aim

title: AOL

text: AOL Inc. (previously America Online) is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider. It has been in business since 1985. Important services in the early years were online chat and online game s. Most connections were dial-up. In 2001 AOL bought Time Warner. In 2009 after a spin-off from Time Warner they changed their name to AOL Inc. It was announced in May 2015 that Verizon Communications purchased AOL. AOL Instant Messenger was a service which allowed users to communicate with any user currently online. AIM had millions of users worldwide. There were also other computer programs that could be used to talk with your AIM account, for example Trillian, Pidgin, Digsby, and AIM+. AIM was shut down on December 15, 2017. Other AOL products are AOL Spyware Protection, AOL Safety and Security Center, ICQ, AOl Computer Check-Up, AOL Explorer, AOL TopSpeed, AOL Dialer, AOL One-Click Fixes and AOL Openride.


amnesty

title: Amnesty

text: Amnesty is seen like a pardon given by the government to a group of people. This is usually for a political offense. Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is used the same way as freedom.


annex

title: Annexation

text: Annexation (Latin: ad "to" and nexus "joining") is the one-sided forceful takeover, such as military occupation, of one state's territory by another.


api

title: Application programming interface

text: An application programming interface (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to request services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer. A computer programmer uses the API to make computer applications. An API works by making a structure for computers to interact with each other, including rules for interactions and methods the computers can use to quickly send data to each other. Because an API's goal is to connect computers with other computers, they are different from a user interface, which has the goal of connecting human users with computers. Main types of web APIs: * Open APIs - available to the public; they can be accessed by any external users. * Partner APIs - available to strategic business partners; they are exposed to a public API developer portal. * Internal APIs - available to a company's internal development teams; they are exposed to a private API developer portal. * Composite APIs - are a sequence of tasks bundled into a single API call. Types of API include web services API like the Twitter API, which allows programs to use the API to receive updates on tweets.

isa: function


arm

title: Arm

text: An arm is a limb. Most humans have two arms each, coming out of their body at the shoulder, just below the neck. On the end of each arm is a hand. Humans use arms and hands to do things to other objects, this is called manipulation. The main purpose of the hand is to grasp objects. Some other primates have arms which they use to move around by holding onto trees or supporting themselves as they walk along the ground. Fingers and hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm and shoulder are parts of the arm.

isa: limb


armor

title: Armour

text: Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger. Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets. Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.


avocado

title: Avocado

text: The term avocado refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from an Aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold. Avocados have much more fat than most of the other fruits, but its fat is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.


basin

title: Basin (geology)

text: A geological basin is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level. Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

isa: area


bootleg

title: Software piracy

text: Software piracy (officially called copyright infringement of software) refers to the illegal copying of software. It often uses the Internet. Some countries have laws about this. The problem is considered to be bigger in certain countries than in others. Those who hold the copyright get less money because of copyright infringement. As a result of this, some copyright holders publish “anti-piracy” campaigns to tell people about the effects of infringement. Very often, the people making the laws have to make a trade-off between allowing people to copy and use the software, and the copyright holders charging for the content. At the same time, even not allowed distribution makes the content more popular. Because of these two reasons, infringement of copyright for proprietary software and content can be bad also for free software and content. In 2010 to 2012, the entertainment industry advocated changes to United States law to make it easier to end piracy websites, called Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act. Some websites including the English Wikipedia protested these proposals on January 18, 2012. The next day, the United States Department of Justice seized the Megaupload website which is claimed to be one of the largest piracy websites.


brooding

title: Incubation

text: Incubation or brooding, is when oviparous (egg-laying) animals sit on their eggs to hatch them. It also refers to the development of the embryo in the egg under good environmental conditions. Since birds are warm-blooded, they sit on the eggs to keep them warm. Reptiles and invertebrates are cold-blooded, and so need to keep their eggs in warm places. Sometimes even birds need the help of the Sun. Many factors may be vital to the incubation. In some reptiles for example, no fixed temperature is necessary. However, the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds, by contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but a constant and particular temperature may be necessary for successful incubation. In poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called 'brooding'. The action or tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness.


