#if SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && (SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF16 || SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF32)
template <typename Tdst, simdutf_ByteFlip bflip, bool validate = true>
simdutf_really_inline static size_t rvv_utf8_to_common(char const *src,
                                                       size_t len, Tdst *dst) {
  static_assert(std::is_same<Tdst, uint16_t>() ||
                    std::is_same<Tdst, uint32_t>(),
                "invalid type");
  constexpr bool is16 = std::is_same<Tdst, uint16_t>();
  constexpr endianness endian =
      bflip == simdutf_ByteFlip::NONE ? endianness::LITTLE : endianness::BIG;
  const auto scalar = [](char const *in, size_t count, Tdst *out) {
    return is16 ? scalar::utf8_to_utf16::convert<endian>(in, count,
                                                         (char16_t *)out)
                : scalar::utf8_to_utf32::convert(in, count, (char32_t *)out);
  };

  if (len < 32)
    return scalar(src, len, dst);

  /* validate first three bytes */
  if (validate) {
    size_t idx = 3;
    while (idx < len && (uint8_t(src[idx]) >> 6) == 0b10)
      ++idx;
    if (idx > 3 + 3 || !scalar::utf8::validate(src, idx))
      return 0;
  }

  size_t tail = 3;
  size_t n = len - tail;
  Tdst *beg = dst;

  static const uint64_t err1m[] = {0x0202020202020202, 0x4915012180808080};
  static const uint64_t err2m[] = {0xCBCBCB8B8383A3E7, 0xCBCBDBCBCBCBCBCB};
  static const uint64_t err3m[] = {0x0101010101010101, 0X01010101BABAAEE6};

  const vuint8m1_t err1tbl =
      __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u64m1_u8m1(__riscv_vle64_v_u64m1(err1m, 2));
  const vuint8m1_t err2tbl =
      __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u64m1_u8m1(__riscv_vle64_v_u64m1(err2m, 2));
  const vuint8m1_t err3tbl =
      __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u64m1_u8m1(__riscv_vle64_v_u64m1(err3m, 2));

  size_t vl8m1 = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e8m1();
  size_t vl8m2 = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e8m2();
  vbool4_t m4even = __riscv_vmseq_vx_u8m2_b4(
      __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2(__riscv_vid_v_u8m2(vl8m2), 1, vl8m2), 0, vl8m2);

  for (size_t vl, vlOut; n > 0; n -= vl, src += vl, dst += vlOut) {
    vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e8m2(n);

    vuint8m2_t v0 = __riscv_vle8_v_u8m2((uint8_t const *)src, vl);
    uint64_t max = __riscv_vmv_x_s_u8m1_u8(
        __riscv_vredmaxu_vs_u8m2_u8m1(v0, __riscv_vmv_s_x_u8m1(0, vl), vl));

    uint8_t next0 = src[vl + 0];
    uint8_t next1 = src[vl + 1];
    uint8_t next2 = src[vl + 2];

    /* fast path: ASCII */
    if ((max | next0 | next1 | next2) < 0b10000000) {
      vlOut = vl;
      if (is16)
        __riscv_vse16_v_u16m4(
            (uint16_t *)dst,
            simdutf_byteflip<bflip>(__riscv_vzext_vf2_u16m4(v0, vlOut), vlOut),
            vlOut);
      else
        __riscv_vse32_v_u32m8((uint32_t *)dst,
                              __riscv_vzext_vf4_u32m8(v0, vlOut), vlOut);
      continue;
    }

