = I; to break forth (anger), be aroused (zeal) │ اتقد غيرة (حماسا) على (gairatan, ḥamāsan) to burn with zeal (enthusiasm) for X to kindle, light, ignite (هـ s.th.) وقد waqd, waqad burning, combustion; fire; fuel وقدة waqda fire; blaze وقاد wiqād fuel وقاد waqqād burning, fiery; lively, heated; bright, brilliant, radiant (star); (pl. -ūn) stoker وقود waqūd fuel (also for motors) │ مخزن الوقود makzan al-w. coal cellar, coal storeroom وقيد waqīd fuel موقد mauqid pl. مواقد mawāqid2 fireplace; hearth; stove; O boiler of a locomotive │ موقد الغاز kerosene stove ليقاد īqād kindling, lighting, setting on fire, ignition توقد tawaqqud burning, combustion اتقاد ittiqād burning, combustion موقود mauqūd kindled, lit, ignited, burning متوقد mutawaqqid burning, flaming, blazing │ متوقد الذهن m. ad-dihn fiery, impulsive, having a lively mind متقد muttaqid aflame, burning مستوقد mustauqad hearth, fireplace; O hath heater, geyser وقذ waqada يقذ yaqidu (waqd) to hit fatally, hit hard, throw down, fell (ه s.o.) وقيذ waqīd and موقوذ mauqūd fatally ill وقر waqara يقر yaqiru (waqr) to break, fracture, crack (هـ s.th., esp. a bone); to be settled, certain, an established fact; to stay, remain │ وقر في نفسه ان to him it was an established fact that ...; وقر في خلده (kaladihī) do.; وقرت الصورة في نفسه (ṣūratu) the picture stood vividly 1088 before his mental eye; waqura يوقر yauquru (وقار waqār, وقارة waqāra) to be dignified, sedate, staid, grave II to respect, honor, revere, reverence (ه s.o.); to render grave or sedate (ه s.o.) IV to load, burden, overload (هـ a beast of burden); to oppress (ه s.o.), weigh heavily (ه upon); to be overladen with fruit (tree) وقر waqr pl. وقور wuqūr cavity, hollow وقرة waqra cavity, hollow وقر wiqr pl. اوقار auqār heavy load, burden وقار waqār gravity, sobriety, dignity, deportment commanding respect; sedateness, dignified bearing وقور waqūr grave, sedate; dignified; venerable, reverend توقر tawaqqur dignified bearing موقر muwaqqar respected, held in respect; venerable, reverend وقص waqaṣa يقص yaqiṣu to break s.o.’s neck (هـ) وقظ waqaẓa يقظ yaqiẓu (waqẓ) to beat brutally (ه s.o.) II to arouse, incite, inflame, whip up (هـ s.th., e.g., passions) وقع waqa‘a يقع yaqa‘u (وقوع wuqū‘) to fall; to fall down, drop; to tumble; to come to pass, take place, occur; to happen (ل to s.o.), befall (ل s.o.); to get (في in a situation, also, e.g., in a fix); to get (الى to), arrive (الى at); to come, run (علي across), meet (علي with); to fall (علي to s.o., to s.o.’s lot or share); to slight, settle down (علي on: bird); to have sexual intercourse (علي with a woman); to be divided (في into), consist (في of); to be located, be situated, lie (geog.,); -- (وقيعة waqī‘a) to slander, backbite, defame, disparage (من or ب s.o.): -- (waq‘) to rush, pounce, fall (ب upon s.o.) │ وقعوا في بعضهم they fell to quarreling, they fell out with one another; وقع بايديهم (bi-aidīhim) he fell into their hands; وقع تحت حواسه (ḥawāssihī) to enter s.o.’s range of perception, become palpable, tangible for s.o.; وقعت في حبه (ḥubbihī) she fell in love with him; وقعت حرب (ḥarb) war broke out; وقع الحق (ḥaqq) the law has been determined; وقع الحق عليه he was found guilty; وقع في الفخ (fakk) to walk into the trap, get caught in the snare; وقع فريسته (farīsatahū) to fall victim to s.o., become a prey of s.o.; وقع من قلبه في مكان (min qalbihī fī makānin) to take s.th. to heart; to make s.th. one’s business, attend to s.th.; وقع القول عليه (qaul) he was called upon to speak, he was given the floor; وقع في نفسه ان it came to his mind, it occurred to him to ...; وقع الكلام في (kalām) the words impressed him, went to his heart, touched him; وقعت في (من) نفسه she has made an impression on him, she has bewitched him; وقع في هواها (hawāhā) he fell in love with her; وقع موقعه (mauqi‘ahū) to stand in place of, stand for; وقع في غير موقعه (fī gairi mauqi‘ihī) to be misplaced, stand in the wrong place, be used in the wrong context (word); وقع الكلام منه موقعا (kalāmu, mauqi‘an) the words moved or impressed him; وقع الأمر منه موقعا حسنا (mauqi‘an ḥasanan) the matter pleased him very much, was most welcome to him; وقع عنده موقع الرضا (mauqi‘a r-riḍā) it met his approval; وقع في النفوس موقعا جليلا to leave a strong, splendid impression; وقع ووقع الاستغراب to cause raised eyebrows, cause astonishment II to let fall, drop (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cause to fall, bring down, throw down, overthrow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to perform, carry out, execute (هـ s.th.); to enter, record, register (علي or في هـ s.th. in or on); to 1089 sign (هـ s.th.); to inflict (علي هـ a punishment on s.o.); to play (علي on a musical instrument); to sow dissension (بين between, among) │ وقع حجزا على (ḥajzan) to seize, confiscate, impound or distrain s.th.; وقعه بالأحرف الأولى (bi-l-aḥrufi l-ūlā) to initial s.th.; وقع نفسه (nafsahū) to give o.s. up; وقع على الوتر الحساس (al-watar al-ḥassās) to touch the sensitive spot III to attack (ه s.o.), fight (ه with); to have sexual intercourse (ها with a woman) IV to let fall, drop (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to cause to fall, bring down, throw down, overthrow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to plunge (في ه s.o. into s.th., esp. fig.), get, land (في ه s.o. in a situation); to fall (ب upon s.o.), attack, assault (ب s.o.); to score a hit (ب on); to sow the seeds of discord, drive wedge (بين -- وبين between -- and); to project (هـ s.th.) │ اوقع الرعب في قلبه (ar-ru‘ba fī qalbihī) to strike terror to s.o.’s heart, frighten or scare s.o.; اوقع عقوبة علي to inflict a punishment on; اوقعه في كمين to let s.o. walk into an ambush V to expect, anticipate (هـ s.th.); to prepare o.s., wait (هـ for); to dread (هـ s.th.); to be inflicted (علي on s.o.; punishment), be passed (علي against s.o.; judgment) X to expect, anticipate, dread (هـ s.th.), feel uneasy, be concerned (هـ about), look forward with apprehension (هـ to) وقع waq‘ falling, dropping, tumbling; fall, drop, tumble; thump, thud, blow; happening, occurrence, incidence; impression (s.th. makes), effect; impact │ وقع الأقدام footfall, footsteps; وقع اقدام ثقلية heavy footfall; كان له احسن وقع في النفوس (aḥsanu waq‘in) to make the best impression on everyone وقعة waq‘a pl. waqa‘āt fall, drop, tumble; thump, thud, blow; shock, jolt; incident, occurrence; encounter, combat, battle; meal, repast وقاع waqqā‘ and وقاعة waqqā‘a talebearer, scandalmonger, slanderer وقوع wuqū‘ falling, fall, tumble; letting in, incidence (of an event), occurence, happening وقيعة waqī‘a pl. وقائع waqā’i‘ incident, event, occurrence, happening; encounter, battle; -- pl. وقائع happenings, goings on, developments; factual findings, factual evidence, facts (of a legal case); proceedings (of an assembly); facts │ دفتر الوقائع daftar al-w. minute book; الوقائع المصرية (miṣrīya) the Egyptian Official Gazette (the oldest Arab newspaper) موقع mauqi‘ pl. مواقع mawāqi‘2 place where s.th. drops or fells down; place, site, locality, spot; position (of a ship and mil.); scene, situation, location, position; impression; time or date on which s.th. falls │ مواقع الأطلال (sites of) ruins; مواقع الأنظار m. anẓār field (or range) of vision; موقع متقدم (mutaqaddim) advanced position (mil.); مواقع النجوم the orbits of the stars; لم يكن يعرف موقع وقته ذاك من الليل (mauqi‘a waqtihī) he did not know what time of the night it was at that moment; see also waqa‘a (at end of illustrative phrases) موقعة mauqi‘a pl. مواقع mawāqi‘2 battlefield; fighting, combat, battle ميقعة mīqa‘a device for sharpening or honing; grindstone, whetstone توقيع tauqī‘ dropping; performance, consummation, execution; discharge, undertaking (of an act or action); infliction (of a punishment); entering, recording, registration; (pl. -āt) signature │ بتوقيع (تحت توقيع) فلان signed by, from the pen of; مهمل التوقيع (muhmal) without signature, unsigned توقيعي tauqī‘ī rhythmic(al) وقاع wiqā‘ coition, sexual intercourse ايقاع īqā‘ pl. -āt rhythm; projection ايقاعي īqā‘ī rhythmic(al) 1090 توقع tawaqqu‘ expectation; anticipation واقع wāqi‘ falling, dropping, tumbling; occurring, happening; actual, real, factual; material, corporeal, tangible; event, fact, matter of fact; factual findings, factual evidence, facto; located, situated (geogr.); transitive (gram.); الواقع reality, the real, material world │ واقعا wāqi‘an or في الواقع or في واقع الأمر in effect, indeed, as a matter of fact, actually, really, in reality; بواقع bi-wāqi‘i to the .mount of (with foll. figure); غير واقع untrue, unreal; intransitive (gram.); الأمر الواقع the accomplished fact; واقع الحال factual findings, factual evidence, facts; الواقع ان (anna) it is a fact that ..., as a matter of fact ..., actually ...; دون الواقع بكثير (dūna, bi-katīrin) far from being true; من واقع هذه السجلات (sijillāt) according to the data contained in these registers واقعة wāqi‘a incident, occurrence, event; happening, development; fact; accident, mishap; fighting, combat, battle واقعي wāqi‘ī actual, real; de facto; realistic; positive; positlvistic (philos.) واقعية wāqi‘īya reality موقع muwaqqi‘ signing; signer, signatory موقع muwaqqa‘ entered, recorded, registered; signed متوقع mutawaqqa‘ expected, anticipated; supposed, presumable, probable, likely │ من المتوقع it is expected that ... وقف waqafa يقف yaqifu (waqf, وقوف wuqūf) to come to a standstill, come to a stop; to stand still; to place o.s. post o.s., station o.s., take one’s stand, step (فوق on s.th.), stand (فوق on, دون in the way of s.th.); to stop (عند or علي at; الى at, short of, = to reach, extend to, go as far as); to halt; to pause; to hesitate, waver, have doubts or scruples (في in s.th.); to use the pausal form, pronounce a word without i‘rāb ending (gram.); to rise, get up, stand up, get on one’s feet; to plant o.s., station o.s., stand erect, hold o.s. erect; to stand; to stand on end (hair); to withstand, resist, oppose; to take up position (علي .t); to stand (مع by s.o.), stick (مع to s.o.), side (مع with s.o.), support, back (مع s.o.); with foll. participle; to continue to do s.th., keep doing s.th.; -- (wuqūf) to occupy o.s. (علي with), attend (علي to), go in for (علي); to read (علي s.th.); to apply o.s., devote o.s. (علي to); to take an interest, be interested (علي in); to inquire, seek information, inform o.s. (علي about); to learn, be informed (علي of); to understand, comprehend, grasp, learn (علي s.th.); to come to know (علي s.th.). become acquainted (Jo with); to know (علي s.th.); (waqf) to bring to a standstill, to a stop, arrest, halt, stop (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), put an end (هـ to s.th.); to hinder, prevent, hold back (هـ, ه or ب s.o., s.th., دون or عن from); to make dependent, conditional (على هـ s.th. on), pass. wuqifa to depend, be conditional (على on); to apprise, inform, notify (على ه s.o. of), acquaint (على ه s.o. with), let s.o. (ه) know (على about); to tell, advise, instruct (على هـ s.o. about), call s.o.’s (ه) attention (على to); to donate, grant, create, institute (على ه s.th. for a pious or charitable purpose), bequeath as a religious endowment or wakf (على هـ s.th. to); to make over, bequeath, transfer (على هـ s.th. to); to dedicate, consecrate, devote (على هـ s.th. to a purpose); to assign, appoint (هـ s.th., ل to, to a purpose), designate, set apart (هـ s.th., ل for s.th., for a purpose); to apply, devote (نفسه nafsahū o.s., ل to s.th., to a task) │ قف qif halt! (command); stop! (e.g., on a traffic sign); وقف امامه (amāmahū) to resist, oppose, stop s.th., put an end to s.th.; وقف الى جانبه to be on s.o.’s side; 1091 وقف الى يساره (yasārihī) to stand at his left; وقف سدا دون (saddan) to rise as an obstacle in the way to s.th., stand in the way to s.th.; لا يقف دون شيء nothing will stand in his (or its) way, nothing can stop him (or it); وقف حائرا to be in a quandary, at a loss what to do; وقف علي الحياد (ḥiyād) to remain neutral, observe strict neutrality; وقف علي ساق الجد ل (sāqi l-jidd) to throw o.s. into s.th., identify o.s. with s.th., go to great lengths, make every effort in order to ...; وقف علي شفير الهلاك (šafīri l-halāk) to be on the brink of ruin, be about to perish; وقف عند حد ... (ḥaddi) to stop at or short of …, go as far as ...; وقف في وجه فلان ... (wajhi s.) to offer s.o. resistance, stand up against s.o.;وقف موقفا من (mauqifan) to assume an attitude, take a stand toward or with regard to; وقف موقفا ملؤه الحزم (mil’uhū l-ḥazm) to assume an attitude of utmost determination; وقف وقفا (waqfan) to assume a posture; وقف وقفة (waqfatan) to stand still; to assume an attitude; وقفه على العمل (‘amal) to suspend s.o. from duty II to bring to a standstill, to a stop, arrest, halt, stop, hold up, check, stunt, obstruct, trammel, hamper, slow down (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to park (هـ an automobile); to raise, erect, set up, set upright, place in an upright position (هـ s.th.); to arrest, seize (ه s.o.); to hold back, restrain, keep, prevent (عن ه s.o. from); to acquaint (علي ه s.o. with); to institute a religious endowment or wakf (علي for the benefit of, in favor of) │ وقفه عند حده (ḥaddihī) to put s.o. in his proper place IV to make (هـ s.th.) stand, set up (هـ s.th.); to bring to a standstill, to a stop, arrest, halt, stop, hold up, check, stunt, obstruct, trammel, hamper, slow down (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to stop, suspend, stay, discontinue, interrupt (هـ s.th.); to break off, sever (هـ relations); to postpone, put off, delay, defer (هـ an activity); to arrest, seize, apprehend, capture (ه s.o.); to suppress, ban (هـ a newspaper); to acquaint (علي ه s.o. with), inform, notify, apprise (علي ه s.o. of), let s.o. (ه) know (علي about); to tell, advise, instruct (علي ه s.o. about), call s.o.’s (ه) attention (علي to); to donate, grant, create, institute (علي ه s.th. for a pious or charitable purpose), bequeath as a religious endowment or wakf (علي هـ s.th. to); to bequeath, make over, transfer (علي هـ s.th. to); to assign, appoint (علي هـ s.th. to), designate, set apart (علي هـ s.th. for); to devote (علي هـ s.th. to a purpose); to spend (هـ efforts, علي for) │ اوقف اهتمامه علي (htimāmahū) to concentrate on; اوقف تنفيذ الحكم (tanfīd l-ḥukm) to stay the execution of a sentence, grant a reprieve; to stay the execution (of a judgment in a civil case), arrest a judgment (jur.); اوقف حركة المرور (ḥarakata l-murūr) to obstruct traffic; اوقفه عن المرور (‘amal) to relieve s.o. of his post, remove s.o. from office V to stop, halt, come to a stop, put in a stop, stop over; to come to a standstill; to stand still; to reach a deadlock (fig., of negotiations, and the like); to pause (عن in an activity), suspend, interrupt (عن s.th.); to stop, quit (عن s.th., doing s.th.), discontinue (عن s.th.); to desist, refrain, abstain (عن from); to waver, be undecided, hesitate (في in s.th.); to depend, be dependent, conditional (علي on); to rest, be based (علي on), be due (علي to); to consist (علي in) VI to fight each other; to meet in battle X to ask (ه s.o.) to stop; to bring to a stop, to stop, halt, hold up, detain, check, impede, obstruct, trammel, hamper, slow down (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.), stunt, arrest (هـ s.th.); to give s.o. (ه) pause; to call on a vessel (هـ) to stop; to try to hold or retain; to hold (هـ s.th.; fig.) │ استوقف نظره (naẓarahū) to catch s.o.’s eye, arouse s.o.’s attention; استوقف الانتباه to arrest the attention 1092 وقف waqf stopping, stop; halting, halt; discontinuation, suspensions, stay, standstill; pausing, resting; stagnation, dullness, listlessness (of the market); pause (gram.); checking, restraining, prevention; interruption, hitch, impediment, obstacle, obstruction; suspension from duty, removal from office, discharge, dismissal; blocking (of all account), stoppage (of salaries); -- (pl. اوقاف auqāf) religious endowment, wakf, “habeus” (Isl. Law); endowment (in general), endowment fund; unalienable property │ كان وقفا علي (waqfan) to be completely dependent on; وقفا علي restricted to; وقف اهلي (ahlī), وقف خاص (kāṣṣ) or (ir.) وقف ذرية w. durrīya family endowment, private will, estate in mortmain entailed in such a manner that its proceeds will accrue to the members of the donor’s family, and, after the death of its last descendent, go to a charitable purpose; وقف خيري (kairī), (tun.) وقف عام (‘āmm) public endowment, endowment, set apart for a charitable or religious purpose, public wakf; ناظر الوقف nāẓir al-w. administrator of all endowment, trustee, curator; الأوقاف the wakf system, estates in mortmain; وزارة الأوقاف the ministry entrusted with government supervision of estates in mortmain, will ministry; وقف اطلاق النار w. iṭlāq an-nār cease-fire (mil.); وقف التنفيذ stay of execution (jur.); اكل خبز الوقف (kubza l-w.) to have independent means of subsistence, have a sinecure وقفي waqfī of or pertaining to endowments or the wakf system, wakf- (in compounds) وقفية waqfīya wakf system, endowment system; list of religious endowments, of the estates in mortmain; original charter of a wakf وقفة waqfa (n. vic.) pl. -āt