building

title: Building

text: A building is an enclosed structure. A building is made using solid materials, a roof and walls. Architect s design different types of buildings for different reasons. Residential buildings are constructed as dwellings. These are where people primarily sleep and do other domestic activities. Examples include apartment blocks and houses. Commercial buildings are for operating businesses in. Examples include restaurants, stores and office buildings. Mixed-use buildings combine two or more different uses in a single structure. This usually means the building has both commercial space and living quarters. Hotels and motels are in a category of building that is both residential (in that people sleep there), and commercial as they are businesses. Religious buildings are places of worship. Examples include mosques, temples, and churches. Industrial buildings are where different types of industry take place, such as manufacturing. Examples of an industrial building include a warehouse or factory or workshop. Residential institutional - Buildings that are residential institutions are facilities that house people who can't live in the general population of the society due to crimes they committed, inability to take care of themselves, lack of an income or currently undergoing a residential treatment or training program. Prisons, poorhouses, psychiatric hospitals, nursing homes, college residence halls and military barracks all are examples of residential institutional facilities. Governmental, utility and public buildings - in which official government functions are conducted. Examples include courthouses, legislative offices, power plants, storage sheds and post offices

isa: structure


carina

title: Carina (constellation)

text: Carina is a constellation in the southern sky, only visible from the southern hemisphere. It means the keel of a ship in Latin. Before, it was part of the constellation named Argo Navis. Then, Argo Navis was split into three constellations. The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Argo Navis when he made a list of 48 constellations. Carina is one of the 0 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union. The star named Canopus is in Carina. Canopus is the second brightest star in the night sky. The Carina Nebula is also in Carina. It is very large emission nebula. It is a region where stars form. Carina also contains the hypergiant stars Eta Carinae and AG Carinae (blue) and V382 Carinae (yellow).


catfish

title: Catfish

text: Catfish are an order of teleost fish, the Siluriformes. There are about 40 families in the order. They are called catfish because their barbels look like the whiskers of a cat. They are very diverse. The heaviest is the Mekong giant catfish, up to 350 kg (770 lb). The longest is the wels catfish, up to 4 m (13 ft). There are also detrivores in the group. There are some tiny parasitic catfish called candiru. Some catfish are grown for food, in fish farms. Some catfish can be kept in aquaria.

isa: order


charity

title: Charitable organization

text: A charitable organization is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity. The organizations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause. There are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross. In England the National Council for Voluntary Organisations is the umbrella body for charities and not-for profit organizations. In Wales there is the Wales Council for Voluntary Action. In Scotland there is, the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations. In Northern Ireland there is the Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action.

isa: organization


conjecture

title: Conjecture

text: A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true. After a conjecture is proven to be true, it becomes a theorem.

isa: idea


cooling

title: Cold

text: Cold is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot. The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale


cranberry

title: Cranberry

text: A cranberry is a fruit. It grows on an evergreen dwarf shrub. Cranberries are in the genus Vaccinium, and its subgenus Oxycoccus. In some classification methods, they are regarded as a genus in their own right. Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere. They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet (3 m) long, from two to eight inches (5-20 cm) high. They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers. Cranberries are traditionally eaten during Christmas and Thanksgiving in the United States. They are also eaten in Europe and some parts of South America. Cranberries are important cash crop s for certain northern U.S. states, Canada, and Chile. They are turned into juice, sauce or jam. Since 2005, cranberries have been marketed as superfruit for their antioxidant and nutrient qualities.

isa: fruit


dada

title: Dadaism

text: Dadaism is an avant-garde intellectual movement. It started around the time of the First World War. Although not at first an art movement, p60/61 it did influence art greatly for a time.

isa: movement


daemon

title: Demon

text: A demon (or daemon, daimon, , i.e. evil spirit), also known as an angel of darkness or a dark angel, is a supernatural malevolent being in many world religions. The word 'demon' has different meanings all over the world, but often there is the idea that they are spirits that lived in a place, or went with a person. The word is also used for a type of computer program that does useful things in the background of a computer, but this use is not related to the religious meaning.


dance

title: Dance

text: Dance is a performing art. It is described in many ways. It is when people move to a musical rhythm. They may be alone, or in a group. The dance may be an informal play, a part of a ritual, or a part of a professional performance. There are many kinds of dances, and every human society has its own dances. Dancing is not a sport, though it does have some athletic aspects. Dance is an art. Some people dance to express their feelings and emotions, or to feel better. Dance can be used to tell a story. In some societies, dance goes with song as well as music. Dancing is sometimes done as sport and has similar athletic aspects. People who want to learn to dance can go to dance schools. It may take years of practice to become an experienced and capable dancer. Dancing is a good form of exercise because it is more fun than most other forms. It is a good way to lose weight. To plan a dance is called choreography, done by a choreographer. Often this goes with music, and fits into a certain style. Dances may be planned in detail, or they may be whatever dancers feel like doing. However, most dancing does follow some general style or pattern. One style is the couple dance, where (usually) a man and a woman dance together. Other dances need an ensemble, a group of people together to make it work. Some styles of dance are lyrical, ballet, ballroom, tap, acrobatics, jazz, musical theater, contemporary, modern, hip hop, and western.

