Bacon.js
========
A small functional reactive programming lib for JavaScript.
Turns your event spaghetti into clean and declarative feng shui bacon, by switching
from imperative to functional. It's like replacing nested for-loops with functional programming
concepts like [`map`](#observable-map) and [`filter`](#observable-filter). Stop working on individual events and work with event streams instead.
Combine your data with [`merge`](#stream-merge) and [`combine`](#observable-combine).
Then switch to the heavier weapons and wield [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap) and [`combineTemplate`](#bacon-combinetemplate) like a boss.
It's the `_` of Events. Too bad the symbol `~` is not allowed in JavaScript.
Here's the stuff.
- [Homepage](http://baconjs.github.io/)
- [Source files](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/tree/master/src)
- [Generated javascript](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/blob/master/dist/)
- [Specs](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/blob/master/spec/specs/main.coffee)
- [Examples](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/blob/master/examples/examples.html)
- [Wiki](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/wiki/) with more docs, related projects and more
- [Cheat Sheet](http://www.cheatography.com/proloser/cheat-sheets/bacon-js/)
- [My Blog](http://nullzzz.blogspot.com) with some baconful and reactive postings along with a Bacon.js tutorial
- [Bacon.js Blog](http://baconjs.blogspot.com)
- [Bacon.js Google Group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/baconjs) for discussion and questions
- [TodoMVC with Bacon.js and jQuery](https://github.com/raimohanska/todomvc/blob/bacon-jquery/labs/architecture-examples/baconjs/js/app.js)
- [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/bacon.js) for well-formed questions. Use the "bacon.js" tag.
- [Gitter](https://gitter.im/baconjs/bacon.js) chat for developers of Bacon.
You can also check out my entertaining (LOL), interactive, solid-ass [slideshow](http://raimohanska.github.com/bacon.js-slides/).
And remember to give me feedback on the bacon! Let me know if you've
used it. Tell me how it worked for you. What's missing? What's wrong?
Please contribute!
[](https://travis-ci.org/baconjs/bacon.js)
[](https://www.npmjs.org/package/baconjs)
[](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Bacon.js)
[](https://david-dm.org/baconjs/bacon.js)
[](https://david-dm.org/baconjs/bacon.js#info=devDependencies)
Table of contents
=================
- [Bacon.js](#baconjs)
- [Table of contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Install](#install)
- [Intro](#intro)
- [API](#api)
- [Creating streams](#creating-streams)
- [Bacon.fromBinder for custom streams](#baconfrombinder-for-custom-streams)
- [Common methods in EventStreams and Properties](#common-methods-in-eventstreams-and-properties)
- [EventStream](#eventstream)
- [Property](#property)
- [Combining multiple streams and properties](#combining-multiple-streams-and-properties)
- [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules)
- [Lazy evaluation](#lazy-evaluation)
- [Latest value of Property or EventStream](#latest-value-of-property-or-eventstream)
- [Bus](#bus)
- [Event](#event)
- [Event properties and methods](#event-properties-and-methods)
- [Errors](#errors)
- [Join Patterns](#join-patterns)
- [Join patterns as a "chemical machine"](#join-patterns-as-a-chemical-machine)
- [Join patterns and properties](#join-patterns-and-properties)
- [Join patterns and Bacon.bus](#join-patterns-and-baconbus)
- [Cleaning up](#cleaning-up)
- [EventStream and Property semantics](#eventstream-and-property-semantics)
- [Atomic updates](#atomic-updates)
- [For RxJs Users](#for-rxjs-users)
- [Examples](#examples)
- [Build](#build)
- [Test](#test)
- [Dependencies](#dependencies)
- [Compatibility with other libs](#compatibility-with-other-libs)
- [Compatibility with browsers](#compatibility-with-browsers)
- [Node.js](#nodejs)
- [AMD](#amd)
- [Why Bacon?](#why-bacon)
- [Contribute](#contribute)
- [Sponsors](#sponsors)
Install
=======
If you're targeting to [node.js](http://nodejs.org/), you can
npm install baconjs
For [bower](https://github.com/twitter/bower) users:
bower install bacon
Both minified and unminified versions available on [cdnjs](https://cdnjs.com/libraries/bacon.js).
Starting from 0.7.45, you can build your own Bacon.js bundle with selected features
only. See instructions [here](#build).
Prefer to drink from the firehose? Download from Github [master](https://raw.github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/master/dist/Bacon.js).
Visual Studio users can obtain version 0.7.76 via NuGet Packages
https://www.nuget.org/packages/Bacon.js/0.7.76
Intro
=====
The idea of Functional Reactive Programming is quite well described by Conal Elliot at [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1028250/what-is-functional-reactive-programming/1030631#1030631).
Bacon.js is a library for functional reactive programming. Or let's say it's a library for
working with [events](#event) and dynamic values (which are called [Properties](#property) in Bacon.js).
Anyways, you can wrap an event source,
say "mouse clicks on an element" into an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) by saying
```js
var clicks = $("h1").asEventStream("click")
```
Each EventStream represents a stream of events. It is an Observable object, meaning
that you can listen to events in the stream using, for instance, the [`onValue`](#stream-onvalue) method
with a callback. Like this:
```js
clicks.onValue(function() { alert("you clicked the h1 element") })
```
But you can do neater stuff too. The Bacon of bacon.js is in that you can transform,
filter and combine these streams in a multitude of ways (see API below). The methods [`map`](#observable-map),
[`filter`](#observable-filter), for example, are similar to same functions in functional list programming
(like [Underscore](http://underscorejs.org/)). So, if you say
```js
var plus = $("#plus").asEventStream("click").map(1)
var minus = $("#minus").asEventStream("click").map(-1)
var both = plus.merge(minus)
```
.. you'll have a stream that will output the number 1 when the "plus" button is clicked
and another stream outputting -1 when the "minus" button is clicked. The `both` stream will
be a merged stream containing events from both the plus and minus streams. This allows
you to subscribe to both streams with one handler:
```js
both.onValue(function(val) { /* val will be 1 or -1 */ })
```
In addition to EventStreams, bacon.js has a thing called [`Property`](#property), that is almost like an
EventStream, but has a "current value". So things that change and have a current state are
Properties, while things that consist of discrete events are EventStreams. You could think
mouse clicks as an EventStream and mouse position as a Property. You can create Properties from
an EventStream with [`scan`](#observable-scan) or [`toProperty`](#stream-toproperty) methods. So, let's say
```js
function add(x, y) { return x + y }
var counter = both.scan(0, add)
counter.onValue(function(sum) { $("#sum").text(sum) })
```
The `counter` property will contain the sum of the values in the `both` stream, so it's practically
a counter that can be increased and decreased using the plus and minus buttons. The [`scan`](#observable-scan) method
was used here to calculate the "current sum" of events in the `both` stream, by giving a "seed value"
`0` and an "accumulator function" `add`. The scan method creates a property that starts with the given
seed value and on each event in the source stream applies the accumulator function to the current
property value and the new value from the stream.
Properties can be very conveniently used for assigning values and attributes to DOM elements with JQuery.
Here we assign the value of a property as the text of a span element whenever it changes:
```js
property.assign($("span"), "text")
```
Hiding and showing the same span depending on the content of the property value is equally straightforward
```js
function hiddenForEmptyValue(value) { return value == "" ? "hidden" : "visible" }
property.map(hiddenForEmptyValue).assign($("span"), "css", "visibility")
```
In the example above a property value of "hello" would be mapped to "visible", which in turn would result in Bacon calling
```js
$("span").css("visibility", "visible")
```
For an actual tutorial, please check out my [blog posts](http://nullzzz.blogspot.fi/2012/11/baconjs-tutorial-part-i-hacking-with.html)
API
===
Creating streams
----------------
[`$.asEventStream(eventName)`](#$-aseventstream "$.asEventStream(eventName : String)") creates an EventStream from events on a
jQuery or Zepto.js object. You can pass optional arguments to add a
jQuery live selector and/or a function that processes the jQuery
event and its parameters, if given, like this:
```js
$("#my-div").asEventStream("click", ".more-specific-selector")
$("#my-div").asEventStream("click", ".more-specific-selector", function(event, args) { return args[0] })
$("#my-div").asEventStream("click", function(event, args) { return args[0] })
```
[`Bacon.fromPromise(promise [, abort] [, eventTransformer])`](#bacon-frompromise "Bacon.fromPromise(promise : Promise[A] [, abort : boolean][, eventTransformer]) : EventStream[A]") creates an EventStream from a Promise object such as JQuery Ajax.
This stream will contain a single value or an error, followed immediately by stream end.
You can use the optional abort flag (i.e. ´fromPromise(p, true)´ to have the `abort` method of the given promise be called when all subscribers have been removed from the created stream.
You can also pass an optional function that transforms the promise value into Events. The default is to transform the value into `[new Bacon.Next(value), new Bacon.End()]`.
Check out this [example](https://github.com/raimohanska/baconjs-examples/blob/master/resources/public/index.html).
[`Bacon.fromEvent(target, eventName [, eventTransformer])`](#bacon-fromevent "Bacon.fromEvent(target : EventTarget | EventEmitter, eventName : String [, eventTransformer]) : EventStream") creates an EventStream from events
on a DOM EventTarget or Node.JS EventEmitter object, or an object that supports event listeners using `on`/`off` methods.
