amphibian

title: Amphibian

text: Amphibians are members of the class Amphibia. The living ones are frogs (including toads), salamanders (including newts) and caecilians. They are four-legged vertebrates which are cold blooded. Amphibians lay their eggs in water, usually in a foam nest. After hatching they are tadpoles, which live in the water and have gills. The tadpoles change into adults in a process called metamorphosis. When they are adult, they have lungs to breathe instead of gills, and legs. Adult amphibians also use their skin to take in oxygen, and some species of salamanders do not have lungs. The earliest amphibians evolved in the Devonian from lobe-finned fish which had jointed leg-like fins with digits. They could crawl along the sea bottom. Some had developed primitive lungs to help them breathe air when the stagnant pools of the Devonian swamps were low in oxygen. They could also use their strong fins to hoist themselves out of the water and onto dry land if necessary. For tens of millions of years, during the Carboniferous and early Permian, amphibia were top predators on land, especially in the low-lying tropical river systems. In drier conditions, they were less effective, and the ancestors of mammals and reptiles (the Synapsids and Sauropsids) gradually took over the land. They laid cleidoic eggs, which had hard shells, and could be laid out of water. Most of the early large amphibians went extinct in the Triassic period; a few survived to the Lower Cretaceous. The only living amphibiana today are the Lissamphibia. These include the Anura (frogs and toads), Caudata (salamanders and newts) and Gymnophiona (caecilians). They are all rather small, compared with mammals or reptiles. The smallest frog and vertebrate in the world is the New Guinea frog (Paedophryne amauensis). The biggest amphibian is the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Amphibia are found everywhere in the world, except Antarctica, and there are about 5,565 different species: 88% of them are in the Anura. In number of species, they are more successful than mammals, though they occupy a smaller range of habitats. However, it is said that amphibian populations have been declining all over the world. Conservation is therefore an important concern.


anterior

title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Anatomical terms of location have been developed. They help describe the anatomy of animals (including humans). They describe standard positions on an animal. They use Latin and Greek words.


aurochs

title: Aurochs

text: The aurochs, or urus, (Bos primigenius) was a large species of cattle. The aurochs used to be common in Europe. It is extinct now. It was a wild animal, not a domesticated animal. The extinct aurochs/urus is a not the same species as the wisent (the European bison). According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and farther into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago. People once thought that they were a different species from modern European cattle (Bos taurus). Today, people think that aurochs and modern cattle are the same species. Modern cattle have become much smaller than their wild ancestors: the height of a large domesticated cow is about 1.5 meters (5 feet, 15 hands), while aurochs were about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet, 17 hands). Aurochs also had several features not often seen in modern cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns set at a forward angle, a pale stripe down the spine, and different color according to the gender. Males were black with a pale stripe down the spine, while females and calves were reddish (these colours are still found in a few domesticated cattle breeds, such as Jersey cattle). Aurochs were also known to have very aggressive behaviour, and killing one was seen as an act of courage in ancient cultures.


bacon

title: Bacon

text: Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved. In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon. Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

isa: meat


basilisk

title: Basilisk

text: Basilisk lizards, also known as Jesus Christ lizards or simply basilisks or Jesus lizards, are a type of lizard. They are about 70-75 cm long, when fully grown, and weigh about 80 grams. They live in South America. There are four different species. They can be very still and hard to see. The basilisk can walk on water. It runs across the surface of a pond or pool, without sinking. Its speed keeps it from sinking. At the same time, its long tail helps it to balance.

isa: lizard


bedsit

title: Bedsit

text: In the United Kingdom, a bedsit (bedroom \ sitting room) is an apartment that doesn't have a private bathroom.


bluebell

title: Bluebell

text: Bluebells are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, Hyacinthoides. Bluebells are famous as indicator species (markers) for ancient woodland, where they carpet the forest floor in springtime. They grow in shade rather than in sunny areas. Hyacinthoides is differentiated by the presence of two bracts at the base of each flower, rather than one bract per flower or no bracts in other closely-related genera.

