barbarian

title: Barbarian

text: In Ancient Greece, the name βάρβαρος, bárbaros, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'. In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person, nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization. It can also refer to an individual person who is seen as brutal, cruel, and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.


baster

title: Basters

text: The Basters are a Southern African ethnic group descended from Europeans and Bantu peoples, many are of Khoisan origin. Basters are closely related to Afrikaners, Cape Coloured and Griqua peoples of South Africa, who share the Afrikaans language.


bean

title: Bean

text: Bean is the name used for the seeds of plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans. Beans contain a lot of fibre. They are also high in protein. Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible. Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins. The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because they look like true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.


bollock

title: Testicle

text: Testicles (also called testicle, testes, or testis) are parts that are found on the bodies of male creatures. Male mammals, including humans, have two testicles, supported in a sac of skin below the penis called the scrotum. Along with the penis, testicles are called reproductory organs or "sex organs". Only males have testicles; females have ovaries. Testicles are a type of organ called glands. Like other glands, testicles make chemical substances, called hormones that keep the body working. Testicles also make sperm, which can join with ova to make new life. Most glands, like ovaries, are inside the body. However, testicles are outside the main part of the body. This is because the testicles work better if they are cooler than the inside of the body. In cold weather, testicles pull up nearer to the body to keep warm.


bottle

title: Bottle

text: A bottle is a container used to carry liquids. Bottles can have many different sizes. Bottles are usually made of glass or plastic. Drinks such as milk, wine, lemonade, soft drinks, and water are often put into bottles. Other liquids put into bottles include chemicals like bleach or detergent, and some kinds of medicines.


cache

title: Cache (computing)

text: Caching is a term used in computer science. The idea behind a cache (pronounced "cash" ) is very simple: Very often, obtaining a result for a calculation is very time-consuming, so storing the result is generally a good idea. Two kinds of storage media are used: One is usually quite big, but accessing it is "slow"; the other one can be accessed much faster, but generally it is small. The very basic idea behind caching is to use the medium that is fast to access to have copies of data. There is no difference between the copy, and the original. Accessing the original data may take a long time, or it may be expensive to do (for example: the results of a difficult problem that take a long time to solve). For this reason, it is much "cheaper" to simply use the copy of the data from the cache. Put differently, a cache is a temporary storage area that has copies of data that is used often. When a copy of the data is in this cache, it is faster to use this copy rather than re-fetching or re-calculating the original data. This will make the average time needed to access the data shorter. Putting a new value into a cache often means that an older value needs to be replaced. There are different ideas (usually called "strategies") on how to select the value to replace. A buffer is very similar to a cache. It is different in that the client accessing the data in a buffer knows there is a buffer; the buffer is managed by the application. With a cache, the client accessing the data need not be aware there is a cache. Typical computer applications access data in very similar ways. Suppose the data is structured into "blocks", which can be accessed individually. When an application accesses a block it is also very likely to access (or reference) a block that is "close" to the original block. This is known as locality of reference. There are different kinds of such "locality". Locality of reference is one of the reasons why caches work well in many areas of computing. In order to work well, caches are small, compared to the whole amount of data. The bigger the cache, the longer it takes to lookup an entry. Bigger caches are also more expensive to build.


cashew

title: Cashew

text: The cashew is a tropical tree in the flowering plant. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts (see below) and cashew apples.

isa: tree


cauliflower

title: Cauliflower

text: Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. Cauliflower is a variety of cabbage, whose white flower head is eaten. Cauliflower is very nutritious, and may be eaten cooked, raw or pickled. It is a popular vegetable in Poland where it is eaten in a soup with cream or fried with bread crumbs.

isa: vegetable


chap

title: Chapa

text: Chapa also known Chap is a clan of the Gurjar ethnic community of northern India. Chapa Gujjars are distributed in various regions of Pakistan and India. They are mostly Hindus, although some are Muslim.