You can also pass an optional function that transforms the emitted
events' parameters.
```js
Bacon.fromEvent(document.body, "click").onValue(function() { alert("Bacon!") })
```
[`Bacon.fromCallback(f [, args...])`](#bacon-fromcallback "Bacon.fromCallback(f : (A -> void) -> void [, args...]) : EventStream[A]") creates an EventStream from a function that
accepts a callback. The function is supposed to call its callback just
once. For example:
```js
Bacon.fromCallback(function(callback) {
setTimeout(function() {
callback("Bacon!")
}, 1000)
})
```
This would create a stream that outputs a single value "Bacon!" and ends
after that. The use of setTimeout causes the value to be delayed by 1
second.
You can also give any number of arguments to [`fromCallback`](#bacon-fromcallback), which will be
passed to the function. These arguments can be simple variables, Bacon
EventStreams or Properties. For example the following will output "Bacon rules":
```js
bacon = Bacon.constant('bacon')
Bacon.fromCallback(function(a, b, callback) {
callback(a + ' ' + b);
}, bacon, 'rules').log();
```
[`Bacon.fromCallback(object, methodName [, args...])`](#bacon-fromcallback-object "Bacon.fromCallback(object, methodName [, args...]) : EventStream[A]") a variant of fromCallback which calls the named method of a given object.
[`Bacon.fromNodeCallback(f [, args...])`](#bacon-fromnodecallback "Bacon.fromNodeCallback(f : (E -> A -> void) -> void [, args...]) : EventStream[A]") behaves the same way as [`Bacon.fromCallback`](#bacon-fromcallback),
except that it expects the callback to be called in the Node.js convention:
`callback(error, data)`, where error is null if everything is fine. For example:
```js
var Bacon = require('baconjs').Bacon,
fs = require('fs');
var read = Bacon.fromNodeCallback(fs.readFile, 'input.txt');
read.onError(function(error) { console.log("Reading failed: " + error); });
read.onValue(function(value) { console.log("Read contents: " + value); });
```
[`Bacon.fromNodeCallback(object, methodName [, args...])`](#bacon-fromnodecallback-object "Bacon.fromNodeCallback(object, methodName [, args...])") a variant of fromNodeCallback which calls the named method of a given object.
[`Bacon.fromPoll(interval, f)`](#bacon-frompoll "Bacon.fromPoll(interval : Number, f : -> Event[A]) : EventStream[A]") polls given function with given interval.
Function should return Events: either [`Bacon.Next`](#bacon-next) or [`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end). Polling occurs only
when there are subscribers to the stream. Polling ends permanently when
`f` returns [`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end).
[`Bacon.once(value)`](#bacon-once "Bacon.once(value : Event[A] | A) : EventStream[A]") creates an EventStream that delivers the given
single value for the first subscriber. The stream will end immediately
after this value. You can also send an [`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) event instead of a
value: `Bacon.once(new Bacon.Error("fail"))`.
[`Bacon.fromArray(values)`](#bacon-fromarray "Bacon.fromArray(values : Array[Event[A] | A]) : EventStream[A]") creates an EventStream that delivers the given
series of values (given as array) to the first subscriber. The stream ends after these
values have been delivered. You can also send [`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) events, or
any combination of pure values and error events like this:
`Bacon.fromArray([1, new Bacon.Error()])
[`Bacon.interval(interval, value)`](#bacon-interval "Bacon.interval(interval : Number, value : A) : EventStream[A]") repeats the single element
indefinitely with the given interval (in milliseconds)
[`Bacon.sequentially(interval, values)`](#bacon-sequentially "Bacon.sequentially(interval : Number, values : Array[A]) : EventStream[A]") creates a stream containing given
values (given as array). Delivered with given interval in milliseconds.
[`Bacon.repeatedly(interval, values)`](#bacon-repeatedly "Bacon.repeatedly(interval : Number, values : Array[A]) : EventStream[A]") repeats given elements indefinitely
with given interval in milliseconds. For example, `repeatedly(10, [1,2,3])`
would lead to `1,2,3,1,2,3...` to be repeated indefinitely.
[`Bacon.repeat(fn)`](#bacon-repeat "Bacon.repeat(fn: Number -> Observable[A]): EventStream[A]") Calls generator function which is expected to return an observable. The returned EventStream contains
values and errors from the spawned observable. When the spawned observable ends, the generator is called
again to spawn a new observable.
This is repeated until the generator returns a falsy value
(such as `undefined` or `false`).
The generator function is called with one argument — iteration number starting from `0`.
Here's an example:
```js
Bacon.repeat(function(i) {
if (i < 3) {
return Bacon.once(i);
} else {
return false;
}
}).log()
```
The example will produce values 0, 1 and 2.
[`Bacon.never()`](#bacon-never "Bacon.never() : EventStream") creates an EventStream that immediately ends.
[`Bacon.later(delay, value)`](#bacon-later "Bacon.later(delay : Number, value : A) : EventStream[A]") creates a single-element stream that
produces given value after given delay (milliseconds).
[`new Bacon.EventStream(subscribe)`](#new-bacon-eventstream "new Bacon.EventStream(subscribe)") creates an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) with the given subscribe function.
[`property.changes`](#property-changes) creates a stream of changes to the [`Property`](#property). The stream *does not* include
an event for the current value of the Property at the time this method was called.
[`property.toEventStream()`](#property-toeventstream "property.toEventStream(@ : Property[A]) : EventStream[A]") creates an EventStream based on this Property. The stream contains also an event for the current
value of this Property at the time this method was called.
[`new Bacon.Bus()`](#new-bacon-bus) creates a pushable/pluggable stream (see [Bus](#bus) section below)
Pro tip: you can also put Errors into streams created with the
constructors above, by using an [`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) object instead of a plain
value.
Bacon.fromBinder for custom streams
-----------------------------------
If none of the factory methods above apply, you may of course roll your own EventStream by using [`Bacon.fromBinder`](#bacon-frombinder).
[`Bacon.fromBinder(subscribe)`](#bacon-frombinder "Bacon.fromBinder(subscribe)") The parameter `subscribe` is a function that accepts a `sink` which is a function that your `subscribe` function can "push" events to.
For example:
```js
var stream = Bacon.fromBinder(function(sink) {
sink("first value")
sink([new Bacon.Next("2nd"), new Bacon.Next("3rd")])
sink(new Bacon.Next(function() {
return "This one will be evaluated lazily"
}))
sink(new Bacon.Error("oops, an error"))
sink(new Bacon.End())
return function() {
// unsub functionality here, this one's a no-op
}
})
stream.log()
```
As shown in the example, you can push
- A plain value, like `"first value"`
- An [`Event`](#event) object including [`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) (wraps an error) and [`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end) (indicates
stream end).
- An array of event objects at once
Other examples can be found on [JSFiddle](http://jsfiddle.net/PG4c4/) and the
[Bacon.js blog](http://baconjs.blogspot.fi/2013/12/wrapping-things-in-bacon.html).
The `subscribe` function must return a function. Let's call that function
`unsubscribe`. The returned function can be used by the subscriber (directly or indirectly) to
unsubscribe from the EventStream. It should release all resources that the subscribe function reserved.
The `sink` function may return [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore) (as well as [`Bacon.more`](#bacon-more)
or any other value). If it returns [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore), no further events will be consumed
by the subscriber. The `subscribe` function may choose to clean up all resources at this point (e.g.,
by calling `unsubscribe`). This is usually not necessary, because further calls to `sink` are ignored,
but doing so can increase performance in [rare cases](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/issues/484).
The EventStream will wrap your `subscribe` function so that it will
only be called when the first stream listener is added, and the `unsubscribe`
function is called only after the last listener has been removed.
The subscribe-unsubscribe cycle may of course be repeated indefinitely,
so prepare for multiple calls to the subscribe function.
A note about the `new Bacon.Next(..)` constructor: You can use it like
```js
new Bacon.Next("value")
```
But the canonical way would be
```js
new Bacon.Next(function() { return "value"; })
```
The former version is safe only when you know that the actual value in
the stream is not a function.
The idea in using a function instead of a plain value is that the internals on Bacon.js take
advantage of [lazy evaluation](#lazy-evaluation) by deferring the evaluations of values
created by [`map`](#observable-map), [`combine`](#combining-multiple-streams-and-properties).
[`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore "Bacon.noMore") The opaque value `sink` function may return. See [`Bacon.fromBinder`](#bacon-frombinder).
[`Bacon.more`](#bacon-more "Bacon.more") The opaque value `sink` function may return. See [`Bacon.fromBinder`](#bacon-frombinder).
Common methods in EventStreams and Properties
---------------------------------------------
Both EventStream and Property share the Observable interface, and hence share a lot of methods.
Methods typically return observables so that methods can be chained; exceptions are noted.
Common methods are listed below.
[`observable.subscribe(f)`](#observable-subscribe "observable.subscribe(f)") subscribes given handler function to event stream. Function will receive Event objects (see below).
The subscribe() call returns a `unsubscribe` function that you can call to unsubscribe.
You can also unsubscribe by returning [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore) from the handler function as a reply
to an Event.
