Related articles * [PulseAudio/Examples](/index.php/PulseAudio/Examples "PulseAudio/Examples") * [PulseAudio/Troubleshooting](/index.php/PulseAudio/Troubleshooting "PulseAudio/Troubleshooting") [PulseAudio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio "wikipedia:PulseAudio") is a general purpose sound server intended to run as a middleware between your applications and your hardware devices, either using [ALSA](/index.php/ALSA "ALSA") or [OSS](/index.php/OSS "OSS"). It also offers easy network streaming across local devices using [Avahi](/index.php/Avahi "Avahi") if enabled. While its main purpose is to ease audio configuration, its modular design allows more advanced users to configure the daemon precisely to best suit their needs. **Note:** Some confusion may occur between [ALSA](/index.php/ALSA "ALSA") and PulseAudio. ALSA includes a Linux kernel component with sound card drivers, as well as a userspace component, `libalsa`.[[1]](http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Download) PulseAudio builds only on the kernel component, but offers compatibility with `libalsa` through [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa).[[2]](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/FAQ/#index14h3) ## Contents * [1 Installation](#Installation) * [1.1 Front-ends](#Front-ends) * [1.1.1 Console](#Console) * [1.1.2 Graphical](#Graphical) * [2 Configuration](#Configuration) * [2.1 Configuration files](#Configuration_files) * [2.1.1 daemon.conf](#daemon.conf) * [2.1.2 default.pa](#default.pa) * [2.1.3 client.conf](#client.conf) * [2.2 Configuration command](#Configuration_command) * [3 Running](#Running) * [4 Back-end configuration](#Back-end_configuration) * [4.1 ALSA](#ALSA) * [4.1.1 Expose PulseAudio sources, sinks and mixers to ALSA](#Expose_PulseAudio_sources.2C_sinks_and_mixers_to_ALSA) * [4.1.2 ALSA/dmix without grabbing hardware device](#ALSA.2Fdmix_without_grabbing_hardware_device) * [4.2 OSS](#OSS) * [4.2.1 ossp](#ossp) * [4.2.2 padsp wrapper](#padsp_wrapper) * [4.3 GStreamer](#GStreamer) * [4.4 OpenAL](#OpenAL) * [4.5 libao](#libao) * [5 Equalizer](#Equalizer) * [5.1 Load equalizer sink and dbus-protocol module](#Load_equalizer_sink_and_dbus-protocol_module) * [5.2 GUI front-end](#GUI_front-end) * [5.3 Load equalizer and dbus module on every boot](#Load_equalizer_and_dbus_module_on_every_boot) * [5.4 Alternative equalizers](#Alternative_equalizers) * [6 Applications](#Applications) * [6.1 QEMU](#QEMU) * [6.2 AlsaMixer.app](#AlsaMixer.app) * [6.3 XMMS2](#XMMS2) * [6.4 KDE Plasma Workspaces and Qt4](#KDE_Plasma_Workspaces_and_Qt4) * [6.5 Audacious](#Audacious) * [6.6 Music Player Daemon (MPD)](#Music_Player_Daemon_.28MPD.29) * [6.7 MPlayer](#MPlayer) * [6.8 guvcview](#guvcview) * [7 Networked audio](#Networked_audio) * [7.1 Basic setup with direct connection](#Basic_setup_with_direct_connection) * [7.1.1 On the server](#On_the_server) * [7.1.2 On the client](#On_the_client) * [8 Tips and tricks](#Tips_and_tricks) * [8.1 Keyboard volume control](#Keyboard_volume_control) * [8.2 Play sound from a non-interactive shell (systemd service, cron)](#Play_sound_from_a_non-interactive_shell_.28systemd_service.2C_cron.29) * [8.3 X11 Bell Events](#X11_Bell_Events) * [8.4 Switch on connect](#Switch_on_connect) * [8.5 Script for switching analogic outputs](#Script_for_switching_analogic_outputs) * [9 Troubleshooting](#Troubleshooting) * [10 See also](#See_also) ## Installation [Install](/index.php/Install "Install") the [pulseaudio](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio) package. **Note:** Some PulseAudio modules have been [split](https://www.archlinux.org/news/pulseaudio-split/) from the main package and must be installed separately if needed. * [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa), for PulseAudio to manage [ALSA](/index.php/ALSA "ALSA") as well, see [#ALSA](#ALSA). * [pulseaudio-bluetooth](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-bluetooth), for [bluetooth](/index.php/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") support (Bluez), see [bluetooth headset](/index.php/Bluetooth_headset "Bluetooth headset") page. * [pulseaudio-equalizer](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-equalizer), for equalizer sink (qpaeq). * [pulseaudio-jack](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-jack), for [JACK](/index.php/JACK "JACK") sink, source and jackdbus detection. * [pulseaudio-lirc](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-lirc), for infrared (LIRC) volume control. * [pulseaudio-zeroconf](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-zeroconf), for Zeroconf ([Avahi](/index.php/Avahi "Avahi")/DNS-SD) support. ### Front-ends There are a number of front-ends available for controlling the PulseAudio daemon: #### Console * **ncpamixer** — Ncurses mixer for PulseAudio inspired by pavucontrol. [https://github.com/fulhax/ncpamixer](https://github.com/fulhax/ncpamixer) || [ncpamixer](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ncpamixer/) * **pacmixer** — Alsamixer alike for PulseAudio. [https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer](https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer) || [pacmixer](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pacmixer/) * **PAmix** — Ncurses