chemistry

title: Chemistry

text: Chemistry is the science that studies what everything is made of and how it changes. It looks at matter, which is anything that takes up space. Chemistry tries to understand how matter is built, how it behaves, and how it can change. Chemistry explores how tiny particles called atoms and molecules come together, break apart, or rearrange to form new substances. People often call chemistry the “central science” because it connects other sciences like physics (which studies energy and forces) and biology (which studies living things). Chemistry helps explain things all around us, like why iron rusts, how food gives us energy, and how soap cleans our hands. The history of chemistry is lengthy. Thousands of years ago, people in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China used early forms of chemistry in their daily lives. They practiced metalworking, made dyes for clothes, and learned to ferment food and drinks. These skills were based on watching and experimenting, even though people did not yet understand the science behind them. Later, a practice called alchemy became popular. Alchemists hoped to turn ordinary metals into gold and find a magic liquid that would give eternal life. Even though their ideas were not always scientific, alchemists invented tools and methods that would help future scientists. In the 1600s, chemistry began to change. Scientists like Robert Boyle said that experiments, not just ideas, should be used to understand the world. In the 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier carefully measured chemicals and discovered that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. This became a key idea in modern chemistry. As time went on, scientists developed the atomic theory, created the periodic table, and learned how atoms bond together. Chemistry is a type of physical science, which means it focuses on understanding matter and how it changes using careful measurements and natural laws. It is closely related to physics, especially in areas like heat and energy (thermodynamics), the behavior of tiny particles (quantum mechanics), and how fast reactions happen (kinetics). These help scientists understand how and why chemical reactions take place. While physics looks for broad, universal rules, chemistry often focuses on how specific molecules and materials behave.


corduroy

title: Corduroy

text: Corduroy is a strong fabric. It is made of twisted fibers. When woven, the fibers are parallel to one another in ridges. This makes the corduroy look striped. Corduroy is used to make clothing, including trousers, jackets and shirts. It is also used for furniture, including couches. The ridges in the fabric are called "wales". Corduroy can have from 1.5 to 21 wales per inch. It usually has between 10 and 12 wales per inch. Corduroy with fewer wales per inch is more often used to make trousers and for furniture. Corduroy with more wales per inch is usually used for clothing worn above the waist. Some people think the word corduroy comes from the French words corde du roi (the cord of the King). There is no evidence that this is true.

isa: fabric


croup

title: Croup

text: Croup (or laryngotracheobronchitis) is a disease caused by a virus and leads to swelling inside the throat. It is possible that, in the past, it was called ascension of the lights. This swelling causes problems with normal breathing. People with croup can have a "barking"cough, stridor (a high-pitched wheezing sound), and hoarseness. Croup often gets worse at night. Taking steroids by mouth can treat the condition. Sometimes epinephrine is used in more severe cases. Hospitalization is rarely required. Doctors decide if a person has croup after they have eliminated other possibilities (for example, something in the throat). Blood test s, X-rays, and cultures are not needed. Croup is common. About 15% of children between 6 months and 5–6 years old get croup. Teenagers and adults rarely get croup.


cud

title: Ruminant

text: A ruminant is an ungulate that ferments plant-based food, such as grass, in a specialized stomach prior to digesting the food. Ruminating mammals include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, yaks, water buffalo, deer, camels, alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, pronghorn, and nilgai. All of them are Artiodactyl a, cloven-hoofed animals. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin word ruminare which means "to chew over again". They have a more complex digestive system than other herbivores. Digestion of food is always done mainly by microorganisms, and in ruminants it is digested twice. An example of a grass-eater which is not a ruminant is the horse. Horse excrement leaves the work of digestion half-done. This is very obvious to see in comparison to that of a ruminant.

isa: ungulate


diabetic

title: Diabetes mellitus

text: Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition that results when there is not enough of the insulin hormone in the blood, or when the body cannot properly use the insulin it produces (insulin resistance). People with diabetes mellitus are called diabetics. There is another disease with a similar name called diabetes insipidus. However, they are not related. When people say "diabetes", they usually mean diabetes mellitus. Diabetes entered the top 10 causes of death in 2019, following a significant percentage increase of 70% since 2000. Diabetes is also responsible for the largest rise in male deaths among the top 10, with an 80% increase since 2000.