    /* see "Validating UTF-8 In Less Than One Instruction Per Byte"
     * https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.03090 */
    vuint8m2_t v1 = __riscv_vslide1down_vx_u8m2(v0, next0, vl);
    vuint8m2_t v2 = __riscv_vslide1down_vx_u8m2(v1, next1, vl);
    vuint8m2_t v3 = __riscv_vslide1down_vx_u8m2(v2, next2, vl);

    if (validate) {
      vuint8m2_t idx2 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2(v2, 0xF, vl);
      vuint8m2_t idx1 = __riscv_vsrl_vx_u8m2(v2, 4, vl);
      vuint8m2_t idx3 = __riscv_vsrl_vx_u8m2(v3, 4, vl);

      vuint8m2_t err1 = simdutf_vrgather_u8m1x2(err1tbl, idx1);
      vuint8m2_t err2 = simdutf_vrgather_u8m1x2(err2tbl, idx2);
      vuint8m2_t err3 = simdutf_vrgather_u8m1x2(err3tbl, idx3);
      vint8m2_t errs = __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u8m2_i8m2(
          __riscv_vand_vv_u8m2(__riscv_vand_vv_u8m2(err1, err2, vl), err3, vl));

      vbool4_t is_3 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b11100000 - 1, vl);
      vbool4_t is_4 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(v0, 0b11110000 - 1, vl);
      vbool4_t is_34 = __riscv_vmor_mm_b4(is_3, is_4, vl);
      vbool4_t err34 =
          __riscv_vmxor_mm_b4(is_34, __riscv_vmslt_vx_i8m2_b4(errs, 0, vl), vl);
      vbool4_t errm =
          __riscv_vmor_mm_b4(__riscv_vmsgt_vx_i8m2_b4(errs, 0, vl), err34, vl);
      if (__riscv_vfirst_m_b4(errm, vl) >= 0)
        return 0;
    }

    /* decoding */

    /* mask of non continuation bytes */
    vbool4_t m =
        __riscv_vmsgt_vx_i8m2_b4(__riscv_vreinterpret_v_u8m2_i8m2(v0), -65, vl);
    vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(m, vl);

    /* extract first and second bytes */
    vuint8m2_t b1 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v0, m, vl);
    vuint8m2_t b2 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v1, m, vl);

    /* fast path: one and two byte */
    if (max < 0b11100000) {
      b2 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2(b2, 0b00111111, vlOut);

      vbool4_t m1 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(b1, 0b10111111, vlOut);
      b1 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2_mu(m1, b1, b1, 63, vlOut);

      vuint16m4_t b12 = __riscv_vwmulu_vv_u16m4(
          b1,
          __riscv_vmerge_vxm_u8m2(__riscv_vmv_v_x_u8m2(1, vlOut), 1 << 6, m1,
                                  vlOut),
          vlOut);
      b12 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u16m4_mu(m1, b12, b12, b2, vlOut);
      if (is16)
        __riscv_vse16_v_u16m4((uint16_t *)dst,
                              simdutf_byteflip<bflip>(b12, vlOut), vlOut);
      else
        __riscv_vse32_v_u32m8((uint32_t *)dst,
                              __riscv_vzext_vf2_u32m8(b12, vlOut), vlOut);
      continue;
    }

    /* fast path: one, two and three byte */
    if (max < 0b11110000) {
      vuint8m2_t b3 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v2, m, vl);

      b2 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2(b2, 0b00111111, vlOut);
      b3 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2(b3, 0b00111111, vlOut);

      vbool4_t m1 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(b1, 0b10111111, vlOut);
      vbool4_t m3 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(b1, 0b11011111, vlOut);

      vuint8m2_t t1 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2_mu(m1, b1, b1, 63, vlOut);
      b1 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m2_mu(m3, t1, b1, 15, vlOut);

      vuint16m4_t b12 = __riscv_vwmulu_vv_u16m4(
          b1,
          __riscv_vmerge_vxm_u8m2(__riscv_vmv_v_x_u8m2(1, vlOut), 1 << 6, m1,
                                  vlOut),
          vlOut);
      b12 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u16m4_mu(m1, b12, b12, b2, vlOut);
      vuint16m4_t b123 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u16m4_mu(
          m3, b12, __riscv_vsll_vx_u16m4_mu(m3, b12, b12, 6, vlOut), b3, vlOut);
      if (is16)
        __riscv_vse16_v_u16m4((uint16_t *)dst,
                              simdutf_byteflip<bflip>(b123, vlOut), vlOut);
      else
        __riscv_vse32_v_u32m8((uint32_t *)dst,
                              __riscv_vzext_vf2_u32m8(b123, vlOut), vlOut);
      continue;
    }