PulseAudio mixer similar to pavucontrol. [https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer](https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer) || [pamix-git](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pamix-git/) * **pamixer** — PulseAudio command line mixer. [https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer](https://github.com/cdemoulins/pamixer) || [pamixer](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pamixer) * **pavolume** — Simple command-line volume control for PulseAudio with libnotify messages. [https://github.com/sseemayer/pavolume](https://github.com/sseemayer/pavolume) || [pavolume-git](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pavolume-git/) * **Ponymix** — Command line mixer for PulseAudio. [https://github.com/falconindy/ponymix](https://github.com/falconindy/ponymix) || [ponymix](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=ponymix) * **pulseaudio-ctl** — Control PulseAudio volume from the shell or mapped to keyboard shortcuts. [https://github.com/graysky2/pulseaudio-ctl](https://github.com/graysky2/pulseaudio-ctl) || [pulseaudio-ctl](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pulseaudio-ctl/) * **pulsemixer** — CLI and curses mixer for PulseAudio [https://github.com/GeorgeFilipkin/pulsemixer](https://github.com/GeorgeFilipkin/pulsemixer) || [pulsemixer](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulsemixer) #### Graphical * **MicTray** — Lightweight system tray application which lets you control the microphone state and volume using PulseAudio. [https://github.com/Junker/MicTray](https://github.com/Junker/MicTray) || [mictray](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mictray/) * **pa-applet** — System tray applet for PulseAudio with volume bar. [https://github.com/fernandotcl/pa-applet](https://github.com/fernandotcl/pa-applet) || [pa-applet-git](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pa-applet-git/) * **pasystray** — System tray applet for PulseAudio. [https://github.com/christophgysin/pasystray](https://github.com/christophgysin/pasystray) || [pasystray](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pasystray/) * **plasma-pa** — [KDE](/index.php/KDE "KDE") Plasma applet for audio volume management using PulseAudio [https://cgit.kde.org/plasma-pa.git](https://cgit.kde.org/plasma-pa.git) || [plasma-pa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=plasma-pa) * **PulseAudio Manager** — Simple GTK+ frontend for PulseAudio. [http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/paman/](http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/paman/) || [paman](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/paman/) * **PulseAudio Preferences** — Simple GTK+ configuration dialog for PulseAudio. [https://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/paprefs/](https://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/paprefs/) || [paprefs](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=paprefs) * **PulseAudio Volume Control** — Simple GTK+ volume control tool ("mixer") for PulseAudio. [https://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/](https://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/) || [pavucontrol](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pavucontrol) * **PulseAudio Volume Control (Qt)** — Mixer for PulseAudio (Qt port of pavucontrol). [https://github.com/lxqt/pavucontrol-qt](https://github.com/lxqt/pavucontrol-qt) || [pavucontrol-qt](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pavucontrol-qt) * **PulseAudio Volume Meter** — Simple GTK+ volume meter for PulseAudio. [http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/pavumeter/](http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/pavumeter/) || [pavumeter](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pavumeter/) * **PulseEffects** — Audio effects for PulseAudio applications. [https://github.com/wwmm/pulseeffects](https://github.com/wwmm/pulseeffects) || [pulseeffects](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pulseeffects/) * **Volctl** — Per-application system tray applet volume control for PulseAudio. [https://buzz.github.io/volctl/](https://buzz.github.io/volctl/) || [volctl](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/volctl/) * **Xfce PulseAudio Panel Plugin** — PulseAudio plugin for [Xfce](/index.php/Xfce "Xfce")4 panel. [https://goodies.xfce.org/projects/panel-plugins/xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin](https://goodies.xfce.org/projects/panel-plugins/xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin) || [xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin) ## Configuration By default, PulseAudio is configured to automatically detect all sound cards and manage them. It takes control of all detected ALSA devices and redirects all audio streams to itself, making the PulseAudio daemon the central configuration point. The daemon should work mostly out of the box, only requiring a few minor tweaks. While PulseAudio usually runs fine out of the box and requires only minimal configuration, advanced users can change almost every aspect of the daemon by either altering the default configuration file to disable modules or writing your own from