`stream.subscribe` and `property.subscribe` behave similarly, except that the latter also
pushes the initial value of the property, in case there is one.
[`observable.onValue(f)`](#observable-onvalue "observable.onValue(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> void) : Unsubscriber") subscribes a given handler function to the observable. Function will be called for each new value.
This is the simplest way to assign a side-effect to an observable. The difference
to the `subscribe` method is that the actual stream values are
received, instead of [`Event`](#event) objects.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
Just like `subscribe`, this method returns a function for unsubscribing.
`stream.onValue` and `property.onValue` behave similarly, except that the latter also
pushes the initial value of the property, in case there is one.
[`observable.onValues(f)`](#observable-onvalues "observable.onValues(f)") like [`onValue`](#stream-onvalue), but splits the value (assuming its an
array) as function arguments to `f`.
[`observable.onError(f)`](#observable-onerror "observable.onError(@ : Observable[A], f : Error -> void) : Unsubscriber") subscribes a callback to error events. The function will be called for each error in the stream.
Just like `subscribe`, this method returns a function for unsubscribing.
[`observable.onEnd(f)`](#observable-onend "observable.onEnd(f : -> void) : Unsubscriber") subscribes a callback to stream end. The function will be called when the stream ends.
Just like `subscribe`, this method returns a function for unsubscribing.
[`observable.toPromise([PromiseCtr])`](#observable-topromise "observable.toPromise(@ : Observable[A] [, PromiseCtr]) : Promise[A]") returns a Promise which will be resolved with the last event coming from an Observable.
The global ES6 promise implementation will be used unless a promise constructor is given.
Use a shim if you need to support legacy browsers or platforms.
[caniuse promises](http://caniuse.com/#feat=promises).
[`observable.firstToPromise([PromiseCtr])`](#observable-firsttopromise "observable.firstToPromise(@ : Observable[A] [, PromiseCtr]) : Promise[A]") returns a Promise which will be resolved with the first event coming from an Observable.
Like [`toPromise`](#observable-topromise), the global ES6 promise implementation will be used unless a promise
constructor is given.
[`observable.map(f)`](#observable-map "observable.map(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> B) : Observable[B]") maps values using given function, returning a new
stream/property. Instead of a function, you can also provide a constant
value. Further, you can use a property extractor string like
".keyCode". So, if f is a string starting with a
dot, the elements will be mapped to the corresponding field/function in the event
value. For instance map(".keyCode") will pluck the keyCode field from
the input values. If keyCode was a function, the result stream would
contain the values returned by the function.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
The [`map`](#observable-map) method, among many others, uses [lazy evaluation](#lazy-evaluation).
[`stream.map(property)`](#stream-map "stream.map(property)") maps the stream events to the current value of
the given property. This is equivalent to [`property.sampledBy(stream)`](#property-sampledby).
[`observable.mapError(f)`](#observable-maperror "observable.mapError(@ : Observable[A], f : E -> A) : Observable[A]") maps errors using given function. More
specifically, feeds the "error" field of the error event to the function
and produces a [`Next`](#bacon-next) event based on the return value.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
You can omit the argument to produce a [`Next`](#bacon-next) event with `undefined` value.
[`observable.errors()`](#observable-errors "observable.errors(@ : Observable[A]) : Observable[A]") returns a stream containing [`Error`](#bacon-error) events only.
Same as filtering with a function that always returns false.
[`observable.skipErrors()`](#observable-skiperrors "observable.skipErrors(@ : Observable[A]) : Observable[A]") skips all errors.
[`observable.mapEnd(f)`](#observable-mapend "observable.mapEnd(@ : Observable[A], f : -> Observable[A]) : Observable[A]") Adds an extra [`Next`](#bacon-next) event just before End. The value is created
by calling the given function when the source stream ends. Instead of a
function, a static value can be used. You can omit the argument to
produce a Next event with `undefined` value.
[`observable.filter(f)`](#observable-filter "observable.filter(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> Bool) : Observable[A]") filters values using given predicate function.
Instead of a function, you can use a constant value (`true` to include all, `false` to exclude all) or a
property extractor string (like ".isValuable") instead. Just like with
[`map`](#observable-map), indeed.
[`observable.filter(property)`](#observable-filter-property "observable.filter(property)") filters values based on the value of a
property. Event will be included in output [if and only if](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if) the property holds `true`
at the time of the event.
[`observable.skipDuplicates(isEqual)`](#observable-skipduplicates "observable.skipDuplicates([isEqual])") drops consecutive equal elements. So,
from `[1, 2, 2, 1]` you'd get `[1, 2, 1]`. Uses the `===` operator for equality
checking by default. If the isEqual argument is supplied, checks by calling
isEqual(oldValue, newValue). For instance, to do a deep comparison,you can
use the isEqual function from [underscore.js](http://underscorejs.org/)
like `stream.skipDuplicates(_.isEqual)`.
[`observable.take(n)`](#observable-take "observable.take(@ : Observable[A], n : Number) : Observable[A]") takes at most n values from the stream and then ends the stream. If the stream has
fewer than n values then it is unaffected.
Equal to [`Bacon.never()`](#bacon-never) if `n <= 0`.
[`observable.takeUntil(stream)`](#observable-takeuntil "observable.takeUntil(@ : Observable[A], stream : EventStream[B]) : Observable[A]") takes elements from source until a Next event appears in the other stream.
If other stream ends without value, it is ignored.
[`observable.takeWhile(f)`](#observable-takewhile "observable.takeWhile(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> Bool) : Observable[A]") takes while given predicate function holds true, and then ends.
[Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) apply.
[`observable.takeWhile(property)`](#observable-takewhile-property "observable.takeWhile(property)") takes values while the value of a property holds true, and then ends.
[`observable.first()`](#observable-first "observable.first(@ : Observable[A]) : Observable[A]") takes the first element from the stream. Essentially `observable.take(1)`.
[`observable.last()`](#observable-last "observable.last(@ : Observable[A]) : Observable[A]") takes the last element from the stream. None, if stream is empty.
*Note:* `neverEndingStream.last()` creates the stream which doesn't produce any events and never ends.
[`observable.skip(n)`](#observable-skip "observable.skip(n)") skips the first n elements from the stream
[`observable.delay(delay)`](#observable-delay "observable.delay(delay)") delays the stream/property by given amount of milliseconds. Does not delay the initial value of a [`Property`](#property).
```js
var delayed = source.delay(2)
```
```
source: asdf----asdf----
delayed: --asdf----asdf--
```
[`observable.throttle(delay)`](#observable-throttle "observable.throttle(delay)") throttles stream/property by given amount
of milliseconds. Events are emitted with the minimum interval of
[`delay`](#observable-delay). The implementation is based on [`stream.bufferWithTime`](#stream-bufferwithtime).
Does not affect emitting the initial value of a [`Property`](#property).
Example:
```js
var throttled = source.throttle(2)
```
```
source: asdf----asdf----
throttled: --s--f----s--f--
```
[`observable.debounce(delay)`](#observable-debounce "observable.debounce(delay)") throttles stream/property by given amount
of milliseconds, but so that event is only emitted after the given
"quiet period". Does not affect emitting the initial value of a Property.
The difference of [`throttle`](#observable-throttle) and [`debounce`](#observable-debounce) is the same as it is in the
same methods in jQuery.
Example:
```
source: asdf----asdf----
source.debounce(2): -----f-------f--
```
[`observable.debounceImmediate(delay)`](#observable-debounceimmediate "observable.debounceImmediate(delay)") passes the first event in the
stream through, but after that, only passes events after a given number
of milliseconds have passed since previous output.
Example:
```
source: asdf----asdf----
source.debounceImmediate(2): a-d-----a-d-----
```
[`observable.bufferingThrottle(minimumInterval)`](#observable-bufferingthrottle "observable.bufferingThrottle(@ : Observable[A], minimumInterval) : EventStream[A]") throttles the observable using a buffer so that at most one value event in minimumInteval is issued.
Unlike [`throttle`](#observable-throttle), it doesn't discard the excessive events but buffers them instead, outputting
them with a rate of at most one value per minimumInterval.
Example:
```js
var throttled = source.bufferingThrottle(2)
```
```
source: asdf----asdf----
throttled: a-s-d-f-a-s-d-f-
```
[`observable.doAction(f)`](#observable-doaction "observable.doAction(f)") returns a stream/property where the function f
is executed for each value, before dispatching to subscribers. This is
useful for debugging, but also for stuff like calling the
`preventDefault()` method for events. In fact, you can
also use a property-extractor string instead of a function, as in
`".preventDefault"`.
[`observable.doError(f)`](#observable-doerror "observable.doError(f)") returns a stream/property where the function f
is executed for each error, before dispatching to subscribers.
That is, same as [`doAction`](#observable-doaction) but for errors.
[`observable.not()`](#observable-not "observable.not(@ : Obserable[A]) : Observable[Bool]") returns a stream/property that inverts boolean values
[`observable.flatMap(f)`](#observable-flatmap "observable.flatMap(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> Observable[B] | Event[B] | B) : EventStream[B]") for each element in the source stream, spawn a new
stream using the function `f`. Collect events from each of the spawned
streams into the result [`EventStream`](#eventstream). Note that instead of a function, you can provide a
stream/property too. Also, the return value of function `f` can be either an
`Observable` (stream/property) or a constant value. The result of
[`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap) is always an [`EventStream`](#eventstream).