isa: plant


bowl

title: Bowl

text: A bowl is a container for food. It can hold liquids, such as soups, and solids, like popcorn. People sometimes prepare salads in it. Most bowls are in the shape of a hemisphere, which is like a ball cut in half. Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood, or plastic. Bowls can be lots of different sizes, such as snack bowls, which are usually the size of a person's palm, or a punch bowl, which can be very large. In Europe and North America, bowls are usually used to hold food. In other parts of the world, like Asia, small bowls are often used to hold drinks like tea.


brace

title: Braces

text: Braces (suspenders in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit. There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts. In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item.

isa: item


bread

title: Bread

text: Bread is a type of baked food. It is mainly made from dough, which is made mainly from flour and water. Usually, salt and yeast are added. Bread is often baked in an oven. It can be bought all over the world. Bread can be toasted or used to make sandwiches. Bread can be made into many different foods, like pizza. There are many different kinds of bread. The two main types of bread are: # Leavened bread is made by adding yeast or other leavening agents to the dough. The yeast produces gas that makes the dough lighter. Leavened bread can be made into larger loaves baked in an oven. This is the main type of bread eaten in Europe, America, and many parts of Asia. # Unleavened flatbread is baked from a dough of water and flour, with no yeast. It is baked in flat rounds like tortilla or chapati. This type of bread cannot be made thick as it would be too dense to eat. Unleavened bread is eaten throughout Greece, Africa, parts of Asia, and as the Central America such as Pitta bread or tortilla. Baking can be done on a metal plate or hot stone, or in an oven. The color and taste of the bread depending on the kind of flour used and the style of baking. Flour made from the whole grain gives darker bread. Flour made just from the polished wheat grain gives a very white bread. Rye and barley flour give darker types of bread. The type of flour also changes how long the bread can be kept before going bad. Some strains of wheat are resistant to fungus, but may not produce bread as tasty as a weaker strain.

isa: food


brigade

title: Brigade

text: A brigade is a military unit in an army. Currently, in most armies, a brigade is made up of several thousand soldiers in several battalions plus a brigade headquarters. This is common in the United States Army. Before World War II, a "square division" had two brigades and each brigade had two regiments. Some modern armies have several types of brigades. Each of these brigades has a brigade headquarters and a few battalions. Depending on the country an army brigade is under the command of a Brigadier General or a Colonel.


cairn

title: Cairns

text: Cairns ( ) is a city in Queensland, Australia. 120.000 people live there. Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road. It is built on the shores of Trinity Bay. Cairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it has a games arcade at Cairns Central, Public toilets, Zoos, Casinos, Various Takeaway shops, Pubs, Nightclubs, Movie theatres and Beaches, it is warm all year round and is near many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.

isa: city


classic

title: Classics

text: Classics or classical studies is a branch of the humanities which studies classical antiquity. It includes many fields of study such as history, philology, philosophy, history, art, languages, literature, and archaeology. In the Western world, it focuses on Mediterranean cultures such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. A person who works in classical studies is called a classicist. The study of classical literature was traditionally the main focus of the humanities.

isa: branch


claw

title: Claw

text: A claw is a sharp object. It is found at the end of a toe or finger in many mammals, birds, and some reptiles. The word "claw" is also used in reference to an invertebrate. For example, the chelae of crabs and lobsters are often called claws or pincers. A claw is made of hard protein called keratin. They are used by some meat eating mammals such as cats to catch and hold prey, but they may also be used for other things such as digging, climbing trees, and so on, in those and other species. Similar appendages that are flat and do not come to a sharp point are called nails instead.

isa: object


clog

title: Clog (shoe)

text: A clog is a kind of shoe. There are different kinds of clogs. They can be shoes, sandals or completely made out of wood.

