abutment

title: Abutment

text: In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam. This is where the structure's superstructure rests or contacts. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end. These provide vertical and lateral (side to side) support for the bridge. They also act as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans that are not supported by abutments. Dam abutments are generally the natural valley walls. They may also be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan. The term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".


actinoid

title: Actinide

text: The actinide series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second. The term ‘actinide series’ has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol An is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements. All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.


adapter

title: Adapter

text: An adapter or adaptor is a device used to turn one thing into another. Many different types of adapters exist for many different things. Adapters may refer to electronic devices used to turn one type of electrical signal into another. Some convert electricity, others convert information.

isa: device


architecture

title: Architecture

text: Architecture is the process of designing structures and buildings. It uses both art and engineering. Examples include houses, churches, hotels, office buildings, roads, tunnels and bridges. Architecture is the profession of an architect. Usually, a person must study at an institution of higher education (university) to become an architect. There were architects long before there was higher education. They learnt by being an apprentice to an established architect. Architecture can do small designs, such as for a garage, or large designs, such as for a whole new town. The capital cities of Brasília, and Canberra were designed. Architects often work with structural engineers to make structurally sound buildings.

isa: process


baritone

title: Baritone

text: A baritone is a man with a voice range between that of a tenor (high male voice) and bass (low male voice), typically ranging from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C. It is the most common male voice type. Famous baritone roles in opera include: Papageno in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville. Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau is often thought of as the greatest baritone of the later 20th century. He was famous as a Lieder singer as well as on the concert stage and in opera. Some musical instruments are also called "baritone" because they create similar frequencies to a baritone singer. he:קולות (מוזיקה)#בריטון

isa: man


berry

title: Berry

text: The word berry is used for many different kinds of small fruits that have many seeds and can be used as food. Some examples are raspberry, strawberry, sutberry, lingonberry and blueberry. When botanists talk about berries, they mean a simple fruit produced from a single ovary. They sometimes call this true berry, to distinguish it from false berries. By that statement of how words are used, grapes or tomatoes are true berries. The berry is the most common type of soft fruit in which the entire ovary wall gets to the right stage of development of the pericarp which can be taken as food. The flowers of these plants have an upper ovary with one or more carpels. The seeds are inside the soft body of the ovary. Berries are small, sweet, bright colored fruits. Due to this, they are able to bring more animals towards them and spread their seeds.


cannon

title: Cannon

text: A cannon is a type of artillery, or large gun. They are made with a large tube called "barrel", and shoot projectiles. Cannons were first made in China, and were used with another Chinese invention, gunpowder. The gunpowder was put at the back of the tube, and the projectile, usually a cannonball, was placed in front. The gunpowder was set on fire, and would explode. This pushed the cannonball out the front of the tube towards the enemy. Howitzers and mortars are similar to cannons but they have shorter barrels and shoot the projectiles (that is: balls or shells) higher. A field gun is a cannon if its barrel length is more than 35 times its caliber (the inner diameter, "bore", of its shell pathway). If the barrel length is 10 to 35 times the caliber, it is a howitzer. Less than 10 times are called mortars. Modern guns that can shoot many big projectiles quickly and automatically are called autocannons. Modern cannons are usually used on warships and tanks.

isa: artillery


carol

title: Carol (music)

text: A carol is a festive song. It is generally religious but not necessarily connected with church worship. It is also often with a dance-like or popular character. Today the carol is represented almost by the Christmas carol, the Advent carol, and to a much lesser extent by the Easter carol, however despite their present association with religion, this has not always been the case.

isa: song


dime

title: Dime (United States coin)

text: The U.S. dime is a coin of the United States. It is worth ten cents. The denomination was authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792. The design of the dime has changed since the dime was introduced.