scratch. PulseAudio runs as a server daemon that can run either system-wide or on per-user basis using a client/server architecture. The daemon by itself does nothing without its **modules** except to provide an API and host dynamically loaded modules. The audio routing and processing tasks are all handled by various modules, including PulseAudio's native protocol itself (provided by [module-native-protocol-unix](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Modules/#index22h3)). Clients reach the server through one of many protocol modules that will accept audio from external sources, route it through PulseAudio and eventually have it go out through a final other module. The output module does not have to be an actual sound output: it can dump the stream into a file, stream it to a broadcasting server such as [Icecast](/index.php/Icecast "Icecast"), or even just discard it. You can find a detailed list of all available modules at [Pulseaudio Loadable Modules](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Modules/). To enable them you can just add a line `load-module ` to `~/.config/pulse/default.pa`. ### Configuration files PulseAudio will first look for configuration files in the home directory `~/.config/pulse`, then system-wide `/etc/pulse`. **Tip:** * It is strongly suggested not to edit system-wide configuration files, but rather edit user ones. Create the `~/.config/pulse` directory, then copy the system configuration files into it and edit according to your need. * Make sure you keep user configuration in sync with changes to the packaged files in `/etc/pulse/`. Otherwise, PulseAudio may refuse to start due to configuration errors. * There is usually no need to add your user to the `audio` group, as PulseAudio uses [udev](/index.php/Udev "Udev") and *logind* to give access dynamically to the currently "active" user. Exceptions would include running the machine headless so that there is no currently "active" user. #### daemon.conf This is the main configuration file to configure the daemon itself. It defines base settings like the default sample rates used by modules, resampling methods, realtime scheduling and various other settings related to the server process. These can not be changed at runtime without restarting the PulseAudio daemon. The defaults are sensible for most users, see the [pulse-daemon.conf(5)](https://jlk.fjfi.cvut.cz/arch/manpages/man/pulse-daemon.conf.5) manpage for additional information. Boolean options accepts any of these: `true`, `yes`, `on` and `1` as well as `false`, `no`, `off` and `0`. **Note:** PulseAudio does not perform tilde expansion on paths in this file. Use absolute paths for any files. Notable configuration options | Option | Description | | daemonize | Controls whether the server will daemonize itself and return. Set to `no` when debugging so you can see the debugging information on the terminal. | | resample-method | Which resampler to use when audio with incompatible sample rates needs to be passed between modules (e.g. playback of 96kHz audio on hardware which only supports 48kHz). The available resamplers can be listed with `$ pulseaudio --dump-resample-methods`. Choose the best tradeoff between CPU usage and audio quality for the present use-case. **Tip:** In some cases PulseAudio will generate a high CPU load. This can happen when multiple streams are resampled (individually). If this is a common use-case in a workflow, it should be considered to create an additional sink at a matching sample rate which can then be fed into the main sink, resampling only once. | | avoid-resampling | With `avoid-resampling = yes`, PulseAudio automatically configures the hardware to the sample rate which the application uses, if the hardware supports this sample rate (needs [PA 11](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Notes/11.0/) or higher) **Warning:** Enabling this feature might cause audio distortion, therefore it is disabled by default, see the [release notes](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Notes/11.0/) for more information. | | enable-remixing | When the input and output have a different channel count (for example, outputting a 6 channel movie into a stereo sink), pulse can either remix all the channels (default, `yes`) or just trivially map the channels by their name (left goes to left, right to right, all others ignored) when `no` | | system-instance | If set to `yes`, run the daemon as a [system-wide](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/SystemWide/) instance. [Highly discouraged](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/WhatIsWrongWithSystemWide/) as it can introduce security issues. Useful on [Multiseat](/index.php/Xorg_multiseat "Xorg multiseat") systems, or headless systems that have no real local users. Defaults to `no`. | | flat-volumes | `flat-volumes` scales the device-volume with the volume of the "loudest" application. For example, raising the VoIP call volume will raise the hardware volume and adjust the music-player volume so it stays where it was, without having to lower the volume of the music-player manually. Defaults to `yes` upstream, but to `no` within Arch. **Note:** The default behavior upstream can sometimes be confusing and some applications, unaware of this feature, can