isa: art


dragon

title: Dragon

text: A dragon is a mythical creature, belonging to mythology and fantasy. There are stories about dragons in Chinese culture, European culture, South American culture, and many others. There are many kinds of dragons in the different cultures. In general: * A dragon has none to four legs, claws, scales, spikes, or optional wings. * A dragon can look like a reptile or a snake. * Some dragons can be heard about in stories George and the Dragon. * The Chinese dragon is associated with the emperor of China. It is the symbol of Chinese Imperial power. Dragons are in many stories such as How to Train Your Dragon, and Harry Potter. Some stories, such as those by Anne McCaffrey, have dragons who are looking for help, or giving help. A dragon also appears in the Book of Revelation chapters 12-13, where he is seen as the Devil.

isa: creature


duplex

title: Duplex

text: A duplex is a building with apartments for two different households. A duplex usually looks like other houses, but it has a separate entrance for each household. In some places, the word "duplex" is more specific: In some regions, a "duplex" is a building with one unit above the other, separated by a floor and ceiling, but the staircase for upstairs residents is almost always indoors. In other regions, a "duplex" is a twin house: The units are next to each other, separated by a wall. In some regions, the word "duplex" is used for both kinds of buildings. The word "duplex" is not used in some cities, particularly Detroit, Dallas or Chicago. Some duplexes have basements. Others do not.

isa: building


dye

title: Dye

text: Dye is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing. It has low solubility. A pigment will not do this because it will not stick to the fibers of the fabric and color them. A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or a dye can be artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals. Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic and are made from petrochemicals.

isa: substance


eclipse

title: Eclipse

text: An eclipse is an astronomical event. It is when one object in the sky moves into the shadow of another such object. When an eclipse happens within a system of stars, like the Solar System, it makes a type of syzygy. This means that three or more objects in the sky are lined up in a straight line in the same gravitational system. The term eclipse is most often used to describe a solar eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the shadow of Earth. No solar eclipse can last longer than 7 minutes and 58 seconds because of the speed at which the Earth and Moon move. When the Sun is not involved, the event is called occultation. (The next solar eclipse happening is in 2044-2045)

isa: event


floor

title: Floor

text: A floor is a horizontal surface inside a building. People walk on a floor. A floor can be made of many different materials, including concrete, tiling, or wooden floorboards. People often put carpets on a floor. The word "floor" can also mean the level in a building. Another word for this is "storey". The way these levels are numbered may be different in different countries. In Britain and most of Europe, the ground level floors are called the "ground floor", the next level is called the "first floor". In most of the United States, Russia and China, the floor at ground level is called the "first floor", the next level is called the "second floor". This can be confusing for people visiting other countries. Gymnasts also perform an event on floor. The women perform a routine to music, and the men perform a routine without music.


flour

title: Flour

text: Flour is grains that have been dried and ground into powder. It is usually made of wheat, but can also be made from many other grains, nuts and other substances. Flour is used to make many foods.

isa: grain


fugu

title: Fungus

text: A fungus (plural: fungi) is a type of living organism that includes yeasts, molds, mushrooms and others. Fungi are a category of organism as large and varied as the animals or plants. Fungi, animals and plants are each Kingdoms of life. Historically people thought fungi were most like plants, even calling fungi a type of plant. However fungi are not plants. Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. The study of fungi is known as mycology from "myco-" meaning fungi and "-ology" meaning "study of".


fuse

title: Fuse

text: A fuse is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows through it. This usually happens when too many appliances are plugged in or when there is a short circuit. A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit. This protects the rest of the circuit. After the fuse blows, the problem that caused it to blow must be corrected and the fuse must be replaced to restore power to the circuit. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but it can be reset without replacing anything. Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings. The most common are 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. The fuse should be rated at a slightly higher current than the device needs. e.g. if the device works a 3 A use 5 A fuse. Fast and slow fuses are made. Fast acting fuses blow immediately once the current rating is exceeded. Slow blow fuses will let the current exceed the rating for a fraction of a second, to allow devices like motors to start up.