dimension

title: Dimension

text: Dimensions are the way we see, measure and experience our world, by using up and down, right to left, back to front, before and after (geometric dimensions), hot and cold, how heavy and how long (physical dimensions), as well as more advanced concepts from mathematics and physics. One way to define a dimension is to look at the degrees of freedom, or the way an object can move in a specific space. There are different concepts or ways where the term dimension is used, and there are also different definitions. There is no definition that can satisfy all concepts. In a vector space V (with vectors being "arrows" with directions), the dimension of V , also written as \dim(V) , is equal to the cardinality (or number of vectors) of a basis of V (a set which indicates how many unique directions V actually has). It is also equal to the number of the largest group of straight line directions of that space. "Normal" objects in everyday life are specified by three dimensions, which are usually called length, width and depth. Mathematicians call this concept Euclidean space. Dimensions can be used to measure position too. The distance to a position from a starting place can be measured in the length, width and height directions. These distances are a measure of the position. In some occasions, a fourth (4D) dimension, time, is used to show the position of an event in time and space.

isa: see


empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that all knowledge comes from experience. 'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses. The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle. Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.

isa: theory


fabric

title: Textile

text: Cloth, textile or fabric are similar names for manufactured material. They are often made by weaving or knitting fibres together. It is often used to make clothing or cover furniture. Cloth can be made from natural fibres or man-made ones. Examples of natural fibres are cotton, wool, and silk. Examples of man-made fibres are nylon, rayon, and polyester.


fort

title: Fortification

text: Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make"). Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. Some are castles. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses. The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

isa: construction


frost

title: Frost

text: Frost is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low. It can destroy crops. This can cause mass hunger. Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures. Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.


futurist

title: Futurist

text: Futurists are persons who are interested in futurology. They try to explore predictions about the future to other persons. One of the most famous futurists is Ray Kurzweil. For example, he predicts that the technological singularity will happen in 2045.

isa: person


grocery

title: Grocer

text: In the United Kingdom and other countries, a grocer, grocery store or a greengrocer is a type of shop that has historically sold food, mostly vegetables and fruits with sometimes addition of other food items. A greengrocer sold mostly fresh fruit and vegetables. Grocers sold more varied food. Grocers shops are usually small. They are often owned by one or two people - a sole trader or partnership with perhaps a delivery boy or girl on a trade bicycle. They are sometimes turned into corporations but that is rare for single-site businesses. When talking about a greengrocer a person may mean the people that work in such a shop or the shop itself. In the UK and the Commonwealth of Nations, during the Victorian period and up to the middle 21st century, before supermarket s grouped together different shops like bakers, butchers and grocers into a single building, grocers were where most people got their fruits and vegetables. Whilst supermarkets have taken over the role of the type of shop where people buy fruits and vegetables individual greengrocers do still exist, especially in developing countries where supermarkets are not yet used as often or in rural towns out in the countryside. Today greengrocers typically cost more to shop at than the cheaper supermarkets because supermarkets can buy much more food at a time than a grocer can and pay cheaper prices: known as an economies of scale.

isa: shop


heartbeat

title: Pulse

text: A pulse (or heartbeat) is a throbbing of blood vessels as blood goes through them. You can feel someone's pulse in their wrist, thumb or neck, where vessels are closer to the skin. A normal pulse is below 100 beats per minute. Our pulse quickens when we exercise because the muscles being used need more oxygen. Unusually fast or slow or irregular pulse might mean sickness. There are normally four heart sounds. Two of them, S1 and S2, can be heard with a stethoscope. Two other sounds, S3 and S4, can not be heard, but they can be seen using a machine called a phonocardiograph.

isa: throbbing


hymn

title: Hymn

text: A hymn is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song. Collections of hymns are known as hymnals.


idealism

title: Idealism

text: Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ἰδέα. In some doctrines of idealistic thought the ideal relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.

isa: philosophy


illusion

title: Illusion

text: An illusion is a change of perception. The brain arranges, sorts, and organises data from the senses. Normally the system works well. Sometimes it does not, and we see illusions. In general, they are shared by most people in the same situation. Illusions can happen with all five senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing), and some involve the way information from two senses is put together. Some illusions happen because of disorders, but generally, all normal people can sense the same illusion. An illusion is different from a hallucination. A hallucination is sensing something that is not real, but an illusion is interpreting what we sense wrongly.