isa: shoe


corps

title: Corps

text: A corps is a military unit usually made up of two or more divisions. In the United States Army, a corps is the largest tactical unit that can plan and carry out its own missions. The term can also be applied to a military unit with a specific function such as a Quartermaster Corps or an Intelligence Corps. It can be applied to a branch of a military such as the United States Marine Corps. It can also mean a body of officers such as a Cadet Corps. The word has other uses. A group of people engaged in the same work can be called a corps. An example is the Peace Corps. The word comes from the Old French cors meaning "body, person, corpse, life". That word, in turn, is based on the Latin word corpus meaning "body".


deist

title: Deism

text: Deism is the belief that a higher being (like God) exists but that the only revelation of God is in nature and reason, not in sacred books or prophets. Deism says that people should rely on logic and reason and not traditions of a religion based on a holy book. People who follow deism are called deists. Deists believe that a higher power created the world. They may not believe that the creation of the universe happened because of a spontaneous event. They usually reject supernatural events like miracles and believe that God has set up natural laws that govern how the universe works and how people should act that and God does not interfere with those laws. Most deists also see holy scriptures, such as the Bible and Qur'an, as writings by people, rather than by God. Famous deists from history include the American political leader and inventor Benjamin Franklin, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, the French philosopher Voltaire, the British philosopher Thomas Paine, and the French revolutionary leader Maximilien de Robespierre. Many historians think that US President Thomas Jefferson was a deist though he failed to say so.

isa: belief


diet

title: Diet (nutrition)

text: In nutrition, diet is the sum of food that is eaten by a person or another organism. Dietary habits are the usual decisions someone or a culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. In discussing diet, the key issue is the change in work done. People have moved from manual work to office-type work, and to houses which have washing machine (and other conveniences). Less daily activity is known as a sedementary lifestyle. This has happened, usually, without changes in eating habits set during childhood, causing individuals to eat more calories than they burn. This is the basic reason why people gain weight, with all the problems which follow. The word diet often expresses the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos, due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthful. A proper nutrition requires the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and food energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in health and mortality, and can also define cultures and play a role in religion. People that refuse to eat meat (vegetarians and vegans) often have issues with their body because their diet does not provide the proper nutrition they need. Diets are about eating the right quantity and type of food at the right time. When people talk about a diet, they are usually referring to a special kind of diet. When someone says they are "dieting", it can mean that they are trying to lose weight. People who study diet and eating habits are called dietitians. When the diet is not right, people can gain or lose weight or muscle when the person did not want that to happen. They may become overweight or underweight. To get back to their normal weight, they need to change their diet. This may be very hard to do. Often help from a specialist is required. Some people will also do fasting - they will not eat anything for some time to lose weight, balance their diet and "clean their bodies". Some people have diseases where they cannot eat certain foods without becoming very sick. They need to change their diet to avoid these foods. A food allergy is a condition in which a specific food makes someone sick.

isa: sum


diffusion

title: Diffusion

text: Diffusion is a process where molecules of a material move from an area of high concentration (where there are many molecules) to an area of low concentration (where there are fewer molecules) until it has reached equilibrium (molecules evenly spread). Diffusion usually happens in a mixture in gas, a liquid and occasionally colloids. It is possible to see diffusion happening when two liquids are mixed in a transparent container. It describes the constant movement of particles in all liquids, gases and colloids. These particles move in all directions bumping into each other.

isa: process


digit

title: Numerical digit

text: Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc. The numeral "56" means: 6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50. The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

isa: character


documentation

title: Documentation

text: Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page, a file, and other media.


elder

title: Old age

text: Old age is when a person is near or beyond the usual life expectancy, usually from the age of 65 and above. Old people are usually retired from work and spend their time in other ways like helping take care of small children who are kin to them in some way. Often people of old age have wrinkly skin. They will move slower, and become cold often. Old people usually have more health problems than young adults, and many of them take medicine. The reason for this is that their bodies are slowly deteriorating, so they have more problems, especially with moving. Osteoporosis weakens the bones, and is one of the problems that become more common with age. Others include blindness and deafness. Gerontology is the part of medicine that deals with these things. Old people are also called "senior citizens" or "elders". Elders are considered to be wise because they have had much experience in their long lives. Many cultures view elders with respect and kindness, and depend upon them to pass down knowledge to the younger generations of people.


