atom

title: Atom

text: An atom is an extremely small piece of matter. All normal matter – everything that has mass – is made of atoms. This includes solids, liquids, and gases. The atom cannot be broken to parts by chemistry, so people once thought it was the smallest piece of matter that could exist. There are over 100 different kinds of atoms, called chemical elements. Each kind has the same basic structure, but a different number of parts. Atoms are very small, but their exact size depends on the type. Atoms are from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers across. One nanometer is about 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. This makes one atom impossible to see without special tools. Scientists learn how they work by doing experiments. Atoms are made of three kinds of subatomic particles. These are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have much more mass. These are in the middle of the atom, called the nucleus. Lightweight electrons move quickly around them. The electromagnetic force holds the nucleus and electrons together. Atoms with the same number of protons belong to the same chemical element. Examples of elements are carbon and gold. Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called isotopes. Usually an atom has the same number of electrons as protons. If an atom has more or less electrons than protons, it is called an ion, and has an electric charge. Atoms can join by chemical bonds. Many things are made of more than one kind of atom. These are chemical compounds or mixtures. A group of atoms connected by chemical bonds is called a molecule. For example, a water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The forming or breaking of bonds is a chemical reaction. Atoms split if the forces inside are too weak to hold them together. This is what causes radioactivity. Atoms can also join to make larger atoms at very high temperatures, such as inside a star. These changes are studied in nuclear physics. Most atoms on Earth are not radioactive. They are rarely made, destroyed, or changed into another kind of atom.

isa: matter


auricle

title: Auricle

text: The auricle is a part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna.

isa: ear


birch

title: Birch

text: A birch tree is a thinleaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula. They are in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. Betula contains 30 to 60 species of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Green List of Threatened Species. They are usually rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere.

isa: tree


bomber

title: Bomber

text: A bomber is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I. Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense.


boomerang

title: Boomerang

text: A boomerang is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials. Despite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.

isa: tool


brain

title: Brain

text: The brain is the part of the body which lets living beings think. It does some bodily functions, such as telling the rest of the body what to do. Almost all animals have a brain: the exceptions are sponges, cnidarians, and lancelets. Plants and fungi do not have brains, although they do react to changes in their environment. The brain is made up of special cells called nerves, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body. The brain gets input from sense organs, and changes behavior in response to this information. In humans, the brain also controls our use of language, and is capable of abstract thought. The brain is the main control centre of the whole body. In all animals, the brain is protected in some way. In ourselves, and all vertebrates, it is protected by the bones of the skull.


bulldog

title: Bulldog

text: The bulldog, known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of dog from England. People originally bred bulldogs to fight bulls during the 1600s. The dog's mouth was designed to bite a bull's nose and not let go. The bulldog is recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC).

isa: dog


buttress

title: Buttress

text: A buttress is a structure placed against the walls of a building to give it more support, or to help it to hold the roofs. Buttresses are common in ancient buildings, especially in Europe. A buttress can be an inside or outside support.

isa: wall


canvas

title: Canvas

text: Canvas is a thick material usually made of woven cotton. It is used for tents and sails on boats and other places where a sturdy material would be good. It is similar to the material in blue jeans. It is often a white or pale tan color. It can also be used for painting or even making shoes.


caraway

title: Caraway

text: Caraway (Carum carvi) (Ar. كراويه), also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin, is a biennial plant with spicy-tasting seed in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and western Asia. Caraway was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.

isa: plant


caste

title: Caste

text: The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus. The caste system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. There are four castes in this system and one outcast group is regarded as Dalit or "untouchables". There are also castes in countries other than India as the system spread through South Asia about 2000 years ago. For centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation. People must not marry someone from another caste, and they must not do things that another caste does. The Indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.

isa: system


cheque

title: Cheque

text: A cheque (or check) is a paper used to give money from one person or business to another person or business. To the person getting the cheque, it is a paper that allows them to go to a bank and get money. To the person writing the cheque, it is a promise to pay the bank that is giving the money to the person who turned the cheque in. Cheques must be written to a person or business. A cheque that is not written to anyone can be very bad because if it is lost, anyone who finds it can get the money. A cheque that is written to a person but does not have the amount of money written is a blank cheque. Cheques have been used since over a thousand years ago. However, they became popular in the 20th century for paying money without using cash.