isa: change


impairment

title: Disability

text: A disability is a condition that a person has which limits them in some way. These conditions may be congenital (present at birth), cognitive (associated with the brain), developmental (appears as the person develops) and physical, which can be caused by an accident or infection.

isa: condition


incubus

title: Incubus

text: In the Middle Ages, people in Europe believed that Incubi (one Incubus, several Incubi) were male demons. There were also female demons, called succubi. They lay on sleeping people, to have sexual intercourse with them. They would also do this to make other incubi. While they had sex with their victim, they drained its energy to sustain themselves. Sometimes, having sex with an incubus may result in a child, as in the legend of Merlin. Some sources say that the incubus may be identified by its unnaturally cold penis. Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with such a spirit by either males or females may result in bad health, or even death.


irony

title: Irony

text: Irony is a term for a figure of speech. Irony is when something happens that is opposite from what is expected. It can often be funny, but it is also used in tragedies. There are many types of irony, including those listed below: *Dramatic irony, when the audience knows something is going to happen on stage that the characters on stage do not. *Socratic irony, when someone (usually a teacher) pretends to be stupid in order to show how stupid his pupils are (while at the same time the reader or audience understand the situation). *Cosmic irony, when something that everyone thinks will happen actually happens very differently. *Situational irony e.g. Mr. Smith gets a parking ticket. This is ironic because Mr. Smith is a traffic warden. *Verbal irony is an absence of expression and intention. Sarcasm may sometimes involve verbal irony. *Irony of fate is the misfortune in the result of fate or chance. *The difference between of things seem to be or reality.


jump

title: Jumping

text: Jumping is a form of movement in which an organism pushes itself up through the air and falls back down. Jumping is different from running, galloping and other ways of moving because the body is airborne for a longer period of time. Some animals, such as the kangaroo, use jumping as their main form of traveling, while others, such as frogs, only use it to escape predators. Jumping is also an important feature of many different activities and sports, including the long jump, high jump, and show jumping.

isa: movement


life

title: Life

text: Life is matter that can make more of itself. It is separated by non-living matter. Most life on Earth is powered by solar energy: the only known exceptions are the chemo-synthetic bacteria living around the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds, involving long-chain molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. With water, which all life needs, the long molecules are wrapped inside membranes as cells. This may or may not be true of all possible forms of life in the Universe: it is true of all life on Earth today.


loir

title: Loir

text: The Loir is a river in central France. It is a left tributary of the Sarthe. It flows through two regions of France: Centre-Val de Loire and Pays de la Loire The Eure-et-Loir and Loir-et-Cher departments are named after this river.

isa: river


lyceum

title: Lyceum

text: The Lyceum was originally a public meeting place in classical Athens. It became the meeting place for the discussion group or "school" of Aristotle. He founded the Peripatetic school there in 334/335 BC. The school was called "peripatetic" because they used to walk around as they discussed things. It was more like a college for young adults than what we now call a school. The word "Lyceum" now means a school in most parts of Europe. Usually, it covers the last two or three years and prepares the pupils for university.


mask

title: Mask

text: A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.

isa: clothing


occult

title: Occult

text: Occult refers to an area of knowledge or thought that is hidden. The word occult has many uses in the English language. Often it means knowledge that lies outside the range of normal experience or scientific explanation. The term sometimes means knowledge meant only for certain people or knowledge that must be kept hidden. For most occultists it is the study of a deeper spiritual reality. The term occult is also used as a label given to a number of magical organizations or orders, and the teachings and practices as taught by them. The name also extends to a large body of literature and spiritual philosophy.


onager

title: Onager

text: The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.


owl

title: Owl

text: Owls are birds in the order Strigiformes. There are 200 species, and they are all animals of prey. Most of them are solitary and nocturnal; in fact, they are the only large group of birds which hunt at night. Owls are specialists night-time hunters. They feed on small mammals such as rodents, insects, and other birds, and a few species like to eat fish as well. As a group, owls are very successful. They are found in all parts of the world except Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some small islands.