standing, stand, stance; position, posture; halt, stop; pause; 0 period, full stop (punctuation mark); station, way station, specif. that on Mount ‘Arafāt during the Pilgrimage; attitude, stand, policy; eve of a religious festival, also يوم الوقفة │ وقفة العيد الصغير w. al-‘īd aṣ-ṣagīr the day preceding ‘īd al-fiṭr, the Feast of Breaking the Ramadan Fast on the last day of Shawwal; وقفة العيد الكبير (kabīr) the day preceding ‘īd al-aḍḥā the Feast of Immolation on the 10th day of Zu’lhijja وقاف waqqāf overseer, supervisor, warden, keeper وقوف wuqūf stopping, stop; halting, halt; standing; stand, stance; (with علي:) study, pursuit, occupation (with), search, inquiry (into), investigation, cognizance, knowledge, understanding, comprehension; (Isl. Law) abeyance of rights; pl. of واقف wāqif standing موقف mauqif pl. مواقف mawāqif2 stopping place; station; (cab, etc.) stand; (bus, train, etc.) stop; parking lot, parking place; stopover, stop; place, site; scene, scenery; position, posture; situation; attitude; stand, position, opinion │ موقف حربي (ḥarbī) strategic situation; موقف سياسي (siyāsī) political situation; موقف عدائي (‘adā’ī) hostile attitude; مهيمن الموقف muhaimin al-m. master of the situation; موقفه من his attitude toward, his stand with regard to توقيف tauqīf raising, setting up, erection; apprehension, detention, seizure, arrest; parking ايقاف īqāf raising, setting up, erection; apprehension, detention, seizure, arrest; stopping, halting, checking, arresting, stunting, trammeling, hampering, impeding, obstruction; stoppage, suspension (e.g., of work); interruption, discontinuation; postponement, deferment, delay, stay, arrest; removal from office, suspension from duty; notice, notification │ 1093 ايقاف التنفيذ stay of execution (jur.); ايقاف الحكم i. al-ḥukm arrest of judgment (jur.); ايقاف الدعوى ī. ad-da‘wā stay of proceedings (jur.); ايقاف الدفع ī. ad-daf‘ delay of payment, respite, moratorium; ايقاف العمل ī. al-‘amal suspension of work توقف tawaqquf halt, cessation, standstill; pause; stopover, stop (also. of an airplane); hesitation, wavering; dependence (على on) │ التوقف عن الدفع (daf‘) suspension of payment (jur.) واقف wāqif stopping, baiting, coming to a stop; standing still, motionless, at rest; standing; upright, erect; acquainted, familiar (علي with s.th.); bystander, spectator, onlooker (during a street scene); wakif, donor of a wakf │ علي الواقف instantly, on the spot, right away, at once; هب واقفا habba wāqifan to get on one’s feet, get up, stand up, rise موقوف mauqūf arrested, stopped; suspended; interrupted, discontinued; delayed, postponed, deferred; apprehended, detained, arrested; person under arrest, prisoner; suspended from duty, removed from office; entailed through an endowment, established as a wakf; unalienable, in mortmain; donated, granted, instituted; dedicated. devoted; designated, set apart, reserved (علي for); dependent, conditional (علي on); based, resting (علي on); abeyant, in abeyance (rights; Isl. Law) │ الموقوف عليه beneficiary or usufructuary of a wakf; الأراضي الموقوفة (arāḍī) the estates in mortmain; لاعب موقوف disqualified player (athlet.); موقوف قيد المحاكمة (qaida l-muḥākama) detained pending investigation. committed for trial متوقف mutawaqqif dependent, conditional (على on) وقل V to climb, mount 1وقواق waqwāq and واقواق wāqwāq in the descriptions of Arab geographers, name of two different groups of islands (one east of China, the other located in the Indian Ocean) 2وقوق waqwaq cuckoo 1وقى waqā يقي yaqī (waqy, وقاية wiqāya) to guard, preserve (هـ s.th.), take good care (هـ of); to safeguard, shield, shelter, preserve, protect, keep (هـ ه s.o. from), guard (هـ ه s.o. against); to protect, offer or afford protection (هـ against); to prevent, obviate (هـ a danger) V and VIII اتقى ittaqā to beware, be wary (هـ of), guard, be on one’s guard, protect o.s. make suer (هـ against) │ اتقى الله to fear God; اتقى الله في حق الشيء (ḥaqqi) (lit.: to fear God with regard to s.th., i.e.) to spare s.th. or deal mercifully with s.th. for fear of God, show regard for s.th. for God’s sake, make s.th. a matter of conscience وقي waqī protection; safeguard وقاء waqā’, wiqā‘ protection; prevention وقاية wiqāya protection; prevention; precaution; obviation, averting; defense (من against); prophylaxis (mat.) │ الوقاية من الغارات الجوية (jawwīya) anti-aircraft defense; معدات الوقاية mu‘addāt al-w. safety device وقاية waqqāya protective covering وقائي wiqā’ī preventive │ الطب الوقائي (ṭibb) preventive medicine, prophylaxis وقي waqīy protecting; protector, preserver, guardian تقوى taqwā godliness, devoutness, piety تقى tuqan godliness, devoutness, piety تقي taqīy pl. اتقياء atqiyā’ godfearing, godly, devout, pious تقية taqīya fear, caution, prudence; (in Shiitic Islam) dissimulation of one’s religion (under duress or in the face of threatening damage) 1094 واق wāqin preserving, guarding, protecting; preventive, preservative, prophylactic; protective; guardian, protector │ واق من الريح (rīḥ) protecting from the wind; درع واق (dir‘) protective armor; صفحة واقية (ṣafḥa) flyleaf; dust cover, jacket, wrapper; مظلة واقية (miẓalla) parachute; معطف واق (mi‘ṭaf) raincoat; قناع واق gas mask واقية wāqiya protection, shelter, shield; a preventive, a preservative متق muttaqin godfearing, godly, devout, pious 2□ وقية wiqīya (eg.), wuqīye (Syr.) a weight, in Eg. = 1/12 raṭl = 37 g; in Aleppo = 320 g, in Beirut = 213.39 g, in Jerusalem = 240g وكأ V and VIII اتكأ ittaka’a to support one’s weight (على on), lean (على against, on); to recline (على in a chair, and the like) تكأة tuka’a staff; support, prop, stay; back (of a chair, etc.); idler, lazybones توكؤ tawakku’ resting, leaning, reclining اتكاء ittikā’ resting, leaning, reclining متكأ muttaka’ pl. -āt support, prop, stay; cushion, pad; sofa; couch وكب wakaba يكب yakibu (wakb, وكوب wukūb, وكبان wakabān) to walk slowly, proceed or advance slowly III to accompany (ه s.o.), escort (ه s.o., هـ s.th.); to convoy, accompany as military escort (هـ s.th.) موكب maukib pl. مواكب mawākib 2 parade, pageant; procession; mounted escort, retinue, cortege; triumph │ موكب المشاعيل torchlight procession; موكب الجنازة m. al-janāza funeral procession مواكبة muwākaba military escort, convoying, convoy duty وكد II to make fast, fasten (هـ s.th.); to corroborate, substantiate (هـ s.th.); to confirm, affirm (هـ s.th.); to give assurance (هـ of), assert (هـ s.th.) V to be corroborated, substantiated, asserted, affirmed, confirmed; to ascertain (من a fact), make sure, convince o.s. (من of) وكد wakd wish, desire, intention, aim, goal, end, purpose, object, aspiration, endeavor, effort, attempt وكيد wakīd corroborated, substantiated, confirmed; sure, certain; positive توكيد taukīd pl. -āt, تواكيد tawākīd2 confirmation; affirmation, assurance; assertion; emphasis, stress; (gram.) intensifying apposition; pleonasm موكد muwakkad sure, certain, definite متوكد mutawakkid sure, certain, positive, convinced وكر wakr pl. اوكار aukār, وكور wukūr nest, bird’s nest; aerie; habitation, abode, retreat; O aircraft hangar │ وكر اللصوص den of robbers وكرة wakra pl. وكر wukar bird’s nest وكز wakaza يكز yakizu (wakz) to strike with the fist (ه s.o.); to thrust, push, hit; to spur (هـ a horse); to pierce, transfix (ب ه s.o. with) وكس wakaaa يكس yakisu (waks) to decline in value, depreciate; to decrease, diminish, reduce, lower (هـ the value or price of); pass. wukisa to suffer losses (in business) II to decrease, diminish, reduce, lower (هـ the value of) وكس waks decline, drop (of value or price); depreciation; loss │ باغ بالوكوس to sell at a loss وكع waku‘a يوكع yauku‘u (وكاعة wakā‘a) to be hard, strong, sturdy ميكعة mīka‘a plowshare 1095 وكف wakafa يكف yakifu (wakf, وكفان wakafān) to drip, trickle; to be defective and leak وكف wakf leaking, leak (of a ship) وكل wakala يكل yakilu (wakl and وكول wukūl) to entrust (الى هـ s.th. to s.o., with s.th. s.o.), assign (الى هـ s.th. to s.o.), commission, charge (هـ الى s.o. with), put s.o. (الى) in charge (هـ of) II to authorize, empower, appoint as representative or agent (ه s.o.); to put s.o. (ه) in charge (ب of) engage as legal counsel (ه an attorney, عن or ب in a matter in dispute); to invest s.o. (ه) with full power, give s.o. power of attorney (في in); to entrust (ب ه to s.o. s.th.) III to be on a confidential basis (ه with s.o.), be in a position of mutual trust (ه with s.o.); to trust (ه s.o.) IV to entrust, assign (الى هـ s.th., a task, to s.o.) V to be appointed as representative or agent, take over or act as (legal) representative; to act as commissioner, as