/** * Greek Isopsephy Letter-Value Tables * * Letter-value mappings derived from primary sources. * * ## Primary Sources (Public Domain) * * ### Standard Isopsephy (ἰσοψηφία) * * Gow, James. "The Greek Numerical Alphabet." *The Journal of Philology* 12 * (1883): 278–284. * * - Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/journalofphilolo12claruoft * - PDF pages 292–298 (article pp. 278–284) * * ### Reduced/Pythmen (πυθμήν) * * Hippolytus of Rome. *Refutation of All Heresies*. Translated by J. H. MacMahon. * In *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, vol. 5, edited by Alexander Roberts and James * Donaldson, 9–153. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing, 1886. * Book IV, Chapter 14. * * - Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/antenicenefathe00444gut * - Early Church Texts: http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/public/hippolytus_refutation_book4.htm * - New Advent: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/050104.htm * * ### Ordinal (Alphabet Order) * * Heath, Thomas L. *A History of Greek Mathematics*. Vol. 1, From Thales to * Euclid. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. * * - Internet Archive (Vol 1): https://archive.org/details/ahistorygreekma00heatgoog * - Internet Archive (Vol 2): https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekma029268mbp */ import type { LetterValueTable } from './types.js'; /** * STANDARD ISOPSEPHY (ἰσοψηφία) * * The Milesian/Ionic numeral system using 27 letters (24 standard + 3 archaic). * * ## Source Quote (Gow 1883, p. 279) * * > "But at some date, at present unknown, the Greeks adopted the practice of * > using the letters of the alphabet in order as their numeral signs, and * > this style ultimately became universal among Greek-speaking peoples. The * > alphabet so used was the Ionic, with three additions, the so-called * > ἐπίσημα. For 6 (after ε') ς', the old digamma, was used: for 90 (after π') * > ϙ': and finally for 900 (after ω') ͵ was added." * * ## Letter Values * * | Range | Letters | Values | * |-------|---------|--------| * | Units | α, β, γ, δ, ε, ϛ, ζ, η, θ | 1–9 | * | Tens | ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, ο, π, ϟ | 10–90 | * | Hundreds | ρ, σ, τ, υ, φ, χ, ψ, ω, ϡ | 100–900 | */ export declare const STANDARD: LetterValueTable; /** * ORDINAL - Sequential Position Value (α=1, β=2, ... ω=24) * * Uses the standard 24-letter Greek alphabet. Archaic letters (stigma, koppa, * sampi) have isopsephy values but NO ordinal position. * * ## Primary Source (EXPLICIT) * * Dionysius Thrax. *Ars Grammatica* (Τέχνη Γραμματική). Section 6. 2nd century BCE. * * > Greek: τὰ δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ στοιχεῖα καλεῖται διὰ τὸ ἔχειν στοῖχόν τινα καὶ τάξιν * > Translation: "These same [letters] are also called stoicheia because they * > have a certain order (stoichos) and arrangement (taxis)." * * - English translation: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_grammar_of_Dionysios_Thrax * - Greek text: Uhlig, Gustav, ed. *Dionysii Thracis Ars Grammatica*. Leipzig: * Teubner, 1883. https://archive.org/details/dionysiithracis00unkngoog * * ## Supporting Evidence * * **Earliest Fixed Order:** The Abecedarium of Samos (c. 660 BCE) demonstrates * the Greek alphabet order was fixed by the 7th century BCE. * * - Jeffery, L.H. *The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece*. Rev. ed. with supplement * by A.W. Johnston. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. * https://archive.org/details/localscriptsofar0000jeff * * **Musical Notation:** Greek musical notation assigned letters sequentially to * pitches, using alphabet position as an ordering principle. * * - Alypius. *Introduction to Music* (Εἰσαγωγὴ μουσική). c. 350 CE. In * Meibom, Marcus, ed. *Antiquae Musicae Auctores Septem*. Amsterdam, 1652. * https://archive.org/details/antiquaemusicaea00meib * * ## Historical Context * * The Greek alphabet was standardized in Athens in 403 BCE (Euclidean reform) * and adopted pan-Hellenically by the mid-4th century BCE. Sequential letter * numbering for ordinal purposes is attested in Homer's Iliad (books α-ω) and * Aristotle's works. */ export declare const ORDINAL: LetterValueTable; /** * Archaic Greek letters that have isopsephy values but no ordinal position. * * These are the three "episema" (ἐπίσημα) retained from older alphabets * solely for numerical purposes: * - Stigma (Ϛ/ϛ) = 6 (from digamma) * - Koppa (Ϟ/ϟ) = 90 * - Sampi (Ϡ/ϡ) = 900 */ export declare const ARCHAIC_LETTERS: Set; /** * REDUCED / PYTHMEN (πυθμήν) * * Note: Reduced is a COMPUTATION on standard values, not a lookup table. * The digital root function is implemented in the main greek.ts module. * * ## Source Quote (Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies IV.14) * * > "The Pythagoreans... reduced numbers greater than 10 to the first nine * > numbers, taking into account only their root or pythmen." * * ## Method * * The "Pythagoras to Telauges" (Πυθαγόρας πρὸς Τελαύγην) divination method * uses mod 9 reduction to produce values 1-9. Mathematically equivalent to * digital root: repeatedly sum digits until a single digit remains. * * ## Manuscript Evidence * * Attested in ~60 Byzantine manuscripts (Kalvesmaki 2006). */ //# sourceMappingURL=systems.d.ts.map