set their volume to 100% at startup, potentially blowing your speakers or your ears. This is why Arch defaults to the classic (ALSA) behavior by setting this to `no`. | | realtime-scheduling | If your [kernel](/index.php/Kernel "Kernel") supports realtime scheduling (for instance, [Realtime kernel](/index.php/Realtime_kernel "Realtime kernel") or [Linux-ck](/index.php/Linux-ck "Linux-ck")), set this to `yes` to ensure PulseAudio can deliver low-latency glitch-free playback. You can adjust `realtime-priority` as well to have it use the correct priority, especially when [JACK](/index.php/JACK "JACK") is also running on the system. | | nice-level | Since PulseAudio runs in userspace and involves inter-process communication, audio can be subject to dropouts if the daemon doesn't have enough CPU time to process the audio. The default usually is enough, but can be tweaked to give pulse the wanted priority over (or below) other applications. | | exit-idle-time | If you want to run PulseAudio only when needed and use ALSA otherwise, you can set a delay in seconds after which the daemon will automatically shutdown after all clients are disconnected. Set it to -1 to disable this feature. | | log-level | When debugging, you may want to increase the logging level of the daemon to see exactly why a specific module fails to load. High logging levels will sometimes print useful information such as detected minimum latency for the system, which can then be used to tweak `default-fragments` and `default-fragment-size-msec`. | | default-sample-format | Usually doesn't need change, but if your sound card's native format is diffent performance and quality can be improved by setting the right format here. | | default-sample-rate | The default sample rate user by pulse unless overriden at module level. Change this if your sound card doesn't support 44100Hz or if you wish to upsample all audio. See previous note about CPU usage. | | alternate-sample-rate | To fix a common limitation where movies at 48000Hz were needlessly downsampled to 44100Hz, some modules support changing their sample rate dynamically to avoid resampling when possible. See manual for more in-depth information. Usually don't need any change. | | default-channels | The default number of channels when not specified. Usually don't need any change as you can configure more channels on per-module basis. | | default-fragments | Audio samples are split into multiple fragments of `default-fragment-size-msec` each. The larger the buffer is, the less likely audio will skip when the system is overloaded. On the downside this will increase the overall latency. Increase this value if you have issues. | | default-fragment-size-msec | The size in milliseconds of each fragment. This is the amount of data that will be processed at once by the daemon. TODO: Verify | #### default.pa This file is a startup script and is used to configure modules. It is actually parsed and read after the daemon has finished initializing and additional commands can be sent at runtime using `$ pactl` or `$ pacmd`. The startup script can also be provided on the command line by starting PulseAudio in a terminal using `$ pulseaudio -nC`. This will make the daemon load the CLI module and will accept the configuration directly from the command line, and output resulting information or error messages on the same terminal. This can be useful when debugging the daemon or just to test various modules before setting them permanently on disk. The manual page is quite self-explanatory, consult [pulse-cli-syntax(5)](https://jlk.fjfi.cvut.cz/arch/manpages/man/pulse-cli-syntax.5) for the details of the syntax. **Tip:** * Rather than being a complete copy, `~/.config/pulse/default.pa` can start with the line `.include /etc/pulse/default.pa` and then just override the defaults. * Run `$ pacmd list-sinks|egrep -i 'index:|name:'` to list available sinks. The present default sink is marked with an asterisk. * Edit `~/.config/pulse/default.pa` to insert/alter the set-default-sink command using the sink's name as the numbering cannot be guaranteed repeatable. #### client.conf This is the configuration file read by every PulseAudio client application. It is used to configure runtime options for individual clients. It can be used to set and configure the default sink and source statically as well as allowing (or disallowing) clients to automatically start the server if not currently running. ### Configuration command The main command to configure a server during runtime is `$ pacmd`. Run `$ pacmd --help` for a list options, or just run `$ pacmd` to enter the shell interactive mode and `Ctrl+d` to exit. All modifications will immediately be applied. Once your new settings have been tested and meet your needs, edit the `default.pa` accordingly to make the change persistent. See [PulseAudio/Examples](/index.php/PulseAudio/Examples "PulseAudio/Examples") for some basic settings. **Tip:** leave the `load-module module-default-device-restore` line in the `default.pa` file untouched. It will allow you to restart the server in its default state, thus dismissing any wrong setting. It is important to understand that the "sources" (processes, capture devices) and "sinks" (sound cards, servers, other processes) accessible and selectable through PulseAudio depend upon the current hardware "Profile" selected. These "Profiles" are those ALSA "pcms" listed by the command `aplay -L`, and more specifically by the command `pacmd list-cards`, which will include a line "index:", a list beginning "profiles:", and a line "active profile: <...