    /* extract third and fourth bytes */
    vuint8m2_t b3 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v2, m, vl);
    vuint8m2_t b4 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v3, m, vl);

    /* remove prefix from leading bytes
     *
     * We could also use vrgather here, but it increases register pressure,
     * and its performance varies widely on current platforms. It might be
     * worth reconsidering, though, once there is more hardware available.
     * Same goes for the __riscv_vsrl_vv_u32m4 correction step.
     *
     * We shift left and then right by the number of bytes in the prefix,
     * which can be calculated as follows:
     *         x                                max(x-10, 0)
     * 0xxx -> 0000-0111 -> sift by 0 or 1   -> 0
     * 10xx -> 1000-1011 -> don't care
     * 110x -> 1100,1101 -> sift by 3        -> 2,3
     * 1110 -> 1110      -> sift by 4        -> 4
     * 1111 -> 1111      -> sift by 5        -> 5
     *
     * vssubu.vx v, 10, (max(x-10, 0)) almost gives us what we want, we
     * just need to manually detect and handle the one special case:
     */
  #define SIMDUTF_RVV_UTF8_TO_COMMON_M1(idx)                                   \
    vuint8m1_t c1 = __riscv_vget_v_u8m2_u8m1(b1, idx);                         \
    vuint8m1_t c2 = __riscv_vget_v_u8m2_u8m1(b2, idx);                         \
    vuint8m1_t c3 = __riscv_vget_v_u8m2_u8m1(b3, idx);                         \
    vuint8m1_t c4 = __riscv_vget_v_u8m2_u8m1(b4, idx);                         \
    /* remove prefix from trailing bytes */                                    \
    c2 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m1(c2, 0b00111111, vlOut);                          \
    c3 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m1(c3, 0b00111111, vlOut);                          \
    c4 = __riscv_vand_vx_u8m1(c4, 0b00111111, vlOut);                          \
    vuint8m1_t shift = __riscv_vsrl_vx_u8m1(c1, 4, vlOut);                     \
    shift = __riscv_vmerge_vxm_u8m1(                                           \
        __riscv_vssubu_vx_u8m1(shift, 10, vlOut), 3,                           \
        __riscv_vmseq_vx_u8m1_b8(shift, 12, vlOut), vlOut);                    \
    c1 = __riscv_vsll_vv_u8m1(c1, shift, vlOut);                               \
    c1 = __riscv_vsrl_vv_u8m1(c1, shift, vlOut);                               \
    /* unconditionally widen and combine to c1234 */                           \
    vuint16m2_t c34 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u16m2(                                 \
        __riscv_vwmulu_vx_u16m2(c3, 1 << 6, vlOut), c4, vlOut);                \
    vuint16m2_t c12 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u16m2(                                 \
        __riscv_vwmulu_vx_u16m2(c1, 1 << 6, vlOut), c2, vlOut);                \
    vuint32m4_t c1234 = __riscv_vwaddu_wv_u32m4(                               \
        __riscv_vwmulu_vx_u32m4(c12, 1 << 12, vlOut), c34, vlOut);             \
    /* derive required right-shift amount from `shift` to reduce               \
     * c1234 to the required number of bytes */                                \
    c1234 = __riscv_vsrl_vv_u32m4(                                             \
        c1234,                                                                 \
        __riscv_vzext_vf4_u32m4(                                               \
            __riscv_vmul_vx_u8m1(                                              \
                __riscv_vrsub_vx_u8m1(__riscv_vssubu_vx_u8m1(shift, 2, vlOut), \
                                      3, vlOut),                               \
                6, vlOut),                                                     \
            vlOut),                                                            \
        vlOut);                                                                \
    /* store result in desired format */                                       \
    if (is16)                                                                  \
      vlDst = rvv_utf32_store_utf16_m4<bflip>((uint16_t *)dst, c1234, vlOut,   \
                                              m4even);                         \
    else                                                                       \
      vlDst = vlOut, __riscv_vse32_v_u32m4((uint32_t *)dst, c1234, vlOut);

