C-printf Parser 
by Pig Fang @g-plane
There is a function in C language: `printf`. This function allows us to print something with formatting. Like this:
```c
printf("The result is %d.", 42);
```
This challenge requires you to parse the input string and extract the format placeholders like `%d` and `%f`. For example, if the input string is `"The result is %d."`, the parsed result is a tuple `['dec']`.
Here is the mapping:
```typescript
type ControlsMap = {
c: 'char',
s: 'string',
d: 'dec',
o: 'oct',
h: 'hex',
f: 'float',
p: 'pointer',
}
```