>" in the output, among other things. "Profiles" correspond to different card input/output configurations, notably the number of available input/output channels. The "active profile" can be set with the command `pacmd set-card-profile INDEX PROFILE`, with *no* comma separating INDEX and PROFILE, where INDEX is just the number on the line "index:" and a PROFILE name is everything shown from the beginning of any line under "profile:" to just *before* the colon and first space, as shown by the command `pacmd list-cards`. For instance, `pacmd set-card-profile 0 output:analog-stereo+input:analog-stereo`. It may be easier to select a "Profile" with a graphical tool like `pavucontrol`, under the "Configuration" tab, or KDE System Settings, "Multimedia/Audio and Video Settings", under the "Audio Hardware Setup" tab. Each audio "Card", which are those devices listed by the command `aplay -l`, or again by the command `pacmd list-cards`, will have its own selectable "Profile". When a "Profile" has been selected, the then available "sources" and "sinks" can be seen by using the commands `pacmd list-sources` and `pacmd list-sinks`. Note that the "index" of the available sources and sinks will change each time a card profile is changed. The selected "Profile" can be an issue for some applications, especially the Adobe Flash players, typically `/usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libflashplayer.so` and `/usr/lib/PepperFlash/libpepflashplayer.so`. Often, these Flash players will only work when one of the Stereo profiles is selected, and otherwise, will play video with no sound, or will simply "crash". When all else fails, you might try selecting a different profile. Of course, when configuring some variation of Surround Sound in PulseAudio, the appropriate Surround profile will have to be selected, before Surround Sound will work, or in order to do things like remap the speaker channels. ## Running PulseAudio on Arch has `pulseaudio.socket` enabled by default for the [systemd/User](/index.php/Systemd/User "Systemd/User") instance. This means that PulseAudio will automatically start when needed. **Note:** * To disable `pulseaudio.socket`, make sure that `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user/` exists and run `systemctl --user mask pulseaudio.socket`. * Many [desktop environments](/index.php/Desktop_environments "Desktop environments") support [XDG Autostart](/index.php/XDG_Autostart "XDG Autostart"). In those desktop environments, PulseAudio will be launched automatically regardless of the socket activation status. For more information, see [PulseAudio: Running](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Running/). ## Back-end configuration ### ALSA If you have applications that do not support PulseAudio explicitly but rely on ALSA, these applications will try to access the sound card directly via ALSA and will therefore bypass PulseAudio. PulseAudio will thus not have access to the sound card any more. As a result, all applications relying on PulseAudio will not be working any more, leading to [this issue](/index.php/PulseAudio/Troubleshooting#The_only_device_shown_is_.22dummy_output.22_or_newly_connected_cards_are_not_detected "PulseAudio/Troubleshooting"). To prevent this, you will need to install the [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa) package. It contains the necessary `/etc/asound.conf` for configuring ALSA to use PulseAudio. Also make sure that `~/.asoundrc` does not exist, as it would override the `/etc/asound.conf` file. Also install [lib32-libpulse](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=lib32-libpulse) and [lib32-alsa-plugins](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=lib32-alsa-plugins) if you run a x86_64 system and want to have sound for 32-bit [multilib](/index.php/Multilib "Multilib") programs like [Wine](/index.php/Wine "Wine") and [Steam](/index.php/Steam "Steam"). To prevent applications from using ALSA's OSS emulation and bypassing PulseAudio (thereby preventing other applications from playing sound), make sure the module `snd_pcm_oss` is not being loaded at boot. If it is currently loaded (`lsmod | grep oss`), disable it by executing: ``` # rmmod snd_pcm_oss ``` #### Expose PulseAudio sources, sinks and mixers to ALSA Although [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa) contains the necessary configuration file to allow ALSA applications to use PulseAudio's default device, ALSA's `pulse` plugin is more versatile than that: `~/.asoundrc (or /etc/asound.conf)` ``` # Create an alsa input/output using specific PulseAudio sources/sinks pcm.pulse-example1 { type pulse device "my-combined-sink" # name of a source or sink fallback "pulse-example2" # if combined not available } pcm.pulse-example2 { type pulse device "other-sound-card" # name of a source or sink # example: device "alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo" } # Create an alsa mixer using specific PulseAudio sources/sinks # these