agent, or by proxy (في in s.th.); to take upon o.s. assume (ب s.th.); to be responsible, answerable, answer, vouch (ب for), guarantee, warrant (ب s.th.); to rely, depend (على on), place one’s confidence (على in), trust (على in) │ توكل على الله to trust in God, put o.s. in God’s hands VI to trust each other; to react with indifference, be noncommital, indifferent VIII اتكل ittakala to rely, depend (على on), trust (على in) وكيل wakīl pl. وكلاء wukalā’2 authorized representative, attorney in fact, proxy; (business) manager; head clerk; deputy, vice-; agent; trustee; mandatary, defense counsel; attorney, lawyer; (Syr., mil.) approx.: technical sergeant │ وكيل الأحباس in Tunis, commissioner for estates in mortmain; الوكيل البابوي (bābawī) papal legate; وكيل بلوك امين w. bulūk amīn (1939 وكيل امين) approx.: quartermaster corporal (mil.; Eg.); وكيل اونباشي w. onbāšī (1939 وكيل محارب w. muḥārib) private first class (Eg.); وكيل باشجاويش staff sergeant (Eg.); وكيل جاويش, وكيل شاويش (1939 وكيل مجاهد w. mujāhid) sergeant; وكيل ضابط noncommissioned officer (Tun.); company sergeant-major, master sergeant (Syr., mil.); وكيل الحق العام w. al-ḥaqq al-‘āmm government commissioner at Tunisian courts (Tun.); وكيل قنصل w. qunṣul vice-consul; وكيل مدير w. mudīr deputy director; وكيل الوزارة under-secretary of state تكلة tukala one who relies on others, who is incapable of attending to his own affairs وكالة wakāla pl. -āt representation, deputyship, proxy; full power, power of attorney; management; agency; (Eg.) inn, caravansary, resthouse, khan │ وكالة الأنباء w. al-anbā’ news agency, wire service; وكالة الإشهار w. al-išhār advertising agency نوكيل taukīl appointment as representative, agent, deputy, or proxy, delegation of authority; authorization; power of attorney, full power; warrant of attorney توكل tawakkul trust, confidence; trust in God; passivity of living (of the early ascetics and mystics) تواكل tawākul mutual confidence or trust; indifference اتكال ittikāl trust, confidence, reliance موكل muwakkil constituent, principle, mandator موكل muwakkal commissioned, charged (ب with), in charge (ب of), responsible, answerable (ب for) متوكلي mutawakkilī: المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية (mamlaka, yamanīya) the Yemenite Kingdom (official designation) موكم mūkim offensive, hurting (word) 1096 وكن wacana يكن yakinu (wakn, وكون wukūn) to brood, Bit on its eggs (bird); to hatch, incubate (على or هـ eggs) وكن wakn pl. وكون wukūn bird’s nest, aerie وكنة wakna, wukna pl. wukunāt nest وكى wakā يكي yakī to tie up (هـ a waterskin, or the like) وكاء wikā’ pl. اوكية aukiya thong or string for tying up a waterskin or bag ولج walaja يلج yaliju (لجة lija, ولوج wulūj) to enter (الى or هـ s.th., into s.th.), penetrate (الى or هـ into) │ ولج الباب to go in by the door IV to make (هـ s.th.) enter (في s.th. else); to introduce, insert, interpose, intromit, interpolate, thrust (في هـ s.th. into) V = I; to engage (هـ in), take upon o.s. (هـ s.th.) ولوج wulūj penetration, entering, entry وليجة walija intimate friend, confidant; secret depth (of the heart) ايلاج ilei; insertion, intromission, interposition, interpolation, intercalation مولج maulij pl. موالج mawālij2 entrance موالح see ملح ولد walada يلد yalidu (ولادة wilāda, لدة lida, مولد maulid) to bear (ه a child), give birth (ه to); to beget, generate, procreate; to bring forth, produce (هـ s.th.) │ ولدت منه to have a child by s.o. (woman) II to assist in childbirth (ها a woman; of a midwife); to generate, produce (من ه s.th. from); to engender, breed, cause, occasion, (هـ s.th.); to bring up, raise (ه a child) IV to make (ها a woman) bear children │ اولدها طفلا (ṭiflan) he got her with child V to be born; to be descended (من from s.o.); to be generated, produced (من from), be brought forth, be engendered, bred, caused, occasioned (من by); to originate, grow, develop, arise, proceed, follow, result (من from) VI to propagate, reproduce, multiply by generation X to want children; to want the generation (من هـ of s.th. from), want to produce (من هـ s.th. from) ولد walad pl. اولاد aulād, ولد wuld descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one; (coll.) progeny, offspring, children │ ولد الزنا w. az-zinā illegitimate child, bastard; ولد الملاعنة w. al-mulā‘ana child whose paternity is contested by لعان li‘ān (q.v.) (Isl. Law) ولدة walda childbirth, birth │ ولدت اثنين في ولدة she gave birth to two at a time لدة lida childbirth, birth; (pl. لدون lidūn, لدات lidāt) person of the same age, contemporary; coetaneous ولادة wilāda parturition, childbearing, childbirth, birth, confinement, delivery │ ولادة معجلة (mu‘ajjala) premature birth; حديث الولادة newborn; علم الولادة ‘ilm al-w. obstetrics (med.) ولادة wallāda frequently producing offspring, bearing many children; fertile, prolific, fruitful ولود walūd frequently producing offspring, bearing many children; fertile, prolific, fruitful; littering, having young ولودية wulūdīya childishness, puerility وليد walīd pl. ولدان wildān newborn child, baby; boy, son; young, new; (with foll. genit.) the product of, the result of, occasioned by, engendered by, sprung from │ وليد ساعته w. sā‘atihi conceived on the spur of the moment (idea, plan, etc.) وليدة walīda pl. ولائد walā’id2 newborn girl; girl; product وليد wulaid little child مولد maulid pl. موالد mawālid2 birthplace; birthday; anniversary, birthday 1097 of a saint (also Chr.) │ المولد النبوي (nabawī), مولد النبي m. an-nabīy the prophet’s birthday; لغة المولد lugat al-m. mother tongue, native language ميلاد milād pl. مواليد mawālīd2 birth; time of birth. nativity; birthday; pl. مواليد age classes, age groups (recruitment, etc.) │ عيد الميلاد ‘īd al-m. Christmas (Chr.); قبل ميلاد السيد المسيح (sayyid) or only قبل الميلاد before Christ, B.C.; نقصان المواليد nuqṣān al-m. falling birth rate ميلادي mīlādī birthday- (in compounds); relating to the birth of Christ; after Christ, A.D. │ سنة ميلادية (sana) year of the Christian era توليد taulīd procreation, begetting; generation, producing, production; midwifery, assistance at childbirth, delivery │ دار التوليد and مصحة للتوليد (maṣaḥḥa) maternity home; فن التوليد fann at-t. obstetrics, midwifery; معمل (محطة) توليد القوة الكهربائية ma‘mal (maḥaṭṭaṭ) t. al-quwā al-kahrabā’īya electric power station; توليد الهلال “generation of the crescent”, the first appearance of the new moon on the first day of the month تولد tawallud generation, production استيلاد istilād generation, production والد wālid procreator, progenitor; father, parent; الوالدان the parents, father and mother والدة wālida pl. -āt mother; parturient woman, woman in childbed والدي wālidī paternal مولود maulūd produced, born, come into the world; birth; birthday; -- (pl. مواليد mawālīd2) newborn baby, infant; child, son; pl. مواليد creations, novelties, nouveautés │ المواليد الثلاثة the three kingdoms of nature مولد muwallid generating, producing, procreative, generative; procreator, progenitor; obstetrician, accoucheur; -- (pl. -āt) generator (tech.) │ O مولد التيار m. at-tayyār or مولد كهربائي (kahrabā’ī) generator, dynamo; O مولد التيار المتناوب m. at-t. al-mutanāwib alternating, current generator, alternator; مولد الحموضة oxygen; مولد الماء hydrogen; مولد ذري (darrī) atomic reactor مولدة muwallida pl. -āt midwife مولد muwallad born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up, raised; born and raised among Arabs (but not of pure Arab blood); not truly old Arabic, introduced later into the language, post-classical (esp. of words); half-breed, half-caste, half-blood; (pl. -āt) product; pl. المولدون the postclassical (also, recent) Arab authors ولدنة waldana childhood; childish trick, puerility ولس walasa يلس yalisu (wals) to deceive, cheat, dupe (ه s.o.) III to play the hypocrite; to double-cross (ه s.o.); to misrepresent, distort (ب s.th.) IV to misrepresent, distort (ب s.th.) ولس wals fraud, deceit, deception; cunning, craft, double-dealing, duplicity موالسة muwālasa fraud, deceit, deception; cunning, craft, double-dealing, duplicity ولط wall volt (el.) ولع wali‘a يولع yaula‘u (wala‘, ولوع walū‘) to catch fire, burn; to be dead set (ب on), be mad (ب after), be crazy (ب about), be passionately fond (ب of), be madly in love (ب with); to glow with enthusiasm (ب for), be enthusiastic (ب about) II to kindle, light (هـ s.th.), set fire (هـ to); to make (ه s.o.) crave (ب s.th.), inflame s.o.’s (ه) desire (ب for), enamor (ب ه s.o. of) IV = II; pass. ūli‘a to be fond, enamored (ب of s.th.), be very devoted, 1098 be given (ب to); to be dead set, be hell-bent (ب on); to