alveolus

title: Alveolus

text: An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body. Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called pulmonary alveoli. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus. When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled. In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters. Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange happens. Gas exchange is how different gases (usually two) move in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system to exchange them is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.


aorta

title: Heart

text: The heart is a hard-working, fist-sized muscle found in people and animals. It pumps out blood through tube-like structures called blood vessels. The heart and these vessels together make up the body-wide circulatory system. Blood carries in oxygen-rich air and nutrient-packed food to the body and takes away waste-filled substances like carbon dioxide to the lungs. In people, the heart is about the size of a closed-hand and sits in between the lungs, in the chest-centered cavity. In humans, the heart has four parts called chambers. These are the upper-left and upper-right atria, and the lower-left and lower-right ventricles. People often talk about the right-side atrium and ventricle together as the right heart, and the left-side ones as the left heart. In a well-working heart, blood goes through the heart in one direction. Special flaps called valves keep out blood from going backward. The heart sits inside a fluid-filled protective bag called the pericardium. This bag holds in a small amount of fluid to help the heart move smoothly. The heart wall has three layered parts: the epicardium (outer layer), the myocardium (middle layer), and the endocardium (inner layer).

isa: working


audition

title: Audition

text: An audition is a test to see whether a person is good enough to take part in a play or concert or to join a theatre company, dance company or orchestra.

isa: test


blubber

title: Blubber

text: Blubber is a layer of fat inside the skin of some animals, such as whales and seals. Blubber keeps these animals warm. Inuits invented blubber lamps, and many other people also used oil from blubber in their oil lamps.

isa: layer


breach

title: Breach (band)

text: Breach is a Swedish post-hardcore band formed in 1993. They ended in 2007.


budget

title: Budget

text: A budget is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenue s. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget. An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year. The common usage of the word "budget" refers to a financial plan by an individual or an organization based on their projected income and expenses.It also is used in the sense of the amount that individual or organization can spend.

isa: money


bum

title: Buttocks

text: The buttocks are two round parts of the lower body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the gluteus maximus and the gluteus medius. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species. In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as steatopygia. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the Khoisan (San people) of southern Africa and the pygmies of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andaman islands in the Indian Ocean. Slang words for the butt include booty, buttocks, bum, butt-cheeks, intergluteal-cleft, horizontal-gluteal-crease, glutes,


cardboard

title: Cardboard

text: Cardboard is a heavy type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. One of its more common uses is as a packaging material. Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard. Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. This was now cardboard as we know it today. American Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade. The Kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of Waxtite was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside. Cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.

isa: paper


casualty

title: Casualty (person)

text: A casualty in military usage is a person in military service, who becomes unavailable for duty due to death or injury. It also includes illness, capture, desertion, etc.; or a civilian casualty. In civilian usage the word "casualty" is properly used for a person who is killed, wounded or injured by some event. It is usually used to describe multiple deaths and injuries due to violent incidents or disasters. Casualties is sometimes loosely used to mean fatalities, but non-fatal injuries are also casualties.

isa: person


ceiling

title: Ceiling

text: A ceiling is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up. It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it. There are many different types of ceilings in architecture. In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo.

isa: surface


celebration

title: Celebrations

text: Celebrations are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated. They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.

isa: collection


charcoal

title: Charcoal

text: Charcoal is a carbon-containing substance made from wood, naturally black and powdery. Charcoal is made from wood by heating it in an "airless" (minimal oxygen) space at a high temperature. The wood will not burn, but instead turn into charcoal. The by-product of making charcoal is tar and turpentine. People use it for different things such as cooking on a barbecue grill, and in painting.

isa: substance


coconut

title: Coconut palm

text: The coconut is a palm tree in the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4–6 m long. The term coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm. There are many coconut palms on the coasts of Indonesia, India, America, Bangladesh and Tanzania. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as oil for their hair. The coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken. Because its shell is hard, it can be used as an ingredient to make craftworks. Coconut milk is also used in many drinks. Coconut oil is often in food and soaps. People in Sri Lanka use coconut flowers for wedding celebrations. In the Maldives it is the National tree. The coconut is not actually a nut, but is in fact a drupe. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking. It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour. It is native to tropical areas.