isa: condition


dissipation

title: Dissipation

text: In physics, dissipation includes the concept of a dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems. For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.


dog

title: Dog

text: Dogs are mammals, usually to be kept as pets, or work on farms or for the police. Some dogs are trained to be rescue dogs and join teams such as mountain rescue. Dogs have been bred by humans from ancestral wolves. They were the first animals to live with humans. There was a lot of different types among wolves in the Late Pleistocene. Today, some dogs are used as pets, and others are used to help humans do their work. They are popular pets because they are usually playful, friendly, loyal, and listen to humans. Thirty million dogs in the United States have been registered as pets. Dogs eat both meat and vegetables, which are often mixed together and sold in stores as dog food. Dogs often have jobs including police dogs, army dogs, assistance dogs, fire dogs, messenger dogs, hunting dogs, herding dogs, or rescue dogs. A baby dog is called a pup or puppy. Dogs are sometimes known as "human's best friend" because they are kept as pets, are usually loyal, and like being around humans.


durbar

title: Darbar (Koli title)

text: The Darbar, Durbar or Darbar Sahib is a honorific title of Koli caste in the Indian state of Gujarat. During the reign of Maratha Empire and British Indian Empire, Koli Darbars were petty rulers of several villages and jagirs and known as Pallavi Darbar Sahib and Koli Thakor for their landholdings. The Kolis who were enjoying the power called Koli Darbar often use Sang, Singh and Sinh as their middle name. according to the Harald Tambs-Lyche, the Kolis who respected as Darbar Sahib were not agriculturist like other Khedut Kolis (Farmer Kolis) of Gujarat and generally follow the Kshatriya ways of Koli society. The Koli Darbars of north Gujarat made several vast gathering under their Koli society organisations to uplift their society and educational interests.

isa: title


ear

title: Ear

text: The ear is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear. People and most mammals have ears. Non-mammals, such as lizards or frogs, can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears. The ear works by directing sound waves to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by an organized group of nerves. This system is called the auditory system — auditory meaning relating to hearing and how we hear. The ear is self-cleaning. It uses muscles (such as when the person is chewing or talking) and part of the head or face to push earwax like a "conveyor belt" out of the ear, to the outer ear. The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds to the brain (the ossicles). The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the pinna. Ears are also used in other ways. African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot. Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation. Some animals use their ears for signalling (sending messages) to each other.


enol

title: Enol

text: An enol is an alkene that has an OH group attached to one end of the double bond. It is called an enolate if the proton on the oxygen atom is taken away. Enols are tautomers of ketones or aldehydes. Tautomers are molecules which change into each other freely, so they cannot normally be separated. Enols can be made very easily from ketones or aldehydes using a base. They are quite unstable, because the C=O bond is stronger than the C=C bond. However, they can do many interesting reactions. The best example is the aldol reaction. Enols of ketones can be made on two different sides. It is important to be able to choose which side to react. The side with less substituents is the easiest one to react: it can be made at low temperature with a bulky base. This is called the kinetic enolate. The other side, with more substituents, is more difficult to react. Higher temperatures are needed. This is called the thermodynamic enolate.


ethnic

title: Ethnic group

text: An ethnic group is a group of people who are considered to be the same in some or multiple ways. They may all have the same ancestors, speak the same language, or have the same culture, which could sometimes include religion. They often live in the same or surrounding area. Sometimes almost all of the people in one country are of the same ethnic group, but not always. Often one country may have several different ethnic groups, or the people of one ethnic group may live in several different countries. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ensures the rights of ethnic groups in Article 27 and also gives them the right to use their own language. An example of an ethnic group is the Slavic peoples and Roma people.

isa: person


fiddle

title: Fiddle

text: The word fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". Fiddle playing, or fiddling, is a style of folk music. The word fiddle is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut. Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s). Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing. Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion.