entree

title: Entrée

text: An entrée [prounced IPA:αn-tre or "on-tray" in American English] is food served before the main course in a multi-course meal. Most entrees typically include a meat or protein (chicken, veal, steak, beef, pork or ham), a vegetable (broccoli, carrots) and a starch (potato, yam or so).


fin

title: Fin

text: A fin is a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. The word was first used for the limbs of fish, but it is now also used to mean other animal limbs and human-made devices. The fins of fish are called: *Dorsal fin on the back. These fins keep the fish from rolling over. *Caudal or tail fin. This fin pushes the fish forward in the water. *Pectoral fins (paired). These fins help the fish steer. *Pelvic fins (paired). These fins help the fish steer. *Anal fin: stability

isa: surface


foreskin

title: Foreskin

text: Male mammals have a tubular external genital organ for urination and reproduction called a penis. The bell-shaped tip is called the glans penis. Usually, some skin covers and protects the glans penis. This skin is called foreskin. Most male mammals either have a foreskin that covers the glans penis or a sheath in which the whole penis can retract. Circumcision is the removal or shortening of this skin. It's often done for religious reasons. Sometimes it's done for medical reasons. Female mammals have a clitoris. It also has a piece of skin protecting it, called the clitoral hood.


fret

title: Fret

text: A fret is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets. Frets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument. On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets. Frets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.

isa: strip


garotte

title: Garrotte

text: A garrotte is a weapon, usually a handheld length of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person. Garotte is normal British English spelling, with single r as an alternate. Garrote with a single t is US English spelling. A Spanish version is garrote vil.


guava

title: Guava

text: Guavas are plants in the genus Psidium of the family Myrtaceae. There are about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees in the genus. They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and the northern part of South America. Now they are found in all the tropical, and in some subtropical, regions because they are edible fruits. Guava are also a kind of berry fruit on those plants. There are many kinds of guavas. The most common guava is the apple guava (Psidium guajava): it is so common that the word 'guava' usually refers to this species. Red guavas are called marooonguava. In 100 g of guava are 200 mg of vitamin C, which means that guavas have five times more vitamin C than oranges.


hobo

title: Hobo

text: Hobo is a word for a homeless person who travels to different cities and towns to look for work. Hobos usually travel by train "hopping" (riding in empty train freight railcars without paying for a ticket), or sometimes "riding the rods" (lying dangerously near the train wheels, underneath the cars). Hobos stay in very cheap hotels in cities, or camp in simple shelters ("shanties") in shanty towns near the rail yards. There were many hobos during the Great Depression in the United States because many people lost their jobs and homes. Many people blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Depression, so hobo camps were sometimes called "Hoovervilles".


homo

title: HOMO/LUMO

text: HOMO stands for highest occupied molecular orbital. LUMO stands for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as frontier orbitals. Each molecular orbital has a calculated energy level. Chemists sort the molecular orbitals (MOs) by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will occupy the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has enough electrons to fill 15 MOs, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be occupied. The 15th MO on the list would be called the "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO) and the 16th MO on the list would be the "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (LUMO). The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap. The band gap can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: the smaller the energy, the more easily a molecule's electrons will be excited. For example, this can help predict whether a substance will have luminescence.


hurdle

title: Hurdling

text: Hurdling is a type of track and field race. There are sprint hurdle races and long hurdle races. The standard sprint hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women. Men and women run 400 meters in the standard long hurdle race. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events. Other distances are sometimes run, particularly indoors. The sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run.