isa: tree


code

title: Code

text: A code is a way of changing information into something else. Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography. One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed). Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message. For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code. Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this: SOS: ···−−−··· Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII. Some people write codes as a kind of game. They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them. Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries. The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm. To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.


count

title: Count

text: A count is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word count comes from French comte which in turn comes from the Latin comitas, "companion" (of the emperor). In feudalism the territory ruled by a count was a county. A woman having this title or the wife of a count is called countess.


countertenor

title: Countertenor

text: A countertenor is a male singer who uses a falsetto voice to sing high notes like a female contralto or mezzo-soprano. Countertenors were used a lot in the Renaissance and Baroque periods when females were not allowed to sing in church choirs. They did not have big, dramatic voices like castrati, so they were not normally used in opera. People forgot about this way of singing in the 18th and 19th centuries, although male altos continued to sing in English cathedral and church choirs. In the 20th century an English countertenor called Alfred Deller became very famous. He sang many songs from the Baroque period that had been written for the countertenor voice, for example songs by Henry Purcell who sang countertenor himself. Today there is a lot of interest again in using this type of voice for performing early music like Renaissance and Baroque music.


covenant

title: Covenant

text: A covenant is a formal agreement, a promise made between two people. It is often used as a religious promise. It can also be an item which is a symbol of keeping the promise. Some covenants include stone tablets, written documents, and other sacred items. In Judaism, the Ark of the Covenant was a wooden box which held the stone tablets with the Ten Commandments written on them. The Jewish people saw the box as a symbol of God being with them and leading them.

isa: agreement


crappie

title: Crappie

text: The crappies ( or ) are a genus, Pomoxis, of North American freshwater fish. They are members of the sunfish family Centrarchidae. Both species in this genus are popular game fish. These are the Black crappie (P. nigromaculatus) and the White crappie (P. annularis). The White crappie is the state fish of Louisiana.


crook

title: Crook

text: Crook is a village and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 340 people living in Crook.

isa: village


crude

title: Petroleum

text: Petroleum, (from Greek πέτρα - rock and έλαιο - oil) also called crude oil, is a thick and black liquid. It is a natural material mainly made of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons come from many billions of ancient phytoplankton. When they die, their bodies sink to the bottom. This formed basins of oil in many parts of the world. Most petroleum is found by drilling down through rocks on land or off-shore on the continental shelf. Major producers are in the Middle East, the Americas, and Russia. It is the most important world fuel source. It supplies 38% of the world's energy and is also used to make petrochemicals. Crude oil is a mixture of many different chemicals (mostly hydrocarbons), most of which burn well. It is separated into simpler, more useful mixtures by fractional distillation in oil refineries to give separate chemicals such as gasoline (or petrol) for cars, kerosene for airplanes and bitumen for roads. The bitumen gives crude oil its dark black color; most of the other chemicals in crude are slightly yellow or colorless. Petroleum can be easily transported by pipeline and oil tanker. Refined petroleum is used as fuels; mainly gasoline (petrol) for cars, diesel fuel for diesel engines used in trucks, trains and ships, kerosene fuel for jets and as lubricants. Petrochemicals: * alcohols * antiseptics * artificial rubber * detergents * drugs * explosives * food additives * insecticides * perfumes * plastics * textile fiber

isa: thick


cry

title: Crying

text: Crying is when tears may come out of a person's eyes because of their emotions. Some animals also cry. However, animals mostly release tears for reasons such as intense pain, and also cry when losing loved ones, seeing their own species being killed for their skin and meat, but these two reasons are mostly rare. When over 300 adults were asked how often they cried, they found out that men usually cry once every month, and women cry five or more times per month. According to the German Society of Ophthalmology, which has collected scientific studies on crying, the average woman cries between 30 and 64 times a year, and the average man cries between 6 and 17 times a year. A useful term is lachrymation, which means the non-emotional shedding of tears. There are many terms for the more usual crying: sobbing, weeping, wailing, whimpering, bawling, and blubbering. In general, crying is non-verbal communication. It (and other) facial signals evolved in our species as ways which help people in social groups signal feelings. The term "a cry for help" recognises this function. "Cry for joy" expresses the fact that sometimes great delight can be the trigger for crying.


digest

title: Digestion

text: Digestion is the process of breaking down food to absorb it. Food is broken down into smaller pieces, which are soluble in water. Only then can the food be absorbed into the bloodstream.