heath

title: Heath

text: A heath or heathland is a shrubland habitat found mainly on low quality, acidic soils. It has open, low growing woody vegetation. There are some clear differences between heath and moorland. For example moorland has a very peaty topsoil, and it is also free-draining, whereas a heath is not. Moorland is generally related to high-ground heaths with — especially in Great Britain — a cooler and damper climate. Heathland is common worldwide. They form extensive and diverse communities across Australia in humid and sub-humid areas. Fire regimes with burning maintain the heathlands. Even more diverse though less widespread heath occurs in Southern Africa. Extensive heath communities can also be found in the California chaparral, New Caledonia, central Chile and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to these extensive heath areas, the vegetation type is also found in scattered locations across all continents except Antarctica.


herb

title: Herb

text: Herbs are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac. The word herb comes from the Latin word herba, meaning grass, green stalks, or blade s. Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues. But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value. Herbs are small plants that have a fleshy or juicy stem when they are young. The stems of some herbs develop hard, woody tissue when they grow old. Most herbs are perennials. This means that the top of each plant die each growing season, but the roots remain alive and produce new plants year after year. Some herbs are annual s. They live for only one growing season and must be raised from seed each year.

isa: plant


hooker

title: Prostitution

text: A prostitute is a person, most of the time a woman, who has sex with people for money or another kind of payment. Prostitution is sometimes called the "world's oldest profession". There are written records of prostitution in almost every culture and society. In many countries, it is a crime. In some places, the police only arrest the customers. A place where many prostitutes work is called a Brothel.


husky

title: Siberian Husky

text: The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working dog. It is quick and graceful. They have a compact and furry body, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. The husky is a sled dog. It is used for carrying a light load over great distances. Huskies show a balance of power, speed and endurance. Male huskies are usually thicker in appearance than female huskies. The personality of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. They are also alert and outgoing. They do not act possessive like a guard dog. They are curious, but they are not usually aggressive with other dogs. A husky's intelligence, and friendly behavior make them a companion. They usually have long fur.

isa: dog


icon

title: Icon

text: An icon (from Greek: , eikon, "image") is an image, picture, or representation which has a religious meaning. It is a sign or a likeness that stands for a real object or person.

isa: image


igloo

title: Igloo

text: An igloo is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome like half of a hollow ball. They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes. They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called Eskimoes). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

isa: shelter


imagination

title: Imagination

text: Imagination is the ability to form images of things or events in one's mind. When someone imagines something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening.


kink

title: The Kinks

text: The Kinks were an English rock band. They first became popular in the 1960s. The band had a lot of hits during the 1960s and 70s. The band was formed in 1962 by the brothers Ray and Dave Davies. The Kinks are one of the most important and influential rock acts of their era. Their music was influenced by a wide range of genres, including rhythm and blues, British music hall, folk and country. Between the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the group released a lot of commercially and critically successful singles and LPs. The group reached a reputation for songs and concept albums which show English culture and lifestyle. Albums such as Face to Face, Something Else, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, Arthur, Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround and Muswell Hillbillies, are considered among the most influential recordings of the period. The Kinks had five Top 10 singles on the US Billboard chart. Nine of their albums charted in the Top 40. In the UK, the group had seventeen Top 20 singles and five Top 10 albums. In 1990 the original four members of the Kinks were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and in the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2005.


kipper

title: Smoked fish

text: Smoked fish are fish that have been cured by smoking. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process. The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout. A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox. In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces. Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines. English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers.


laurel

title: Laurel

text: The Lauraceae or laurel family is a group of flowering plants in the order Laurales. It includes the bay laurel and its closest relatives. The family has over 3000 species of flowering plants in over 50 genera worldwide. They mostly live in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially southeast Asia and South America. Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but one or two genera such as Sassafras are deciduous, and Cassytha is a genus of parasitic vines.