isa: track


incarnation

title: Incarnation

text: Incarnation is a religious belief. It explains how a spiritual being may become a body (incarnates). Examples of incarnations in various religions include: * Leimarel Sidabi, of Sanamahism * Krishna, of Hinduism * Buddha, of Buddhism * Jesus, of Christianity * Guan Yin, of Buddhism * Kali, of Hinduism * Durga, of Hinduism * Parvati, of Hinduism


java

title: Java

text: Java ( ) is one of the Sunda Islands of Indonesia. The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world. Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages. The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south. The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java. The center is an east-west chain of volcanic mountains.


lemon

title: Lemon

text: A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit. This is a small tree (Citrus limon) that is of green colour even in a season Winter. Lemon is used to get a drink: lemonade.

isa: fruit


liberal

title: Liberalism

text: Liberalism is a type of political thinking about politics and government. It emphasizes the idea of freedom, and believes that the greatest countries are the ones that contain unconfined liberties. Classical liberals all believe that everyone equally deserves to be free to decide for themselves how to think, act, speak and conduct their lives with a minimum of governance or control by others including control by a formal government. This is similar to modern day libertarian beliefs. However, modern liberals have disagreed about what gives people freedom and what removes freedom.


limpet

title: Limpet

text: The name Limpet is used for many marine and freshwater gastropod species which have a simple conical shell. The phrase "true limpets" is used only for marine limpets in the ancient clade Patellogastropoda. This article is mainly about the true limpets. True limpets are small marine gastropod molluscs with flattened, cone-shaped shells. They live throughout the intertidal zone, attached to rocks or other hard ground. They attach themselves using mucus and a muscular "foot", which seals them against the rock and protects them from desiccation during low tide, and from high-energy waves action. Limpets eat by grazing on algae found on rock surfaces. They scrape films of algae from the rock with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Limpets move by rippling the muscles of their foot in a wave-like motion. Most limpets are less than 3in (8cm) long, but a West Mexican Limpet grows to be 8in (20 cm). Some key-hole limpets have a hole at the top, through which gas exchange can occur (they are not true limpets).


lynx

title: Lynx

text: The Lynx is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

isa: cat


meat

title: Meat

text: Meat is animal flesh which is used for food. Most often, it is used to describe skeletal muscles and fats that are found with it. Types of meats include beef, veal from cattle, pork, ham, bacon from pigs, mutton from sheep, venison from deer, fish, insects, poultry from chickens, ducks, turkeys. The word meat is also used for sausages made from ground meats and for non-muscle organs which are used for food, for example liver, brain, kidneys. In the meat processing industry, the word "meat" can be used to mean only the flesh of mammalian specieses such as pigs, cattle, etc. But does not include fish, insects, poultry, etc (non-mammals). Red meat refers to meat that is obtained from mammals, particularly beef, pork, lamb, veal. It is characterized by its reddish color, primarily due to the presence of myoglobin, a protein responsible for oxygen storage in muscle tissues. Animals such as members of the cat family that mainly eat animals are called carnivores.


milk

title: Milk

text: Milk is a white liquid made by mammals, like cows, dogs, and humans. It is made in the mammary glands (breasts, udders, or teats) of female mammals. Newborn babies must be given milk before they can eat solid food. Milk has many nutrients to help babies grow and be healthy. It is also a rich source of calcium which is good for their bones and teeth.

isa: liquid


mink

title: Mink

text: Minks are small, short-legged members of the Mustelid family. The mink is an aggressive mammal that is adapted to a semi-aquatic life. Mink live in swamps, rivers, marshes, lakes and streams in North America, Europe, and the far west of Asia. Mink have a life span of about 8 to 10 years. The common name 'mink' includes animals in two different genera on two different continents.


mould

title: Mould

text: Mould (or mold) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts. Molds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. Mould grows from spores, which float around in the air. There are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds. Mold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal.


mutter

title: Mutters

text: Mutters is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

isa: municipality


needle

title: Needle

text: A needle is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole. It is most often used to make clothing and footwear. The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point and hole for the thread. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs. Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material. The term needle may also be used to refer to other sharp objects used for different purposes, such as the needles doctors use to give a shot.