isa: bird


pandemic

title: Pandemic

text: A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.


pecan

title: Pecan

text: The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory nut, native to south-central North America, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois and Indiana east to western Kentucky, North Carolina and western Tennessee, south through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas; and in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracruz. "Pecan" is from an Algonquian word, meaning a nut requiring a stone to crack. Pecans are often used in cooking in the Southern United States. A common dessert there is pecan pie.

isa: nut


rational

title: Rational number

text: In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol \mathbb{Q} , standing for "quotient" in English. Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational. Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.


realism

title: Realism

text: Realism is a way of portraying or thinking about reality. The word "realism" is used in many liberal arts in many different ways (such as in music, painting, and philosophy). It usually means trying to be true to reality. This is where the word "realistic" comes from. Realism is usually seen as an opposite of romanticism and idealism. It is also sometimes seen as an opposite of liberalism and classicism. It is used mainly to describe the way that some artists treat making art. These artists try to focus on the world as it really is, without unrealistic or supernatural ideas. Realism began as an art movement and in the 19th century. These realists wanted to give an accurate description of nature and of the way people lived. Realism can also apply to artists and artworks from before the 19th century though.


saffron

title: Saffron

text: Saffron ( ) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant. The spice is used in cooking as a seasoning and as a food colouring. It is native to Southwest Asia. It is the world's most expensive spice, and has been for a long time. Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay. This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. Saffron also contains a dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden colour. Saffron is a part of many foods from around the world, and is also used in medicine. The word saffron comes from the 12th century Old French word , which comes from the Latin word . is also related to the Italian and Spanish . Safranum comes from the Arabic word which means "yellow".

isa: spice


salamander

title: Salamander

text: Salamanders are amphibians. They are the order Caudata (or Urodela). There are about 500 different species. Salamanders live in water and on land, and look rather like lizards, with four legs and a tail. They hatch as larvae from eggs in the water. At that stage, they have gills that stick out. Most salamanders live on land when they are adults, after their change of shape (metamorphosis). On land, salamanders live in moist habitats. Their method of respiration varies. Some salamanders stay in the water, but look like adults. These are called newts. Some salamanders retain gills into sexual maturity, such as the Axolotl. This process is called neoteny. Often, salamanders may have a chemical defence to predators; they are poisonous to eat. In this case, they will have warning colouration. Otherwise, if not poisonous, they will usually have camouflage. Salamanders are the only tetrapods able to regenerate limbs, as well as other body parts.

isa: amphibian


shark

title: Shark

text: Sharks are a superorder of fish. This superorder is also known by its scientific name Selachimorpha. Like other Chondrichthyes, sharks have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone. Other cartilaginous fish include skates and rays. There are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, such as the great white and whale sharks. Fossils show that sharks have been around for 450 million years, since the late Ordovician period. That is 200 million years before the dinosaurs existed. Most sharks are predators: they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures. However, the whale shark - the largest fish in the world - eats krill, like true whales. It is widely believed that sharks are "silent killers". However, a recent study shows that sharks emit a low growl from their throats which resonates through their scales. Common kinds of shark include the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako shark. Most sharks are cold-blooded, but some, like the great white shark and the mako shark, are partially warm-blooded. Just a few million years ago, a giant shark called Megalodon swam in the seas. It was 18 meters long, twice as long as the great white shark, and it ate whales. Megalodon died out 1.6 million years ago. Much of what we understand about prehistoric sharks comes from the study of their fossils. While sharks have skeletons made of soft cartilage that can fall apart before fossilizing, their teeth are harder and easily fossilized. Prehistoric sharks, like their modern descendants, would grow and shed many thousands of teeth over their lifetime. For this reason, shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.

isa: fish


sima

title: Sima

text: Sima is a village in Gönc District of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County. Its population in 2024 was 32.