libel

title: Defamation

text: Defamation is saying or writing something about another person that hurts their reputation. Usually, when people use the word defamation, it means that the statement is not true. In this case, it is against the law. A statement that is defamation is called defamatory. In order to be defamatory, a statement has to claim to be a fact instead of an opinion. For example, saying, "Mr. Jones is mean" cannot be defamatory, because it is someone's opinion. However, if someone says, "Mr. Jones steals candy from children", then the statement is defamatory if it is not true, because it would be a fact, not an opinion. If a defamatory statement is written, such as in a book or in a newspaper, it is called libel. If it is spoken out loud, it is called slander. Somebody who is the victim of defamation can sue the person who wrote or said it. Defamation is a tool of bullying.


mammalian

title: Mammal

text: Mammals are in the class Mammalia. They are a group of vertebrate animals. They have fur or hair and very precise temperature regulation. With the exception of the monotremes, all mammals bear live young. Unlike other vertebrates, they are the only animals that produce milk for their young through their mammary glands. Parental care of the young is universal among mammals, sometimes for long periods. Mammals became the dominant land animals after non-bird dinosaurs were eliminated. Recent work helped to explain their success: epigenetics seems to have started in early mammals.


mangosteen

title: Mangosteen

text: A mangosteen or mangostan (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical fruit which comes from the rainforests of Southeast Asia. It grows on an evergreen tree. It is one of the most popular tropical fruits. It is popular because it has a sweet, juicy, acidic taste. It has a hard purple shell. Inside the shell, there are white segments, just like an orange.

isa: fruit


mimosa

title: Mimosa

text: Mimosa is a genus of plants. It has around 590 species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word that means "mimic". The best known species of mimosa are Mimosa pudica and Mimosa tenuiflora. Mimosa pudica is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. Mimosa tenuiflora is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer. It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots. In general, the production of such a chemical is a defence against herbivory.


mule

title: Mule

text: A mule is a anima l hybrid of a female horse (a mare) and a male donkey (a jack). The horse and the donkey are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes; of the two possible first-generation hybrids between them, the mule is easier to obtain and more common than the hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (a jenny) and a male horse (a stallion). A mule is generally sterile. Although it is extremely unlikely for a mule to become pregnant (less than 300 reported cases worldwide), it is still possible. Mules vary widely in size, from small miniature mules under to large and powerful mules standing up to at the shoulders. The average weight range is between about . A mule is generally larger than a donkey and smaller than a horse. A mule has the long ears, thin limbs, small hooves and the short hair of the donkey, while its height, the shape of the neck and body, and its teeth are more similar to those of the horse. The color of its coat can be any color seen in the horse or in the donkey, which can be white, grey, brown or black. They are used mostly for pulling carts and transportation. As trucks with four-wheel drive have become common, mules are little used for transport except in places without roads.

isa: hybrid


municipality

title: Municipality

text: A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government. In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation. The word used may be "commune" (for example, French commune, Italian comune or Swedish kommun), canton, district, civil parish or borough.


nature

title: Nature

text: The words nature and natural are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin natura meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts. There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing. From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness. From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious. Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes. A useful definition of natural is :"Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". Oxford Shorter English Dictionary says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.


night

title: Night

text: Night or nighttime is the time when the Sun is not in the sky, from dusk to dawn. In the clock, it's the period from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM. The opposite of night is daytime. The start and end times of night are different in different geographic locations. It varies on season, latitude, and longitude. Because of time zones, night happens at different times around the world. This is because the Sun shines on different parts of the Earth at different times. During a solar eclipse it is also partially night because the Sun is blocked out by the Moon.

isa: time


orient

title: Orient

text: Orient is a term meaning "the east". It is from the Latin word oriens. Ancient Rome sometimes used it to mean the area east of Rome. Later the dividing line moved farther east, to the Adriatic or the Aegean or the Indus River. This term is in contrast to the "Occident", which is a term meaning "the west". Edward Said used the term in his book Orientalism (1978). He used it to mean an area including most of present-day North Africa and Middle Eastern countries.


pacifier

title: Pacifier

text: A pacifier (called a dummy or soother in some countries) is an object that a baby sucks to comfort them. Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them. It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber), though silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean. The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape. It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby. The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier. If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe. Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier. There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats. Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.