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
`stream.flatMap()` can be used conveniently with [`Bacon.once()`](#bacon-once) and [`Bacon.never()`](#bacon-never) for converting and filtering at the same time, including only some of the results.
Example - converting strings to integers, skipping empty values:
```js
stream.flatMap(function(text) {
return (text != "") ? parseInt(text) : Bacon.never()
})
```
[`observable.flatMapLatest(f)`](#observable-flatmaplatest "observable.flatMapLatest(f)") like [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap), but instead of including events from
all spawned streams, only includes them from the latest spawned stream.
You can think this as switching from stream to stream.
Note that instead of a function, you can provide a stream/property too.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
[`observable.flatMapFirst(f)`](#observable-flatmapfirst "observable.flatMapFirst(f)") like [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap), but only spawns a new
stream if the previously spawned stream has ended.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
[`observable.flatMapError(f)`](#observable-flatmaperror "observable.flatMapError(f)") like [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap), but is applied only on [`Error`](#bacon-error) events. Returned values go into the
value stream, unless an error event is returned. As an example, one type of error could result in a retry and another just
passed through, which can be implemented using flatMapError.
[`observable.flatMapWithConcurrencyLimit(limit, f)`](#observable-flatmapwithconcurrencylimit "observable.flatMapWithConcurrencyLimit(@ : Observable[A], limit : Number, f : A -> Observable[B] | Event[B] | B) : EventStream[B]") a super method of *flatMap* family. It limits the number of open spawned streams and buffers incoming events.
[`flatMapConcat`](#observable-flatmapconcat) is `flatMapWithConcurrencyLimit(1)` (only one input active),
and [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap) is `flatMapWithConcurrencyLimit ∞` (all inputs are piped to output).
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
[`observable.flatMapConcat(f)`](#observable-flatmapconcat "observable.flatMapConcat(@ : Observable[A], f : A -> Observable[B] | Event[B] | B) : EventStream[B]") a [`flatMapWithConcurrencyLimit`](#observable-flatmapwithconcurrencylimit) with limit of 1.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
[`observable.scan(seed, f)`](#observable-scan "observable.scan(seed, f) : Property[A]") scans stream/property with given seed value and
accumulator function, resulting to a Property. For example, you might
use zero as seed and a "plus" function as the accumulator to create
an "integral" property. Instead of a function, you can also supply a
method name such as ".concat", in which case this method is called on
the accumulator value and the new stream value is used as argument.
Example:
```js
var plus = function (a,b) { return a + b }
Bacon.sequentially(1, [1,2,3]).scan(0, plus)
```
This would result to following elements in the result stream:
seed value = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 2 = 3
3 + 3 = 6
When applied to a Property as in `r = p.scan(seed, f)`, there's a (hopefully insignificant) catch:
The starting value for `r` depends on whether `p` has an
initial value when scan is applied. If there's no initial value, this works
identically to EventStream.scan: the `seed` will be the initial value of
`r`. However, if `r` already has a current/initial value `x`, the
seed won't be output as is. Instead, the initial value of `r` will be `f(seed, x)`. This makes sense,
because there can only be 1 initial value for a Property at a time.
[`observable.fold(seed, f)`](#observable-fold "observable.fold(seed, f) : Property[A]") is like [`scan`](#observable-scan) but only emits the final
value, i.e. the value just before the observable ends. Returns a
[`Property`](#property).
[`observable.reduce(seed, f)`](#observable-reduce "observable.reduce(seed,f)") synonym for [`fold`](#observable-fold).
[`observable.diff(start, f)`](#observable-diff "observable.diff(start, f)") returns a Property that represents the result of a comparison
between the previous and current value of the Observable. For the initial value of the Observable,
the previous value will be the given start.
Example:
```js
var distance = function (a,b) { return Math.abs(b - a) }
Bacon.sequentially(1, [1,2,3]).diff(0, distance)
```
This would result to following elements in the result stream:
1 - 0 = 1
2 - 1 = 1
3 - 2 = 1
[`observable.zip(other [, f])`](#observable-zip "observable.zip(other [, f])") return an EventStream with elements
pair-wise lined up with events from this and the other EventStream or Property.
A zipped stream will publish only when it has a value from each
source and will only produce values up to when any single source ends.
The given function `f` is used to create the result value from value in the two
sources. If no function is given, the values are zipped into an array.
Be careful not to have too much "drift" between streams. If one stream
produces many more values than some other excessive buffering will
occur inside the zipped observable.
Example 1:
```js
var x = Bacon.fromArray([1, 2])
var y = Bacon.fromArray([3, 4])
x.zip(y, function(x, y) { return x + y })
# produces values 4, 6
```
See also [`zipWith`](#bacon-zipwith) and [`zipAsArray`](#bacon-zipasarray) for zipping more than 2 sources.
[`observable.slidingWindow(max [, min])`](#observable-slidingwindow "observable.slidingWindow(max[, min])") returns a Property that represents a
"sliding window" into the history of the values of the Observable. The
result Property will have a value that is an array containing the last `n`
values of the original observable, where `n` is at most the value of the
`max` argument, and at least the value of the `min` argument. If the
`min` argument is omitted, there's no lower limit of values.
For example, if you have a stream `s` with value a sequence 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5, the
respective values in `s.slidingWindow(2)` would be [] - [1] - [1,2] -
[2,3] - [3,4] - [4,5]. The values of `s.slidingWindow(2,2)`would be
[1,2] - [2,3] - [3,4] - [4,5].
[`observable.log()`](#observable-log "observable.log()") logs each value of the Observable to the console.
It optionally takes arguments to pass to console.log() alongside each
value. To assist with chaining, it returns the original Observable. Note
that as a side-effect, the observable will have a constant listener and
will not be garbage-collected. So, use this for debugging only and
remove from production code. For example:
```js
myStream.log("New event in myStream")
```
or just
```js
myStream.log()
```
[`observable.doLog()`](#observable-dolog "observable.doLog()") logs each value of the Observable to the console. doLog() behaves like [`log`](#observable-log)
but does not subscribe to the event stream. You can think of doLog() as a
logger function that – unlike log() – is safe to use in production. doLog() is
safe, because it does not cause the same surprising side-effects as log()
does.
[`observable.combine(property2, f)`](#observable-combine "observable.combine(property2, f)") combines the latest values of the two
streams or properties using a two-arg function. Similarly to [`scan`](#observable-scan), you can use a
method name instead, so you could do `a.combine(b, ".concat")` for two
properties with array value. The result is a Property.
[`observable.withStateMachine(initState, f)`](#observable-withstatemachine "observable.withStateMachine(initState, f)") lets you run a state machine
on an observable. Give it an initial state object and a state
transformation function that processes each incoming event and
returns and array containing the next state and an array of output
events. Here's an an example, where we calculate the total sum of all
numbers in the stream and output the value on stream end:
```js
Bacon.fromArray([1,2,3])
.withStateMachine(0, function(sum, event) {
if (event.hasValue())
return [sum + event.value(), []]
else if (event.isEnd())
return [undefined, [new Bacon.Next(sum), event]]
else
return [sum, [event]]
})
```
[`observable.decode(mapping)`](#observable-decode "observable.decode(mapping)") decodes input using the given mapping. Is a
bit like a switch-case or the decode function in Oracle SQL. For
example, the following would map the value 1 into the string "mike"
and the value 2 into the value of the `who` property.
```js
property.decode({1 : "mike", 2 : who})
```
This is actually based on [`combineTemplate`](#bacon-combinetemplate) so you can compose static
and dynamic data quite freely, as in
```js
property.decode({1 : { type: "mike" }, 2 : { type: "other", whoThen : who }})
```
The return value of [`decode`](#observable-decode) is always a [`Property`](#property).
[`observable.awaiting(otherObservable)`](#observable-awaiting "observable.awaiting(otherObservable)") creates a Property that indicates whether
`observable` is awaiting `otherObservable`, i.e. has produced a value after the latest
value from `otherObservable`. This is handy for keeping track whether we are
currently awaiting an AJAX response:
```js
var showAjaxIndicator = ajaxRequest.awaiting(ajaxResponse)
```
[`observable.endOnError()`](#observable-endonerror "observable.endOnError()") ends the `Observable` on first [`Error`](#bacon-error) event. The
error is included in the output of the returned `Observable`.
[`observable.endOnError(f)`](#observable-endonerror-f "observable.endOnError(f)") ends the `Observable` on first [`Error`](#bacon-error) event for which
the given predicate function returns true. The error is included in the
output of the returned `Observable`. The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) apply, so
you can do for example `.endOnError(".serious")`.
[`observable.withHandler(f)`](#observable-withhandler "observable.withHandler(f)") lets you do more custom event handling: you
get all events to your function and you can output any number of events
and end the stream if you choose. For example, to send an error and end
the stream in case a value is below zero:
```js
if (event.hasValue() && event.value() < 0) {
this.push(new Bacon.Error("Value below zero"));
return this.push(end());
} else {
return this.push(event);
}
```
Note that it's important to return the value from `this.push` so that
the connection to the underlying stream will be closed when no more
events are needed.