isa: device


ghost

title: Ghost

text: In folklore a ghost, phantom, or spirit, is thought to be the soul of a dead person, usually one who tries to scare alive people. Scientists say that there is no proof that ghosts are real, but many people believe that they are. There are a lot of stories about ghosts in books and movies. Sometimes the ghost is the spirit of a person who was killed by someone or who was already dead. The ghost may stay on Earth because he or she has unfinished problems or is still trying to say goodbye to people who they missed. Sometimes ghosts are said to live in a particular place, for example an abandoned house or a place that existed hundreds of years ago. Sometimes the ghosts in these stories exist because of some problem the person had that was not solved before he or she died. The ghost stays on Earth trying to fix the problem. If the problem is fixed, the ghost can leave. Many people say they have seen or heard ghosts. People who try to talk to ghosts as their job are called mediums. There can be bad ghosts and there can also be good ones. There have never been any ghosts that have actually hurt or killed people, although people tell stories about it. Many people believe they have seen ghosts. Others believe they have felt ghosts near them. Often the ghost is said to appear as a feeling of cold and a light or a misty cloud, but sometimes people say they have seen ghosts that look more like people. Sometimes ghosts are said to come in human form. Some ghosts might cause fear in the person who sees them, by being seen suddenly. Some ghosts are said to be friendly and help people who have problems. People or animals that can sense ghosts cannot feel them touching them as they are the spirit of a person, or a personified force. Ghosts are said to form right after people die, or even centuries later. Many people make up stories or urban legends. Many try to prove the existence of these paranormal creatures with special technology such as heat sensors. They also make TV shows dedicated to proving the existence of ghosts. They often investigate cases where a person has seen one or visit a place of sighting. Stories of ghosts can be found all over the world. Chinese philosopher Confucius said "Respect ghosts and gods, but keep away from them." The most feared spirit in Thailand is Phi Tai Hong, the ghost of a person who has died suddenly of a violent death. The Koran discusses spirits known as jinn.


glue

title: Glue

text: Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour. The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk. A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together. Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper. Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. In other cases, glue might have added ingredients, to give it water repellant or water resistant features. This glue is used in DIY near water or gluing things that sit near water in their use. Commercially made glue which does not contain chemicals to do this, would be less effective around water, because it is not that way without help. While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness. Despite lots of people thinking that glue consumption is unsafe, most glues (especially child-safe glues) are safe to eat. This is because glue is not biocidal. It is why glue manufacturers add biocides to glue, which otherwise allow germs to grow. This added chemical, which is added to kill germs and fungi, is probably not safe to eat however. Glue would become dangerous to people if it was eaten in large amounts or if germs were in it. Because of the way glue is used, bacteria would spread to the hands and parts of the body, or things that are touched, and transfer (give) bacteria to the things that touch it. Other uses for glue includes sticking together food, and this type needs to be safe to eat. In the meat industry, reclaimed food (scraps of the food that is blended up) are used to make meatballs and other meatlike products that look and taste like meat. Glue is often used in Chicken in America.

isa: material


groom

title: Husband

text: A husband is a married man. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the wedding ceremony, the husband is called the groom (or bridegroom). In Christianity and Judaism a husband can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

isa: man


halal

title: Halal

text: Halal ( ) is an Arabic term meaning "permissible" Islam. The opposite is "haram", which means "forbidden". Muslims have strict rules of what they may and may not eat: * Animals need to be killed in a special way. They must be slaughtered by a Muslim man, and the slaughter must be humane. (The animals should be slaughtered by hand so that all of their blood could be drained from them before they are eaten. The process is called "Zabihah Halal" in Arabic, meaning "Permissible Slaughter".) * Muslims may not consume carcass animals even the animal slaughtered by knife, not in its neck, called Mari' and wajadan. Hunting animals may be eaten but in a special manner. * Muslims must not eat pork. * According to the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali madhabs (schools of Islamic jursisprudence), all seafood would be halal except for eels in the Maliki school and all seafood except for fish in the Hanafi branch. * They should not drink alcohol or consume other intoxicating substances in the wrong way (such as narcotics). Substances that change the mind, and that are not taken for medical reasons are forbidden. * Some sources even argue that caffeine, like alcohol and drugs, is forbidden.