isa: object


pia

title: Pakistan International Airlines

text: Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( or ), is the flag carrier and national airline of Pakistan. On 30 June 2020, PIA was banned from flying in European airspace initially for six months, starting on 1 July 2020, and then indefinitely after EASA determined that the airline was not capable of certifying and overseeing its operators and aircraft in accordance with applicable international standards. This decision was made soon after it was revealed that at least a fourth of all pilots' licences issued in Pakistan were not genuine. By 9 July 2020, the airline was also banned by the United Kingdom and the United States.

isa: carrier


pothos

title: Pothos

text: Pothos is a son of Iris and Zephyrus in Greek mythology. He is the god of sexual yearning, longing, and desire. He is was one of the winged love gods, known as Erotes.

isa: son


pupa

title: Pupa

text: A pupa (plural: pupae or pupas) is part of becoming an adult for some insects, like some butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and bees. The pupal stage comes after being a larva; the next stage is adulthood. The pupa stage of a butterfly, called a chrysalis (plural "chrysalids"), is a well-known example of a pupa because they are often found in the open. The pupa stage of a moth, such as the silkworm, is called a cocoon.


puppet

title: Puppet

text: Puppets are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the puppet move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a puppeteer. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.


quadratic

title: Quadratic equation

text: A quadratic equation is an equation where its highest exponent is 2 (which is why it is called 'quadratic' from the Latin word quadratus 'square'). These equations can be rearranged to the standard form which is ː ax^2+bx+c=0 where a is not equal to 0, otherwise the equation is linear. It makes a parabola (a "U" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane. When people work with quadratic equations, one of the most common things they do is to solve it. This means to find the points on a coordinate grid where the graphed equation crosses the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. These points are called the "zeroes", or "roots", of a function. In other words, to solve the equation means to find the value of x so that ax^2+bx+c=0 , where the coefficients, a, b, and c, are all real numbers. There are different ways to find out the value of x. Plotting the function on a graph is one way. In the picture on the right, the function crosses the x-axis at the points (-1, 0) and (2, 0) . Graphing a quadratic equation makes it is very easy to find the roots, but it is not always convenient. So there are different ways to do this using math.

isa: equation


racket

title: The Racket

text: The Racket is a 1928 American crime drama movie directed by Lewis Milestone and produced by Howard Hughes. It stars Thomas Meighan, Louis Wolheim, Marie Prevost, G. Pat Collins, Lee Moran and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1929 and was remade in 1951.


reader

title: Reading

text: Reading is understanding writing in a language. Fundamentally, reading is the way people look at certain marks and know what they mean. Once it was possible to go through life without reading. Writing goes back in human history only a few thousand years, and 200 years ago most men could not read or write. We know this is true because they could not write their own names on marriage records in churches. Most men worked in farming, and you can do most of that job without being able to read. The wives could read: they lived at home before marriage and their mothers taught them. The boys went to work at, say, nine or ten, and never learnt to read. Reading is understanding what is printed or written. It is how you get information about something that is written. It can only be done if one knows the language. Otherwise, you can only learn from other people telling you verbally, or from practical demonstration.


revelation

title: Hellraiser: Revelations

text: Hellraiser: Revelations is a 2011 American horror movie directed by Víctor Garcia and is the ninth movie in the Hellraiser franchise. It stars Steven Brand, Stephan Smith Collins, Nick Eversman, Jay Gillespie, Tracey Fairaway, Sebastien Roberts, Devon Sorvari, Sanny van Heteren and was distributed by Dimension Films.


rocket

title: Rocket

text: A rocket may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V). Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned. ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.) Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth. Some are used to bring satellites into orbit, for example from a spaceport. Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to outer space. The Chinese invented the rocket using gunpowder. The first rockets were shaped like arrows and weren't very fast. Most rockets still work by fire. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out a nozzle, pushing the rocket forward. Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However, handling the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some satellite launch vehicles use both. Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans. Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound ( ). Those that go into Low Earth orbit go . Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space. He was in the R-7 rocket launched from Kazakhstan. On 16 July, 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first humans on the moon, after launching in a Saturn V rocket.