isa: process


dissident

title: Dissident

text: A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.


doughboy

title: Doughboy

text: Doughboy was a nickname given to the 85,000 American soldiers who fought in France during World War I. Their leader was John J. Pershing. The word "doughboy" was well known almost 100 years before World War I in Britain and America. Doughboy had a different meaning then. Soldiers in Spain, America, and Britain were all familiar with fried doughnuts called doughboys. Because of the occasional contact of the nation's armed force and transatlantic migration, it seems likely that this usage was known to the members of the U.S. Army by the early 19th century. Though the first person to use the term is unclear, it was in use as early as the 1840s. One place that may have used "doughboy" first was during the Mexican–American War. Infantry forces, the army, were always covered with dust from marching through Mexico. This made the men look like uncooked dough. Another idea is the dusty infantry men looked like the mud bricks used in the area called adobes. Another idea is that doughboys were named this was because of their way of cooking field servings in the 1840s and 1850s when they baked doughy flour and rice mixtures in the ashes of a fire, but this does not explain why only army men had the doughboy name.


dude

title: Slang

text: Slang are words that are informal. Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people. On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people. Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave. Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all. It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure. This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'. Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct. An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture. Two examples of slang are 'wassup' and 'dunno'. 'Wassup' usually means 'What is up?' (as in, 'How are you?'), and 'dunno' usually means 'I don't know'.


economy

title: Economy

text: An economy is a system of making and trading things of value. It is usually divided into goods (materials and objects) and services (things people do). An economy assumes that there is a medium of exchange, which, in the modern world, is called 'finance'. This makes trade possible. The alternative systems of barter – exist only on a very small scale. To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections: * The primary sector which covers raw products from farming, fishing, and mining, and so on. * The secondary sector which covers manufacturing of goods. * The tertiary sector which covers a range of services, provided to people and companies. The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets. The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word 'οἰκονόμος '. This means 'person who manages the house'.

isa: system


embryo

title: Embryo

text: An embryo is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote). It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization, and from then until birth it is called a foetus (US: fetus). The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis, and the study of embryos is called embryology. The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on. In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an embryo.

isa: stage


endive

title: Endive

text: Endive (Chicorium endivia) is a leafy plant of the family Asteraceae. The plants are either annual, or they live for two years. Originally, these plants grew in the countries around the Mediterranean. There are many varieties, but they can be split into two groups * the curly-leaved. or narrow-leaved endive * Batavian or broad-leaved endive Since Antiquity, these plants have been used to make salads. Sometimes they are cooked, and prepared similar to spinach or chard. Endive has a good sorce of fiber and has all kinds of vitamins like a,c,and e.

isa: plant


fighter

title: Fighter aircraft

text: Fighter aircraft are small military planes that are made to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. Fighters may carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. Fighters may be used as attack aircraft to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground. They are different from bombers because they are mainly designed to fight other airplanes. Specialized fighters have been made, such as night fighters, interceptors, and air superiority fighter s. Fighter aircraft also usually are maneuverable (turn well). The planned movement of these aircraft helps to dodge attacks of missile, bullets, etc.


flora

title: Flora

text: In botany, flora (plural: floras or florae) has two meanings. The first meaning refers Flowers, Flower Goddess and plant life in an area or time period (especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life). The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. The second meaning refers to a book or other work which describes the plant species in an area or time period, with the aim of allowing identification. The term flora comes from the Latin language. Flora was the goddess of flowers in Roman mythology. Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora [http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora] [http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/zy198.htm#F] . Other times, the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.


formula

title: Formula

text: In mathematics and science, a formula is a formal rule or statement that is usually written in mathematical notation. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae (the Latin convention) or formulas (the English convention). Both plurals are used, and it is normally up to personal or editorial preference.

isa: rule


forte

title: Dynamics (music)

text: In music, the dynamics in the piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”). Use more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music. Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another. Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music. Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. Sforzando means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. The notation sfzp (or sfp) means a sforzando followed immediately by piano The terms crescendo, and diminuendo (or sometimes decrescendo), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a crescendo, one which closes is a diminuendo. : For a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc. and molto dim. are often used (molto means a lot). For slow changes poco a poco cresc. and poco a poco dim. are used (poco a poco means little by little, i.e. very gradually.)