can be tested with "alsamixer -D pulse-example3" ctl.pulse-example3 { type pulse device "my-output" # name of source or sink to control # example: always control the laptop speakers: # device "alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo" fallback "pulse-example4" # supports fallback too } # Mixers also can control a specific source and sink, separately: ctl.pulse-example4 { type pulse sink "my-usb-headphones" source "my-internal-mic" # example: output to HDMI, record using internal sink "alsa_output.pci-0000_01_00.1.hdmi-stereo-extra1" source "alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo" } # These can override the default mixer (example: for pnmixer integration) ctl.!default { type pulse sink "alsa_output.pci-0000_01_00.1.hdmi-stereo-extra1" source "alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo" } ``` The [source code](http://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-plugins.git;a=tree;f=pulse;hb=HEAD) can be read to know all available options. #### ALSA/dmix without grabbing hardware device **Note:** This section describes alternative configuration, which is generally **not** recommended. You may want to use ALSA directly in most of your applications while still being able to use applications which require PulseAudio at the same time. The following steps allow you to make PulseAudio use dmix instead of grabbing ALSA hardware device. * Remove package [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa), which provides compatibility layer between ALSA applications and PulseAudio. After this your ALSA apps will use ALSA directly without being hooked by Pulse. * Edit `/etc/pulse/default.pa`. Find and uncomment lines which load back-end drivers. Add **device** parameters as follows. Then find and comment lines which load autodetect modules. ``` load-module module-alsa-sink **device=dmix** load-module module-alsa-source **device=dsnoop** # load-module module-udev-detect # load-module module-detect ``` * *Optional:* If you use [kmix](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=kmix) you may want to control ALSA volume instead of PulseAudio volume: ``` $ echo export KMIX_PULSEAUDIO_DISABLE=1 > ~/.kde4/env/kmix_disable_pulse.sh $ chmod +x ~/.kde4/env/kmix_disable_pulse.sh ``` * Now, reboot your computer and try running ALSA and PulseAudio applications at the same time. They both should produce sound simultaneously. Use [pavucontrol](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pavucontrol) to control PulseAudio volume if needed. ### OSS There are multiple ways of making OSS-only programs output to PulseAudio: #### ossp Install [ossp](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=ossp) package and start `osspd.service`. #### padsp wrapper Programs using OSS can work with PulseAudio by starting it with padsp (included with PulseAudio): ``` $ padsp OSSprogram ``` A few examples: ``` $ padsp aumix $ padsp sox foo.wav -t ossdsp /dev/dsp ``` You can also add a custom wrapper script like this: `/usr/local/bin/OSSProgram` ``` #!/bin/sh exec padsp /usr/bin/OSSprogram "$@" ``` Make sure `/usr/local/bin` comes before `/usr/bin` in your **PATH**. ### GStreamer Install [gst-plugins-good](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gst-plugins-good), or [gstreamer0.10-good-plugins](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gstreamer0.10-good-plugins/) if your intended program has a legacy [GStreamer](/index.php/GStreamer "GStreamer") implementation. ### OpenAL OpenAL Soft should use PulseAudio by default, but can be explicitly configured to do so: `/etc/openal/alsoft.conf` `drivers=pulse,alsa` ### libao Edit the libao configuration file: `/etc/libao.conf` `default_driver=pulse` Be sure to remove the `dev=default` option of the alsa driver or adjust it to specify a specific Pulse sink name or number. **Note:** You could possibly also keep the libao standard of outputting to the *alsa* driver and its default device if you install [pulseaudio-alsa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-alsa) since the ALSA default device then **is** PulseAudio. ## Equalizer **Warning:** The equalizer module is considered unstable and might be removed from PulseAudio. For more, see the [mailing list](https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/pulseaudio-discuss/2014-March/020174.html). PulseAudio has an integrated 10-band equalizer system. In order to use the equalizer do the following: Install [pulseaudio-equalizer](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-equalizer): ### Load equalizer sink and dbus-protocol module ``` $ pactl load-module module-equalizer-sink $ pactl load-module module-dbus-protocol ``` ### GUI front-end run: ``` $ qpaeq ``` **Note:** If qpaeq has no effect, install [pavucontrol](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pavucontrol) and change "ALSA Playback on" to "FFT based equalizer on ..." while the media player is running. ### Load equalizer and dbus module on every boot Edit the `/etc/pulse/default.pa` or `~/.config/pulse/default.pa` file with your favorite editor and append the following lines: ``` ### Load the integrated PulseAudio equalizer and D-Bus module load-module module-equalizer-sink load-module module-dbus-protocol ``` **Note:** The equalizer sink needs to be