satsuma

title: Satsuma

text: Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/ .n. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin. It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan. In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.


secret

title: Secrecy

text: A secret is information or facts that only one person or group knows about. There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others. Some secrets are good. These are ones that should be kept secret. An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy. But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm. An example of a bad secret is child abuse. Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party. Other things may need to be kept secret forever. Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know. Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret. No one else should know it. Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets. Criminals like to keep their crimes secret. In a business, some information is kept secret. This is also called "confidential". Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed. Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee. Trade secrets are protected by law. Another type of secret is Cryptography. These are codes that unlock other secrets. So, secrets are being used to protect secrets.


seine

title: Seine

text: The Seine is a river in France. It flows into the English Channel between Le Havre and Honfleur. It is long. It is the second-longest river in France. Other important cities along its course are Paris, Troyes and Rouen. Its drainage basin has a surface of . The Seine starts in Source-Seine, in Côte-d'Or, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, at an height of . The unidentified body of L’Inconnue de la Seine (English: The Unidentified Woman of Seine) was discovered there 1885.

isa: river


sieve

title: Sieve

text: A sieve is a device that is able to separate particles of different sizes. The most primitive sieve has holes of a given size, so that the particles that are smaller than the size will fall through, while those that are bigger will not. This is used in cooking to separate liquids from solids.

isa: device


skimmer

title: Rynchops

text: Skimmers or Rynchops, also called scissorbills, are sea birds in the genus Rynchops. They have a lower jaw that is longer than their upper jaw. Skimmers use their lower jaw to catch fish. They catch fish by flying low and fast over the water, with their lower jaw cutting through the water. When it collides (hits) with a fish, the beak of the bird closes. This way of catching food is also called "surface skimming". Skimmers are usually black with a white underside, their beak is bright orange or red. Skimmers are also the only bird genus with vertical slit pupils, like a cat, so that they aren't blinded by the shining water.

isa: bird


spam

title: Spamming

text: Spamming is when one person or company sends an unwanted email to another person. Spam emails are the computer version of unwanted "junk mail" that arrives in a mailbox, such as advertising pamphlets and brochures. Spam emails are usually sent to try to get the person to buy something or do something else that will cause gain for the sender.


squeeze

title: Squeeze

text: Squeeze is the fifth and final studio album by The Velvet Underground. The album was released on February 14, 1973.

isa: fifth


squirrel

title: Squirrel

text: Squirrels are a large family of small to medium rodents. It includes tree squirrels, which are described on this page. The other squirrels are: ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families. Most squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find. Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. They eat seeds, berries, and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels do not store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep. Squirrels have many predators, or enemies. Their predators are foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, raccoons, lynxes, cougars, weasels, cats, dogs, badgers, snakes, and birds of prey.


tapa

title: Tapas

text: Tapas is a snack in Spanish cuisine before the main dishes. In some places of Spanish-language countries this snack is called in different ways. In Central American countries they are known as bocas. In Mexico tapas are called botanas.


television

title: Television

text: A television set (also known as a television receiver or televisor or simply a television, TV set, TV receiver or TV) is a machine with a screen or set of lenses. Televisions receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. The word "television" comes from the words tele (far away) and vision (sight). Sometimes a television can look like a box. Older TVs had a large cathode ray tube in a large wooden frame and sat on the floor like furniture. Newer TVs are much lighter and flatter. A TV can show pictures from many television networks. Computers and mobile devices also can be used for watching television programs. The television was invented in the 1920s but the equipment was expensive and the pictures were poor. By the 1950s, these problems had been fixed and TVs became widespread. At first, all televisions used an antenna (or aerial). This would pick up television programmes from broadcasting stations. A TV station could be many miles or kilometers away, and still be received. TVs can also show movies from VCD and DVD players or VCRs. Cable TV and Satellite television can provide more programs at once than broadcast can. Video game consoles connect to most modern TVs. Some computers can also use a TV as a computer monitor. All TVs have screens where the picture is viewed. Before the 1950s these were usually "black and white", which made everything look grey, but all modern TVs show colors. Most 20th century screens also had rounded corners. That is because television screens were cathode ray tubes. These are like heavy glass jars with one side bulging out to form the screen. Today flat panel displays are the usual kind. These are usually flat rectangles with straight edges. This long rectangle looks more like the shape of a movie theatre screen. This is called widescreen. If a widescreen set was 30 cm tall, it would be 53 cm wide. For this to work best, TV shows also need to be made in widescreen. Widescreen sets can still be any size, but they have the same widescreen shape. The early 21st century is also when digital television transmission became more common than analog television.