isa: variation


giant

title: Giant

text: In mythology, a giant is a type of very large human-like creature. The mythology and legends of many different cultures have mythological animals or monsters that look like very big, very strong humans. One example of a giant is the gigantes of Greek mythology.

isa: creature


graph

title: Graph

text: A graph is a picture designed to express words, particularly the connection between two or more quantities. You can see a graph on the right. A simple graph usually shows the relationship between two numbers or measurements in the form of a grid. If this is a rectangular graph using Cartesian coordinate system, the two measurements will be arranged into two different lines at right angle to one another. One of these lines will be going up (the vertical axis). The other one will be going right (the horizontal axis). These lines (or axes, the plural of axis) meet at their ends in the lower left corner of the graph. Both of these axes have tick marks along their lengths. You can think of each axis as a ruler drawn on paper. So each measurement is indicated by the length of the associated tick mark along the particular axis. A graph is a kind of chart or diagram. However, a chart or a diagram may not relate one quantity to other quantities. Flowcharts and tree diagrams are charts or diagrams that are not graphs. __TOC__


headquarters

title: Headquarters

text: The term "headquarters" refers to the main building or location of an organization where a majority of its functions are made. Large corporations typically have headquarters that oversee and control their business operations. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also have headquarter buildings where their activities are managed. In the context of law enforcement, headquarters for agencies can be found in large buildings located within cities, towns, counties, or states, serving as the central hub for their operations. For example, some fire departments may have their headquarters situated within a fire station to accommodate administrative staff and operational units. Alternatively, many fire departments have separate headquarter buildings dedicated to administrative functions. In military contexts, the term is applied similarly. In the United States Military, all units within the Army and Marine Corps have buildings for their headquarters staff, which handle administrative responsibilities for companies, battalions, regiments, and other military units.


hieratic

title: Hieratic

text: Hieratic was the 2nd script of the ancient Egyptians.


hilum

title: Renal hilum

text: The renal hilum is a central area in the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter pass through. Middle part of the kidney is curved inward with a deep groove called the hilum. From the hilum, the ureter and renal vein exit, and the renal artery enters the kidney. On the left, the hilum is at the level of L1 vertebra, and on the right, it's between L1 and L2. The bottom of the kidneys is usually at the level of L3.

isa: area


hinge

title: Hinge

text: A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with hinges. Hinges can be very large or very small. Small hinges are used for jewellery boxes and other small things with lids. Very large hinges have been used at the bottom of buildings, to let a building sit on loose soil or mud without breaking.


illegitimate

title: Legitimacy

text: The word legitimacy means something which is good and right. The thing may be right because it follows the law, a religion calls it right, or it may be naturally right. People may not agree about what is right and so they may not agree what legitimacy is and the things that are legitimate. There are different uses of the word "legitimacy."


inmate

title: Prison

text: A prison or jail is a facility where people are held against their will as a punishment or in pretrial detention. The main cause for imprisonment is breaking the law. Those who break the law and are convicted (found guilty) in court can receive a prison sentence, which is an order to spend an amount of time in prison. Prisons are usually run by the government. People in prisons are called prisoner or inmates. Prisons are core parts of most countries' Justice systems. There are other reasons why someone might be held in prison. Sometimes, people can be held in prison following arrest and before their trial (known as pre-trial detention or remand). In times of war, captured soldiers may become prisoners of war and civilians (non-soldiers) may be placed in an internment camp. In some countries, prisons are also used for political prisoners (people who disagree with the country's leader or government). Other words for a prison include a gaol (pronounced like "jail"), penitentiary or correctional facility. In the US, the words "prison" and "jail" mean separate things. A US "jail" is run by a local government and holds people who have not yet had their trial or who have been convicted for a minor crime. A US "prison" or "penitentiary" is run by the state or federal government and holds people who are serving a long sentence for a serious crime. Outside of North America, "prison" and "jail" mean the same thing. In the United States and many other developed countries, inmates have most or all their personal possessions confiscated until release and are forced to wear prison uniforms. Also in some countries, prisons are run as "total institutions".