loaded after the master sink is already available. ### Alternative equalizers [pulseaudio-equalizer-ladspa](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pulseaudio-equalizer-ladspa/) (based on [swh-plugins](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=swh-plugins)) can be used as an alternative to [pulseaudio-equalizer](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=pulseaudio-equalizer). [pulseeffects](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pulseeffects/) applies peak limiting, compression, reverberation, auto volume and 15 bands equalization to Pulseaudio applications output. ## Applications ### QEMU Refer to [QEMU#Host](/index.php/QEMU#Host "QEMU") for a detailed guide on how to configure pulseaudio within [QEMU](/index.php/QEMU "QEMU"). ### AlsaMixer.app Make [alsamixer.app](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/alsamixer.app/) dockapp for the [windowmaker](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/windowmaker/) use pulseaudio, e.g. ``` $ AlsaMixer.app --device pulse ``` Here is a two examples where the first one is for ALSA and the other one is for pulseaudio. You can run multiple instances of it. Use the `-w` option to choose which of the control buttons to bind to the mouse wheel. ``` # AlsaMixer.app -3 Mic -1 Master -2 PCM --card 0 -w 1 # AlsaMixer.app --device pulse -1 Capture -2 Master -w 2 ``` **Note:** It can use only those output sinks that set as default. ### XMMS2 Make it switch to pulseaudio output ``` $ nyxmms2 server config output.plugin pulse ``` and to alsa ``` $ nyxmms2 server config output.plugin alsa ``` To make xmms2 use a different output sink, e.g. ``` $ nyxmms2 server config pulse.sink alsa_output.pci-0000_04_01.0.analog-stereo.monitor ``` See also the official guide [[3]](https://xmms2.org/wiki/Using_the_application). ### KDE Plasma Workspaces and Qt4 PulseAudio will automatically be used by KDE/Qt4 applications. It is supported by default in the KDE sound mixer. For more information see the [KDE page in the PulseAudio wiki](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Desktops/KDE/). One useful tidbit from that page is that `load-module module-device-manager` should be loaded. This usually happens automatically at login through the script `/usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11`; if you find that the module is not loaded automatically you can consider adding it manually to `/etc/pulse/default.pa`. See [#Switch on connect](#Switch_on_connect) for possible conflicts with the `module-switch-on-connect`. If the phonon-gstreamer backend is used for Phonon, GStreamer should also be configured as described in [#GStreamer](#GStreamer). ### Audacious [Audacious](/index.php/Audacious "Audacious") natively supports PulseAudio. In order to use it, set Audacious Preferences -> Audio -> Current output plugin to 'PulseAudio Output Plugin'. ### Music Player Daemon (MPD) [configure](http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/PulseAudio) [MPD](/index.php/MPD "MPD") to use PulseAudio. See also [MPD/Tips and Tricks#PulseAudio](/index.php/MPD/Tips_and_Tricks#PulseAudio "MPD/Tips and Tricks"). ### MPlayer [MPlayer](/index.php/MPlayer "MPlayer") natively supports PulseAudio output with the `-ao pulse` option. It can also be configured to default to PulseAudio output, in `~/.mplayer/config` for per-user, or `/etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf` for system-wide: `/etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf` `ao=pulse` ### guvcview [guvcview](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=guvcview) when using the PulseAudio input from a [Webcam](/index.php/Webcam "Webcam") may have the audio input suspended resulting in no audio being recorded. You can check this by executing: ``` $ pactl list sources ``` If the audio source is "suspended" then modifying the following line in `/etc/pulse/default.pa` and changing: ``` load-module module-suspend-on-idle ``` to ``` #load-module module-suspend-on-idle ``` And then either restarting PulseAudio or your computer will only idle the input source instead of suspending it. guvcview will then correctly record audio from the device. ## Networked audio Play sound through the outputs of another computer on the network ### Basic setup with direct connection ##### On the server Edit `~/.config/pulse/default.pa` or `/etc/pulse/default.pa` (or `/etc/pulse/system.pa` if PulseAudio is started in system mode) and add the following line: ``` load-module module-native-protocol-tcp auth-ip-acl=127.0.0.1;172.16.0.0/16 ``` Here only client from the IPs or IPs range specified here can stream sound. To allow access from everywhere: ``` load-module module-native-protocol-tcp auth-anonymous=true ``` **Note:** If `auth-ip-acl` neither `auth-anonymous` are specified, authentification is done via `~/.pulse-cookie` which must be the same on clients and server. By default PulseAudio listens on port `tcp/4713` for incoming connections, you may need to open this port in your [firewall](/index.php/Firewall "Firewall"). ##### On the client Edit `~/.config/pulse/client.conf` or `/etc/pulse/client.conf`, to respectively apply this directive to one user or to all, and add : ``` default-server = *server-address* ``` *server-address* can be a simple