isa: machine


testimonial

title: Testimonial

text: A testimonial is when a company uses a celebrity or famous person or a member of the public to endorse a product so the consumer wants it too. For example a professional football player recommends a particular brand of shirts. The idea behind this is for the consumer to think "Oh! That famous person likes that shirt, I think I'll get it too!".


tobacco

title: Tobacco

text: Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. It is used as a drug, mostly by inhaling the smoke of, but also by using snuff or chewing. People use cigarettes, cigars, and pipe to make tobacco smoke. Tobacco contains the chemical nicotine, which causes pleasure as a stimulant drug. It also causes addiction — after people start using nicotine, it is difficult to stop. Tobacco use can cause diseases, such as many types of cancer.


travel

title: Travel

text: Travel is the activity of going from one place to another place. When a person makes the same trip every day to work or school, this type of traveling is usually called "commuting." Some people travel to other cities as part of their job. This is called "business travel." When many people travel to a distant place to stay, it is called "human migration". Some people travel on their vacation, to visit other towns, cities, or countries. This is tourism. These people stay overnight in hotels, hostels, motels, apartments or bed and breakfast. Some prefer camping. Through the centuries, modes of travel have changed. Some people (travel writers) write about travelling, as in autobiographies or journals. Some write guide book s suggesting places to go. Types of travelling: * Hiking * Cruise ship vacations * Pilgrimage * Train journeys * Hitch-hiking * Driving * Flight

isa: going


tumbleweed

title: Tumbleweed

text: Several plant species that grow in arid, steppe-like environments use the wind to propagate. The structure that is pushed by the wind is usually called tumbleweed. This structure will detach from its root or stem and will roll on the ground. In most such species, the tumbleweed consists of the whole plant apart from the root system. Sometimes, only a hollow fruit or inflorescence detaches. Tumbleweed species occur most commonly in steppe and arid ecosystems, where frequent wind and the open environment permit rolling easly. Most tissues of the tumbleweed structure are dead. This needs to be the case, because the structure needs to degrade and fall apart so that its seeds or spores can escape during the tumbling. Sometimes they germinate after the tumbleweed has come to rest in a wet location. In this case, many species of tumbleweed open mechanically, releasing their seeds as they swell when they absorb water. The tumbleweed diaspore disperses seeds. This stategy is not limited to the seed plants; some species of spore-bearing cryptogams—such as Selaginella—form tumbleweeds, and some fungi that resemble puffballs dry out, break free of their attachments and are similarly tumbled by the wind, dispersing spores as they go.


vermin

title: Pest (biology)

text: A pest is an animal which harms humans or human concerns. It is a loosely defined term; it overlaps with the terms vermin, weeds, parasites and pathogens. In its broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity.

isa: animal


vest

title: Vest

text: A vest is a kind of clothing. It is worn on the upper part of the body. It has no sleeves. In the United States and American English, a vest is a kind of clothing sometimes worn on top of a shirt. In Britain and British English, a vest is a kind of clothing worn over the chest and below all other clothes on that part of the body.

isa: clothing


waterspout

title: Waterspout

text: A waterspout is a tornado, over water usually a non-supercell tornado. Waterspouts do not suck up water; the water seen in the main funnel cloud is actually water droplets formed by condensation. It is usually weaker than its land counterparts.


wound

title: Wound

text: In medicine, a wound is a type of physical injury where in the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a bruise (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically means a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. A mortal wound is one that leads directly to the death of the victim.

isa: injury