[`observable.name(newName)`](#observable-name "observable.name(@ : Observable[A], newName : String) : Observable[A]") sets the name of the observable. Overrides the default
implementation of `toString` and `inspect`.
Returns itself.
[`observable.withDescription(param...)`](#observable-withdescription "observable.withDescription(@ : Observable[A], param...) : Observable[A]") Sets the structured description of the observable. The `toString` and `inspect` methods
use this data recursively to create a string representation for the observable. This method
is probably useful for Bacon core / library / plugin development only.
For example:
var src = Bacon.once(1)
var obs = src.map(function(x) { return -x })
console.log(obs.toString())
--> Bacon.once(1).map(function)
obs.withDescription(src, "times", -1)
console.log(obs.toString())
--> Bacon.once(1).times(-1)
[`observable.groupBy(keyF [, limitF])`](#observable-groupby "observable.groupBy(@ : Observable[A], keyF[, limitF]) : Observable[Observable[A]]") Groups stream events to new streams by `keyF`. Optional `limitF` can be provided to limit grouped
stream life. Stream transformed by `limitF` is passed on if provided. `limitF` gets grouped stream
and the original event causing the stream to start as parameters.
Calculator for grouped consecutive values until group is cancelled:
var events = [
{id: 1, type: "add", val: 3 },
{id: 2, type: "add", val: -1 },
{id: 1, type: "add", val: 2 },
{id: 2, type: "cancel"},
{id: 3, type: "add", val: 2 },
{id: 3, type: "cancel"},
{id: 1, type: "add", val: 1 },
{id: 1, type: "add", val: 2 },
{id: 1, type: "cancel"}
]
function keyF(event) {
return event.id
}
function limitF(groupedStream, groupStartingEvent) {
var cancel = groupedStream.filter(function(x) { return x.type === "cancel"}).take(1)
var adds = groupedStream.filter(function(x) { return x.type === "add" })
return adds.takeUntil(cancel).map(".val")
}
Bacon.sequentially(2, events)
.groupBy(keyF, limitF)
.flatMap(function(groupedStream) {
return groupedStream.fold(0, function(acc, x) { return acc + x })
})
.onValue(function(sum) {
console.log(sum)
// returns [-1, 2, 8] in an order
})
EventStream
-----------
[`Bacon.EventStream`](#bacon-eventstream "Bacon.EventStream") a stream of events. See methods below.
[`stream.concat(otherStream)`](#stream-concat "stream.concat(otherStream)") concatenates two streams into one stream so that
it will deliver events from `stream` until it ends and then deliver
events from `otherStream`. This means too that events from `stream2`,
occurring before the end of `stream` will not be included in the result
stream.
[`stream.merge(otherStream)`](#stream-merge "stream.merge(otherStream)") merges two streams into one stream that delivers events from both
[`stream.holdWhen(valve)`](#stream-holdwhen "stream.holdWhen(@ : EventStream[A], valve : Observable[B]) : EventStream[A]") pauses and buffers the event stream if last event in valve is truthy.
All buffered events are released when valve becomes falsy.
[`stream.startWith(value)`](#stream-startwith "stream.startWith(value)") adds a starting value to the stream, i.e. concats a
single-element stream contains [`value`](#event-value) with this stream.
[`stream.skipWhile(f)`](#stream-skipwhile "stream.skipWhile(f)") skips elements until the given predicate function returns falsy once, and then
lets all events pass through.
The [Function Construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply here.
[`stream.skipWhile(property)`](#stream-skipwhile-property "stream.skipWhile(property)") skips elements until the value of the given Property is falsy once, and then
lets all events pass through.
[`stream.skipUntil(stream2)`](#stream-skipuntil "stream.skipUntil(stream2)") skips elements from `stream` until a Next event
appears in `stream2`. In other words, starts delivering values
from `stream` after first event appears in `stream2`.
[`stream.bufferWithTime(delay)`](#stream-bufferwithtime "stream.bufferWithTime(delay)") buffers stream events with given delay.
The buffer is flushed at most once in the given delay. So, if your input
contains [1,2,3,4,5,6,7], then you might get two events containing [1,2,3,4]
and [5,6,7] respectively, given that the flush occurs between numbers 4 and 5.
[`stream.bufferWithTime(f)`](#stream-bufferwithtime-f "stream.bufferWithTime(f)") works with a given "defer-function" instead
of a delay. Here's a simple example, which is equivalent to
stream.bufferWithTime(10):
```js
stream.bufferWithTime(function(f) { setTimeout(f, 10) })
```
[`stream.bufferWithCount(count)`](#stream-bufferwithcount "stream.bufferWithCount(count)") buffers stream events with given count.
The buffer is flushed when it contains the given number of elements. So, if
you buffer a stream of `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]` with count `2`, you'll get output
events with values `[1, 2]`, `[3, 4]` and `[5]`.
[`stream.bufferWithTimeOrCount(delay, count)`](#stream-bufferwithtimeorcount "stream.bufferWithTimeOrCount(delay, count)") buffers stream events and
flushes when either the buffer contains the given number elements or the
given amount of milliseconds has passed since last buffered event.
[`stream.toProperty()`](#stream-toproperty "stream.toProperty(@ : EventStream[A]) : Property[A]") creates a Property based on the
EventStream. Without arguments, you'll get a Property without an initial value.
The Property will get its first actual value from the stream, and after that it'll
always have a current value.
[`stream.toProperty(initialValue)`](#stream-toproperty-initialValue "stream.toProperty(initialValue)") creates a Property based on the
EventStream with the given initial value that will be used as the current value until
the first value comes from the stream.
Property
--------
[`Bacon.Property`](#bacon-property "Bacon.Property") a reactive property. Has the concept of "current value".
You can create a Property from an EventStream by using either [`toProperty`](#stream-toproperty)
or [`scan`](#observable-scan) method. Note: depending on how a Property is created, it may or may not
have an initial value. The current value stays as its last value after the stream has ended.
[`Bacon.constant(x)`](#bacon-constant "Bacon.constant(x)") creates a constant property with value x.
[`property.assign(obj, method [, param...])`](#property-assign "property.assign(obj, method [, param...])") calls the method of the given
object with each value of this Property. You can optionally supply
arguments which will be used as the first arguments of the method call.
For instance, if you want to assign your Property to the "disabled"
attribute of a JQuery object, you can do this:
```js
myProperty.assign($("#my-button"), "attr", "disabled")
```
A simpler example would be to toggle the visibility of an element based
on a Property:
```js
myProperty.assign($("#my-button"), "toggle")
```
Note that the [`assign`](#property-assign) method is actually just a synonym for [`onValue`](#property-onvalue) and
the [function construction rules](#function-construction-rules) below apply to both.
[`property.sample(interval)`](#property-sample "property.sample(interval)") creates an EventStream by sampling the
property value at given interval (in milliseconds)
[`property.sampledBy(stream)`](#property-sampledby "property.sampledBy(stream)") creates an EventStream by sampling the
property value at each event from the given stream. The result
EventStream will contain the property value at each event in the source
stream.
[`property.sampledBy(property)`](#property-sampledby-property "property.sampledBy(property)") creates a Property by sampling the
property value at each event from the given property. The result
Property will contain the property value at each event in the source
property.
[`property.sampledBy(streamOrProperty, f)`](#property-sampledby-f "property.sampledBy(streamOrProperty, f)") samples the property on stream
events. The result values will be formed using the given function
`f(propertyValue, samplerValue)`. You can use a method name (such as
".concat") instead of a function too.
[`property.changes()`](#property-changes "property.changes()") returns an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) of property value changes.
Returns exactly the same events as the property itself, except any Initial
events. Note that [`property.changes()`](#property-changes) does NOT skip duplicate values, use .skipDuplicates() for that.
[`property.and(other)`](#property-and "property.and(other)") combines properties with the `&&` operator.
[`property.or(other)`](#property-or "property.or(other)") combines properties with the `||` operator.
[`property.startWith(value)`](#property-startwith "property.startWith(value)") adds an initial "default" value for the
Property. If the Property doesn't have an initial value of it's own, the
given value will be used as the initial value. If the property has an
initial value of its own, the given value will be ignored.
Combining multiple streams and properties
-----------------------------------------
[`Bacon.combineAsArray(streams)`](#bacon-combineasarray "Bacon.combineAsArray(streams)") combines Properties, EventStreams and
constant values so that the result Property will have an array of all
property values as its value. The input array may contain both Properties
and EventStreams. In the latter case, the stream is first converted into
a Property and then combined with the other properties.
[`Bacon.combineAsArray(s1, s2...)`](#bacon-combineasarray-multiple-streams "Bacon.combineAsArray(s1, s2...)") just like above, but with streams
provided as a list of arguments as opposed to a single array.
```js
property = Bacon.constant(1)
stream = Bacon.once(2)
constant = 3
Bacon.combineAsArray(property, stream, constant)
# produces the value [1,2,3]
```
[`Bacon.combineWith(f, stream1, stream2...)`](#bacon-combinewith "Bacon.combineWith(f, stream1, stream2 ...)") combines given *n* Properties,
EventStreams and constant values using the given n-ary function `f(v1, v2 ...)`.