be in love (ب with) V = I ولع wala‘ passionate love; ardent desire, craving; passion ولع wali‘ madly in love ولوع walū‘ greed, craving, eager desire; love ولاعة wallā‘a (cigarette) lighter تولع tawallu‘ passionate love; ardent desire, craving; passion مولع mūla‘ in love (ب with); dead set, hell-bent (ب on), mad (ب after), crazy (ب about); passionately fond, enamored (ب of s.th.); enthusiastic (ب about), full of enthusiasm (ب for) ولغ walaga يلغ yalagu (walg, ولوغ wulūg) to lick, lap (esp., of a dog); to defile (في s.o.’s honor) │ ولغ في الدم (dam) to taste blood, become bloodthirsty ولكن wa-lākin, wa-lākinna (the latter with foil. acc. or pers. suffix) but, however, yet ولم IV to give a banquet ولم walm, walam saddle girth, cinch وليمة walīma pl. ولائم walā’im2 banquet وله walaha, يله yalihu, waliha يوله yaulahu (walah) to lose one’s head, become mad (with love, grief, or the like), be thrown off one’s balance, go off the deep end II and IV to make crazy, throw into utter confusion (ه s.o.), drive (ه s.o.) out of his wits V = I; to be infatuated (ب with) وله walah distraction, utter confusion, giddiness, hare-brainedness; painful agitation; passionate love, amorous rapture ولهان walhān2 distracted, confused, bewildered, out of one's wits, giddy, harebrained; passionately in love توله tawalluh distraction, utter confusion, giddiness, hare-brainedness; infatuation واله wālih distracted, confused, bewildered, out of one’s wits, giddy, harebrained; grief-stricken, deeply afflicted متوله mutawallih distracted, confused, bewildered, out of one's wits, giddy, hare-brained ولو see و ولول walwala to cry “woo”; to lament, wail, howl, break into loud wails ولولة walwala pl. ولاول walāwil2 wailing, wails ولي waliya يلي yalī to be near s.o. or s.th. (ه, هـ), be close (هـ, ه to), lie next (هـ to); to adjoin (هـ s.th.), be adjacent (هـ to); to follow (هـ, ه s.o., s.th.); to border (هـ on); -- (ولاء walā’, ولاية walāya) to be a friend (ه of s.o.), be friends (ه with); -- (ولاية walāya, wilāya) to be in charge (على or هـ of s.th.), manage, run, administer, govern, rule (على or هـ s.th.), have power, authority, or the command (على or هـ over) │ ما يلي the following, what follows; كما يلي as follows, like this; فيما يلي in what follows, in the following, in the sequel; ما يلي البدن من الملابس (badana) the underwear, the underclothes; غرفة تلي السقف (gurfa, saqf) a chamber under the roof; ولى الحكم (ḥukma) to take over the government, come into power II to turn (هـ ه to or toward s.o. s.th., e.g., the back, the face of s.th.); to turn away (عن or ه from s.th.), avoid, shun (عن or ه s.th.); to turn around, turn back, wheel around; to flee (عن or هـ from s.th.); to pass, go by, glide away (days, years); to appoint as manager, director, administrator, governor, or ruler (ه s.o.); to put (ه s.o.) in cbarge (هـ of), make s.o. (ه) the head of (هـ); to entrust (هـ ه s.o. with, to s.o. s.th.), commission, charge (هـ ه 1099 s.o. with), assign (ه هـ to s.o. s.th.) │ ولاه دبره (duburahū) or ولاه ظهره (ẓahrahū) to turn one’s back on s.o. or s.th.; ولوا عنه الأدبار they turned their backs on him, they turned away from him; ولى هاربا (hāriban) to wake to flight, run away; ولى وجهه (wajhahū) to turn, face (هـ toward) III to be a friend. a helper, a supporter, a patron, a protector; to help, aid, assist (ه s.o.); to do constantly, incessantly (هـ s.th.); to continue without interruption (هـ s.th., to do s.th.). go about s.th. (هـ) successively, systematically; to pursue, practice, cultivate (هـ s.th., e.g., arts); to follow immediately (هـ s.th.; time), be subsequent (هـ to) IV to bring close (هـ ه to s.o. a.th.); to turn (هـ ه toward s.o. one’s back. or the like); to commit (هـ ه to s.o. the care or responsibility for), entrust, commission, charge (هـ ه s.o. with); to do, render (هـ ه s.o. a favor); to do (هـ ه to s.o. s.th. harmful), bring (ه هـ upon s.o. s.th.); to display, evince (هـ ه toward. s.o. s.th., e.g., indifference) │ اولاه ثقته (tiqatahū) to have confidence in s.o.; اولاه معروفا to do s.o. a favor V to occupy, fill, hold (هـ an office), be entrusted (هـ with), be in charge (هـ of); to take possession, take charge (هـ of), take over, take upon o.s., undertake, take in hand (هـ an affair), attend (هـ to); to take care (هـ of), see (هـ to s.th.), arrange (هـ for s.th.); to assume the responsibility (هـ for), seize control (هـ of); to take over the government, come into power; to turn away, desist, refrain (عن from), forgo (عن s.th.) │ توالى الحكم (ḥukma) to be in power, hold supreme power; to seize power; تولاه اليأس (ya’su) he was seized (or overcome) by despair VI to follow in succession, without interruption; to come continually (على to), arrive constantly (على at); to progress, continue (e.g., an advance, a march) X to possess o.s., take possession (على of), seize (على s.th.), make 0.s. muter or (على); to receive as one’s own, take over, capture, confiscate, requisition, occupy (على s.th.); to overpower, overwhelm, overcome (على s.o.); to take prisoner, capture (على s.o.) ولى walīy near, nearby; neighboring, adjacent; close; -- (pl. اولياء auliyā’2) helper, supporter, benefactor, sponsor; friend, close associate; relative; patron, protector; legal guardian. curator, tutor; a man close to God, holy man, saint (in the popular religion of Islam); master; proprietor, possessor, owner │ ولي الله the friend of God; ولي الأمر w. al-a. the responsible manager, the man in charge; ruler; tutor, legal guardian; ولي w. ad-dam avenger of blood, executor of a blood feud; ولي السجادة w. as-sajāda title of the leader of a Sufi order in his capacity of inheritor of the founder’s prayer rug; ولي العهد w. al-‘ahd successor to the throne, heir apparent, crown prince; ولي النعمة w. an-ni‘ma benefactor ولية walīya holy woman, saint; woman, lady ولاء walā’ friendship, amity; benevolence, good will; fidelity, fealty, allegiance; devotion, loyalty; clientage (Isl. Law) │ معاهدة الولاء mu‘āhadat w. treaty of friendship ولائي walā’ī friendly, amicable, of friendship ولاية wilāya sovereign power, sovereignty; rule, government; -- (pl. -āt) administrative district headed by a vali, vilayet (formerly, under the Ottoman Empire), province; state │ الولايات المتحدة (muttaḥida) the United States; ولاية العهد w. al-‘ahd succession to the throne; -- walāya guardianship, curatorship; legal power; friendship │ هم على ولاية واحدة they stick together, they assist each other 1100 اولى aulā more entitled (ب to); worthier, more deserving; more appropriate, better suited (ب for), more suitable, more adequate (ب to); see also under اول │ بالأولى or من باب الأولى with greater reason, all the more reason, the more so; هي أولى به منه it is more natural for her than for him, it is for her rather than for him, she is more entitled to it than he is أولوية aulawīya priority; precedence مولى maulan pl. موال mawālin master, lord; protector, patron; client; charge; mend, companion, associate; المولى the Lord, God; مولاى maulāya and مولانا maulānā form of address to a sovereign مولاة maulāh mistress, lady مولوى maulawī pl. īya a dervish of the order of Maula Jalāl-ud-din Rumi مواليا mawāliyā see 2موال mawwāl تولية tauliya appointment (as vali, to an executive position, as successor); resale at cost price (Isl. Law) ولاء wilā’ succession, sequence, series, continuation; ولاء wilā’an or على ولاء successively, uninterruptedly موالاة muwālāh friendship; contract of clientage (Isl. Law); constancy, incessancy, continuance (of an action) ايلاء īlā’ annulment of a marriage after the husband’s sworn testimony to have refrained from marital intercourse for a period of at least four months (Isl. Law) تول tawallin entrance office, taking over of an office to management, direction, administration, government توال tawālin continuous succession, uninterrupted sequence, continuation │ على التوالي continuously, without interruption; successively, consecutively, one after the other, one by one; على توالي الأيام (t. l-ayyām) in the course of time; بتولي السنين bi-t. s-sinīn with the years, in time, as time goes on استيلاء istīlā’ appropriation; seizure, taking possession; capture, conquest وال wālin pl. ولاة wulāh leading, managing, executive, administrative; ruler; governor, vali; prefect (administrative officer, Mor.) │ ولاة الأمور the leading personalities, the leaders موال muwālin mend, helper, supporter; client, feudal tenant, vassal, dependent, partisan, follower, adherent موالية muwāliya clientage, clientele, following, adherence متوال mutawālin entrusted, commissioned, in charge │ متولي