    /* Unrolling this manually reduces register pressure and allows
     * us to terminate early. */
    {
      size_t vlOutm2 = vlOut, vlDst;
      vlOut = __riscv_vsetvl_e8m1(vlOut < vl8m1 ? vlOut : vl8m1);
      SIMDUTF_RVV_UTF8_TO_COMMON_M1(0)
      if (vlOutm2 == vlOut) {
        vlOut = vlDst;
        continue;
      }

      dst += vlDst;
      vlOut = vlOutm2 - vlOut;
    }
    {
      size_t vlDst;
      SIMDUTF_RVV_UTF8_TO_COMMON_M1(1)
      vlOut = vlDst;
    }

  #undef SIMDUTF_RVV_UTF8_TO_COMMON_M1
  }

  /* validate the last character and reparse it + tail */
  if (len > tail) {
    if ((uint8_t(src[0]) >> 6) == 0b10)
      --dst;
    while ((uint8_t(src[0]) >> 6) == 0b10 && tail < len)
      --src, ++tail;
    if (is16) {
      /* go back one more, when on high surrogate */
      if (simdutf_byteflip<bflip>((uint16_t)dst[-1]) >= 0xD800 &&
          simdutf_byteflip<bflip>((uint16_t)dst[-1]) <= 0xDBFF)
        --dst;
    }
  }
  size_t ret = scalar(src, tail, dst);
  if (ret == 0)
    return 0;
  return (size_t)(dst - beg) + ret;
}
#endif // SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && (SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF16 ||
       // SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF32)

#if SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_LATIN1
simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_utf8_to_latin1(
    const char *src, size_t len, char *dst) const noexcept {
  const char *beg = dst;
  uint8_t last = 0;
  for (size_t vl, vlOut; len > 0;
       len -= vl, src += vl, dst += vlOut, last = src[-1]) {
    vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e8m2(len);
    vuint8m2_t v1 = __riscv_vle8_v_u8m2((uint8_t *)src, vl);
    // check which bytes are ASCII
    vbool4_t ascii = __riscv_vmsltu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b10000000, vl);
    // count ASCII bytes
    vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(ascii, vl);
    // The original code would only enter the next block after this check:
    //   vbool4_t m = __riscv_vmsltu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b11000000, vl);
    //   vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(m, vl);
    //   if (vlOut != vl || last > 0b01111111) {...}q
    // So that everything is ASCII or continuation bytes, we just proceeded
    // without any processing, going straight to __riscv_vse8_v_u8m2.
    // But you need the __riscv_vslide1up_vx_u8m2 whenever there is a non-ASCII
    // byte.
    if (vlOut != vl) { // If not pure ASCII
      // Non-ASCII characters
      // We now want to mark the ascii and continuation bytes
      vbool4_t m = __riscv_vmsltu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b11000000, vl);
      // We count them, that's our new vlOut (output vector length)
      vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(m, vl);

      vuint8m2_t v0 = __riscv_vslide1up_vx_u8m2(v1, last, vl);

      vbool4_t leading0 = __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(v0, 0b10111111, vl);
      vbool4_t trailing1 = __riscv_vmslt_vx_i8m2_b4(
          __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u8m2_i8m2(v1), (uint8_t)0b11000000, vl);
      // -62 i 0b11000010, so we check whether any of v0 is too big
      vbool4_t tobig = __riscv_vmand_mm_b4(
          leading0,
          __riscv_vmsgtu_vx_u8m2_b4(__riscv_vxor_vx_u8m2(v0, (uint8_t)-62, vl),
                                    1, vl),
          vl);
      if (__riscv_vfirst_m_b4(
              __riscv_vmor_mm_b4(
                  tobig, __riscv_vmxor_mm_b4(leading0, trailing1, vl), vl),
              vl) >= 0)
        return 0;

      v1 = __riscv_vor_vx_u8m2_mu(__riscv_vmseq_vx_u8m2_b4(v0, 0b11000011, vl),
                                  v1, v1, 0b01000000, vl);
      v1 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v1, m, vl);
    } else if (last >= 0b11000000) { // If last byte is a leading  byte and we
                                     // got only ASCII, error!
      return 0;
    }
    __riscv_vse8_v_u8m2((uint8_t *)dst, v1, vlOut);
  }
  if (last > 0b10111111)
    return 0;
  return dst - beg;
}