To calculate the current sum of three numeric Properties, you can do
```js
function sum3(x,y,z) { return x + y + z }
Bacon.combineWith(sum3, p1, p2, p3)
```
[`Bacon.combineWith(f, streams)`](#bacon-combinewith-streams-array "Bacon.combineWith(f, streams)") like above, but with streams provided as a single array as opposed to a list
of arguments.
```js
streams = [Bacon.constant(1), Bacon.constant(2)]
Bacon.combineWith(Math.max, streams)
```
[`Bacon.combineWith(streams, f)`](#bacon-combinewith-streams-array-f-last "Bacon.combineWith(streams, f)") like above
[`Bacon.combineWith(stream1, stream2..., f)`](#bacon-combinewith-f-last "Bacon.combineWith(stream1, stream2 ..., f)") like above
[`Bacon.combineTemplate(template)`](#bacon-combinetemplate "Bacon.combineTemplate(template)") combines Properties, EventStreams and
constant values using a template
object. For instance, assuming you've got streams or properties named
`password`, `username`, `firstname` and `lastname`, you can do
```js
var password, username, firstname, lastname; // <- properties or streams
var loginInfo = Bacon.combineTemplate({
magicNumber: 3,
userid: username,
passwd: password,
name: { first: firstname, last: lastname }})
```
.. and your new loginInfo property will combine values from all these
streams using that template, whenever any of the streams/properties
get a new value. For instance, it could yield a value such as
```js
{ magicNumber: 3,
userid: "juha",
passwd: "easy",
name : { first: "juha", last: "paananen" }}
```
In addition to combining data from streams, you can include constant
values in your templates.
Note that all Bacon.combine* methods produce a Property instead of an EventStream.
If you need the result as an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) you might want to use [`property.changes()`](#property-changes)
```js
Bacon.combineWith(function(v1,v2) { .. }, stream1, stream2).changes()
```
[`Bacon.mergeAll(streams)`](#bacon-mergeall "Bacon.mergeAll(streams)") merges given array of EventStreams.
`Bacon.mergeAll(stream1, stream2 ...)` merges given EventStreams.
[`Bacon.zipAsArray(streams)`](#bacon-zipasarray "Bacon.zipAsArray(streams)") zips the array of EventStreams / Properties in to a new
EventStream that will have an array of values from each source as
its value. Zipping means that events from each source are combined
pairwise so that the 1st event from each source is published first, then
the 2nd event from each. The results will be published as soon as there
is a value from each source.
Be careful not to have too much "drift" between streams. If one stream
produces many more values than some other excessive buffering will
occur inside the zipped observable.
Example:
```js
x = Bacon.fromArray([1,2,3])
y = Bacon.fromArray([10, 20, 30])
z = Bacon.fromArray([100, 200, 300])
Bacon.zipAsArray(x, y, z)
# produces values [1, 10, 100], [2, 20, 200] and [3, 30, 300]
```
[`Bacon.zipAsArray(stream1, stream2...)`](#bacon-zipasarray-multiple-streams "Bacon.zipAsArray(stream1, stream2...)") just like above, but with sources
provided as a list of arguments as opposed to a single array.
[`Bacon.zipWith(streams, f)`](#bacon-zipwith "Bacon.zipWith(streams, f)") like [`zipAsArray`](#bacon-zipasarray) but uses the given n-ary
function to combine the n values from n sources, instead of returning them in an Array.
[`Bacon.zipWith(f, streams)`](#bacon-zipwith-f-first "Bacon.zipWith(f, streams)") like [`zipAsArray`](#bacon-zipasarray) but uses the given n-ary
function to combine the n values from n sources, instead of returning them in an Array.
[`Bacon.zipWith(f, stream1, stream1...)`](#bacon-zipwith-f-first-varargs "Bacon.zipWith(f, stream1, stream1 ...)") like above
[`Bacon.zipWith(stream1, stream1..., f)`](#bacon-zipwith-varargs-f-last "Bacon.zipWith(stream1, stream1 ..., f)") like above
[`Bacon.onValues(a, b [, c...], f)`](#bacon-onvalues "Bacon.onValues(a, b [, c...], f)") is a shorthand for combining multiple
sources (streams, properties, constants) as array and assigning the
side-effect function f for the values. The following example would log
the number 3.
```js
function f(a, b) { console.log(a + b) }
Bacon.onValues(Bacon.constant(1), Bacon.constant(2), f)
```
Function Construction rules
---------------------------
Many methods in Bacon have a single function as their argument. Many of these
actually accept a wider range of different arguments that they use for
constructing the function.
Here are the different forms you can use, with examples. The basic form
would be
[`stream.map(f)`](#stream-map) maps values using the function f(x)
As an extension to the basic form, you can use partial application:
`stream.map(f, "bacon")` maps values using the function f(x, y), using
"bacon" as the first argument, and stream value as the second argument.
`stream.map(f, "pow", "smack")` maps values using the function f(x, y,
z), using "pow" and "smack" as the first two arguments and stream value
as the third argument.
Then, you can create method calls like this:
`stream.onValue(object, method)` calls the method having the given name,
with stream value as the argument.
`titleText.onValue($("#title"), "text")` which would call the "text" method of the jQuery object matching to the HTML element with the id "title"
`disableButton.onValue($("#send"), "attr", "disabled")` which would call
the attr method of the #send element, with "disabled" as the first
argument. So if your property has the value `true`, it would call
$("#send").attr("disabled", true)
You can call methods or return field values using a "property extractor"
syntax. With this syntax, Bacon checks the type of the field and if it's indeed a method, it calls it. Otherwise it just returns field value. For example:
`stream.map(".length")` would return the value of the "length" field of
stream values. Would make sense for a stream of arrays. So, you'd get 2
for `["cat", "dog"]`
`stream.map(".stuffs.length")` would pick the length of the "stuffs"
array that is a field in the stream value. For example, you'd get 2 for
`{ stuffs : ["thing", "object"] }`
`stream.map(".dudes.1")` would pick the second object from the nested
"dudes" array. For example, you'd get "jack" for `{ dudes : ["john",
"jack"] }`.
`stream.doAction(".preventDefault")` would call the "preventDefault" method of
stream values.
`stream.filter(".attr", "disabled").not()` would call `.attr("disabled")` on
stream values and filter by the return value. This would practically
inlude only disabled jQuery elements to the result stream.
If none of the above applies, Bacon will return a constant value. For
instance:
`mouseClicks.map({ isMouseClick: true })` would map all events to the
object `{ isMouseClick: true }`
Methods that support function construction include
at least [`onValue`](#observable-onvalue), [`onError`](#observable-onerror), [`onEnd`](#observable-onend), [`map`](#observable-map), [`filter`](#observable-filter), [`assign`](#property-assign), [`takeWhile`](#observable-takewhile), [`mapError`](#observable-maperror) and [`doAction`](#observable-doaction).
Lazy evaluation
---------------
Methods such as [`map`](#observable-map) and the [`combine`](#observable-combine) use lazy evaluation to avoid evaluating
values that aren't actually needed. This can be generally considered a Good Thing,
but it has it's pitfalls.
If you pass a function that referentially transparent, you'll
be fine. This means that your function should return the same value regardless of
when it's called.
On the other hand, if you pass a function that returns a value depending on time,
you may have problems. Consider a property `contents` that's derived from events
like below.
```javascript
var items = clicks.map(getCurrentValueFromUI).toProperty()
var submittedItems = items.sampledBy(submitClick)
```
Now the `submittedItems` stream will produce the current value of the `items` property
when an event occurs in the `submitClick` stream. Or so you'd think. In fact, the value
of `submittedItems` is evaluated at the time of the event in the `submitClick` stream,
which means that it will actually produce the value of `getCurrentValueFromUI` at that time,
instead of at the time of the original `click` event.
To force evaluation at the time of original event, you can just use [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap) instead of [`map`](#observable-map).
As in here.
```javascript
var items = clicks.flatMap(getCurrentValueFromUI).toProperty()
```
Latest value of Property or EventStream
---------------------------------------
One of the common first questions people ask is "how do I get the
latest value of a stream or a property". There is no getLatestValue
method available and will not be either. You get the value by
subscribing to the stream/property and handling the values in your
callback. If you need the value of more than one source, use one of the
combine methods.
Bus
---
[`Bus`](#bus) is an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) that allows you to [`push`](#bus-push) values into the stream.
It also allows plugging other streams into the Bus. The Bus practically
merges all plugged-in streams and the values pushed using the [`push`](#bus-push)
method.
[`new Bacon.Bus()`](#new-bacon-bus "new Bacon.Bus()") returns a new Bus.
[`bus.push(x)`](#bus-push "bus.push(@ : Bus[A], x : A)") pushes the given value to the stream.
[`bus.end()`](#bus-end "bus.end(@ : Bus[A])") ends the stream. Sends an End event to all subscribers.
After this call, there'll be no more events to the subscribers.
Also, the [`bus.push`](#bus-push) and [`bus.plug`](#bus-plug) methods have no effect.
[`bus.error(e)`](#bus-error "bus.error(@ : Bus[A], e : Error)") sends an Error with given message to all subscribers
[`bus.plug(stream)`](#bus-plug "bus.plug(@ : Bus[A], stream : EventStream[A])") plugs the given stream to the Bus. All events from
the given stream will be delivered to the subscribers of the Bus.