الأعمال (ir.) chargé d’affaires متوال mutawālin successive, consecutive, uninterrupted, incessant; -- (pl. متاولة matāwila) member of the Shiite sect of Metualis in Syria ومأ IV to motion, signal, beckon, make a sign; to point out, indicate (الى s.th.), point (الى to); to make a gesture ايماء īmā’ mimic action, gestures, gesticulations │ فن الإيماء fann al-ī. pantomime, dumb show (as an art); إيماء الى īmā’an ilā with reference to إيماءة imā’a pl. -āt gesture; nod مومأ mūma’: المومأ اليه the one referred to, the above-mentioned ومد wamid sultry, muggy ومس wamasa يمس yamisu (wams) to rub off; to smooth, polish (ب هـ s.th. with) مومس mūmis and مومسة mūmisa pl. –āt prostitute ومض wamaḍa يمض yamiḍu (wamḍ, وميض wamīḍ, ومضان wamaḍān) to flash IV to glance furtively; to wink (ه at s.o.) 1101 ومضة wamḍa (n. vic.) pl. -āt blink, blinking; gleam of light; reflection of light وميض wamīḍ blinking, sparkle, twinkle ومق wamiqa يمق yamiqu (wamq) to love tenderly (ه s.o.) موماة maumāh, موماء maumā’ pl. موام mawāmin desert ون wanna i (wann) to buzz, hum (bee) الوندل al-wandal the Vandals ونش (Engl. winch) winš pl. -āt, أوناش aunāš winch; crane, derrick │ ونش دوار (dawwār) derrick crane; ونش عائم floating crane; ونش باليد (yad) hand winch ونى wanā يني yanī, waniya يونى yaunā (ونى wany, wanan, wanīy, وناء winā’) to be or become faint, weak, tired, dispirited, despondent, sapless, effete, lose vigor, flag, languish │ لا يني (with foll. imperf.) not to tire (of doing s.th.); بهمة لا تني bi-himmatin lā tani with unflagging zeal II to be slow, slack, lax, negligent, remiss (في in some work) VI to flag, languish, relax, slacken; to be or become slack, limp, flabby; to hesitate, waver, temporize (في in), wait (في with) ونى wanan slackening, relaxation; slackness; weakness, languor, lassitude وناء wanā’ slackening, relaxation; slackness; weakness, languor, lassitude توان tawānin tiring, flagging; slowness; flabbiness, limpness; negligence, indifference وان wānin weak, feeble, spent, exhausted │ غير وان unremitting, untiring, unflagging متوان mutawānin weak, languid, slack, limp, flabby; negligent, remiss, slow, tardy وهب wahaba يهب yahabu (wahb) to give, donate (ل or ه هـ s.th. to s.o.); to grant, accord (ل or هـ ه s.th. to s.o.); to present (ل or هـ ه with s.th. s.o.); to endow (ل or ه s.o., هـ with) │ وهبته من ذات نفسها she gave herself unreservedly to him; هب hab suppose that ..., assuming that ...; هبني فعلت habnī fa’altu suppose I had done it; هبني – هبني (with foll. acc.) suppose I were -- or I were; ولنهب (wal-nahab) let us suppose that ... هبة hiba pl. -āt gift, present, donation, grant │ عقد الهبة ‘aqd al-h. deed of gift وهبة wahba tip, gratuity وهابي wahhābī Wahabite; Wahabi الوهابية al-wahhābīya Wahabiism موهبة mauhiba pl. مواهب mawtāhib2 gift; talent ايهاب īhāb donation, grant(ing) واهب wāhib giver, donor موهوب mauhūb given, granted; gifted; talented; موهوب له recipient of a gift or grant, donée وهج wahaja يهج yahiju (wahj, وهجان wahajān) to glow, burn, blaze, flame; to be incandescent; to gleam, glitter, glisten IV to light, kindle (هـ the fire) V to glow, burn, blaze, flame; to be incandescent; to gleam, glitter, glisten; to flicker (eyes) وهج wahaj blaze, fire; white heat, incandescence; glare of the sun وهاج wahhāj glowing; white-hot, incandescent; blazing; sparkling, flashing; brilliant, radiant │ نور وهاج (nūr) glaring light; ذهب وهاج (dahab) glittering gold وهيج wahīj blaze, fire; white heat, incandescence; glare of the sun وهجان wahajān fire, blaze; glow وهد II to level, even, prepare (هـ ل s.th. for) وهد wahd lowland, low ground, depression 1102 وهدة wahda pl. وهاد wihād, وهد wuhad depression, lowland; abyss, precipice, chasm, deep pit, gorge, ravine; lowness, low level (of morals) اوهد auhad2 low, depressed, low-lying (land) وهر wahara يهر yahiru (wahr) to involve in difficulties (ه s.o.); to frighten, scare (ه s.o.) II do.; to put out, disconcert, confuse (ه s.o.) وهرة wahra terror, fright, fear, alarm, dismay, consternation وهران wahrān2 Oran (seaport in NW Algeria) وهق wahq, wahaq pl. اوهاق awhāq lasso وهل wahila يوهل yauhalu (wahal) to be frightened, appalled, dismayed; to take alarm II to frighten, scare, intimidate, cow (ه s.o.), strike terror to s.o.’s heart (ه) وهل wahal terror, fright, fear, alarm, dismay, consternation وهلة wahla fright, terror; moment, instant │ لأول وهلة li-awwali wahlatin at first sight; right away, at once; في الوهلة الأولى (ūlā) at first, first off وهم wahama يهم yahimu (wahm) to imagine, fancy, think, believe, suppose, presume, guess, surmise; to misconstrue, misinterpret (في s.th.), have a wrong idea or notion (في of); -- wahima يوهم yauhamu (waham) to make a mistake, be mistaken (في in, about) II and IV to instill a delusion, a prejudice, a groundless fear (ه in s.o.); to make (ه s.o.) believe (ان that), make as if V to have a presentiment (هـ of), suspect, presume, imagine (ه the existence of), be under the delusion (هـ of); to think, believe (هـ هـ s.th. to he s.th. else), regard (هـ هـ s.th. as), take (هـ هـ s.th. for) VIII اتهم ittahama to suspect (ه s.o.); to question, doubt (هـ a fact), have doubts (هـ about); to charge (ب ه s.o. with), impute (ب ه to s.o. s.th.), suspect, accuse (ب ه s.o. of), indict (ب ه s.o. for) تهمة tuhma accusation, charge; suspicion; insinuation وهم wahm pl. اوهام auhām delusive imagination, erroneous impression, fancy, delusion; belief, guess, surmise, conjecture; imagination; bias, prejudice; error; self-deception, self-delusion; illusion; suspicion, misgiving, doubt; foreboding, evil presentiment وهمي wahmī thought, believed, imagined, fancied; imaginary; seeming, apparent; presumed, supposed, hypothetical; delusive │ امراض نفسية ووهمية (nafsīya, wahmīya) emotional disturbances, psychic disorders وهمية wahmiya chimera, phantom, delusion; guess. surmise, conjecture, supposition, belief; imaginative power, imagination ايهام īhām pl. -āt deception, deceit, fraud, imposition; misleading, delusion; suggestion │ رفع الإيهام raf‘ al-ī. Rectification, correction توهم tawahhum suspicion; imaginative power; imagination اتهام ittihām suspecting; accusation, charge; indictment │ دائرة الاتهام the prosecuting authority, the prosecution; قرارلا اتهام qarār al-itt. information (jur.); ورقة الاتهام waraqat al-itt. bill of indictment اتهامية ittihāmīya (jur.) indictment │ هيئة الاتهامية hai’at al-itt. the prosecuting authority, the prosecution واهمة wāhima fantasy, imagination, imaginative power موهوم mauhūm fancied, imagined, imaginary; fantastic 1103 متهم muttahim accuser; indictor; prosecutor متهم muttaham suspected, suspicious; accused, charged; indicted; defendant │ متهم المنظر m. al-manẓar auspicious-looking وهن wahana, wahina يهن yahinu, wahuna يوهن yauhunu (wahn, wahan) to be weak, feeble, lack the strength (في for), be incapable (في of); to grow feeble, languish, flag; to loose vigor or courage │ لا يهن untiring, unflagging, inexhaustible II to weaken, enfeeble (ه s.o.), sap the strength (ه of so.); to discourage, dishearten, wear down, unnerve (ه s.o.); to deem or declare (هـ s.th.) weak IV to weaken (ه s.o.); to discourage (ه s.o.) وهن wahn weak, feeble وهن wahn, wahan weakness, feebleness, saplessness وهين wahīn foreman, overseer موهن mauhin deep of the night واهن wāhin pl. وهن wuhun weak, feeble; weakened, debilitated; enervated, unnerved; sapless, effete, spent, dispirited, despondent 1وهى wahā يهي yahī (wahy), wahiya (wahan) to be weak, feeble, frail, fragile IV to weaken, sap (هـ, من s.th.) واه wāhin pl. وهاة wuhāh weak, feeble; thin; frail, fragile, brittle, friable; flimsy; unsubstantial, inessential, insignificant, trivial; untenable, unfounded, baseless, groundless (excuse, argument) 2واه, واها look up alphabetically وي wai woe! shame! ويبة waiba pl. -āt whiba, a dry measure (Eg. = 33 l) 1ويح waiḥa (with foll. genit. or pers. suffix) alas ...! woe unto ...! (expressing regret, disapproval); ويحك waiḥaka woe unto you! ويحا ل waiḥan li woe to ...! 