isa: facility


innocent

title: Innocence

text: Innocence is the opposite of guilt. The adjective is innocent (the opposite of 'guilty'). If someone is innocent of a crime it means that they did not do it. If someone is accused of a crime, they have to go to court. The court will decide whether they are guilty or not guilty (innocent). People must be treated as innocent unless (or until) they are found guilty. 'Innocence' and 'innocent' can also be used in a slightly different way. Children are often described as 'innocent' meaning that they think the world is all good and do not yet know about the bad things in life. People talk about living in a 'state of innocence' i.e. children or people with simple minds who have not yet learned that some people are evil. In Christian cultures this sometimes meant that children did not know about sex.

isa: opposite


input

title: Input

text: Input is information that is "put in" to something. For example, when people talk, that is input for ears. The word is usually used when talking about computers. When someone types on a computer, the thing that they type is input. Usually, input is used to make output. Input may refer to: * Advice (opinion), an opinion or recommendation offered by someone * Input (computer science), the act of entering data into a computer ** Information, any data entered into a computer or data processing system ** Input/output, the communication between a digital processing system ** Input device, a hardware device that is used to provide data for processing * Power consumption, an amount of power used by a system


intelligence

title: Intelligence

text: Intelligence is a person’s mental ability. It can mean a broad ability or a more specific one. Because people live in different cultures and environments, there is no full agreement about which mental abilities should be counted as intelligence. In 1927, the English psychologist Charles Spearman said that the word “intelligence” had gained so many meanings that it was becoming unclear. The word intelligence comes from the Latin word intelligo, which means “to choose between different options”. From a brain point of view, intelligence involves efficient coordination between the frontal lobes and parietal lobes of the brain. Studies of Albert Einstein’s brain showed that he had an unusually wide parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is linked to mathematics, abstract reasoning (thinking about ideas that are not physical or directly visible), and visual imagination. Intelligence helps people solve problems and learn from experience. It is often seen as a quality of the mind that can be developed and trained. For example, when a person finds an answer to a problem and remembers it, they can solve the same problem faster the next time. This process is called learning. Both genetics and environment affect intelligence and learning. One alone is usually not enough to fully support development. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests are used as an approximate way to measure intelligence. They measure a person’s mental power and speed. These tests usually ask people to solve many problems within a set amount of time. Many of the questions involve seeing patterns, understanding shapes, or deciding what a rotated object would look like. Some questions involve mathematics, such as finding the next number in a sequence. Other questions test words, reasoning, and understanding language. It is believed that average IQ scores increased across many countries during the 20th century because modern life, education, and science made people highly responsive to the kinds of questions and thinking used in IQ tests. This increase is known as the Flynn effect. However, a high IQ score does not automatically mean a person has better adaptive functioning, practical life skills, or better judgment in real-life situations.

isa: person


interpolation

title: Interpolation

text: In many domains of science, measurements are done. If these measurements are drawn in a graph, they will be shown as simple unconnected points. Such data are called data points, or discrete. Handling and analysis of the data is easier, if it can be described using a continuous function, or a line connecting the discrete data point together. In order to do this, the line between two measurements, or data points, need to be created. This process of connecting the data points together with a line called interpolation. There are different ways to invent the data, each method has its benefits and drawbacks. The simplest method is drawing a straight line between two data points, which is not very accurate. Very often, polynomials are used to create a more accurate representation. Even if some of the data is wrong, in many cases, the results of this interpolation are usable, either as a replacement for missing data points, or as a tool to help understand more complicated data. Interpolation tries to find the values between two known points of data. It is not to be confused with extrapolation, which is a similar process that tries to find data points at the edge or outside the currently defined points.


invertebrate

title: Invertebrate

text: An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spine or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate. Most animals, and most species of animal, are invertebrates. The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are: * Annelida: segmented worms * Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest groups of invertebrates. * Brachiopods: the lamp-shells. * Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals) * Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids. * Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers * Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates. * Nematoda: roundworms * Porifera: sponges * Platyhelminthes: flatworms * Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water. Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla.

isa: animal


jurist

title: Jurist

text: A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).


lacquer

title: Lacquer

text: Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity. Asian lacquerware, which may be called "true lacquer", are objects coated with the treated, dyed and dried sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum or related trees, applied in several coats to a base that is usually wood. This dries to a very hard and smooth surface layer which is durable, waterproof, and attractive in feel and look. Asian lacquer is sometimes painted with pictures, inlaid with shell and other materials, or carved, as well as dusted with gold and given other further decorative treatments.