isa: paper


clap

title: Clapping

text: Clapping is when you hit your hands together which makes a sound. The harder you hit, the louder the sound, the softer you hit, less the sound. If hitting by means of hand to hand contact it will make a different sound than if you were to clap against another object, say, your leg. When people clap quickly together, this is called applause.


concentrate

title: Concentrate

text: A concentrate is a special form of a substance, where one of the base components is mostly removed. The most common case is the removal of the solvent from a solution: Fruit juice concentrate will have most of the water removed. The benefit of this is that the concentrate takes up less volume, and weighs less than the original solution. This can save transportation costs. When needed, the solvent can simply be added again.

isa: substance


conference

title: Conference

text: A conference is an event where people get together to discuss things. For example, scientists usually present their findings at conferences. Many other types of people other than scientists attend conferences also. Business people sometimes come together to talk about things. International business conferences are very common because it allows individuals to showcase their knowledge to the world. Using modern media, like the Internet, or the telephone people can talk to each other that are not in the same place. This is then called a conference call. Very often, digital video cameras can be used to transmit images, as well as sound.

isa: event


convict

title: Convict

text: A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". The word is sometimes abbreviated as "con". After a conviction, convicts often become prisoners in a prison. People convicted and sentenced but not sent to prison are not usually called "convicts". An ex-convict (or short: ex-con) is a person who has been let out of prison. In past centuries many convicts were send to penal colonies. Many British convicts were sent to the Thirteen Colonies as cheap workers, but that stopped after the War of Independence. After this, convicts were transported to Australia in 1788, the very start of European settlement. They were used as cheap workers. Transportation was stopped in 1868. British convicts were also sent to Canada and India. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, and Russia sent them to Siberia.


cooler

title: The Cooler

text: The Cooler is an American 2003 romantic-drama movie. Its director is Wayne Kramer. In old-school gambling, a "cooler" is an unlucky individual, usually a casino employee.


evening

title: Evening

text: Evening is: * Period from dusk to midnight. * Period from 6:00 PM to midnight. This is the period when people usually watch television, go to social events, return home after work and get ready for bedtime.


fireball

title: The Fireball

text: The Fireball is a 1950 American drama movie directed by Tay Garnett and stars Mickey Rooney and Pat O'Brien. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


flyweight

title: Flyweight

text: In boxing, the term flyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.


fuchsia

title: Fuchsia

text: Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants. They are often purplish-red, which is where we get the colour fuchsia. Fuchsia belongs to the Onagraceae family of flowering plants. Fuchsia has 110 species. It consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. The first, Fuchsia triphylla, was discovered on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) about 1696–1697. The discoverer was the French monk and botanist, Charles Plumier, during his third expedition to the Greater Antilles. He named the new genus after the German botanist Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566).


globe

title: Globe

text: A globe is most commonly, a scale model of the earth with the shape of a sphere. Globes can be scale models of the Earth (terrestrial globes) or of other planets. Globes can also be models of the celestial sphere (celestial globes). The English word "globe" comes from the , meaning round mass or sphere. Most globes are maps of the Earth. They have the advantage of avoiding the distortions of flat map projection s. The most common types are political and physical. Political globes show countries. Physical globes show landscape like mountains and rivers. Some globes are star chart s and some are maps of distant worlds. Global as an adjective is used to mean the entire world rather than any special place on the Earth. It is also used in fields like computers to mean dealing with a whole larger system, rather than its individual little parts.


goby

title: Goby

text: The gobies are teleost fish of the family Gobiidae. This is one of the largest families of fish, with more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most are relatively small, less than 10 cm (4 in) in length. Although few are important as food for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for commercially important fish like cod, haddock, sea bass, and flatfish.


