template <endianness big_endian>
const char16_t *arm_validate_utf16(const char16_t *input, size_t size) {
  const char16_t *end = input + size;
  const auto v_d8 = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xd8);
  const auto v_f8 = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xf8);
  const auto v_fc = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xfc);
  const auto v_dc = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xdc);
  while (end - input >= 16) {
    // 0. Load data: since the validation takes into account only higher
    //    byte of each word, we compress the two vectors into one which
    //    consists only the higher bytes.
    auto in0 = simd16<uint16_t>(input);
    auto in1 =
        simd16<uint16_t>(input + simd16<uint16_t>::SIZE / sizeof(char16_t));
    if simdutf_constexpr (!match_system(big_endian)) {
      in0 = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vrev16q_u8(vreinterpretq_u8_u16(in0)));
      in1 = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vrev16q_u8(vreinterpretq_u8_u16(in1)));
    }
    const auto t0 = in0.shr<8>();
    const auto t1 = in1.shr<8>();
    const simd8<uint8_t> in = simd16<uint16_t>::pack(t0, t1);
    // 1. Check whether we have any 0xD800..DFFF word (0b1101'1xxx'yyyy'yyyy).
    const uint64_t surrogates_wordmask = ((in & v_f8) == v_d8).to_bitmask64();
    if (surrogates_wordmask == 0) {
      input += 16;
    } else {
      // 2. We have some surrogates that have to be distinguished:
      //    - low  surrogates: 0b1101'10xx'yyyy'yyyy (0xD800..0xDBFF)
      //    - high surrogates: 0b1101'11xx'yyyy'yyyy (0xDC00..0xDFFF)
      //
      //    Fact: high surrogate has 11th bit set (3rd bit in the higher word)

      // V - non-surrogate code units
      //     V = not surrogates_wordmask
      const uint64_t V = ~surrogates_wordmask;

      // H - word-mask for high surrogates: the six highest bits are 0b1101'11
      const auto vH = ((in & v_fc) == v_dc);
      const uint64_t H = vH.to_bitmask64();

      // L - word mask for low surrogates
      //     L = not H and surrogates_wordmask
      const uint64_t L = ~H & surrogates_wordmask;

      const uint64_t a =
          L & (H >> 4); // A low surrogate must be followed by high one.
                        // (A low surrogate placed in the 7th register's word
                        // is an exception we handle.)
      const uint64_t b =
          a << 4; // Just mark that the opposite fact is hold,
                  // thanks to that we have only two masks for valid case.
      const uint64_t c = V | a | b; // Combine all the masks into the final one.
      if (c == ~0ull) {
        // The whole input register contains valid UTF-16, i.e.,
        // either single code units or proper surrogate pairs.
        input += 16;
      } else if (c == 0xfffffffffffffffull) {
        // The 15 lower code units of the input register contains valid UTF-16.
        // The 15th word may be either a low or high surrogate. It the next
        // iteration we 1) check if the low surrogate is followed by a high
        // one, 2) reject sole high surrogate.
        input += 15;
      } else {
        return nullptr;
      }
    }
  }
  return input;
}

template <endianness big_endian>
const char16_t *arm_validate_utf16_as_ascii(const char16_t *input,
                                            size_t size) {
  const char16_t *end = input + size;
  while (end - input >= 16) {
    uint16x8_t in1 = vld1q_u16(reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t *>(input));
    uint16x8_t in2 = vld1q_u16(reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t *>(input + 8));
    uint16x8_t inor = vorrq_u16(in1, in2);
    if simdutf_constexpr (!match_system(big_endian)) {
      inor = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vrev16q_u8(vreinterpretq_u8_u16(inor)));
    }
    // next we compute inor > 0x7f
    uint16x8_t cmp = vcgtq_u16(inor, vdupq_n_u16(0x7f));
    uint64_t mask = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vshrn_n_u16(cmp, 4)), 0);
    if (mask) {
      return nullptr;
    }
    input += 16;
  }
  return input;
}

template <endianness big_endian>
const result arm_validate_utf16_with_errors(const char16_t *input,
                                            size_t size) {
  const char16_t *start = input;
  const char16_t *end = input + size;

  const auto v_d8 = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xd8);
  const auto v_f8 = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xf8);
  const auto v_fc = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xfc);
  const auto v_dc = simd8<uint8_t>::splat(0xdc);
  while (input + 16 < end) {
    // 0. Load data: since the validation takes into account only higher
    //    byte of each word, we compress the two vectors into one which
    //    consists only the higher bytes.
    auto in0 = simd16<uint16_t>(input);
    auto in1 =
        simd16<uint16_t>(input + simd16<uint16_t>::SIZE / sizeof(char16_t));

    if simdutf_constexpr (!match_system(big_endian)) {
      in0 = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vrev16q_u8(vreinterpretq_u8_u16(in0)));
      in1 = vreinterpretq_u16_u8(vrev16q_u8(vreinterpretq_u8_u16(in1)));
    }
    const auto t0 = in0.shr<8>();
    const auto t1 = in1.shr<8>();
    const simd8<uint8_t> in = simd16<uint16_t>::pack(t0, t1);
    // 1. Check whether we have any 0xD800..DFFF word (0b1101'1xxx'yyyy'yyyy).
    const uint64_t surrogates_wordmask = ((in & v_f8) == v_d8).to_bitmask64();
    if (surrogates_wordmask == 0) {
      input += 16;
    } else {
      // 2. We have some surrogates that have to be distinguished:
      //    - low  surrogates: 0b1101'10xx'yyyy'yyyy (0xD800..0xDBFF)
      //    - high surrogates: 0b1101'11xx'yyyy'yyyy (0xDC00..0xDFFF)
      //
      //    Fact: high surrogate has 11th bit set (3rd bit in the higher word)

      // V - non-surrogate code units
      //     V = not surrogates_wordmask
      const uint64_t V = ~surrogates_wordmask;

      // H - word-mask for high surrogates: the six highest bits are 0b1101'11
      const auto vH = ((in & v_fc) == v_dc);
      const uint64_t H = vH.to_bitmask64();

      // L - word mask for low surrogates
      //     L = not H and surrogates_wordmask
      const uint64_t L = ~H & surrogates_wordmask;

      const uint64_t a =
          L & (H >> 4); // A low surrogate must be followed by high one.
                        // (A low surrogate placed in the 7th register's word
                        // is an exception we handle.)
      const uint64_t b =
          a << 4; // Just mark that the opposite fact is hold,
                  // thanks to that we have only two masks for valid case.
      const uint64_t c = V | a | b; // Combine all the masks into the final one.
      if (c == ~0ull) {
        // The whole input register contains valid UTF-16, i.e.,
        // either single code units or proper surrogate pairs.
        input += 16;
      } else if (c == 0xfffffffffffffffull) {
        // The 15 lower code units of the input register contains valid UTF-16.
        // The 15th word may be either a low or high surrogate. It the next
        // iteration we 1) check if the low surrogate is followed by a high
        // one, 2) reject sole high surrogate.
        input += 15;
      } else {
        return result(error_code::SURROGATE, input - start);
      }
    }
  }
  return result(error_code::SUCCESS, input - start);
}