## Parametrization

### Basic Parametrization

```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("hello", "HELLO"),
    ("world", "WORLD"),
    ("PyThOn", "PYTHON"),
])
def test_uppercase(input, expected):
    """Test runs 3 times with different inputs."""
    assert input.upper() == expected
```

### Multiple Parameters

```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
    (2, 3, 5),
    (0, 0, 0),
    (-1, 1, 0),
    (100, 200, 300),
])
def test_add(a, b, expected):
    """Test addition with multiple inputs."""
    assert add(a, b) == expected
```

### Parametrize with IDs

```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("valid@email.com", True),
    ("invalid", False),
    ("@no-domain.com", False),
], ids=["valid-email", "missing-at", "missing-domain"])
def test_email_validation(input, expected):
    """Test email validation with readable test IDs."""
    assert is_valid_email(input) is expected
```

### Parametrized Fixtures

```python
@pytest.fixture(params=["sqlite", "postgresql", "mysql"])
def db(request):
    """Test against multiple database backends."""
    if request.param == "sqlite":
        return Database(":memory:")
    elif request.param == "postgresql":
        return Database("postgresql://localhost/test")
    elif request.param == "mysql":
        return Database("mysql://localhost/test")

def test_database_operations(db):
    """Test runs 3 times, once for each database."""
    result = db.query("SELECT 1")
    assert result is not None
```