haywire

title: Haywire

text: Haywire is a 2011 action thriller movie. It was directed by Steven Soderbergh. It stars Gina Carano, Antonio Banderas, Michael Douglas, Ewan McGregor, Channing Tatum, and Michael Fassbender. Haywire was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 1, 2012.


herpes

title: Herpes simplex

text: Herpes simplex (also known as Herpesvirus hominis) is an infection by the herpes virus. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals. An infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister. A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.


hoist

title: Hoist

text: A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook. A "hoist" normally is used for lifting (near vertical) and a winch is normally used for pulling (near horizontal). Construction sites, especially for buildings of more than five floors in height, often employ hoists to lift workers and building materials.

isa: device


ignition

title: Stuntman: Ignition

text: Stuntman: Ignition is a racing/action video game that was published by THQ and was developed by Paradigm Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. Stuntman: Ignition was the sequel to the 2002 video game, Stuntman. The game received positive reviews, GameSpot gave it a 7.5 out of 10 and IGN gave it a 7.1 out of 10.


interest

title: Interest

text: Interest is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called interest rate).


lecture

title: Lecture

text: A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting. It is like a lesson. At college or university, students go to lectures to learn things. The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer or professor. The lecturer may accept questions from the audience. Sometimes, we say that someone was "given a lecture". This means that they were told off for doing something wrong.


lung

title: Lung

text: The lung is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a spine, or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs have two of them. In animals, the lungs are the area where gas exchange takes place. Without gas exchange, oxygen would not pass into the blood from the lungs so the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed for respiration. Gas exchange happens in the alveoli. The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen to move from the lung through the alveoli into blood vessels and red blood cells. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air we breathe out.

isa: organ


mecca

title: Mecca

text: Mecca or Makkah (officially: Makkah al-Mukarramah; ) is a city in Saudi Arabia and the holiest city in Islam. As of the 2004 census, 1,294,169 people lived there. The city is inland from Jeddah, in the narrow sandy Valley of Abraham. It is above sea level. It is from the Red Sea. Makkah is the holiest city in the Islamic world. Every year, millions of Muslims take a pilgrimage to Mecca, called the Hajj. They follow in the footsteps of Muhammad. All Muslims who are able to perform the Hajj are expected to do so at least once in their life. The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram, are the holiest mosque s in Islam. Mecca is closed to non-Muslims except for some journalists reporting on the Hajj.

isa: city


memorial

title: Memorial

text: A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something, usually a person who has died or a famous event. Statues are a popular type of memorial. A memorial hall is a building which serves to remind people of something, again usually people who have died. Memorial halls in the United Kingdom and United States are usually about World War I or World War II. Memorial halls in Germany and Poland are often about the Holocaust, when Nazi Germany killed many Jewish people. Memorial halls in China are usually about the Japanese part of World War II. Among important memorial halls, there are the Nanjing Massacre Museum and the Yad Vashem.

isa: object


mill

title: The Mill

text: The Mill is an oil painting by Rembrandt van Rijn. It measures 87.6 cm (34.5 in) x 105.6 cm (41.6 in). It dates from between 1645 and 1648. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. The Gallery writes, "...[The Mill] speaks to us as a powerfully expressive work. Rembrandt evokes a feeling of the forces of nature in the dramatic confrontation of the iconic mill, so central to the Dutch way of life, against the sweep of the sky. At the same time, the figures within the landscape give it a human element that we can respond to on a personal basis."


oil

title: Oil

text: The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water. Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (corn), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower. Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (petroleum), which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping. Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example, to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils. Oil is also made for various purposes, including synthetic fuel and lubricant. See Thomas Gold for the idea that oils come from space.


olive

title: Olive (fruit)

text: The olive (Olea europaea) is the fruit of the olive tree. It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate. It is a healthy food but rather fatty. It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils. Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil. In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat). The raw olives are very bitter. They are "cured" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical oleuropein, a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called "Kalamata" which grows around kalamata region in Greece. The olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste. Olives are mainly known as a fruit but some people identify them as a vegetable.