2واحة wāḥa pl. -āt oasis ويركو (Turk. vergi) wērkō tribute formerly paid by Egypt to the Sultan; excise tax; (Pal.) real-estate tax ويسكى wiskī whiskey 1ويك waika (= wailaka) woe unto you! 2ويكة (eg.) wēka = باميا bāmiya okra, gumbo (Abelmoschus esculentus; bot.) ويل wail affliction, distress, woe; (with ل or ويل waila with pers. suffix) woe! ويل لك wailun laka or ويلك wailaka woe unto you! ويله waila pl. -āt calamity, disaster, distress, affliction, woe, misfortune, adversity 1104 ي يا yā (vocative and exclamatory particle) O, oh │ يا حسرتي (ḥasratī) oh, my misfortune! يا سلام (salām) good Lord! good heavens! oh dear! يا طالما (ṭalamā) how often ...; how many times ...! يا للتعس ويا للشقاء yā la-t-ta‘si wa-yā la-š-šaqā’ oh, what a calamity! يا له من رجل (rajulin) oh, what a man! يا ما how much! how many! how often I how many times! يا لله من ... (lillāhi) what a calamity is ...! how unfortunate is ...! يا ترى see رأى ياء yā’ name of the letter ي اليابان al-yābān Japan ياباني yābānī Japanese; (pl. -ūn) a Japanese 1104 ياردة yarda pl. -āt yard (measure of length) يازرجة yāzirja astrology يازرجي yāzirjī pl. -īya astrologer يئس ya’isa a i (يأس ya’s, يآسة ya’āsa) to renounce, forgo (من s.th.); to give up all hope (من of) IV to make (ه s.o.) renounce or forgo; to deprive of hope (ه s.o.) X = I يأس ya’s renunciation, resignation; hopelessness, desperation │ سن اليأس sinn al-y. the climacteric يؤوس ya’ūs in despair, despairing; hopeless, desperate يئس ya’is hopeless, desperate (person) ميؤوس mai’ūs: ميؤوس منه lost, desperate (cause) مستيئس mustai’is hopeless, desperate, (person) ياسمين yāsamīn jasmine (bot.) ياسنت yāsint hyacinth (bot.) ياطاش yāṭāš: خدمة بالياطاش kidma bi-l-y. (tun.) piecework, jobwork يافا yāfā Jaffa (seaport in SW Palestine) يافطة yafṭa, yāfiṭa sign, signboard, plaque, name plate, doorplate ياقة yāqa pl. -āt collar ياقوت yāqūt (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. يواقيت yawāqīt2 hyacinth (bot.); hyacinth, sapphire │ ياقوت احمر (aḥmar) ruby; ياقوت احضر (akdar) green corundum; ياقوت جمري (jamrī) carbuncle ياميش yāmīš dried fruits يانسون yānisūn anise, aniseed ياور yāwir pl. -īya adjutant, aide-de-camp ياى yāy pl. -āt spring, spiral spring يباب yabāb devastated, waste يبس yabisa a (yabs, yubs) to be or become dry, to dry II and IV to make dry, to dry (هـ s.th.) يبس yabs, yubs, yabas dryness يبس yabs, yabis dried, dried out, desiccated, arid; اليبس al-yabs the dry land, land, terra firma يبوسة yubūsa dryness (also fig., e.g., of writing or speech style) يابس yābis dry, dried out, desiccated, arid; rigid, hard, firm, compact; اليابسة al-yābisa land, terra firma يتم yatama i, yatuma u and yatima II to be or become an orphan, be bereaved of one’s parents IV to orphan, deprive of his parents (ه s.o.) V = I يتم yatm, yutm, yatam orphanhood يتيم yatīm pl. ايتام aitām, يتامى yatāmā orphan; unique of its kind, unequaled, unmatched, incomparable; -- yatīm f. ة single, sole, one only, isolated │ ملجأ الأيتام malja’ al-a. and دار الأيتام orphanage ميتم maitam pl. مياتم mayātim2 orphanage ميتم muyattam orphaned, parentless; orphan يثرب yatrib2 original name of Medina يحبور see حبر ميحار mīḥār mace, scepter; crosier; bat, mallet يحمور yaḥmūr see حمر يحيى yaḥyā John يخت yakt pl. يخوت yukūt yacht يخضور see خضر يخنة yakna and يخنى yaknī a kind of ragout يد yad f., pl. ايد aidin, اياد ayādin hand; foreleg; handle; power, control, influenoe, 1105 authority; assistance, help, aid; (Isl. Law) (personal) possession, actual control; benefit; favor │ l. With prepositions: يدا بيد yadan bi-yadin personal(ly), from hand to hand; بين يدي ... (yadai) in front of; بين يديه in front of him; in his presence; in his power; بأيدينا bi-aidīnā or بين ايدينا at our disposal; الكلام بين ايديكم (kalāmu) you have the floor, you may speak; ما بين ايدينا من what … are before us or present themselves to us; تحت اليد on hand, handy, available; تحت يده under his authority, in his power; على يد pl. على ايدي (with foll. genit.) at the hand(s) of; على يده or عن يده with his help, through his good offices; على ايدي الناس with the help of other people; at the hands of other people; في اليد in hand, on hand, availahle; -- 2. Construct forms: يد الجوزاء y. al-jauzā’ a bright star in Orion; لا افعله يد الدهر (yada d-dahr) I shall never do it; يد المظلة y. al-miẓalla umbrella handle; يد النكاح conjugal authority (Isl. Law); ذو اليد powerful, influential; holder of actual control, possessor (Isl. Law); ساعة اليد wrist watch; سبط اليدين sabiṭ al-y. liberal, openhanded, generous; شنطة اليد šanṭat al-y. handbag; شغل اليد šugl al-y. or عمل اليد ‘amal al-y. manual work; handwork; صفاد اليد handcuff; صفر اليدين ṣifr al-y. empty-handed; عربة اليد ‘arabat al-y. handcart; قنبلة اليد qunbulat al-y. hand grenade; -- 3. Other phrases: يد بيضاء pl. اياد بيضاء benefit, favor; skill, competence, capability, qualification, achievement; له يد بيضاء في to be skilled, versed, experienced in; to have the upper hand in; يد مبطلة (mubṭila) unrightful possession (Isl. Law); يد محقة (muḥiqqa) rightful possession (Isl. Law); بقي مكتوف الأيدي امام (baqiya) to stand helpless before ...; دق يدا بيد (daqqa) to clap one’s bands; ذهبوا ايدي (ايادي) سبا dahabū aidiya (ayādiya) sabā to be scattered in all directions; اسدى اليه يدا (asdā) to do s.o. a favor; سقط في يده (suqiṭa) to stand aghast, be embarrassed, be bewildered; اسقط في يده (usqiṭa) do.; شد يده على (šadda yadahū) to cling to s.th.; مشغول باليد or مصنوع باليد handmade; طلب يد المرأة (yada l-mar’a) to propose to a woman, ask her hand in marriage; اعطاه شيئا عن ظهر يد a‘ṭāhu ‘an ẓahri yadin to give s.o. s.th. for nothing, give s.o. s.th. as a present; اليد العاملة labor force, labor; الأيدي العاملة man power, labor, workmen, hands; قدمه باليد (qaddamahū) to band s.th. over personally, deliver s.th. in person; له عندي يد I am obliged to him (or a favor; له يد في he has a hand in ...; له اليد الطولى في (ṭūlā) to be powerful in, have decisive issuance on; له عند الناس يد he has great influence on other people, he can accomplish a great deal with other people;ما لي بذلك يدان that is not in my power; مد يد المساعدة (or العون or المعونة) madda yada l-musā‘ada (l-ma‘ūna, l-‘aun) to extend one’s help, lend a helping hand; هم يد واحد علي (‘alayya) they are in league against me; وضع يده على (yadahū) to take possession of; يده قصيرة he is incapable, his powers are limited يدوي yadawī manual; hand- (in compounds) │ شغل يدوي (šugl) or عمل يدوي (‘amal) manual work; handwork; صناعة يدوية handicraft; طراز يدوي hand-operated model (of an apparatus); العملة اليدويون (‘amala) the manual workers, labor يربوع yarbū‘ pl. يرابيع yarābī‘2 jerboa (zool.) ياردة look up alphabetically يرع yari‘a a (yara‘) to be a coward, be chickenhearted يراع yarā‘ cowardly; -- (coll.; n. un. ة) glowworm, firefly; cane, reed; reed pen 1106 يرقان yaraqān a plant disease, mildew; jaundice; (coll.; n. un. ة) larvae (zool.) │ يرقان الضفادع tadpoles ميروق mairūq affected by mildew, mildewy; jaundiced اليرموك al-yarmūk Yarmuk river (in NW Jordan) يزيدي yazīdī Yazidi, belonging to the Yazidi sect اليزيدية al-yazīdīya the religion of the Yazidis; the Yazidia or Devil Worshipers (of Kurdistan) يزرجة yazrija astrology يزكي yazakī pl. يزك yazak guard, sentry يازول yāzūl a variety of wild garlic (Allium roseum L., bot.) يسر yasira a (yasar) to be or become easy; -- yasura u (yusr) to be small, little, insignificant; to be or become easy II to level, smoothen, pave, prepare (على هـ for s.o., s.th.); to ease, make easy, facilitate (هـ على for s.o. s.th.) │ يسر السبيل امامه ل to pave the way for s.o. to ..., enable s.o. to (do s.th.) III to be lenient, indulgent, obliging, complaisant (ه with s.o.), humor (ه s.o.) IV to live in easy circumstances; to be or become rich; to be lucky, fortunate; to have an easy confinement (woman) V to become easy; to be made easy, be facilitated; to succeed, turn out successful; to thrive, prosper; to be made possible, be possible (ل for s.o.) X to be easy; to succeed, be successful يسر yusr ease, easiness, facility ; easy, pleasant circumstances; prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury يسرة yasra left aside يسار yasār ease, easiness, facility; comfort; prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury; left hand; left side │ يسارا or عن اليسار to (at, on) the left يساري yasārī leftist, left-wing (pol.) يسرى yusrā pl. يسريات yusrayāt left side; اليسرى the left hand يسير yasīr easy (على for); small, little, slight, insignificant, (of time) short; plain, homely; simple, uncomplicated ايسر aisar2 easier; smaller, lesser, slighter; more insignificant; more prosperous, wealthier; left; left-handed; left-sided ميسر maisir an ancient Arabian game of chance (forbidden by the Koran) played with arrows without heads and feathering, for stakes of slaughtered and quartered camels ميسرة maisara pl. مياسر mayāsir2 left side; left wing (of an army) ميسرة maisara, maisura, maisira ease, comfort; prosperity, affluence, wealth, abundance, luxury تيسير taisīr facilitation ميسور maisūr pl. مياسير mayāsīr2 easily done, easily accomplished, within easy reach y to carry out, feasible without