| Trick | How it worked | Casino countermeasure |
|---|---|---|
| Jagger 1873 |
Frequency analysis โ detect a wheel defect | Perfect wheel balancing. Regular inspections. Rotating wheels between tables. |
| Thorp 1962 |
Card counting โ identify the moment of advantage | 6-8 decks instead of 1. Early shuffling. Automatic shuffle machines. |
| MIT 1990s |
Team play โ hide the counting pattern | In-house mathematicians. Face recognition. "Undesirable player" databases. Shared data between casinos. |
None of these tricks was cheating. No hidden devices, no bribes, no fraud. Just mathematics.