language

title: Language

text: Language is the normal way humans communicate. Only humans use language, though other animals communicate through other means. The study of language is called linguistics. Human language has syntax, a set of rules for connecting words together to make statements and questions. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have preset functions. Language may be done by speech or by writing or by moving the hands to make signs. It follows that language is not just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see non-verbal communication. Humans also use language for thinking. When people use the word language, they can also mean: # the language of a community or country # the ability of speech # formal language in mathematics, logic and computing # sign language for deaf people (people who cannot hear) # a type of school subject UNESCO says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming extinct.


lavender

title: Lavender

text: Lavender is a type of plant found on almost all continents. It has a purplish color. It has a color, lavender, named after it. Its Latin and scientific name is Lavandula.


medina

title: Medina

text: Medina ( ; , , "the radiant city"; or , ( ), "the city"), also written as Madīnah, is a city in the Hejaz, and the capital of the Al Madinah Region of Saudi Arabia. The city contains al-Masjid al-Nabawi ("the Prophet's Mosque"), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca. Medina was where Muhammad went after his Hijrah from Mecca. It became the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire, first under Muhammad's leadership, and then under the first four Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. It served as the power base of Islam in its first century where the early Muslim community developed. Medina is home to the three oldest mosques, namely the Quba Mosque, al-Masjid an-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Qiblatayn ("the mosque of the two qiblas"). Muslims believe that the last-written surahs of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad in Medina, and are called Medinan surahs unlike the earlier Meccan surahs. Similarly to Mecca, non-Muslims are forbidden from entering the sacred core of Medina or the center of the city.

isa: city


metatarsal

title: Metatarsal bones

text: The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot. They are between the tarsal bones of the hind and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. The metatarsal bones are numbered from the side of the large toe: the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. They can be numbered with Roman numerals. The metatarsals are like the metacarpal bones of the hand. The metatarsal bones are often broken by soccer players. This may be caused by the lightweight design of modern football boots, which give less protection to the foot. In 2010 some soccer players began testing a new sock that had a rubber silicon pad over the foot to protect the top of the foot.

isa: bone


nation

title: Nation

text: A nation is a group of people who share the same culture, history, language or ethnicity. The word can also be used for the population of a country. The word nation comes from a Latin language word meaning "birth" or "place of birth." The adjective is national. Some nations are people with a particular belief, such as the Vatican City, or ethnic group, such as Armenia. Others share an idea, such as Democracy in the United States or Communism in China. Some nations are controlled by a small minority who have all the power, such as Saudi Arabia, who hold the nation together with the use of this power. Some of these may also be combined. The highest lawful authority of most nations is a constitution, which is a document which states clearly what kinds of power the rulers have and how new laws must be made. Many others are ruled by a single person who holds an "office" (position), such as a King or Pope, or from a long legal tradition without an official Constitution, such as the United Kingdom.


northwest

title: Northwest

text: Northwest (also written north west) is one of the eight main compass directions. It is the direction that is exactly halfway between north and west. On a compass, northwest is at 315 degrees. If you face directly north (0°) and turn 45 degrees to the left (counter-clockwise), you are facing northwest. The opposite direction is southeast, which is 135 degrees—exactly 180 degrees from northwest.


nutmeg

title: Nutmeg

text: Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a species of evergreen tree in the genus Myristica. It is found in tropical Southeast Asia and Australia. Nutmeg powder can cause allergic reactions.

isa: tree


oppression

title: Oppression

text: Oppression is when a person or group of people who have power use it in a way that is not fair, unjust or cruel. It can also describe the feeling of people who are oppressed. Oppressive governments can lead to a rebellion. Racism, sexism and other discrimination and prejudices can cause oppression, especially if laws are made based on them. Anarchists say that all government, police and laws are oppressive. This is because they stop people from doing whatever they want to. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the idea of human rights in general, is meant to stop oppression.


orphanage

title: Orphanage

text: An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans. It can also mean the state of being an orphan. Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.

isa: institution


output

title: Output

text: Output is what comes out of something. An example of output is when someone talks. The word is usually used when talking about computers. When someone tells a computer to do something, what it does is the output. Usually, output changes when someone changes the input.