heir

title: Inheritance

text: Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and duties when someone dies. Those things usually go to family members. People have had laws about inheritance for thousands of years. The question is often settled in a will. If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal inheritance. If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession. In some cases inheritance depends on legitimacy. Cultural inheritance is called legacy. Genetic inheritance is called heredity. A kingdom may be inherited, and the person who is expected to inherit is called the heir apparent. The person who gets the property and other things when someone dies is called the heir (male) or heiress (female). Inheritance tax is a tax paid by a person who inherits money or property of someone who has died.

isa: passing


help

title: The Help (movie)

text: The Help is a 2011 period drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.


hymen

title: Hymen

text: The hymen (also called the maidenhead) is a thin fold of membranous connective tissue which "encompasses (surrounds) the lumen of the vagina". It surrounds and partially covers the opening of the vagina all around the edges, or sometimes completely blocks it (called a imperforate hymen) until it is fixed. It is close to behind or deeper inside the labia minora. The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could tell if a woman was a virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.

isa: fold


intoxication

title: Intoxication

text: Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances. People who drink too much alcohol become intoxicated. They may become impaired in some or all of their senses like touch or even eyesight. Long term drinkers develop tolerance to alcohol. This high tolerance means it takes more alcohol to produce the outward signs of intoxication. Intoxication may bring delirium or make people do or say things that are not normal for them. The level of harm done usually depends on the substance and the amount. Mild intoxication usually is not permanently harmful. Mild stimulants like caffeine usually do not harm the person.

isa: state


isolation

title: Alien: Isolation

text: Alien: Isolation is a survival horror game created by Creative Assembly. It is based on the Alien science fiction horror movie series. It was published by Sega and released for Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One in October 2014. The game is set 15 years after the events of the 1979 Alien movie. The game is about Amanda Ripley, daughter of Alien main character Ellen Ripley, as she investigates the disappearance of her mother while trapped in a spaceship with xenomorphs. Alien: Isolation had strong positive reviews and had sold over two million copies by May 2015.


jackal

title: Jackal

text: Jackals are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. They often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers. Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair. Jackals are not a clade. They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes. There are three species of jackals: *Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats; *Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; *Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa; A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.


khanate

title: Khan (title)

text: Khan means "ruler" or "commander" in Turkic and Mongolic Languages. It may be from an Altaic language, probably a Mongolic language like Ruanruan. Presently, khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. A female khan is called a Khatun or Khanum. Khagan means 'Khan of Khans' but is often (incorrectly) 'shortened' to Khan. This is similar to how the Persian Shahanshah, 'King of Kings', is usually simply called the Shah. Genghis was also called the 'Great Khan' like how Ottoman Padishah was called the 'Great Sultan'. Khans rule over Khanates. Khagans rule over Khaganates.


knee

title: Knee

text: The knee is the joint that links 4 of the upper and lower bones of the leg, which are called the femur, tibia, fibula and the patella. The knee joint is the largest joint in the body and is an extensive network of ligaments and muscles. Basically, it is a hinge which allows movement of the lower leg in only one direction. The lower leg (tibia+fibula+foot) can swing back from the knee, and that is all. The knee is held together by ligaments which connect the bones and produces fluid which lubricates the movement at the joint. The meniscus is a cartilage that lies on the inner and outer edges of the upper surface of the tibia. These are the shock absorbers of the knee and supply proper weight distribution.

isa: joint


lieutenant

title: Lieutenant

text: A Lieutenant is an officers rank in the military, police and fire departments. It is an entry level supervisory position. The word comes from the French language. Lieu means "place" and tenant means "holding". A lieutenant is someone who takes the place of a superior when that person is not available. It can also mean a deputy position to assist someone else to carry out their job.

isa: rank


lookout

title: The Lookouts

text: The Lookouts were an American punk rock band from 1985 to 1990. The members were Lawrence Livermore (more commonly known as Larry Livermore) on guitar and vocals, Kain Kong on bass and vocals and Tré Cool on drums and vocals. The band is most famous for being Tré Cool's first band before joining Green Day.


mackerel

title: Mackerel

text: Mackerel is a common name given to a number of species of fish. Most mackerel are from the Scombridae family. They are pelagic fish, found in both temperate and tropical seas. Most live along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment. Mackerel typically have vertical stripes on their backs and deeply forked tails. They are superb swimmers, but are often eaten by larger predators such as cod, sharks and dolphins. Mackerel is an oily fish with rich of omega-3. The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning. So, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless pickled in salt, or refrigerated.