difficulty; easy; successful, fortunate, lucky; prosperous, well-to-do, in easy circumstances ميسر muyassar facilitated, made easy, within easy reach; successful, fortunate, lucky; prosperous, well-to-do, wealthy, rich موسر mūsar pl. -ūn, مياسير mayāsīr2 prosperous, well-to-do, wealthy, rich متيسر mutayassir facilitated, made easy; easy; within easy reach; on hand, available; taking a smooth and successful course, going smoothly; successful, fortunate, prosperous, well-to-do │ متيسر well off, in easy circumstances يسقجي yasaqjī kavass, consular guard, armed attendant 1107 يسمين yasmīn jasmine يسوع yasū’2 Jesus يسوعي yasū’ī Jesuitic(al); (pl. -ūn) Jesuit يشب yašb jasper يشم yašm jade يشمق yašmak and يشمك yašmak (Turk. yaşmak) face veil worn by women يصب yaṣb and يصف yaṣf jasper ياطاش look up alphabetically يعبوب ya’būb see عب يعسوب ya’sūb see عسب يعقوب ya’qūb Jacob, James; see also عقب يعقوبي ya’qūbī pl. يعاقبة ya’āqiba Jacobite; Jacobitic (Chr.) يافوخ yāfūk pl. يوافيخ yawāfīk2 vertex, crown of the head يفطة yafṭa (= يافطة) sign, signboard, plaque, name plate, doorplate يفع yafa’a a (yaf’) to reach adolescence; to be at the age of puberty IV and V do. يفع yaf’ adolescence; puberty يفع yafa’ hill, range, highland; -- (pl. ايفاع aifā’) boy at the age of puberty, adolescent, youth, teen-ager, juvenile يافوت look up alphabetically يقطين see قطن يقظ yaqiẓa a (yaqaẓ) and yaquẓa u (يقاظة yaqāẓa) to be awake; to wake; to be on one’s guard, be wary, watchful, alert, vigilant II and IV to wake up (ه s.o.); to awaken, arouse, stir up, provoke (هـ s.th.); to warn, alert, put on his guard (ه s.o.) V to be awake; to be vigilant, watchful, alert, on one’s guard X to wake up, awaken, be awakened, be roused from sleep (على by); to have o.s. awakened, ask to be wakened; to be awake; to be watchful, vigilant, alert يقظ yaquz, yaqiz pl. ايقاظ aiqāẓ awake; watchful, vigilant, alert, wary, cautious يقظة yaqẓa, yaqaẓa waking, wakefulness; sleeplessness, insomnia; watchfulness, vigilance; wariness, caution; alertness, keenness of the mind يقظان yaqẓān2, f. يقظى yaqẓā pl. يقاظى yaqāzā awake; attentive, alert; wary, cautious; watchful. vigilant │ ابو اليقظان rooster, cook ايقاظ īqāẓ awaking, reveille تيقظ tayaqquẓ wakefulness; watchfulness, vigilance, alertness, wariness, caution متيقظ mutayaqqiẓ awake; watchful, vigilant, wary, cautious; alert, attentive مستيقظ mustaiqiẓ awake يقن yaqina a (yaqn, yaqan) to be sure, certain; to know for certain (ب or هـ s.th.), be sure, be certain, be convinced (ب or هـ of) IV, V and X to ascertain (ب or هـ s.th.), make sure (ب or هـ of s.th.); to know for certain (ب or هـ s.th.), be sure, be certain, be convinced (ب or هـ of) يقن yaqn, yaqan certainty, certitude يقن yaqan, yaqun, yaqin and يقنة yaqana credulous, ingenuous, unsuspecting يقين yaqīn certainty, certitude (ب about), conviction (ب of) │ يقينا certainly, surely, positively; انا على يقين من ان or انا على يقين ان I am convinced, I am positive, I am certain that ...; كونوا على يقين you can be sure; حق اليقين ḥaqq al-y. absolute certainty 1108 يقيني yaqīnī definitely laid down, positive, absolute, indisputable; يقينيات yaqīnīyāt established truths, axioms ميقان mīqān credulous موقن mūqin convinced (ب of); certain, sure (ب of) متيقن mutayaqqin convinced, positive, sure, certain اليكون see كون يمّ II to betake o.s., repair, resort, go, turn, wend one’s way (هـ or صوب ṣauba, نحو naḥwa or شطر šaṭra to or toward a place), set out, head, be headed (هـ, صوب, نحو, شطر for); to direct, turn (هـ s.th.) │ يمم في فم البركان (fami l-burkān) to venture into the lion’s den; يمم وجهه شطر (wajhahū šaṭra) to turn or face toward V to betake o.s., repair, resort, turn (هـ to), make, head (هـ for); to aim (هـ at), intend (هـ s.th.) يم yamm pl. يموم yumūm open sea; (syr.) side │ من يمي from my side, on my part يمام yamām (coll.; n. un. ة) pl. -āt, (يمائم yamā’im2 pigeon, dove يمن yamana u, yamina a, yamuna u (yumn, ميمنة maimana) to be lucky, fortunate II to go to the right V to see a good omen (ب in) X do. يمن yumn good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success يمن yaman and يمنة yamna right side or hand; يمنا to (at, on) the right; يمنة yamnatan do. │ شاما ويمنا to the north and south; يمنة ويسرة (yasratan) to the right and left اليمن al-yaman Yemen يمنى yamanī from Yemen, Yemenite يمين yamīn f. pl. ايمان aiman right side; right hand │ يمينا or عن اليمين to (at, on) the right; يمينا وشمالا to the right and left; ما ملكت (تملك) يمينه ma malakat (tamliku) yamīnuhū his possessions يمين yamīn f., pl. ايمن aimun, ايمان aimān oath │ يمين الأمانة y. al-amāna oath of allegiance; يمين الصبر y. aṣ-ṣabr perjury; يمين قانونية (qānūnīya) oath of office, official oath; يمين كاذبة perjury; يمين الولاء والإخلاص y. al-walā’ wa-l-iklāṣ oath of allegiance; ايمن الله aimunu llāhi and ايم الله aimu llāhi I swear by God! يميني yamīnī of or pertaining to the right side, right-hand, right; O اليمينيون the right-wing parties يمنى yumnā pl. يمنيات yumnayāt right hand; right side ايمن I aiman, f. يمنى yumnā right-hand, right, on the right; lucky ميمنة maimana pl. ميامن mayāmin2 right side; right wing (of an army) تيمن tayammun auspiciousness, good augury, good omen ميمون maimūn pl. ميامن mayāmin fortunate, lucky; blessed; monkey │ ميمون الطائر favorable, auspicious; على الطائر الميمون happy journey! Godspeed! ميمن muyamman lucky, auspicious يناير yanāyir2, ينائر yanā’ir2 January ينبوع yanbū‘ see نبع ينسون yansūn (= يانسون) anise, aniseed ينع yana‘a a i (yan‘, yun‘, ينوع yunū‘) to become ripe, ripen, mellow IV do. ينيع yanī‘ ripe, mellow ايناع īnā‘ ripening, mellowing يانع yāni‘ pl. ينع yan‘ ripe, mellow اليهود al-yahūd the Jews, Jewry يهودي yahūdī Jewish; Jew يهودية yahūdīya Judaism يوبيل yūlbīl jubilee يوحنا yūḥannā John │ يوحنا الصابغ John the Baptist 1109 يود yūd iodine ياور look up alphabetically يورانيوم yūrāniyum uranium يوزباشي yuzbašī pl. -īya captain, battery commander; (as a naval rank) lieutenant (formerly, Eg.) يوسف yūsuf Joseph; (eg., sur.) يوف افندي y. afandī (coll.) tangerines يوسفي yūsufī (eg.) tangerines يوطنة (from Fr. lieutenant; tun.) yūṭana) lieutenant يوغسلافيا yūgōslāviyī Yugoslavia يوغوسلافي yūgōslāvī Yugoslavian يافة look up alphabetically يوليو yūliyō and يوليه yūliya July يوم III to hire by the day (ه s.o.) يوم yaum pl. ايام ayyām day; pl. also: age, era, time │ اليوم al-yauma today; يوم yauma on the day when ...; ايام ayyāma in the days of, during; اياما ayyāman for a few days; ايامه ayyāmahū his lifetime, his life يومها yaumahā then, at that time, that day; يوما or يوم ما sometime, some day, one of these days; ذات يوم data yaumin one day, once; يوما يوما or يوما فيوما or يوما بعد يوم or يوما عن يوم day by day, day after day, from day to day; بعد اليوم from today on, starting today; في يومنا هذا nowadays, these days; في يوم وليلة (laila) overnight, from one day to the other; كل يوم kulla yaumin daily, every day; من يوم الى يوم or من يوم ليوم from one day to the other, from day to day; من يومه from that time on, henceforth; right away; منذ اليوم from now on, as of now, henceforth; من ايام a few days ago; for the put few days; بعد ذلك بأيام a few days after that; -- يوم الأحد y. al-aḥad Sunday; يوم الإثنين y. al-itnain Monday; يوم الثلثاء y. at-talātā’ Tuesday; يوم الأربعاء y. al-arbi‘ā’ Wednesday; يوم الخميس y. al-kamīs Thursday; يوم الجمعة y. al-jum‘a Friday; يوم السبت Saturday; -- يوم اسود black day, unlucky day; يوم الاشتغال workday; يوم ايوم (aiwam) a bad day; يوم الدينy. Ad-dīn the Day of Judgment; يوم رأس السنة y. ra’s as-sana New Year’s Day; يوم عطلة y. ‘uṭla day off, free day, holiday; ابن اليوم ibn al-y. man of today, modern man; ابن يومه of one day, short-lived, passing, ephemeral; ابن الأيام a man of the world, a sophisticated man; على توالى الأيام (tawālī l-a.) in the course of time, in time يومئذ yauma’idin (on) that day, then, at that time يومذاك yaumadāka (on) that day, then يومي yaumī daily; by the day; يومي daily, every day; يوميات everyday events; everyday chronicle; daily news │ جريدة يومية daily newspaper يومية yaumīya daily wages, a day’s wages; daily ration; a day’s work, daily task; diary, journal; daybook; calendar مياومة muyāwama work by the day, day labor; muyāwamatan daily, by the day, per day, per diem │ عامل مياومة day laborer, hired man اليونان al-yūnān the Greeks; Greece يوناني yūnānī Greek; (pl. -ūn) a Greek يونانية yūnānīya Grecism; Greek language يونس yūnus Jonah اليونسكو al-yūnēskō, هيئة اليونسكو hai’at al-y. UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization يونوسفير yonosfēr ionosphere (radio) يونيو yūniyō and يوية yūniya June 1110