/** * @file enum/science/nuclear.ts * @description Defines enums for nuclear physics, including decay modes, radiation types, and quantum states. */ /** * Quantum property describing the symmetry of a wave function under spatial inversion. */ export enum SpinParity { /** Wave function remains unchanged under spatial inversion (π = +1). */ POSITIVE = 'positive', /** Wave function changes sign under spatial inversion (π = -1). */ NEGATIVE = 'negative', /** Spin-parity state not yet experimentally determined. */ UNKNOWN = 'unknown' }; /** * Mechanisms by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation. */ export enum DecayMode { /** Simultaneous conversion of two protons into two neutrons with emission of two positrons. */ DOUBLE_BETA_PLUS = '2B+', /** Simultaneous conversion of two neutrons into two protons with emission of two electrons. */ DOUBLE_BETA_MINUS = '2B-', /** Capture of two orbital electrons by the nucleus, typically resulting in two-neutrino emission. */ DOUBLE_ELECTRON_CAPTURE = '2EC', /** Simultaneous emission of two neutrons from a highly neutron-rich nucleus. */ DOUBLE_NEUTRON_EMISSION = '2N', /** Simultaneous emission of two protons from a highly proton-rich nucleus. */ DOUBLE_PROTON_EMISSION = '2P', /** Emission of a helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle), reducing atomic mass by 4. */ ALPHA = 'A', /** Emission of a positron (anti-electron) as a proton converts into a neutron. */ BETA_PLUS = 'B+', /** Positron emission followed by the immediate release of two protons. */ BETA_PLUS_TWO_PROTON = 'B+2P', /** Positron emission followed by the immediate release of an alpha particle. */ BETA_PLUS_ALPHA = 'B+A', /** Positron emission followed by the immediate release of a proton. */ BETA_PLUS_PROTON = 'B+P', /** Emission of an electron as a neutron converts into a proton. */ BETA_MINUS = 'B-', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of two neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_TWO_NEUTRON = 'B-2N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of three neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_THREE_NEUTRON = 'B-3N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of four neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_FOUR_NEUTRON = 'B-4N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of five neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_FIVE_NEUTRON = 'B-5N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of six neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_SIX_NEUTRON = 'B-6N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of seven neutrons. */ BETA_MINUS_SEVEN_NEUTRON = 'B-7N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of an alpha particle. */ BETA_MINUS_ALPHA = 'B-A', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of a neutron. */ BETA_MINUS_NEUTRON = 'B-N', /** Electron emission followed by the immediate release of a proton. */ BETA_MINUS_PROTON = 'B-P', /** Beta decay followed by the spontaneous fission of the daughter nucleus. */ BETA_MINUS_SPONTANEOUS_FISSION = 'B-SF', /** Capture of an inner-shell orbital electron by the nucleus. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE = 'EC', /** Competition between electron capture and positron emission. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE_BETA_PLUS = 'EC+B+', /** Electron capture followed by the emission of two protons. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE_TWO_PROTON = 'EC2P', /** Electron capture followed by the emission of an alpha particle. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE_ALPHA = 'ECA', /** Electron capture followed by the emission of a proton. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE_PROTON = 'ECP', /** Electron capture followed by the spontaneous fission of the daughter nucleus. */ ELECTRON_CAPTURE_SPONTANEOUS_FISSION = 'ECSF', /** De-excitation of a metastable nuclear state via gamma emission or internal conversion. */ ISOMERIC_TRANSITION = 'IT', /** Direct emission of a neutron from a nucleus, typically in neutron-rich isotopes. */ NEUTRON_EMISSION = 'N', /** Direct emission of a proton from a nucleus, typically in proton-rich isotopes. */ PROTON_EMISSION = 'P', /** Splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei without external provocation. */ SPONTANEOUS_FISSION = 'SF', /** Complex decay chain involving fission combined with beta/capture processes. */ SPONTANEOUS_FISSION_EC_BPLUS = 'SF+EC+B+' }; /** * Types of ionizing or non-ionizing particles and waves emitted during nuclear processes. */ export enum RadiationType { /** Helium-4 nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. */ ALPHA = 'alpha', /** High-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei. */ BETA = 'beta', /** High-energy electromagnetic radiation (photons) originating from the nucleus. */ GAMMA = 'gamma', /** Electromagnetic radiation typically originating from electron transitions in the shell. */ XRAY = 'xray', /** Electrons ejected from the atom as a result of energy transfer from the nucleus. */ CONVERSION_ELECTRON = 'conversionElectron', /** The antiparticle of the electron, having a positive charge. */ POSITRON = 'positron', /** Subatomic particles with no net electric charge, vital for fission chain reactions. */ NEUTRON = 'neutron', /** Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus. */ PROTON = 'proton', /** Emission of nuclear fragments larger than an alpha particle (e.g., C-14, O-20). */ CLUSTER = 'cluster' }; /** * Sub-classification of beta radiation based on the charge of the emitted lepton. */ export enum BetaRadiationType { /** Emission of an electron (e-) and an antineutrino. */ BETA_MINUS = 'betaMinus', /** Emission of a positron (e+) and a neutrino. */ BETA_PLUS = 'betaPlus' }; /** * Classification of beta decay transitions based on selection rules (spin and parity changes). */ export enum BetaTransitionType { /** Transitions where spin change is 0 or 1 and parity is conserved. */ ALLOWED = 'allowed', /** Transitions with a spin change of 2 and a parity change. */ FIRST_FORBIDDEN_UNIQUE = '1U', /** Transitions with a spin change of 3 and no parity change. */ SECOND_FORBIDDEN_UNIQUE = '2U', /** Transitions with a spin change of 4 and a parity change. */ THIRD_FORBIDDEN_UNIQUE = '3U', /** Transitions with a spin change of 0 or 1 and a parity change. */ FIRST_FORBIDDEN_NON_UNIQUE = '1NU', /** Transitions with a spin change of 2 and no parity change. */ SECOND_FORBIDDEN_NON_UNIQUE = '2NU', /** Transitions with a spin change of 3 and a parity change. */ THIRD_FORBIDDEN_NON_UNIQUE = '3NU' }; /** * Particles emitted from a daughter nucleus following a preceding beta decay. */ export enum DelayedParticle { /** Neutrons emitted by fission products, crucial for nuclear reactor control. */ NEUTRON = 'neutron', /** Protons emitted from highly excited states following beta decay. */ PROTON = 'proton', /** Alpha particles emitted following a preceding beta transition. */ ALPHA = 'alpha' }; /** * Reference frames for measuring nuclear electromagnetic moments. */ export enum MomentMeasurementRef { /** Measurement relative to a specific nuclear energy level. */ LEVEL = 'level', /** Measurement within a specific experimental or environmental context. */ CONTEXT = 'context' }; /** * Experimental techniques for determining nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments. */ export enum MomentMeasurementMethod { /** Transient Field method for measuring moments of short-lived states. */ TF = 'TF', /** Beta-detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. */ b_NMR = 'b-NMR', /** Beta-detected Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance. */ b_NQR = 'b-NQR', /** Collinear Laser Spectroscopy for ground and isomeric states. */ CLS = 'CLS', /** Recoil into Vacuum/Distance method. */ RIV_D = 'RIV/D' }; /** * Kinetic energy categories for neutrons initiating nuclear reactions. */ export enum IncidentNeutronEnergy { /** Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings (approx. 0.025 eV). */ THERMAL = 'thermal', /** Neutrons with kinetic energies above 1 MeV, produced directly by fission. */ FAST = 'fast', /** Neutrons with a specific energy of 14 MeV, characteristic of D-T fusion. */ MEV_14 = '14MeV' };