isa: village


stunt

title: Stunt performer

text: A stunt performer, also called a stuntman or stuntwoman, is a person who performs dangerous acts usually within the television or movie production industry. In this line of work the stuntman (or woman) is paid to do those actions that are deemed too dangerous for the regular actor to perform, these include jumping from a height, falling down, being in a car crash, or pretending to fight with weapons such as swords or knives. These stunts are usually presented as a small feature within a larger production. The stunts are done with safety equipment, but also without them. Action movies, adventure movies, war movies, martial arts movies, thriller movies and crime movies and television series use many stunt performers to do the dangerous actions depicted in the movies or series. Some actors such as Jackie Chan are also stunt performers who perform this kind of work. There are, however, other stunt performers that present dangerous stunts to a live audience in shows rather than as part of a larger story in movies or television series. Sometimes these are as standalone effects and sometimes as a feature within a larger stunt show. Escape artists, sword swallowers and other circus and sideshow acts are an example of this. These types of stunt performers can be found scattered throughout history with one of the most famous from the last Century being escape artist Harry Houdini.


subdivision

title: Subdivision

text: A subdivision, real estate development or tract is a large piece of land and divided into land lots. Subdivisions are usually residential and typically have deed restrictions and sometimes homeowners associations or their equivalent. When residential, subdivisions are often called housing developments, housing estates, etc.

isa: land


top

title: TOPS

text: Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system. It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.

isa: system


topology

title: Topology

text: Topology is an area of mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology. Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing. The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

isa: area


turnpike

title: Toll road

text: A toll road (also called a turnpike, toll highway, or express toll route) is a road for which vehicles must pay a fee to use, called a "toll". Toll roads are there in part to control the number of people using it. They may be built to allow some users to travel faster and avoid traffic congestion, speeding up traffic. In the past, tolls were collected to give income to governments or landowners. Today, tolls can be considered a form of tax which pays for the cost of road construction and maintenance that are not charged on those who do not use that road.

isa: road


wall

title: The Wall

text: The Wall is the eleventh album by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. It is a concept album that tells the story of Pink, a depressed rock star that uses his past traumas to build a mental wall of isolation to separate himself from the rest of the world. The album was made into a movie in 1982, it has been included in many lists of the greatest albums of all time and is one of the best selling albums of all time.

isa: album


welcome

title: Hello

text: Hello is a greeting in the English language. It is common between two people in a non-formal (informal) setting, but can also be used in a formal setting. There are also many other ways of saying "hello", for example, a wave of the hand, a salute or a bow (both very formal), a handshake (a little formal), or a high five (very informal). Saying "hello" is a sign of politeness, especially when it is said in a friendly way. "Hello" was first used in writing in about 1833. Many people say "Hello" when they answer a phone call. Other greetings like "hello" include; Hi, Hallo, Hiya, Howdy, Hey, Howya, 'Sup, Yo, 'Yello, Herro, Greetings, Good day, What's poppin', G'day mate, Top of the mornin' to you, Ay-up, what's up mate, what's good, and great weather we're having. There are also many more. "Goodbye" is a shortened version of the religious farewell expression "God be with ye", which indicates the user's religious belief, usually in a single god. Similar expressions exist in other languages such as: adieu, adieus, adieux, adios. These terms also possess religious undertones as they are derived from the Latin word "Deus", meaning "god". This of course does not always mean they are religious.


whale

title: Whale

text: Whales are a group of cetacean mammals that live in the ocean. Like other mammals, they breathe oxygen from the air, have a small amount of hair, and are warm blooded. There are two basic kinds of whales, and about 100 species. People use the word whale in different ways. Some use it for all Cetaceans including dolphins and porpoises. These people say that dolphins and porpoises are also whales, because they are also Cetaceans. Others separate out the dolphins and porpoises: common English-speaking people have never called them or thought of them as whales unless they are very large. Actually, there is no clear line between whales and dolphins. Whales have been killed for meat and oil by whalers. However, many countries have laws saying not to kill whales anymore. Some countries, such as Iceland and Japan, do not have these laws. In other countries, such as the USA, only Eskimos and some American Indians may legally kill whales such as the blue whale and beluga whale.