isa: fruit


ordination

title: Consecration

text: Consecration is a special ceremony, usually religious, in which a person, or an object, or a building, is dedicated to a special purpose. When a new church is built there will be a special opening ceremony, called a "consecration". In many religions ordination is how individuals are consecrated (ordained) as a minister. The verb is to consecrate. The adjective is consecrated. *A synonym (another word) for consecration is sanctification (verb: to sanctify). *An antonym (the opposite) is desecration (verb: to desecrate) (for example when people smash holy things in a church). * A related word is deconsecration, also called secularization. it is the act of reversing the consecration from something that had been previously consecrated. A church building which is no longer to be used as a church is sometimes deconsecrated, thus making it suitable for secular use. The word "consecration" is used in the Catholic Church as the setting apart for the service of God of both persons and objects. The ordination of a new bishop is also called a consecration. The life of those who enter religious orders (for example monks and nuns) is also described as "Consecrated Life". In Catholic and Orthodox churches, only men are chosen to be priests. But in many Protestant denominations, including the Church of England, women are allowed take leadership roles. (See Liberal Christianity) Some major Protestant denominations however, like the Southern Baptist Convention take a more conservative and traditional view of women. Various religious groups have different terminology for the recognition of persons who take special roles in the religion. The word "consecration" is sometimes used to recognize persons who would not be accepted for "ordination". hi:अभिषेक


pagoda

title: Pagoda

text: A pagoda is any kind of tower with multiple eaves. They are common in eastern and southeastern Asia. Most pagodas are built for religious purposes. Most are usually Buddhist temples, while some are also used as Taoist temples and Muslim mosques and Gongbeis. These were first built during the 3rd century BC. This kind of architecture has spread across Asia, taking on many differences as details specific to different regions are made a part of the overall design. Stupas were used to house Buddhist relics. Later, the architecture of Chinese towers and Chinese pavilions blended into pagoda architecture. This eventually spread to Southeast Asia. The pagoda's original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings.


parade

title: Parade

text: A parade is a large or small group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in costumes, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.


pardon

title: Pardon

text: A pardon is a decision that absolves a convicted person of a criminal conviction. A pardon may be full or partial: *A full pardon removes all of the consequences of conviction. *A partial pardon does not fully absolve a person of the conviction. For example, a partial pardon may not set aside a finding of guilt, or may not fully restore the rights of the person who received the pardon *An Amnesty is given to a group of people, usually for a political offence. Pardons are sometimes given to people who are wrongly convicted. In that case, the person is cleared of that conviction, as if never convicted. The practice varies greatly between countries. In the United States a pardon for a federal conviction may be granted by the President, while pardons for state convictions may be granted by state governors.

isa: decision


pendant

title: Pendant

text: A pendant is an object that usually hangs from a necklace. The name is from the Latin word "pendere" which means "to hang down".


persimmon

title: Persimmon

text: A persimmon is a fruit that people can eat. The ripe fruit ranges from light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety. Persimmons come from a species of tree in the genus Diospyros. A ripe persimmon tends to have an orange jelly-like inside that is usually very sweet, or a more mild taste and mango like texture depending on variety or species.


pint

title: Pint

text: The pint (abbreviated pt) is a unit of volume in imperial units and United States customary units. There are three types of pints used in different countries. An imperial pint and US pint both equal of a quart and of a gallon. An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

isa: volume


propellant

title: Propellant

text: Propellant is something that expands as a gas to propel something else. Aerosol spray cans, for example, have a liquid propellant that boils into a gas to push another liquid out of the can. Gun s and rocket s have propellants in them that burn, creating hot gases.