simdutf_warn_unused result implementation::convert_utf8_to_latin1_with_errors(
    const char *src, size_t len, char *dst) const noexcept {
  size_t res = convert_utf8_to_latin1(src, len, dst);
  if (res)
    return result(error_code::SUCCESS, res);
  return scalar::utf8_to_latin1::convert_with_errors(src, len, dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_valid_utf8_to_latin1(
    const char *src, size_t len, char *dst) const noexcept {
  const char *beg = dst;
  uint8_t last = 0;
  for (size_t vl, vlOut; len > 0;
       len -= vl, src += vl, dst += vlOut, last = src[-1]) {
    vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e8m2(len);
    vuint8m2_t v1 = __riscv_vle8_v_u8m2((uint8_t *)src, vl);
    vbool4_t ascii = __riscv_vmsltu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b10000000, vl);
    vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(ascii, vl);
    if (vlOut != vl) { // If not pure ASCII
      vbool4_t m = __riscv_vmsltu_vx_u8m2_b4(v1, 0b11000000, vl);
      vlOut = __riscv_vcpop_m_b4(m, vl);
      vuint8m2_t v0 = __riscv_vslide1up_vx_u8m2(v1, last, vl);
      v1 = __riscv_vor_vx_u8m2_mu(__riscv_vmseq_vx_u8m2_b4(v0, 0b11000011, vl),
                                  v1, v1, 0b01000000, vl);
      v1 = __riscv_vcompress_vm_u8m2(v1, m, vl);
    }
    __riscv_vse8_v_u8m2((uint8_t *)dst, v1, vlOut);
  }
  return dst - beg;
}
#endif // SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_LATIN1

#if SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF16
simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf16le(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::NONE>(src, len,
                                                              (uint16_t *)dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf16be(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  if (supports_zvbb())
    return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::ZVBB>(
        src, len, (uint16_t *)dst);
  else
    return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::V>(src, len,
                                                             (uint16_t *)dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused result implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf16le_with_errors(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  size_t res = convert_utf8_to_utf16le(src, len, dst);
  if (res)
    return result(error_code::SUCCESS, res);
  return scalar::utf8_to_utf16::convert_with_errors<endianness::LITTLE>(
      src, len, dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused result implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf16be_with_errors(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  size_t res = convert_utf8_to_utf16be(src, len, dst);
  if (res)
    return result(error_code::SUCCESS, res);
  return scalar::utf8_to_utf16::convert_with_errors<endianness::BIG>(src, len,
                                                                     dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_valid_utf8_to_utf16le(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::NONE, false>(
      src, len, (uint16_t *)dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_valid_utf8_to_utf16be(
    const char *src, size_t len, char16_t *dst) const noexcept {
  if (supports_zvbb())
    return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::ZVBB, false>(
        src, len, (uint16_t *)dst);
  else
    return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint16_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::V, false>(
        src, len, (uint16_t *)dst);
}
#endif // SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF16

#if SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF32
simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf32(
    const char *src, size_t len, char32_t *dst) const noexcept {
  return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint32_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::NONE>(src, len,
                                                              (uint32_t *)dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused result implementation::convert_utf8_to_utf32_with_errors(
    const char *src, size_t len, char32_t *dst) const noexcept {
  size_t res = convert_utf8_to_utf32(src, len, dst);
  if (res)
    return result(error_code::SUCCESS, res);
  return scalar::utf8_to_utf32::convert_with_errors(src, len, dst);
}

simdutf_warn_unused size_t implementation::convert_valid_utf8_to_utf32(
    const char *src, size_t len, char32_t *dst) const noexcept {
  return rvv_utf8_to_common<uint32_t, simdutf_ByteFlip::NONE, false>(
      src, len, (uint32_t *)dst);
}
#endif // SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF8 && SIMDUTF_FEATURE_UTF32