Returns a function that can be used to unplug the same stream.
The plug method practically allows you to merge in other streams after
the creation of the Bus. I've found Bus quite useful as an event broadcast
mechanism in the
[Worzone](https://github.com/raimohanska/worzone) game, for instance.
Event
-----
[`Bacon.Event`](#bacon-event "Bacon.Event") has subclasses [`Bacon.Next`](#bacon-next), [`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end), [`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) and [`Bacon.Initial`](#bacon-initial)
[`Bacon.Next`](#bacon-next "Bacon.Next") next value in an EventStream or a Property. Call isNext() to
distinguish a Next event from other events.
[`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end "Bacon.End") an end-of-stream event of EventStream or Property. Call isEnd() to
distinguish an End from other events.
[`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error "Bacon.Error") an error event. Call isError() to distinguish these events
in your subscriber, or use [`onError`](#observable-onerror) to react to error events only.
`errorEvent.error` returns the associated error object (usually string).
[`Bacon.Initial`](#bacon-initial "Bacon.Initial") the initial (current) value of a Property. Call isInitial() to
distinguish from other events. Only sent immediately after subscription
to a Property.
### Event properties and methods
[`event.value()`](#event-value "event.value(@ : Event[A]) : A") returns the value associated with a Next or Initial event
[`event.hasValue()`](#event-hasvalue "event.hasValue(@ : Event[A]) : Bool") returns true for events of type Initial and Next
[`event.isNext()`](#event-isnext "event.isNext(@ : Event[A]) : Bool") true for Next events
[`event.isInitial()`](#event-isinitial "event.isInitial(@ : Event[A]) : Bool") true for Initial events
[`event.isEnd()`](#event-isend "event.isEnd()") true for End events
Errors
------
[`Bacon.Error`](#bacon-error) events are always passed through all stream combinators. So, even
if you filter all values out, the error events will pass through. If you
use flatMap, the result stream will contain Error events from the source
as well as all the spawned stream.
You can take action on errors by using the [`observable.onError(f)`](#observable-onerror)
callback.
See documentation on [`onError`](#observable-onerror), [`mapError`](#observable-maperror), [`errors`](#errors), [`skipErrors`](#observable-skiperrors), [`Bacon.retry`](#bacon-retry) and [`flatMapError`](#observable-flatmaperror) above.
In case you want to convert (some) value events into [`Error`](#bacon-error) events, you may use [`flatMap`](#observable-flatmap) like this:
```js
stream = Bacon.fromArray([1,2,3,4]).flatMap(function(x) {
if (x > 2)
return new Bacon.Error("too big")
else
return x
})
```
Conversely, if you want to convert some [`Error`](#bacon-error) events into value events, you may use [`flatMapError`](#observable-flatmaperror):
```js
myStream.flatMapError(function(error) {
return isNonCriticalError(error) ? handleNonCriticalError(error) : new Bacon.Error(error)
})
```
Note also that Bacon.js combinators do not catch errors that are thrown.
Especially [`map`](#observable-map) doesn't do so. If you want to map things
and wrap caught errors into Error events, you can do the following:
```js
wrapped = source.flatMap(Bacon.try(dangerousOperation))
```
For example, you can use `Bacon.try` to handle JSON parse errors:
```js
var jsonStream = Bacon
.once('{"this is invalid json"')
.flatMap(Bacon.try(JSON.parse))
jsonStream.onError(function(err) {
console.error("Failed to parse JSON", err)
})
```
An Error does not terminate the stream. The method [`observable.endOnError()`](#observable-endonerror)
returns a stream/property that ends immediately after first error.
Bacon.js doesn't currently generate any [`Error`](#bacon-error) events itself (except when
converting errors using Bacon.fromPromise). Error
events definitely would be generated by streams derived from IO sources
such as AJAX calls.
[`Bacon.retry(options)`](#bacon-retry "Bacon.retry(options)") is used to retry the call when there is an [`Error`](#bacon-error) event in the stream produced by the `source` function.
The two required option parameters are:
* `source`, a function that produces an Observable.
* `retries`, the number of times to retry the `source` function _in addition to the initial attempt_.
Additionally, one may pass in one or both of the following callbacks:
* `isRetryable`, a function returning `true` to continue retrying, `false` to stop. Defaults to `true`. The error that occurred is given as a parameter. For example, there is usually no reason to retry a 404 HTTP error, whereas a 500 or a timeout might work on the next attempt.
* ```delay```, a function that returns the time in milliseconds to wait before retrying. Defaults to `0`. The function is given a context object with the keys ```error``` (the error that occurred) and `retriesDone` (the number of retries already performed) to help determine the appropriate delay e.g. for an incremental backoff.
```js
var triggeringStream, ajaxCall // <- ajaxCall gives Errors on network or server errors
ajaxResult = triggeringStream.flatMap(function(url) {
return Bacon.retry({
source: function() { return ajaxCall(url) },
retries: 5,
isRetryable: function (error) { return error.httpStatusCode !== 404; },
delay: function(context) { return 100; } // Just use the same delay always
})
})
```
Join Patterns
-------------
Join patterns are a generalization of the [`zip`](#observable-zip) function. While zip
synchronizes events from multiple streams pairwse, join patterns allow
for implementation of more advanced synchronization patterns. Bacon.js
uses the [`Bacon.when`](#bacon-when) function to convert a list of synchronization
patterns into a resulting eventstream.
[`Bacon.when`](#bacon-when "Bacon.when") Consider implementing a game with discrete time ticks. We want to
handle key-events synchronized on tick-events, with at most one key
event handled per tick. If there are no key events, we want to just
process a tick.
```js
Bacon.when(
[tick, keyEvent], function(_, k) { handleKeyEvent(k); return handleTick(); },
[tick], handleTick)
```
Order is important here. If the [tick] patterns had been written
first, this would have been tried first, and preferred at each tick.
Join patterns are indeed a generalization of zip, and for EventStreams, zip is
equivalent to a single-rule join pattern. The following observables
have the same output, assuming that all sources are EventStreams.
```js
Bacon.zipWith(a,b,c, combine)
Bacon.when([a,b,c], combine)
```
Note that [`Bacon.when`](#bacon-when) does not trigger updates for events from Properties though;
if you use a Property in your pattern, its value will be just sampled when all the
other sources (EventStreams) have a value. This is useful when you need a value of a Property
in your calculations. If you want your pattern to fire for a Property too, you can
convert it into an EventStream using [`property.changes()`](#property-changes) or [`property.toEventStream()`](#property-toeventstream)
[`Bacon.update`](#bacon-update "Bacon.update") creates a Property from an initial value and updates the value based on multiple inputs.
The inputs are defined similarly to [`Bacon.when`](#bacon-when), like this:
```js
var result = Bacon.update(
initial,
[x,y,z], function(previous,x,y,z) { ... },
[x,y], function(previous,x,y) { ... })
```
As input, each function above will get the previous value of the `result` Property, along with values from the listed Observables.
The value returned by the function will be used as the next value of `result`.
Just like in [`Bacon.when`](#bacon-when), only EventStreams will trigger an update, while Properties will be just sampled.
So, if you list a single EventStream and several Properties, the value will be updated only when an event occurs in the EventStream.
Here's a simple gaming example:
```js
var scoreMultiplier = Bacon.constant(1)
var hitUfo = new Bacon.Bus()
var hitMotherShip = new Bacon.Bus()
var score = Bacon.update(
0,
[hitUfo, scoreMultiplier], function(score, _, multiplier) { return score + 100 * multiplier },
[hitMotherShip], function(score, _) { return score + 2000 }
)
```
In the example, the `score` property is updated when either `hitUfo` or `hitMotherShip` occur. The `scoreMultiplier` Property is sampled to take multiplier into account when `hitUfo` occurs.
### Join patterns as a "chemical machine"
A quick way to get some intuition for join patterns is to understand
them through an analogy in terms of atoms and molecules. A join
pattern can here be regarded as a recipe for a chemical reaction. Lets
say we have observables `oxygen`, `carbon` and `hydrogen`, where an
event in these spawns an 'atom' of that type into a mixture.
We can state reactions
```js
make_water = function(oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen) { /* ... consume oxygen and hydrogen ... */ }
make_carbon_monoxide = function(oxygen, carbon) { /* ... consume oxygen and carbon ... */ }
Bacon.when(
[oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen], make_water,
[oxygen, carbon], make_carbon_monoxide,
)
```
Now, every time a new 'atom' is spawned from one of the observables,
this atom is added to the mixture. If at any time there are two hydrogen
atoms, and an oxygen atom, the corresponding atoms are *consumed*,
and output is produced via `make_water`.
The same semantics apply for the second rule to create carbon
monoxide. The rules are tried at each point from top to bottom.