pacemaker

title: Artificial pacemaker

text: A pacemaker is a device created by Earl Bakken that helps to regulate your heart, if you have arrhythmia. It uses electrical pulses. If your heart is beating too fast, the pacemaker slows it down. If your heart slows down, the pacemaker will slightly speed it up, so that it goes back to a normal heart beat.


patch

title: Patch

text: A patch is a piece of a flexible material used to repair an object that has a hole in it, to protect an object from damage even before it is damaged, or to decorate clothing or other fabric items.

isa: material


possum

title: Possum

text: The possum is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today. Possums are members of the Phalangeriformes. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives. Possums are native to Australia and are protected there. Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch. They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs. The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand. The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds. So, there are Possum Removal taking place like in Adelaide, However Possums are protected under the Wildlife Act 1975. Although relocation of problem possums is prohibited, other control options are available.


profession

title: Profession

text: The profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer or scholar are often called "learned". Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.


revolution

title: Revolution

text: A revolution is a very sharp change made to something. The word comes from Latin and is related to the word revolutio (which means turnaround). Revolutions are usually political in their nature. Some people feel unhappy with their lives, and others are not happy with whole systems. They might join together, share their ideas, and make something change. Often, revolutions include fighting and civil unrest, but there are also revolutions that happen without fighting. The Soviet Union was started by the Russian Revolution, which killed millions, and the country later fell apart in another revolution without much fighting. However, in the French Revolution (1789), there was much bloodshed, which included the Reign of Terror. Other events often called "revolutions" include: * Neolithic revolution * Industrial Revolution, a shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one(1750). * Second Industrial Revolution, a shift from horse and wood to electricity and steel * Green Revolution of scientific agriculture * Green Industrial Revolution, a shift from consuming fossil fuels to clean energy (Boris Johnson, June 2021, at a G7 meeting) * The shift from an industrial society to a post-industrial one: ** Cybernetic Revolution (1960- present) * American Revolution * Shift from a Communist society to a capitalist one: perestroika in the former Soviet Union (1991-2000). The opposing idea in politics is called gradualism.

isa: change


salmon

title: Salmon

text: Salmon is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms. As the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.

isa: fish


samosa

title: Samosa

text: Samosa is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to the Indian subcontinent. It is famous in the subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa. It is generally prepared in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney.


sapota

title: Manilkara

text: Manilkara, previously known as Sapota, are plants in the family of :Sapotaceae. They are commonly known as Manilkara trees. An important species is Manilkara Chicle, a tree used to make chewing gum. Manilkara zapota is known as the common Sapodilla. Leaves form distinct rosettes at the ends of branches and short lateral shoots, obovate, leathery, glossy green above, paler below. Flowers are greenish-yellow, in small clusters under the new leaves.


scooter

title: Scooter

text: A scooter is a bicycle or tricycle with very small wheels. Some scooters have a motor, some have pedals, and some are pushed with the foot. Scooters with motors are called motor scooters. There are many different kinds of scooters. They include motor scooters and kick scooters. Some scooters have four wheels. People who don't have much balance can drive that kind. In some places, riders of motor scooters need a driver's license for driving a motorcycle. In other places, they only need a licence for driving a moped. Some scooters can hold two people.

isa: bicycle


sea

title: List of seas

text: The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea.There are 78 seas in the world

isa: system


sebum

title: Sebaceous gland

text: The sebaceous glands are microscopic (tiny) glands in the skin which produce an oily/waxy substance, called sebum, to lubricate (oil) the skin and hair. In people, these glands are found in greatest amounts on the face and scalp, joined near the top inside hair follicles or sweat pores. However, they are in all skin areas except the palms and soles (undersides) of the feet. There are different kinds of these glands and sebum. In the eyelids, meibomian sebaceous glands emit a special kind of sebum into tears. There are several related medical conditions, including: acne, sebaceous cysts, hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma (see section below: Diseases). Washing skin or hair with plain detergent can cut the amount of sebum in oily skin. Also, water temperature over can keep sebum melted during a wash.

isa: gland


secular

title: Secularism

text: Secularism, also called Secularity, is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organization. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many states. In some countries, such as Pakistan, England (though not the rest of the UK), Greece, Iran or Saudi Arabia, there is a state religion. In that case, the government follows the state religion. In contrast, India, South Africa or the United States have laws that religion and government should stay separate. In a theocracy like the Vatican City and Iran, the priests of religion are the rulers of the country.