isa: tool


neon

title: Neon

text: Neon is a chemical element on the periodic table. It is part of the noble gas group and it has an atomic number of 10. It is an odorless and tasteless gas (at 15 degrees Celsius at standard pressure). Neon does not react with other elements, so it is found by itself. There is not much neon in the air, and it is clear, so we do not see it. It was previously thought that Neon could not bond with any other elements, creating compounds. However, there have been a few compounds that have been made with neon, such as NeAuF and NeBeS.

isa: element


northeast

title: Northeast

text: Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest.

isa: north


nylon

title: Nylon

text: Nylon is a type of synthetic fiber. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935. Nylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes. It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks. Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont.

isa: fiber


pain

title: Pain

text: Pain is a symptom of being hurt or sick. It is a bad sensation that is physical and emotional. Most pain starts when part of the body is hurt. Nerves in that part send messages through senses to the brain. Those messages tell the brain that the body is being damaged. Pain is not just the message the nerve sends to the brain. It is the bad emotion felt because of that damage. The message that the nerve sends to the brain is called nociception. What is experienced because of the nociception is pain.

isa: hurt


parity

title: Parity

text: In physics, parity is a transformation in which the mirror image of a system (meaning experiment) is considered. If the system behaves in the mirror image as it normally would, it is said to respect parity symmetry, usually shortened to "P symmetry." Most types of physics respects P symmetry. One type of interaction that often does not respect this symmetry is the weak interaction.

isa: transformation


parsley

title: Parsley

text: Parsley is a fresh flavored bright green herb. It used on food as a garnish and as a seasoning in soups, sauces and salads. Some people eat parsley to get their breath to smell better. Parsley can be easily grown in gardens, as well as inside the home, wherever there is plenty of indirect sunlight. Parsley needs good, light soil, good drainage and frequent watering to thrive indoors. To harvest parsley, cut the most mature stalks near the base that are still bright green. New shoots will grow for some time from the base of an established plant. Parsley is extraordinarily rich in vitamins C and A, minerals (especially potassium),beta-carotene, folate and dietary fiber. The following chart provides information on the nutritional values and caloric composition of parsley: Water content (grams per 100g) 87.71 Calorie content of Food (kcals per 100g/3.5oz) 36 Protein content (grams per 100g) 3.7 Fat content (lipids) (grams per 100g) 1.2 Ash content (grams per 100g) 2.1 Moisture (grams per 100g) 85.2 Carbohydrate content (grams per 100g) 8.0 Dietary Fiber content (grams per 100g) 4.1

isa: herb


pi

title: Pi

text: Pi ( ) ( ) is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter This produces a number, and that number is always the same. However, the number is rather strange. The number starts as 3.141592653589793... and continues without end. Numbers like this are called irrational numbers. The first 100 digits are: 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067... The diameter is the largest chord (line between two points on a circle) which can be fitted inside a circle. It passes through the center of the circle. The distance around a circle is known as the circumference. Even though the diameter and circumference are different for different circles, the number pi remains constant: its value never changes. This is because the relationship between the circumference and diameter is always the same.

isa: constant


pituitary

title: Pituitary gland

text: The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an important part of the endocrine system. It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones. The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibulum). The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of pituitary hormones. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus. Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

isa: system


pixie

title: Pixie

text: A pixie is a supernatural being in folklore and fairytales.


pottage

title: Pottage

text: A pottage is a thick soup or stew made with cereal and vegetable that is boiled or stewed in usually water or milk. It was usually made with wheat, barley, or oats. This is what poor people ate in many countries in most of 9th to 17th-century Europe. Richer people would add meat. The pot was kept on the fire and more things were added, so it kept changing.

isa: soup


protest

title: Protest

text: A protest is when a number of people come together in public to show others that they strongly like or dislike a social condition or a government policy. For example, some people protest racism or war. There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write letters, not eat food, sing songs, or riot. Protesters sometimes hold signs and political art. Protests can be dangerous. For example, protesters within the United States Civil Rights era faced police brutality. Many protests today have been met with oppressive government tactics.