quartz

title: Quartz

text: Quartz is a tectosilicate mineral that is the second most common mineral in Earth's continental crust. Its crystal structure is a framework of SiO 4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra. Each shares an oxygen atom with another tetrahedron, so the overall chemical formula is SiO 2 or silica. It is also known for its incredibly clear and smooth nature because of its composition. There are many different varieties of quartz, some of which are semi-precious gemstones. They have been used for a long time to make jewelry and hardstone carvings. Agate, amethyst, rose quartz are all forms of quartz. Quartz crystals are used in oscillators, for example in quartz clocks. People also extract the silicon to make semiconductors. The majority of sand is small quartz bits. Quartz has a mineral hardness of 7. (mohs scale). The word "quartz" comes from the German word "quarz". 'Fused quartz' is glass made of silica in non-crystalline form. It does not contain other ingredients that are added to other glass to lower the melting point. Fused silica has high working and melting temperatures. For some purposes, fused quartz is better than other types of glass due to its purity. The glass is used in a number of high-tech products. Quartz comes in many different types such as clear quartz, smoky quartz, tiger's eye, lemon quartz and many more. There are many microcrystalline types of quartz, like Jasper, Onyx, Agate and Carnelian.


region

title: Region

text: Region is a geographic term used in many ways in the different types of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water. It is smaller than the whole area of something (which could be, for example, the world, a nation, a mountain range, and so on). A climate zone is one kind of region. A region is larger than a specific location. It may be seen as a collection of smaller things (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States"). In some countries a region is a unit of local government.


scout

title: Scouting

text: Scouting (sometimes called the Scout Movement) is a youth movement. It was started in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell as a movement for boys. Baden-Powell took many ideas from the experiences he made with the Mafeking Cadet Corps. This corps was a paramilitary group made of boys. It was formed during a siege in the Second Boer War. The boys mainly carried messages. This was so the soldiers could focus on defending the city. Originally, the Scout movement was for boys only. A similar movement for girls, called "Girl Guides" was started in 1910. In most countries there are associations for Scouts and for Girl Guides. Today the Scouts often accept girls, too. In the Scout movement, people learn to work together to achieve a goal. They also train their character to become better adults. Usually Scouts give a promise to live by certain rules, and to help others when they can. Scouts spend their time outdoors, whenever possible.

isa: movement


secretary

title: Secretary

text: A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job. By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized documents and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office. In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an administrative assistant, receptionist, clerk, or executive assistant. In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census. In 1952, several groups, for example the [http://www.naesaa.com/ National Secretaries Association] , founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.

isa: person


semaphore

title: Semaphore line

text: A semaphore line is an installation used to send optical signals. It is also known as optical telegraph. Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags. The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags. The signal can be read when it is in a stable position. In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags. Signal towers came before the electric telegraph. They were faster than sending out post riders with the information. Image:OptischerTelegraf.jpg|Optical telegraph of Claude Chappe on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany. Image:Semaphore_Papa.svg|Diagram of person holding 2 semaphore flags as letter "P" Image:Tour du telegraphe Chappe Saverne 02.JPG|A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France Image:Chappe telegraf.jpg|A Chappe semaphore telegraph at Louvre, France

isa: installation


shirt

title: Shirt

text: A shirt is a kind of clothing which is made to cover the upper body. Shirts can mean T-shirts, polo shirts, etc. In earlier times shirts, which were for men, had a collar, sleeves with cuffs and split in half with buttons on one side. This can be called a "dress shirt", a specific type of "collared shirt"). Some shirts have sleeves, that cover the arms. T-shirts are a type of shirt that has shorter sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders. Shirts that do not have sleeves are called "sleeveless".

isa: clothing


sinew

title: Tendon

text: A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together, roughly as follows. When muscles contract, the tendon transmits the pull to the bone.

isa: band


singing

title: Singing

text: Singing is making music with the voice. Singing is probably the way that music started many thousands of years ago. When people sing they make their voices go high or low. If they do this in a way that uses notes of a scale then they make tunes, called songs. A song, very broadly, is a musical piece, produced by the voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns of sound and silence and a variety which often includes repetition. Many birds also sing. They are the passerines, a very large order often called the songbirds.