isa: idea


sentience

title: Sentience

text: Sentience is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (reason) from the ability to feel (sentience).


spaghetti

title: Spaghetti

text: Spaghetti (Italian: [spaˈɡetti]) is a long, solid, thin string-shaped kind of pasta. The word was first used in 1824 in the work Li maccheroni di Napoli by . A single strand of spaghetti is called a , which means "short/little string" in Italian. Spaghetti is now most commonly available in lengths. The varieties of pasta dishes are based on it and it is frequently used with tomato sauce, meat or vegetables. Spaghetti is made from wheat noodles, which are boiled in water for a short time. Spaghetti can either be served as a side dish, or as a main dish. Most commonly, a sauce is added. There are many different kinds of sauces. Simpler ones are made of butter, more complicated ones include tomatos, garlic, olive oil and various other herbs. Different varieties with mussels, fish or meat also exist. Ground parmesan cheese is often added. In Italy, the sauce is usually mixed with the spaghetti while they are being prepared. Usually, spaghetti is eaten only with a fork, or with a fork and a spoon. Sometimes, they are cut with a knife for small children. Many Italians see using a knife to eat spaghetti as bad manners, except to prepare them for small children. In the United States, there is a kind of spaghetti called "Alvaro's spaghetti" which is served with alfredo sauce. In some countries, like United States or Canada, meatballs are often in the spaghetti sauce. In China, spaghetti is often made by hand. In Italy, spaghetti is made with a machine so that large amounts can be made quickly. Italy is the biggest producer and consumer of spaghetti in the world. It is also a popular dish in Libya. Spaghetti is called by other words when it has a different thickness: "spaghettini (n. 3)" (which means "little spaghetti"), "spaghetti (n. 5)", and "spaghettoni (n. 8)" (which means "big spaghetti"). Usually, spaghetti leftovers last in a fridge for around 3 to 5 days, while spaghetti in a freezer will last more than one month.


tear

title: Tears

text: Tears are clear liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes. There are three different types of tears that the body makes: * Basal tears: In a normal, healthy mammal, tears are regularly made to clean the cornea (front part of the eye) and to keep it clean from dust. * Reflex tears: This type of tear is made when something irritates the eye, say, bits of dust or the smell of an onion. These tears are made to clean the eye and wash out anything irritating it. * Emotional tears (psychic tears): The last category is called crying or weeping, when tears are made because of physical pain or strong emotions. You can produce tears when you cry.


tenant

title: Tenant

text: A tenant is a person who occupies a building or land - real estate- like an apartment, house or commercial property, especially if the occupants only lease or rent the unit.


toner

title: Toner

text: Toner is a powder commonly used in photocopiers and Laser printers to draw images and text onto paper. The early forms of toner were just carbon powder. Modern toners mix carbon with a thermoplastic and other materials. In early machines, the user had to pour the toner into a reservoir on the machine itself. Current machines feed from a sealed cartridge which is normally a proprietary design. Although manufacturers try to make the process complicated, empty cartridges are sometimes refilled by third-party vendors. Toner particles are melted by the heat of the fuser, and bind to the paper.


toot

title: The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time

text: The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time is an action-adventure video game. The game was published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was published in Japan and North America in November 1998. In December, it was published in the PAL regions. It was the fifth Legend of Zelda video game. It was the first in 3D. In the game, the player character Link goes on an adventure to save the kingdom of Hyrule from the evil Ganondorf. To save Hyrule, Link must fight against Ganondorf and all his minions. A special object in the game is the sacred Ocarina that Link can play after he learns the songs, causing different effects depending on the song he plays, such as moving him to certain places around Hyrule (making it much easier and faster to travel), and starting rain (for example to water plants or fill dry lakes). It was included in The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition. The game's music can be listened to on the Nintendo Music app.

isa: game


trowel

title: Trowel

text: A trowel is a small tool used for digging, smoothing, or moving around small amounts of material.

isa: tool


warning

title: The Warning

text: The Warning is a Mexican rock band formed in Monterrey in 2013. The band has achieved success in Mexico and most English-speaking countries with albums such as XXI Century Blood, Queen of the Murder Scene, ERROR and Keep Me Fed .