isa: given


minute

title: Minute

text: A minute is a customary unit of time. It is equal to 60 seconds. There are 60 minutes in an hour. Unlike the second, the minute is not an SI unit. A minute is also of a degree. In this context, a minute is also called an arcminute, and is written with the ' symbol. For example, the Sun and Moon both have angular diameters of about 30 arcminutes—when seen from Earth.

isa: time


nacho

title: Nachos

text: Nachos are a snack food made with tortilla chips and cheese. Sometimes they have jalapeños, sauce, beans, guacamole or meat on them. Ignacio "Nacho" Anaya created nachos at the Victory Club in 1940 when Mamie Mandwasy, a regular customer, asked if Anaya could bring her and three other women a different snack than usual. Anaya went to the kitchen and spotted freshly fried pieces of corn tortillas. In a moment of culinary inspiration, he added melted cheese and pickled jalapeño strips. After tasting the snack Anaya created, Mandwasy asked what it was called. Anaya responded, "Well, I guess we can just call them Nacho's Special." The dish was so popular, the owner of the Victory Club, Roberto de los Santos, put Nacho's Special on the menu and the snack quickly spread throughout the world. When the Victory Club closed in 1961, Anaya opened his own restaurant, Nacho's.

isa: food


pencil

title: Pencil

text: A pencil is a kind of writing equipment that is also used to draw, usually on paper. Most pencil cores are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay binder. So, a pencil is usually made with a piece of graphite mixed with clay that has a wood case around it. The shape is usually a hexagonal prism but some pencils are square or cylinder. Colored pencils are a kind that do not use greyish silver graphite. Instead, the core is colorful. Colored pencils or crayons are usually meant for drawing rather than writing.


pizzicato

title: Pizzicato

text: Pizzicato means: playing a string instrument by plucking the strings (pulling a string with the finger and letting go quickly). Instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and double bass are normally played with a bow, but if the composer wants the player to pluck instead of bow, the word “pizzicato” or just “pizz” is written in the music. When the player has to play with the bow again the word “arco” is written in the music (“arco” is the Italian word for “bow”).


prototype

title: Prototype

text: A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of something. (usually in engineering) It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category. Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea. Building a prototype of each idea and testing them is a good way to choose a final design.


quiche

title: Quiche

text: A quiche (Pronounced: keesh) is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling. The name is French.

isa: pie


reason

title: Reason

text: Reason or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts. People can use reason to decide what is true or best. It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true. In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart. Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece. Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic). Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason.


resignation

title: Resignation

text: A resignation is when someone quits or gives up the job they hold. Many times, especially in politics, a person who is resigning will give a resignation speech explaining why they resigned and what their plans are for the future. A simular term for monarch, such as king or queen, is abdication.


retina

title: Retina

text: The retina is the thin neural tissue that contains light sensitive neurons called photoreceptors (rods and cones) that interact with secondary and tertiary neurons inside the eyeball in humans and in many animals. Its role is to sense the light which gets into the eye and send information about it to the brain. Most information about light images that leaves the retina travels through the optic nerve, and is used by the brain to create visual sensations. Information about light which travels through the retino-hypothamalic tract is for adjusting circadian rhythms to the 24-hour day. The center of the human retina, called the fovea centralis, or just fovea, has the most [cone cells] for sensing bright colors and fine detail of a viewed object. Even though the fovea takes up only 1.5 square millimeters, it plays the most important role in vision. It is only around 1% of the human retina, but the fovea sends about as much information to the visual cortex as the rest of the retina combined.

isa: tissue


right

title: Rights

text: A right is something a person has which people think should not be taken away. It is a rule about what a person is allowed to do or have. A right is different from a privilege, which is something that must be earned. Rights may be put into laws, so they have legal protection. But a right can exist where most people think it is good (just).


state

title: State

text: In politics, a state is the government of a country which has control over a geographic area or territory. States have three main features: *Control over a geographic area, or territory *A people, the population of the state. *Institutions which have the power to make laws. There are different forms of government a state may have, for example a republic or a monarchy. Sometimes states form their own countries. In its origin the United States had different kinds of states, but they agreed to join together. Most states also have armed forces, civil service, law and police. Government institutions in a country are commonly referred to as "the state".