relief

title: Relief

text: Relief is a type of sculpture or carving. The worker creating the piece starts with a flat base, usually stone or wood, and takes small parts of the surface away until the desired image has been made. Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals. In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away. The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.


resonator

title: Resonator

text: A resonator is something that resonates. This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.


rivet

title: Rivet

text: A rivet is a type of bolt which fastens plates of metal together. Riveting was a main method of building metal ships, bridges and many other complex metal objects. It was developed in the early industrial revolution from earlier ideas. It is no longer the main method of metal fastening, but examples can be seen all over the world. The key idea is that the slug of metal is red-hot when hammered into place. This results in the slug of metal having a dumbell shape which holds the two metal sheets together. An automatic jackhammer is used to force the metal into position, so giving a bulb on the inside face away from the pounding. The process (for example, of ship building) was very noisy. As the metal cooled, the two end of the rivet were pulled together, making a tight joint. To be a riveter was skilled work. The men worked in teams of four: two to heat the rivet and pass it to the two fasteners. It was therefore an expensive process even when it was shortened by mechanising the heating process as in the example shown. Rivets could be tested simply by tapping. A rivet tightly set in its hole gives a clear ring, while a loose rivet produces a different sound. Riveting developed in many ways, and there are many different kinds of rivets. Today riveting has been largely replaced by welding, or by high-strength bolts. However, riveting is still used where light weight and high strength are critical, such as in aircraft.

isa: bolt


rumination

title: Rumination

text: Rumination is the constant urge for a person to focus their attention on their troubles, misery or worries and possible causes or consequences. Rumination is having thoughts about earlier events, failures, abuse or hardships. The tendency to ruminate often serves as a big factor for clinical depression. People who ruminate a lot are more likely to become depressed and to carry major mental troubles, such as generalized anxiety disorder and suicidal behavior. One type of rumination, the state rumination, is connected with pessimism and serious neurosis.

isa: urge


scrap

title: Scrap

text: Scrap is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from manufacturing and product consumption. It includes parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has significant monetary value. Overall, the scrap industry processes more than of recyclable material each year into raw material feedstock for industrial manufacturing around the world. One example is scrap steel. Scrap is mainly reused to make other items. Plastic, for example, is melted down into new shapes. A water bottle may have been part of a computer once. Scrap is very valuable. Some scrap is stolen for its worth, like copper wires and pans. This is a crime in some countries, and many investigations are focused on issues with legitimate metal trading. Totaled cars are often also sold for the metal inside. They are crushed, melted into smaller ingots and cylinders, then shipped to a manufacturer of metal goods that paid for that scrap metal. For developed metals to become scrap metal, it needs to be unused and useless in the form it's in. Only then do people shred and melt metal to be used for other things.


serration

title: Denticle (teeth)

text: Denticles or serrations are small bumps on a tooth that give the tooth a cutting edge. In paleontology, denticle features are used to describe and classify fossilized teeth, especially those of dinosaurs. Denticles are also present on the teeth of some lizards, sharks, and mammals.

isa: bump


southeast

title: Southeast

text: Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It is the opposite of northwest.

isa: south


stage

title: The Stage

text: The Stage is a British weekly newspaper and website about theatre. It was first printed in 1880. It contains news, reviews, opinion, features, and job adverts, for people who work in theatre and the performing arts. The first edition of The Stage was published (under the title The Stage Directory – a London and Provincial Theatrical Advertiser) on 1 February 1880 at a cost of 3 old pence for twelve pages. Publication was monthly until 25 March 1881. It was then printed weekly. The name was shortened to The Stage and the publication numbering restarted at number 1. The Stage competed with other theatre newspapers (including The Era). The price was dropped to one penny and was soon the only remaining theatre newspaper. The newspaper has remained in family ownership. Upon the death in 1937 of Charles Carson's son Lionel, who had assumed the joint role of managing director and editor, control passed to the Comerford family. The current managing director, [http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=192105626&locale=en_US&trk=tyah Hugh Comerford], is founder Maurice's great-grandson.


