// file included directly

bool validate_utf32(const char32_t *buf, size_t len) {
  if (simdutf_unlikely(len == 0)) {
    return true;
  }
  const char32_t *end = buf + len;

  const __m512i offset = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0xffff2000);
  __m512i currentmax = _mm512_setzero_si512();
  __m512i currentoffsetmax = _mm512_setzero_si512();

  // Optimized: Process 32 values (2x 512-bit) per iteration for better
  // throughput
  while (end - buf >= 32) {
    __m512i utf32_1 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)buf);
    __m512i utf32_2 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)(buf + 16));
    buf += 32;

    // Process both blocks in parallel to maximize instruction-level parallelism
    __m512i offsetmax_1 = _mm512_add_epi32(utf32_1, offset);
    __m512i offsetmax_2 = _mm512_add_epi32(utf32_2, offset);

    currentoffsetmax = _mm512_max_epu32(offsetmax_1, currentoffsetmax);
    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32_1, currentmax);

    currentoffsetmax = _mm512_max_epu32(offsetmax_2, currentoffsetmax);
    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32_2, currentmax);
  }

  // Handle remaining 16-31 values
  if (end - buf >= 16) {
    __m512i utf32 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)buf);
    buf += 16;
    currentoffsetmax =
        _mm512_max_epu32(_mm512_add_epi32(utf32, offset), currentoffsetmax);
    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32, currentmax);
  }

  // Handle remaining 0-15 values with masked load
  if (buf < end) {
    __m512i utf32 =
        _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(__mmask16((1 << (end - buf)) - 1), buf);
    currentoffsetmax =
        _mm512_max_epu32(_mm512_add_epi32(utf32, offset), currentoffsetmax);
    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32, currentmax);
  }

  const __m512i standardmax = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0x10ffff);
  const __m512i standardoffsetmax = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0xfffff7ff);
  const auto outside_range = _mm512_cmpgt_epu32_mask(currentmax, standardmax);
  if (outside_range != 0) {
    return false;
  }

  const auto surrogate =
      _mm512_cmpgt_epu32_mask(currentoffsetmax, standardoffsetmax);
  if (surrogate != 0) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}