domain-name or IPv4, for more see [the documentation](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/ServerStrings/) It is also possible to set the server address in the environment variable `$PULSE_SERVER`. ## Tips and tricks ### Keyboard volume control [Bind](/index.php/Xorg_keybinding "Xorg keybinding") the following commands to your volume keys: `XF86AudioRaiseVolume`, `XF86AudioLowerVolume`, `XF86AudioMute`. First find out which sink corresponds to the audio output you'd like to control. To list available sinks: ``` pactl list sinks short ``` Suppose sink 0 is to be used, to raise the volume: ``` sh -c "pactl set-sink-mute 0 false ; pactl set-sink-volume 0 +5%" ``` To lower the volume: ``` sh -c "pactl set-sink-mute 0 false ; pactl set-sink-volume 0 -5%" ``` To mute/unmute the volume: ``` pactl set-sink-mute 0 toggle ``` To mute/unmute the microphone: ``` pactl set-source-mute 1 toggle ``` **Tip:** To have keyboard shortcuts operate always on the default sink, specify `@DEFAULT_SINK@` as the sink number, for example `pactl set-sink-mute @DEFAULT_SINK@ toggle`. ### Play sound from a non-interactive shell (systemd service, cron) Set `XDG_RUNTIME_DIR` before the command (replace `*user_id*` with the ID of the user running PulseAudio): ``` XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/*user_id* paplay /usr/share/sounds/freedesktop/stereo/complete.oga ``` Or use `machinectl`: ``` # machinectl shell .host --uid=*user_id* /usr/bin/paplay /usr/share/sounds/freedesktop/stereo/complete.oga ``` ### X11 Bell Events To get pulseaudio to handle X11 bell events, run the following commands after the X11 session has been started: ``` pactl upload-sample /usr/share/sounds/freedesktop/stereo/bell.oga x11-bell pactl load-module module-x11-bell sample=x11-bell display=$DISPLAY ``` To adjust the volume of the X11 bell, run the following command: ``` xset b 100 ``` 100 is a percentage. This requires the [xorg-xset](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=xorg-xset) package. See [Autostarting](/index.php/Autostarting "Autostarting") for a way to run these commands automatically when the X11 session is started. ### Switch on connect This is a module used to switch the output sound to the newly connected device. For example, if you plug in a USB headset, the output will be switched to that. If you unplug it, the output will be set back to the last device. This used to be quite buggy but got a lot of attention in PulseAudio 8.0 and should work quite well now. If you just want to test the module then you can load it at runtime by calling: ``` $ pactl load-module module-switch-on-connect ``` If you want to make the change persistent you will have to add it to your local pulseaudio settings or to /etc/pulse/default.pa (system wide effect). In either case, add this line: ``` load-module module-switch-on-connect ``` On KDE/Plasma5 you should furthermore disable module-device-manager. As soon as Plasma5 is started it loads (via start-pulseaudio-x11) the module module-device-manager for pulseaudio to manage the devices. But that module apparently conflicts with module-switch-on-connect. Therefore you should disable that module by editing /bin/start-pulseaudio-x11 and commenting the lines for KDE. Simply logout and login again and in order to renew your pulseaudio session. On connect switching should now work properly. ### Script for switching analogic outputs Some sound cards present the option of multiple analog outputs, being switchable through using Pulseaudio profiles. But switching manually can become a chore, so you can use the following commands to switch it: ``` $ pactl set-sink-port 'number of the card' 'port' ``` This will set the default output to whatever port you chose. Example: ``` $ pactl set-sink-port 0 "analog-output;output-speaker" ``` The values can be easily obtained using: ``` $ pactl list ``` Current output can be obtained through: ``` $ pactl list sinks | grep "active profile"| cut -d ' ' -f 3- ``` This process can be automated through a simple script. This script then can be given a shortcut by the user: `~/pa.sh (or anything the user wants)` ``` #!/bin/bash # This script uses kdialog notification to warn the user of the currently swapped to profile. User could adapt it to their needs or change it. CURRENT_PROFILE=$(pactl list sinks | grep "active profile"| cut -d ' ' -f 3-) if [ "$CURRENT_PROFILE" = "analog-output;output-speaker" ] ; then pactl set-sink-port 0 "analog-output;output-headphones-1" kdialog --title "Pulseaudio" --passivepopup "Headphone" 2 & else pactl set-sink-port 0 "analog-output;output-speaker" kdialog --title "Pulseaudio" --passivepopup "Speaker" 2 & fi ``` This script is intended to swap between two profiles. First checking the current profile then swapping it. Users are required to change the field 'active profile' according to the language pactl reports. Users might need to change the number of the card and the output to fit their machine. ## Troubleshooting See [PulseAudio/Troubleshooting](/index.php/PulseAudio/Troubleshooting "PulseAudio/Troubleshooting"). ## See also * [PulseAudio official website](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/), including documentation * [Pulseaudio under the hood](https://gavv.github.io/blog/pulseaudio-under-the-hood/)