sponge

title: Sponge (animal)

text: A sponge is a member of the phylum Porifera. It is a simple animal with many cells, but no mouth, muscles, heart or brain. It is sessile: it cannot move from place to place the way most animals can. A sponge is an animal that grows in one spot like most plants do. Nevertheless, sponges are quite successful. The basic body plan is a jelly-like layer sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Their bodies are full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them. Most of them feed on bacteria and other microorganisms. A few of them eat tiny crustaceans. There are more than 10,000 species of sponge. Most sponges live in the ocean. A few live in fresh water. All sponges take in water through pores (little holes) in their bodies. The water goes out through a big tube in the center. Most sponges filter (take out) little bits of food from the water going through their bodies. Animals that get food this way are called filter feeders. Sponges are the oldest animals with fossil evidence (from ~635 million years ago).


stampede

title: Stampede

text: A stampede ( ) is when a group of large animals suddenly start running in the same direction. This is because the animals are excited or scared. Non-human species that can cause stampedes include zebras, cattle, elephants, reindeer, sheep, pigs, goats, blue wildebeests, walruses, wild horses, and rhinoceroses.


standard

title: Standard

text: A standard is a basis for comparison. Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so. There are many different standards in many fields of daily life. Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced. Other standards make things work together. For example, rail cars with a standard gauge can run on tracks that follow the same standard. Communication protocols such as Morse code and USB are standards that allow different machines and people to communicate.

isa: basis


strand

title: Strand, London

text: The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It runs parallel with the Thames on the northern side. It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square. The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district. Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian-only plaza with many commercial outlets. The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar. The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long. It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels. The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels. The road's name comes from the Old English strond, meaning the edge of a river. The street was much identified with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House and Cecil House. The aristocracy moved to the West End during the 17th century, and the Strand became known for its coffee shops, restaurants and taverns. The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century, and several venues remain on the Strand. At the east end of the street are two historic churches: St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. This easternmost stretch of the Strand is also home to King's College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. In addition to the current Somerset House, other important structures include the Royal Courts of Justice and Australia House.

isa: street


strawflower

title: Xerochrysum bracteatum

text: Xerochrysum bracteatum is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae and comes from Australia. In English, the plant is usually called golden everlasting or strawflower. It grows as a woody or leafy perennial or annual shrub. Depending on the type it can get up to a meter (3 ft) tall. The golden everlasting serves as food for different kinds of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies, moths and skippers. Adult butterflies, hoverflies, native bees, small beetles and grasshoppers visit the flower heads. The golden everlasting is easy to grow. Annual varieties in a host of color forms are available.

isa: plant


teacher

title: Teacher

text: A teacher is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high, and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors. Teachers are usually professionals with credentials from college and/or graduate school. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge using different pedagogical strategies. Teachers use various tools, from blackboards/whiteboards to computers. Many teachers are exploring artificial intelligence in their lesson planning. Parents can become teachers by homeschooling.


thigh

title: Thigh

text: In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the human leg. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.

isa: hip


trier

title: Trier

text: Trier is a city at the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. The population is about 100,000. Trier is famous for some Roman buildings like the Porta Nigra and others. It is famous as the birthplace of Karl Marx. Trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.


vanguard

title: Vanguard

text: A vanguard is a (usually small) group of people who lead a movement. It comes from two old French words, avant (front) and garde (guard). In military terms, a vanguard is a group of soldiers who scout ahead to protect an army from surprise attacks.


wicket

title: Pitch (cricket)

text: In a cricket match, most actions happen on the pitch. A cricket field is of variable size and shape, though normally round or oval with a diameter of 140 to 160 yards. The pitch is a prepared rectangular area in the centre of the field. At each end of the pitch, the wickets are sited and creases are painted as shown in the diagram above. The pitch is 22 yards (20.12 m) long (the length of an agricultural chain) between the wickets and is ten feet (3.05 m) wide. It is a flat surface, and has very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses. Pitch conditions have a significant bearing on the match. Team tactics are always determined with the state of the pitch, both current and anticipated, as a key factor. Groundsmanship is very important in cricket, and considerable care—mowing, watering, and rolling—is necessary to prepare and maintain pitch surfaces. In addition, there are rules about covering the pitch during a match when bad weather occurs.