isa: government


syndicate

title: Syndicate

text: A syndicate is a self organization group of people or companies. These people or companies co-operate because they have a common goal. Examples are: * In 1906, the Confédération Générale du Travail adopted the Charter of Amiens. Confédération Générale du Travail is often shortened to CGT. it is one of five confederations of trade unions in France, and still exists today. * Companies working together to get better prices, or condition is called a cartel. Banks working together that way usually do this in a consortium. * Criminals working together often also do this in a syndicate.

isa: person


territorial

title: Territory (animal)

text: In ethology, territory is the place or area that an animal or group of animals will fight other animals to keep. Sometimes they fight animals in their same species, and sometimes they fight other animals. Animals that defend territories in this way are referred to as territorial. Most animals are not territorial. Most of the time, a group of animals has an area that they use but do not necessarily defend or fight over. This is called their home range. The home ranges of different groups of animals often overlap, and in the overlap areas, the groups tend to avoid each other. An animal might want territory because it is a good place to find food, a good place to find mates, or a good place to raise young. For example, male frogs sometimes fight each other for good places to call to female frogs. These places could be near food or could be near good places where the females would want to lay eggs. Some animals are territorial all year. Other animals are only territorial sometimes. For example, male elephant seals fight each other for good stretches of beach where they can mate with females. Animals do not always fight to make other animals go away. Sometimes, they only tell the other animal that they can fight. The territorial animal might make a noise, dance, or wave its body parts around to show that it is big and strong and would win a fight. They do this to make the other animal give up and go away. Other times, animals put chemicals in the air or on things in their territory. Big cats scratch trees to get scent from their front feet on the bark. Dogs and cats put urine. Hyenas put chemicals from their anal glands on sticks and bushes. Many animals make sounds to advertise their territory. These are short-term signals given only when the animal is present. The sound can travel long distances and through various habitats. Examples include birds, frogs, and canids.

isa: place


testimony

title: Testimony

text: In law and in religion, testimony is a formal statement that something is true. The words "testimony" and "testify" both come from the Latin word testis, which refers to a third-party witness.

isa: statement


tithe

title: Tithe

text: A tithe, means the tenth-part of something, usually income, paid to a religious organization. A tithe can be seen as a tax, a fee for a service or a voluntary contribution. Tithing came from the Book of Numbers. In ancient Israel, the tribes of Levites were the priests. The other tribes gave tithes to the tribes of Levies because they had been given no land in Canaan. Tithes may be money or crops or other valuable thing.


train

title: Train

text: A train (or rail train) is a set of railway cars (also called vehicles) that are tied together with or without a locomotive. Trains are used to carry people, and also things like raw material, finished goods, cargo, and waste. The vehicles that carry freight are called cars (in the United States) or wagons (in the United Kingdom). The ones that carry passengers are often called coaches or carriages. A place where a train stops to let people get on and off is called a train station or railway station. Trains have their roots in wagonways, which used railway tracks and were powered by horses or pulled by cables. Following the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom in 1804, trains rapidly spread around the world, allowing freight and passengers to move over land faster and cheaper than ever possible before. Rapid transit and trams were first built in the late 19th century to transport large numbers of people in and around cities. Beginning in the 1920s, and accelerating following World War II, diesel and electric locomotives replaced steam as the means of motive power. Following the development of cars, trucks, and extensive networks of highways which offered greater mobility, as well as faster airplanes, trains declined in importance and market share, and many rail lines were abandoned. The spread of buses led to the closure of many rapid transit and tram systems during this time as well.

isa: car


ventricle

title: Ventricle (heart)

text: A ventricle is one of two large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and pushes blood received from an atrium towards the body and lungs.


wafer

title: Wafer

text: A wafer is a crisp, thin, flat, light and dry biscuit; usually flavoured or eaten with a layer of flavoured cream between another layer of wafers.

isa: crisp


wolf

title: Wolf

text: The wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the order Carnivora. It is sometimes called the grey wolf. It is the ancestor of the domestic dog. A recent study found that the domestic dog is descended from wolves tamed less than 16,300 years ago south of the Yangtze River in China. There are many different wolf subspecies, such as the Arctic wolf. Some subspecies are listed on the endangered species list, but overall, Canis lupus is IUCN graded as 'least concern'. In 2025, media wrote about three embryos from wolves, that had genome editing done; The 3 grey wolves that were produced, have some characteristics of dire wolves; Media has showed pictures of wolves with white fur.

isa: order