### Join patterns and properties
Properties are not part of the synchronization pattern, but are
instead just sampled. The following example take three input streams
`$price`, `$quantity` and `$total`, e.g. coming from input fields, and
defines mutally recursive behaviours in properties `price`, `quantity`
and `total` such that
- updating price sets total to price * quantity
- updating quantity sets total to price * quantity
- updating total sets price to total / quantity
```js
var $price, $total, $quantity = ...
var quantity = $quantity.toProperty(1)
var price = Bacon.when(
[$price], id,
[$total, quantity], function(x,y) { return x/y })
.toProperty(0)
var total = Bacon.when(
[$total], id,
[$price, quantity], function(x,y) { return x*y },
[price, $quantity], function(x,y) { return x*y })
.toProperty(0)
```
### Join patterns and Bacon.bus
The result functions of join patterns are allowed to push values onto
a [`Bus`](#bus) that may in turn be in one of its patterns. For instance, an
implementation of the dining philosophers problem can be written as
follows. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_philosophers_problem)
Example:
```js
// availability of chopsticks are implemented using Bus
var chopsticks = [new Bacon.Bus(), new Bacon.Bus(), new Bacon.Bus()]
// hungry could be any type of observable, but we'll use bus here
var hungry = [new Bacon.Bus(), new Bacon.Bus(), new Bacon.Bus()]
// a philosopher eats for one second, then makes the chopsticks
// available again by pushing values onto their bus.
var eat = function(i) {
return function() {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('done!')
chopsticks[i].push({})
chopsticks[(i+1) % 3].push({})
}, 1000);
return 'philosopher ' + i + ' eating'
}
}
// we use Bacon.when to make sure a hungry philosopher can eat only
// when both his chopsticks are available.
var dining = Bacon.when(
[hungry[0], chopsticks[0], chopsticks[1]], eat(0),
[hungry[1], chopsticks[1], chopsticks[2]], eat(1),
[hungry[2], chopsticks[2], chopsticks[0]], eat(2))
dining.log()
// make all chopsticks initially available
chopsticks[0].push({}); chopsticks[1].push({}); chopsticks[2].push({})
// make philosophers hungry in some way, in this case we just push to their bus
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
hungry[0].push({}); hungry[1].push({}); hungry[2].push({})
}
```
Cleaning up
-----------
As described above, a subscriber can signal the loss of interest in new events
in any of these two ways:
1. Return [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore) from the handler function
2. Call the `dispose()` function that was returned by the `subscribe()`
call.
Based on my experience on RxJs coding, an actual side-effect subscriber
in application-code never does this. So the business of unsubscribing is
mostly internal business and you can ignore it unless you're working on
a custom stream implementation or a stream combinator. In that case, I
welcome you to contribute your stuff to bacon.js.
EventStream and Property semantics
----------------------------------
The state of an EventStream can be defined as (t, os) where `t` is time
and `os` the list of current subscribers. This state should define the
behavior of the stream in the sense that
1. When a Next event is emitted, the same event is emitted to all subscribers
2. After an event has been emitted, it will never be emitted again, even
if a new subscriber is registered. A new event with the same value may
of course be emitted later.
3. When a new subscriber is registered, it will get exactly the same
events as the other subscriber, after registration. This means that the
stream cannot emit any "initial" events to the new subscriber, unless it
emits them to all of its subscribers.
4. A stream must never emit any other events after End (not even another End)
The rules are deliberately redundant, explaining the constraints from
different perspectives. The contract between an EventStream and its
subscriber is as follows:
1. For each new value, the subscriber function is called. The new
value is wrapped into a [`Next`](#bacon-next) event.
2. The subscriber function returns a result which is either [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore) or
[`Bacon.more`](#bacon-more). The `undefined` value is handled like [`Bacon.more`](#bacon-more).
3. In case of [`Bacon.noMore`](#bacon-nomore) the source must never call the subscriber again.
4. When the stream ends, the subscriber function will be called with
and [`Bacon.End`](#bacon-end) event. The return value of the subscribe function is
ignored in this case.
A [`Property`](#property) behaves similarly to an [`EventStream`](#eventstream) except that
1. On a call to `subscribe`, it will deliver its current value
(if any) to the provided subscriber function wrapped into an [`Initial`](#bacon-initial)
event.
2. This means that if the Property has previously emitted the value `x`
to its subscribers and that is the latest value emitted, it will deliver
this value to the new subscriber.
3. Property may or may not have a current value to start with. Depends
on how the Property was created.
Atomic updates
--------------
From version 0.4.0, Bacon.js supports atomic updates to properties, with
known limitations.
Assume you have properties A and B and property C = A + B. Assume that
both A and B depend on D, so that when D changes, both A and B will
change too.
When D changes `d1 -> d2`, the value of A `a1 -> a2` and B changes `b1
-> b2` simultaneously, you'd like C to update atomically so that it
would go directly `a1+b1 -> a2+b2`. And, in fact, it does exactly that.
Prior to version 0.4.0, C would have an additional transitional
state like `a1+b1 -> a2+b1 -> a2+b2`
Atomic updates are limited to Properties only, meaning that simultaneous
events in EventStreams will not be recognized as simultaneous and may
cause extra transitional states to Properties. But as long as you're
just combining Properties, you'll updates will be atomic.
For RxJs Users
--------------
Bacon.js is quite similar to RxJs, so it should be pretty easy to pick up. The
major difference is that in bacon, there are two distinct kinds of Observables:
the EventStream and the Property. The former is for discrete events while the
latter is for observable properties that have the concept of "current value".
Also, there are no "cold observables", which
means also that all EventStreams and Properties are consistent among subscribers:
when as event occurs, all subscribers will observe the same event. If you're
experienced with RxJs, you've probably bumped into some wtf's related to cold
observables and inconsistent output from streams constructed using scan and startWith.
None of that will happen with bacon.js.
Error handling is also a bit different: the Error event does not
terminate a stream. So, a stream may contain multiple errors. To me,
this makes more sense than always terminating the stream on error; this
way the application developer has more direct control over error
handling. You can always use [`stream.endOnError()`](#observable-endonerror) to get a stream
that ends on error!
Examples
========
See [Examples](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/blob/master/examples/examples.html)
See [Specs](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/blob/master/spec/specs/main.coffee)
See Worzone [demo](http://juhajasatu.com/worzone/) and [source](http://github.com/raimohanska/worzone)
Build
=====
First check out the Bacon.js repository and run `npm install`.
Then build the coffeescript sources into javascript:
./build
Result javascript files will be generated in `dist` directory. If your planning
to develop Bacon.js yourself, you'll want to run [tests] too.
You can also build a bundle with selected features only. For instance
./build flatmap combine takeuntil
The build system will do its best to determine the dependencies of the selected
features and include those into the bundle too. You can also test the integrity
of the bundle with your selected features using
./test flatmap combine takeuntil
Test
====
Run all unit tests:
./test
Run limited set of unit tests:
./test core _ frompromise
The names correspond to the file names under `spec/specs`. The library will
be built with the listed features only.
You can also test all features individually:
./test-individually.js
This will loop thru all files under `spec/specs` and build the library with the
single feature and run the test.
Run browser tests (using testem):
npm install
npm install -g testem
testem
Run browser (without testem):
npm install
browsertest/browserify
open browsertest/mocha.runner.html
Run performance tests:
performance/PerformanceTest.coffee
performance/PerformanceTest.coffee flatmap
Run memory usage tests:
coffee --nodejs '--expose-gc' performance/MemoryTest.coffee
Dependencies
============
Runtime: jQuery or Zepto.js (optional; just for jQ/Zepto bindings)
Build/test: node.js, npm, coffeescript
Compatibility with other libs
=============================
Bacon.js doesn't mess with prototypes or the global object. Only exceptions below.
* It exports the Bacon object, except in Node.js. In a browser, this is added to the window object.
* If jQuery is defined, it adds the asEventStream method to jQuery (similarly to Zepto)
So, it should be pretty much compatible and a nice citizen.
I'm not sure how it works in case some other lib adds stuff to, say, Array prototype, though. Maybe add test for this later?
Compatibility with browsers
===========================
TLDR: good.
Bacon.js is not browser dependent, because it is not a UI library.
I have personally used it Bacon.js with Chrome, Firefox, Safari, IE 6+, iPhone, iPad.
Automatically tested on each commit on modern browsers.
Node.js
=======
Sure. Works. Try it out.
npm install baconjs
Then type `node` and try the following
```js
Bacon = require("baconjs").Bacon
Bacon.sequentially(1000, ["B", "A", "C", "O", "N"]).log()
```
AMD
===
Yep. Currently exports Bacon through AMD and assigns to `window` for backwards
compatibility.
If you would like to use it with jQuery and AMD, you should monkey patch jQuery
explicitly so that module loading order does not matter
```js
define(function (require) {
var $ = require('jquery'),
Bacon = require('Bacon');
$.fn.asEventStream = Bacon.$.asEventStream;
$(document).asEventStream('click').onValue(function (e) {
console.log(e.clientX + ', ' + e.clientY);
});
});
```
Why Bacon?
==========
Bacon.js exists largely because I got frustrated with RxJs, which is a good library, but at that time
didn't have very good documentation and wasn't open-source. Things have improved a lot in the Rx
world since that. Yet, there are still compelling reasons to use Bacon.js instead. Like, for instance,
more consistent stream/property behavior and (arguably) simplicity of use.
Contribute
==========
Use [GitHub issues](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/issues) and [Pull Requests](https://github.com/baconjs/bacon.js/pulls).
Note: this readme is generated from `readme-src.coffee`. After updating the src file, run `grunt readme`.
Sponsors
========
Thanks to [BrowserStack](http://www.browserstack.com) for kindly providing me with free of charge automatic testing time.