still

title: Still

text: A still is a tool used to clean a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word distillation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes. There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills. In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated. The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected. Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky. A reflux still is much more complex. It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out. The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still. This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity. Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries.


stone

title: Stone

text: A stone is a piece of rock. It is a mass of hard, compacted mineral. The word is often used to mean a small piece of rock. The word "stone" also refers to natural rock as a material, especially a building material. Natural stones used as building material include granite, marble and sandstone. Manufactured, artificial products, such as concrete or clay bricks, are not stone. Stone takes a while to heat up, and stays hot for a while. It does not conduct electricity well. Stone was one of the first materials used to make tools and buildings. It is a very sturdy material. It is less affected by weather than wood or brick. Depending on the type of rock, stone weathers away much more slowly. A stone in the river is reshaped by the water and sediment flowing around it. Stones can be used as primitive weapons. A person can throw it at an enemy or animal, or use it to cause more damage in hand-to-hand combat. A stone is larger than a grain of sand, gravel or pebbles. A boulder is a large rock or stone.

isa: rock


storey

title: Storey

text: A storey (British English), story (American English) or floor level is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people for work, play, a place to live, etc. The word is known as storeys in the United Kingdom and stories in the United States. Both British and American English have different floor numbering systems. In British English, the level above the ground floor is the "first floor", whereas in American English, it is the " second floor". Basements may be considered storeys, especially if they're partly above ground, as in a walkout basement. In which cases, it's typically called the "lower floor", " lower ground floor ", " terrace level ", etc. In some buildings, the top storey is a finished attic or garret. Storeys can be used to classify buildings as low-rise, mid-rise or high-rise. Low-rise buildings have one to four storeys. A mid-rise building is typically 5-9 storeys. And a high-rise building is typically 10 or more storeys.


tie

title: Necktie

text: A necktie (or a tie) is an article of clothing worn by men. A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie." This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics. A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Men tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal.


toffee

title: Toffee

text: Toffee is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard. Sometimes it is made with treacle.


transactinide

title: Transactinide element

text: Transactinide elements are elements that have atomic numbers greater than the actinides. They have atomic numbers from 104 to 120. They are all synthetic and radioactive. They range from 104 rutherfordium to 118 oganesson on the periodic table. They are very rare and are created artificially in laboratories through nuclear reactions involving heavy nuclei.These elements are extremely unstable and only exist for a very short time before decaying into lighter elements through radioactive decay. Because of their instability, transactinide elements do not occur naturally on Earth and must be synthesized in particle accelerators. The term "transactinide" comes from the Latin words "trans" (meaning "beyond") and "actinium," which is a radioactive element. This name reflects the fact that transactinide elements have atomic numbers beyond that of actinium. These elements are characterized by their extremely short half-lives, which range from microseconds to milliseconds. Due to their fleeting existence, transactinide elements are challenging to study, and much of what is known about them comes from theoretical predictions and experiments conducted.


tripe

title: Tripe

text: Tripe is part of an animal's stomach often served as food.


xi

title: Xi

text: Xi (uppercase/lowercase Ξ ξ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. The Roman letter X and Cyrillic letter Ѯ came from Xi. In mathematics, both uppercase Ξ and lowercase ξ are used to refer to variants of Riemann Xi function (itself a variant of Riemann zeta function). In physics, the uppercase Ξ is used to represent the cascade particle and xi baryon.


yearling

title: The Yearling

text: The Yearling is a 1946 American drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and was based on the 1938 novel of the same name by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. It stars Gregory Peck, Jane Wyman, Claude Jarman Jr., Chill Wills, Forrest Tucker, Henry Travers, Clem Beavans, Margaret Wycherly and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 7 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards.